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APPROACHING A SQUATTER SETTLEMENT AS A “PLACE”: A STUDY ON MOLLAFENARİ AND İVAZPAŞA NEIGHBORHOODS IN BURSA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY İKBAL BERK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ARCHITECTURE SEPTEMBER 2019 Approval of the thesis: APPROACHING A SQUATTER SETTLEMENT AS A “PLACE”: A STUDY ON MOLLAFENARİ AND İVAZPAŞA NEIGHBORHOODS IN BURSA submitted by İKBAL BERK in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in Architecture Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Head of Department, Architecture Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Supervisor, Architecture, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv City and Regional Planning, METU Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Tülin Vural Arslan Architecture, Uludağ University Date: 09.09.2019 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: İkbal Berk Signature: iv ABSTRACT APPROACHING A SQUATTER SETTLEMENT AS A “PLACE”: A STUDY ON MOLLAFENARİ AND İVAZPAŞA NEIGHBORHOODS IN BURSA Berk, İkbal Master of Architecture, Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel September 2019, 108 pages Since the mid-19th century, squatter settlements have been seen as a crucial problem by governments because of the idea that the urbanization and modernization processes of have negatively affected cities. These areas have been perceived as a risk for the physical development of cities and the improvement of lifestyles of the society. Especially in the 21st century, urban transformation projects are introduced as the only solution to get rid of squatter settlements. However, it is observed that the cultural values, the collective memory, the community engagement, neighborliness relations, the traditional urban tissue and the architectural heritage are often ignored by the authorities who introduce such projects. In this thesis, it is argued that reassessment and regeneration process may be an alternative future path for such areas. To introduce values of these entities, Bursa Mollafenari and İvazpaşa neighborhoods are chosen as the case study, which are situated on the edge of the historical city of Bursa and the Uludağ mountain. In this study, the aim is to discuss a squatter settlement as a living neighborhood and a place with its potentials and problems and to enhance its architectural and social value for the community. In this regard, the need for a thinking and a detailed evaluation process before any possible elimination by a transformation project is emphasized on the example of Mollafenari and İvazpaşa neighborhoods. v Keywords: Squatter Settlement, Neighborhood, Place, Bursa, Mollafenari - İvazpaşa vi ÖZ BİR GECEKONDU YERLEŞİMİNE “YER” OLARAK YAKLAŞMA: BURSA MOLLAFENARİ VE İVAZPAŞA MAHALLELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA Berk, İkbal Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Eylül 2019, 108 sayfa Gecekondu yerleşimleri, 19. Yüzyılın ortalarından bu yana büyük şehirlerin kentleşme ve modernleşme süreçlerini olumsuz etkilediği düşüncesiyle hükümetler tarafından önemli bir sorun olarak görülmektedir. Küreselleşmenin etkisiyle, bu yerleşimler şehirlerin fiziksel gelişimine ve toplumun yaşam tarzının iyileştirilmesine karşı bir risk olarak algılanmaktadır. Özellikle 21. yüzyılda, kentsel dönüşüm projeleri, gecekondu yerleşimlerinden kurtulmanın tek çözümü olarak sunulmaktadır. Bu projelerin tasarım süreçleri sırasında kültürel değerlerin, kolektif belleğin, topluluk bağlarının, komşuluk ilişkilerinin, geleneksel kent dokusunun ve mimari mirasın otoriteler tarafından göz ardı edildiği görülmektedir. Bir yeniden değerlendirme ve yenileme süreci, bu tür alanlar için alternatif bir çözüm yolu olabilir. Bu değerlerin önemini anlatmak için, Bursa tarihi şehir merkezi ve Uludağ’ın arasına konumlanmış Mollafenari ve İvazpaşa mahalleleri çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında amaç, bir gecekondu yerleşimini zamanla yıkılması gereken bir oluşum olarak değil, potansiyellere ve sorunlara sahip bir mahalle ve yer olarak tartışıp, toplum için mimari ve sosyal değerini anlamaktır. Bu bağlamda, herhangi bir olası dönüşüm projesinden önce, ayrıntılı bir düşünme ve değerlendirme sürecine ihtiyaç vii bulunduğu, Mollafenari ve İvazpaşa mahalleleri örneği üzerinden vurgulanmak istenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gecekondu Yerleşimi, Mahalle, Yer, Bursa, Mollafenari - İvazpaşa viii To ones forced to protect their home ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my endless gratitude to my thesis supervisor Prof. Dr. Cânâ Bilsel for her inspiring criticism, guidance and patience throughout this study. She has encouraged me not only for this study but also for the academic life during my undergraduate projects and master education. She became a mentor for me in the academic life. I feel very lucky that I can benefit from her experiences and wisdom. Secondly, I would like to thank my defense jury members Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv and Prof. Dr. Tülin Vural Arslan for their contributions and suggestions. They presented valuable perspectives for the study with their comments. Also, I am indebted to my family for their endless support throughout my life. Especially, my mother Emine Berk and my father Mustafa Berk always supported me to take a higher education. In addition, I thank to my big brother İslam Berk and my sister-in-law Esen Berk for their valuable advices and support. And as a joy in my life, I am very grateful for my little nephew Kaan Berk. His innocent love is the most precious thing for me. Lastly, I would like to thank some of my friends for their encouragement during the process. Şeyma Uzun helped me during the study area trip and she is a sister for me for ten years. Azime Aladağ became a company to me during long and boring library days with her informative and entertaining conversations. And Merve Gökcü, as my sister in METU, did not only present her precious friendship to me but also opened her house when I feel depressed and lonely in Ankara. I am very lucky and thankful to have you all. x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v ÖZ .......................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Problem Definition ............................................................................................ 1 1.2. Aim of the Study ............................................................................................... 7 1.3. Methodology and Structure of the Study .......................................................... 8 2. “NEIGHBORHOOD” AS A PLACE ................................................................. 11 2.1. A Socio-Spatial Approach: “Neighborhood” .................................................. 14 2.2. Neighborhood as a Physical Structure ............................................................. 17 2.2.1. Sensing the Neighborhood ........................................................................ 18 2.2.2. Identification and Orientation ................................................................... 19 2.2.3. Fit and Adaptability .................................................................................. 21 2.3. Neighborhood as a Social Structure ................................................................ 22 2.3.1. Place Attachment and Belonging .............................................................. 24 2.3.2. Memory of a Neighborhood ..................................................................... 26 2.4. Neighborhood in Turkey: “mahalle” ............................................................... 28 3. IN THE EDGE OF THE OLD CITY: BURSA MOLLAFENARİ AND İVAZPAŞA NEIGHBORHOODS ............................................................................ 31 xi 3.1. A Historic City: from “Prussa ad Olympum” to Bursa ................................... 31 3.1.1. Development of Bursa in the Ottoman Period until 19th Century ............ 32 3.1.2. Urbanization of Bursa in Tanzimat Period in the 19th Century ................ 37 3.1.3. Bursa from the Republican Period to the Present ..................................... 42 3.2. Place and History of Mollafenari and İvazpaşa Neighborhoods ..................... 48 3.3. Current Situation of the Study Area ................................................................ 54 3.3.1. Physical Aspects of the Neighborhoods ................................................... 55 3.3.2. Social Aspects of the Neighborhoods ...................................................... 59 4. MOLLAFENARİ

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