Brian Bauer CV
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New Age Tourism and Evangelicalism in the 'Last
NEGOTIATING EVANGELICALISM AND NEW AGE TOURISM THROUGH QUECHUA ONTOLOGIES IN CUZCO, PERU by Guillermo Salas Carreño A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor Bruce Mannheim, Chair Professor Judith T. Irvine Professor Paul C. Johnson Professor Webb Keane Professor Marisol de la Cadena, University of California Davis © Guillermo Salas Carreño All rights reserved 2012 To Stéphanie ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was able to arrive to its final shape thanks to the support of many throughout its development. First of all I would like to thank the people of the community of Hapu (Paucartambo, Cuzco) who allowed me to stay at their community, participate in their daily life and in their festivities. Many thanks also to those who showed notable patience as well as engagement with a visitor who asked strange and absurd questions in a far from perfect Quechua. Because of the University of Michigan’s Institutional Review Board’s regulations I find myself unable to fully disclose their names. Given their public position of authority that allows me to mention them directly, I deeply thank the directive board of the community through its then president Francisco Apasa and the vice president José Machacca. Beyond the authorities, I particularly want to thank my compadres don Luis and doña Martina, Fabian and Viviana, José and María, Tomas and Florencia, and Francisco and Epifania for the many hours spent in their homes and their fields, sharing their food and daily tasks, and for their kindness in guiding me in Hapu, allowing me to participate in their daily life and answering my many questions. -
Visual Epistemologies of Resistance: Imaging Virgins and Saints in Contemporary Cusco
Revista de Estudios Globales y Arte Contemporáneo| Vol. 7 | Núm. 1| 2020 | 237-266 Omar Rivera, Patrick Hajovsky Southwestern University, VISUAL EPISTEMOLOGIES OF Texas, US RESISTANCE: IMAGING VIRGINS AND SAINTS IN CONTEMPORARY CUSCO The project of indigenous modernity can emerge from the present in a spiral whose movement is a continuous feedback from the past to the future—a “principle of hope” or “anticipatory cons- ciousness”—that both discerns and realizes decolonization at the same time. -Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui (citing Ernst Bloch)1 In Andean aesthetics, visuality is a site of epistemic tension and a continual reverberation of colonialism. Through art that aligns with pre- 1 Ch’ixinakax utxiwa: A Reflection on the Practices and Discourses of Decolonization, The South Atlantic Quarterly 111:1 (Winter 2012): 95-109, 96. Revista de Estudios Globales y Arte Contemporáneo ISSN: 2013-8652 online http://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/REGAC/index http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ colonial indigenous epistemologies, contemporary Andean artists resist colonial and post-colonial cultural domination. In particular, they resist viewers’ designation of “syncretic” or “hybrid” to produce knowledge about art that has been fashioned by indigenous hands. Epistemological claims of “syncretism” and “hybridity” may be intended to transcend the borders between “us” and “them,” between West and non-West, or between eras in Latin America that depend on the presence or absence of Spanish colonists, but such iterations can reinvest viewers in a history of misrecognition. Nevertheless, such terms are not sedimented, for indigenous artists continue to reclaim visuality as they steadfastly hold a mirror toward artistic and epistemic paradigms that attempt to translate, erase, or manage localized colonial differences. -
Ophir De España & Fernando De Montesinos's Divine
OPHIR DE ESPAÑA & FERNANDO DE MONTESINOS’S DIVINE DEFENSE OF THE SPANISH COLONIAL EMPIRE: A MYSTERIOUS ANCESTRAL MERGING OF PRE-INCA AND CHRISTIAN HISTORIES by NATHAN JAMES GORDON A.A., Mt. San Jacinto College, 2006 B.A., University of Colorado, 2010 M.A., University of Colorado, 2012 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Spanish and Portuguese 2017 This thesis entitled: Ophir de España & Fernando de Montesinos’s Divine Defense of the Spanish Colonial Empire: A Mysterious Ancestral Merging of pre-Inca and Christian Histories written by Nathan James Gordon has been approved for the Department of Spanish and Portuguese Andrés Prieto Leila Gómez Gerardo Gutiérrez Núria Silleras-Fernández Juan Dabove Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii ABSTRACT Gordon, Nathan James (Ph.D., Spanish Literature, Department of Spanish and Portuguese) Ophir de España & Fernando de Montesinos’s Divine Defense of the Spanish Colonial Empire: A Mysterious Ancestral Merging of pre-Inca and Christian Histories Thesis directed by Associate Professor Andrés Prieto Over the last two centuries, Books I and III of Ophir de España: Memorias historiales y políticas del Perú (1644) by Fernando de Montesinos have been generally overlooked. The cause of this inattention is associated with the mysterious and unique pre-Columbian historical account from Book II, which affords the most extensive version of Andean genealogy. -
The Moche Lima Beans Recording System, Revisited
THE MOCHE LIMA BEANS RECORDING SYSTEM, REVISITED Tomi S. Melka Abstract: One matter that has raised sufficient uncertainties among scholars in the study of the Old Moche culture is a system that comprises patterned Lima beans. The marked beans, plus various associated effigies, appear painted by and large with a mixture of realism and symbolism on the surface of ceramic bottles and jugs, with many of them showing an unparalleled artistry in the great area of the South American subcontinent. A range of accounts has been offered as to what the real meaning of these items is: starting from a recrea- tional and/or a gambling game, to a divination scheme, to amulets, to an appli- cation for determining the length and order of funerary rites, to a device close to an accountancy and data storage medium, ending up with an ‘ideographic’, or even a ‘pre-alphabetic’ system. The investigation brings together structural, iconographic and cultural as- pects, and indicates that we might be dealing with an original form of mnemo- technology, contrived to solve the problems of medium and long-distance com- munication among the once thriving Moche principalities. Likewise, by review- ing the literature, by searching for new material, and exploring the structure and combinatory properties of the marked Lima beans, as well as by placing emphasis on joint scholarly efforts, may enhance the studies. Key words: ceramic vessels, communicative system, data storage and trans- mission, fine-line drawings, iconography, ‘messengers’, painted/incised Lima beans, patterns, pre-Inca Moche culture, ‘ritual runners’, tokens “Como resultado de la falta de testimonios claros, todas las explicaciones sobre este asunto parecen in- útiles; divierten a la curiosidad sin satisfacer a la razón.” [Due to a lack of clear evidence, all explana- tions on this issue would seem useless; they enter- tain the curiosity without satisfying the reason] von Hagen (1966: 157). -
An Exploration of the Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Well Being Among Indigenous Groups in the Andes Region
AN EXPLORATION OF THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HEALTH AND WELL BEING AMONG INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN THE ANDES REGION By HALIMA TAHIRKHELI Integrated Studies Project submitted to Dr. Leslie Johnson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Integrated Studies Athabasca, Alberta June, 2010 2 Table of Content Abstract p.3 Introduction p.4 Andean Native Traditional Way of Life p.9 Environmental Change in the Andean Region p.12 Environmental Stress of Alpine Plants p.23 Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resources p.29 Microfinance p.40 Conclusion p.50 References p.52 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 Map of Peru p.12 Figure 2 Surface Air Temperature at p.19 tropical Andes between 1939 and 2006 Figure 3 Change in length of ten tropical Andean p.23 glaciers from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia between 1930-2005 Figure 4 Picture of the Queen of the Andes p.25 Table 1 The Diet of Nunoa Quechua Natives p.30 Table 2 Nutritional Value of the Major Peruvian p.32-33 Andean Crops Table 3 Uses of Medicinal Plants from the Callejon p.38 de Huaylas 3 Abstract The Andean areas of Peru, South America are declared to be extremely vulnerable to global warming and these regions are facing major challenges in coping with climate change. One native group from this area, in particular, the Quechua, is the focus of this paper. The Quechua communities include Huanca, Chanka, Q’ero, Taquile, and Amantani, but, for the purposes of my analysis, all of these groups will be dealt with together as they share similar use of natural resources for food and medicine (Wilson, 1999). -
Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state. -
Viracocha Christ Among the Ancient Peruvians?
Viracocha Christ among the Ancient Peruvians? Scott Hoyt There came from a southern direction a white man of great stature, who, by his aspect and presence, called forth great veneration and obedience. This man who thus appeared had great power, insomuch that he could change plains into mountains, and great hills into valleys, and make water flow out of stones. As soon as such power was beheld, the people called him the Maker of created things, the Prince of all things, Father of the Sun. For they say that he performed other wonders, giving life to men and animals, so that by his hand marvellous great benefits were conferred on the people. In many places he gave orders to men how they should live, and he spoke lovingly to them . admonishing them that they should do good . and that they should be loving and charitable to all. In most parts he is generally called Ticiviracocha. [And] that wherever [he] . came and there were sick, he healed them, and where there were blind he gave them sight by only uttering words.1 —Pedro de Cieza de León, Catholic Historian, 1550 iracocha was the principal deity of ancient Peru, and according to Vthe cronistas (Catholic historians, mostly priests, arriving in Peru 1. Pedro de Cieza de León, The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru (El Seno- rio de los Incas), trans. and ed. Clements R. Markham (1874; London: Hakluyt Society, 1883; repr. Boston: Elibron Classics, 1999), 5–6. Senorio was originally handwritten in 1550. Citations are to the 1999 edition. BYU Studies Quarterly 54, no. -
Los Sigchos, El Último Refugio De Los Incas Quiteños. Una Propuesta Preliminar
Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 40 (1) | 2011 Varia Los Sigchos, el último refugio de los incas quiteños. Una propuesta preliminar Tamara Estupiñán Viteri Edición electrónica URL: http://journals.openedition.org/bifea/1684 DOI: 10.4000/bifea.1684 ISSN: 2076-5827 Editor Institut Français d'Études Andines Edición impresa Fecha de publicación: 1 abril 2011 Paginación: 191-204 ISSN: 0303-7495 Referencia electrónica Tamara Estupiñán Viteri, « Los Sigchos, el último refugio de los incas quiteños. Una propuesta preliminar », Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines [En línea], 40 (1) | 2011, Publicado el 01 octubre 2011, consultado el 01 mayo 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/bifea/1684 ; DOI : 10.4000/bifea.1684 Les contenus du Bulletin de l’Institut français d’études andines sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. IFEA Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Études Andines / 2010, 40 (1): 191-204 Los Sigchos, el último refugio de los incas quiteños. Un avance preliminar Los Sigchos, el último refugio de los incas quiteños Una propuesta preliminar Tamara Estupiñán Viteri* INTRODUCCIÓN Estudiar a Rumiñahui, el hombre más leal a Atahualpa y el principal líder de la resistencia del Quito-Inca contra los conquistadores españoles, ha sido un desafío para mí. Durante casi una década he pasado escudriñando en distintos archivos y bibliotecas, transcribiendo documentos y analizando las diferentes lecturas acerca de su proceder. También he buscado de montaña en montaña otras pistas que me ayuden a descifrar por qué Rumiñahui, sin ser un inca de nobleza pero sí de privilegio, en un momento de drama, desesperación y caos, pudo organizar un ejército compuesto por incas y por varias naciones locales de poco más o menos 50 000 hombres para enfrentarse a los conquistadores españoles y los indios aliados, con lo cual evitó, además, la segmentación política inmediata de esos territorios. -
A Thesis Entitled Knotted Numbers, Mnemonics, and Narratives: Khipu
A Thesis entitled Knotted Numbers, Mnemonics, and Narratives: Khipu Scholarship and the Search for the “Khipu Code” throughout the Twentieth and Twenty First Century by Veronica Lysaght Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History ________________________________________ Charles Beatty-Medina, Committee Chair ________________________________________ Roberto Padilla, Committee Member ________________________________________ Kim Nielsen, Committee Member _______________________________________ Amanda Bryant-Friedrich, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo July 2016 Copyright 2016, Veronica Lee Lysaght This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Knotted Numbers, Mnemonics, and Narratives: Khipu Scholarship and the Search for the “Khipu Code” throughout the Twentieth and Twenty First Century by Veronica Lysaght Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History The University of Toledo July 2016 My thesis explores the works of European and North American khipu scholars (mainly anthropologists) from 1912 until 2010. I analyze how they incorporated aspects of their own culture and values into their interpretations of Inca khipus’ structure and functions. As Incas did not leave behind a written language or even clear non-written descriptions of their khipus, anthropologists interpreted khipus’ purposes with a limited base of Inca perspectives. Thus, every work of khipu literature that I study reflects both elements of Inca culture and the author’s own cultural perspectives as a twentieth or twenty-first century academic. I show how each work is indicative of modern cultural views on writing, as well as academic movements and broader social trends that were prominent during the author’s time. -
Measuring the Passage of Time in Inca and Early Spanish Peru Kerstin Nowack Universität Bonn, Germany
Measuring the Passage of Time in Inca and Early Spanish Peru Kerstin Nowack Universität Bonn, Germany Abstract: In legal proceedings from 16th century viceroyalty of Peru, indigenous witnesses identified themselves according to the convention of Spanish judicial system by name, place of residence and age. This last category often proved to be difficult. Witnesses claimed that they did not know their age or gave an approximate age using rounded decimal numbers. At the moment of the Spanish invasion, people in the Andes followed the progress of time during the year by observing the course of the sun and the lunar cycle, but they were not interested in measuring time spans beyond the year. The opposite is true for the Spanish invaders. The documents where the witnesses testified were dated precisely using counting years from a date in the distant past, the birth year of the founder of the Christian religion. But this precision in the written record perhaps distorts the reality of everyday Spanish practices. In daily life, Spaniards often measured time in a reference system similar to that used by the Andeans, dividing the past in relation to public events like a war or personal turning points like the birth of a child. In the administrative and legal area, official Spanish dating prevailed, and Andean people were forced to adapt to this novel practice. This paper intends to contrast the Andean and Spanish ways of measuring the past, but will also focus on the possible areas of overlap between both practices. Finally, it will be asked how Andeans reacted to and interacted with Spanish dating and time measuring. -
CBD First National Report
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN PERU __________________________________________________________ LIMA-PERU NATIONAL REPORT December 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................ 6 1 PROPOSED PROGRESS REPORT MATRIX............................................... 20 I INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 29 II BACKGROUND.......................................................................................... 31 a Status and trends of knowledge, conservation and use of biodiversity. ..................................................................................................... 31 b. Direct (proximal) and indirect (ultimate) threats to biodiversity and its management ......................................................................................... 36 c. The value of diversity in terms of conservation and sustainable use.................................................................................................................... 47 d. Legal & political framework for the conservation and use of biodiversity ...................................................................................................... 51 e. Institutional responsibilities and capacities................................................. 58 III NATIONAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ON THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY.............................................................................................. 77 -
Session Abstracts
THE INCAS AND THEIR ORIGINS SESSION ABSTRACTS Most sessions focus on a particular region and time period. The session abstracts below serve to set out the issues to be debated in each session. In particular, the abstract aims to outline to each discipline what perspectives and insights the other disciplines can bring to bear on that same topic. A session abstract tends to consist more of questions than answers, then. These are the questions that it would be useful for all participants to be thinking about in advance, so as to be ready to join in the debate on any session. And if you are the speaker giving a synopsis for that session, you may wish to start from the abstract as a guide to how to develop these questions, so as best to provoke the cross-disciplinary debate. DAY 1: TAWANTINSUYU: ITS NATURE AND IMPACTS A1. GENERAL PERSPECTIVES FROM THE VARIOUS DISCIPLINES This opening session serves to introduce the various sources of data on the past which together can contribute to a holistic understanding of the Incas and their origins. It serves as the opportunity for each of the various academic disciplines involved to introduce itself briefly to all the others, and for their benefit. The synopses for this session should give just a general outline of the main types of evidence that each discipline uses to come to its conclusions about the Inca past. What is it, within each of their different records of the past, that allows the archaeologist, linguist, ethnohistorian or geneticist to draw inferences as to the nature and strength of Inca control and impacts in different regions? In particular, how can they ‘reconstruct’ resettlements and other population movements within Tawantinsuyu? Also crucial — especially because specialists in other disciplines are not in a position to judge this for themselves — is to clarify how reliable are the main findings and claims that each discipline makes about the Incas.