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The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century. -
Ast 443 / Phy 517
AST 443 / PHY 517 Astronomical Observing Techniques Prof. F.M. Walter I. The Basics The 3 basic measurements: • WHERE something is • WHEN something happened • HOW BRIGHT something is Since this is science, let’s be quantitative! Where • Positions: – 2-dimensional projections on celestial sphere (q,f) • q,f are angular measures: radians, or degrees, minutes, arcsec – 3-dimensional position in space (x,y,z) or (q, f, r). • (x,y,z) are linear positions within a right-handed rectilinear coordinate system. • R is a distance (spherical coordinates) • Galactic positions are sometimes presented in cylindrical coordinates, of galactocentric radius, height above the galactic plane, and azimuth. Angles There are • 360 degrees (o) in a circle • 60 minutes of arc (‘) in a degree (arcmin) • 60 seconds of arc (“) in an arcmin There are • 24 hours (h) along the equator • 60 minutes of time (m) per hour • 60 seconds of time (s) per minute • 1 second of time = 15”/cos(latitude) Coordinate Systems "What good are Mercator's North Poles and Equators Tropics, Zones, and Meridian Lines?" So the Bellman would cry, and the crew would reply "They are merely conventional signs" L. Carroll -- The Hunting of the Snark • Equatorial (celestial): based on terrestrial longitude & latitude • Ecliptic: based on the Earth’s orbit • Altitude-Azimuth (alt-az): local • Galactic: based on MilKy Way • Supergalactic: based on supergalactic plane Reference points Celestial coordinates (Right Ascension α, Declination δ) • δ = 0: projection oF terrestrial equator • (α, δ) = (0,0): -
A Study of Ancient Khmer Ephemerides
A study of ancient Khmer ephemerides François Vernotte∗ and Satyanad Kichenassamy** November 5, 2018 Abstract – We study ancient Khmer ephemerides described in 1910 by the French engineer Faraut, in order to determine whether they rely on observations carried out in Cambodia. These ephemerides were found to be of Indian origin and have been adapted for another longitude, most likely in Burma. A method for estimating the date and place where the ephemerides were developed or adapted is described and applied. 1 Introduction Our colleague Prof. Olivier de Bernon, from the École Française d’Extrême Orient in Paris, pointed out to us the need to understand astronomical systems in Cambo- dia, as he surmised that astronomical and mathematical ideas from India may have developed there in unexpected ways.1 A proper discussion of this problem requires an interdisciplinary approach where history, philology and archeology must be sup- plemented, as we shall see, by an understanding of the evolution of Astronomy and Mathematics up to modern times. This line of thought meets other recent lines of research, on the conceptual evolution of Mathematics, and on the definition and measurement of time, the latter being the main motivation of Indian Astronomy. In 1910 [1], the French engineer Félix Gaspard Faraut (1846–1911) described with great care the method of computing ephemerides in Cambodia used by the horas, i.e., the Khmer astronomers/astrologers.2 The names for the astronomical luminaries as well as the astronomical quantities [1] clearly show the Indian origin ∗F. Vernotte is with UTINAM, Observatory THETA of Franche Comté-Bourgogne, University of Franche Comté/UBFC/CNRS, 41 bis avenue de l’observatoire - B.P. -
Ephemeris Time, D. H. Sadler, Occasional
EPHEMERIS TIME D. H. Sadler 1. Introduction. – At the eighth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, held in Rome in 1952 September, the following resolution was adopted: “It is recommended that, in all cases where the mean solar second is unsatisfactory as a unit of time by reason of its variability, the unit adopted should be the sidereal year at 1900.0; that the time reckoned in these units be designated “Ephemeris Time”; that the change of mean solar time to ephemeris time be accomplished by the following correction: ΔT = +24°.349 + 72s.318T + 29s.950T2 +1.82144 · B where T is reckoned in Julian centuries from 1900 January 0 Greenwich Mean Noon and B has the meaning given by Spencer Jones in Monthly Notices R.A.S., Vol. 99, 541, 1939; and that the above formula define also the second. No change is contemplated or recommended in the measure of Universal Time, nor in its definition.” The ultimate purpose of this article is to explain, in simple terms, the effect that the adoption of this resolution will have on spherical and dynamical astronomy and, in particular, on the ephemerides in the Nautical Almanac. It should be noted that, in accordance with another I.A.U. resolution, Ephemeris Time (E.T.) will not be introduced into the national ephemerides until 1960. Universal Time (U.T.), previously termed Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.), depends both on the rotation of the Earth on its axis and on the revolution of the Earth in its orbit round the Sun. There is now no doubt as to the variability, both short-term and long-term, of the rate of rotation of the Earth; U.T. -
An Introduction to Orbit Dynamics and Its Application to Satellite-Based Earth Monitoring Systems
19780004170 NASA-RP- 1009 78N12113 An introduction to orbit dynamics and its application to satellite-based earth monitoring systems NASA Reference Publication 1009 An Introduction to Orbit Dynamics and Its Application to Satellite-Based Earth Monitoring Missions David R. Brooks Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Informalion Office 1977 PREFACE This report provides, by analysis and example, an appreciation of the long- term behavior of orbiting satellites at a level of complexity suitable for the initial phases of planning Earth monitoring missions. The basic orbit dynamics of satellite motion are covered in detail. Of particular interest are orbit plane precession, Sun-synchronous orbits, and establishment of conditions for repetitive surface coverage. Orbit plane precession relative to the Sun is shown to be the driving factor in observed patterns of surface illumination, on which are superimposed effects of the seasonal motion of the Sun relative to the equator. Considerable attention is given to the special geometry of Sun- synchronous orbits, orbits whose precession rate matches the average apparent precession rate of the Sun. The solar and orbital plane motions take place within an inertial framework, and these motions are related to the longitude- latitude coordinates of the satellite ground track through appropriate spatial and temporal coordinate systems. It is shown how orbit parameters can be chosen to give repetitive coverage of the same set of longitude-latitude values on a daily or longer basis. Several potential Earth monitoring missions which illus- trate representative applications of the orbit dynamics are described. The interactions between orbital properties and the resulting coverage and illumina- tion patterns over specific sites on the Earth's surface are shown to be at the heart of satellite mission planning. -
SVAKO-NEKA-VERUJE-En
1 2 Conference EVERLASTING VALUE AND PERMANENT ACTUALITY OF THE EDICT OF MILAN On the Way to the Great Jubilee in 2013 Book 1 Everyone Should Believe as His Heart Wishes Belgrade, September 2011 Under the auspices of His Holiness Mr. Irinej, the Serbian Patriarch EVERLASTING VALUE AND PERMANENT ACTUALITY OF THE EDICT OF MILAN ON THE Way TO THE Great Jubilee IN 2013 Book 1 - Everyone Should Believe as HIS Heart Wishes Publisher Association of Nongovernmental Organizations in SEE – CIVIS Dositejeva 4/IV, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Tel: +381 11 26 21 723, Fax: +381 11 26 26 332 www.civis-see.org For publisher Mirjana Prljević Chief Editor Mirjana Prljević Editor Bojana Popović Translators Marina Djordjević Bojana Popović Translator of the text “Edict of Milan” by Nebojša Ozimić Ivana Filipović Design & Prepress Marko ZAkovskI Printed by Graphic, Novi Sad Press run: 500 pcs ISBN 978-86-908103-2-1 The publishing of this book was supported by German Foundation Renovabis Content 5 INTRODUCTION 6 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE CONFERENCE Opening speeches 7 H.E. Bishop of Bačka, Dr Irinej 9 Miloš Simonović 9 Archpriest Vitalij Tarasjev 10 H.E. Mons. Orlando Antonini 11 Dr Johann Marte 12 Mirjana Prljević 13 Božidar Đelić 15 I sesSION 17 Dr. Christian Gastgeber Constantine the Great and His Bible Order 20 Erika Juhasz Constantine the Great and his Importance: Seen by the Historiography of the 7th Century 25 Dr. Sebastiano Panteghini Constantine the Great and the Renewal of His Image (14th century, Ecclesiastical History by Nike- phoros Xanthopulos) 30 Prof. Milutin Timotijević Emperor Constantine’s Aureole 37 Prof. -
Name: Teacher
Name: Teacher: Key Words There are many key words in History!! In the word search below are some of the ore common words. Try to find them, then see which words you can define (you can us a dictionary or the internet to help you). H A P P E N C W V C S M Q B I Y I J Y R O T S I H W Y M S Y K O V Q D T D N D E N E T I M E L I N E B A A B F U O L W C E G F V T R X Y N R R E M Y O R C E T Z T W E K I N P L A C E Y H H Q T U Y A H L U V Y U Y X E Y J S G N K E G U I T C L K T U O J N I F H O R V P M H I B T Y O E N C H R O N O L O G Y P W B Q E U E V D O E O H O S F W D I P C S P W P B M A W HISTORIAN ________________________________________________________ PAST______________________________________________________________ TIMELINE__________________________________________________________ EVENT_____________________________________________________________ YEAR______________________________________________________________ DATE______________________________________________________________ MONTH____________________________________________________________ AGO_______________________________________________________________ CHRONOLOGY_______________________________________________________ HISTORY___________________________________________________________ PLACE______________________________________________________________ HAPPEN____________________________________________________________ How is time divided up? Put the following words in order, from the shortest to the longest. Century Hour Second Decade Year Week Month Millennium Day Minute Draw a line to match the words below to their definition: Decade 100 years Century 1000 years Week 10 Years Millennium 365 days Year 7 Days Why do you think that knowing this is important for history? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ What are BC, BCE, AD and CE? Historians often talk about years as being BC or BCE and AD or CE. -
The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars
Heavenly Mathematics: The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars Helmer Aslaksen Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore [email protected] www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/ www.chinesecalendar.net 1 Public Holidays There are 11 public holidays in Singapore. Three of them are secular. 1. New Year’s Day 2. Labour Day 3. National Day The remaining eight cultural, racial or reli- gious holidays consist of two Chinese, two Muslim, two Indian and two Christian. 2 Cultural, Racial or Religious Holidays 1. Chinese New Year and day after 2. Good Friday 3. Vesak Day 4. Deepavali 5. Christmas Day 6. Hari Raya Puasa 7. Hari Raya Haji Listed in order, except for the Muslim hol- idays, which can occur anytime during the year. Christmas Day falls on a fixed date, but all the others move. 3 A Quick Course in Astronomy The Earth revolves counterclockwise around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. The Earth ro- tates counterclockwise around an axis that is tilted 23.5 degrees. March equinox June December solstice solstice September equinox E E N S N S W W June equi Dec June equi Dec sol sol sol sol Beijing Singapore In the northern hemisphere, the day will be longest at the June solstice and shortest at the December solstice. At the two equinoxes day and night will be equally long. The equi- noxes and solstices are called the seasonal markers. 4 The Year The tropical year (or solar year) is the time from one March equinox to the next. The mean value is 365.2422 days. -
Calculation of Moon Phases and 24 Solar Terms
Calculation of Moon Phases and 24 Solar Terms Yuk Tung Liu (廖²棟) First draft: 2018-10-24, Last major revision: 2021-06-12 Chinese Versions: ³³³qqq---文文文 简简简SSS---文文文 This document explains the method used to compute the times of the moon phases and 24 solar terms. These times are important in the calculation of the Chinese calendar. See this page for an introduction to the 24 solar terms, and this page for an introduction to the Chinese calendar calculation. Computation of accurate times of moon phases and 24 solar terms is complicated, but today all the necessary resources are freely available. Anyone familiar with numerical computation and computer programming can follow the procedure outlined in this document to do the computation. Before stating the procedure, it is useful to have a basic understanding of the basic concepts behind the computation. I assume that readers are already familiar with the important astronomy concepts mentioned on this page. In Section 1, I briefly introduce the barycentric dynamical time (TDB) used in modern ephemerides, and its connection to terrestrial time (TT) and international atomic time (TAI). Readers who are not familiar with general relativity do not have to pay much attention to the formulas there. Section 2 introduces the various coordinate systems used in modern astronomy. Section 3 lists the formulas for computing the IAU 2006/2000A precession and nutation matrices. One important component in the computation of accurate times of moon phases and 24 solar terms is an accurate ephemeris of the Sun and Moon. I use the ephemerides developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for the computation. -
Low-Cost Epoch-Based Correlation Prefetching for Commercial Applications Yuan Chou Architecture Technology Group Microelectronics Division
Low-Cost Epoch-Based Correlation Prefetching for Commercial Applications Yuan Chou Architecture Technology Group Microelectronics Division 1 Motivation Performance of many commercial applications limited by processor stalls due to off-chip cache misses Applications characterized by irregular control-flow and complex data access patterns Software prefetching and simple stride-based hardware prefetching ineffective Hardware correlation prefetching more promising - can remember complex recurring data access patterns Current correlation prefetchers have severe drawbacks but we think we can overcome them 2 Talk Outline Traditional Correlation Prefetching Epoch-Based Correlation Prefetching Experimental Results Summary 3 Traditional Correlation Prefetching Basic idea: use current miss address M to predict N future miss addresses F ...F (where N = prefetch depth) 1 N Miss address sequence: A B C D E F G H I assume N=2 Use A to prefetch B C Use D to prefetch E F Use G to prefetch H I Correlations recorded in correlation table Correlation table size proportional to application working set 4 Correlation Prefetching Drawbacks Very large correlation tables needed for commercial apps - impractical to store on-chip No attempt to eliminate all naturally overlapped misses Miss address sequence: A B C D E F G H I time A C F H B D G I E compute off-chip access 5 Correlation Prefetching Drawbacks Very large correlation tables needed for commercial apps - impractical to store on-chip No attempt to eliminate all naturally overlapped misses Miss address sequence: -
Data-Model Comparisons of Tropical Hydroclimate Changes Over the Common Era
manuscript submitted to Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 1 Data-Model Comparisons of Tropical Hydroclimate Changes Over the Common Era 2 A. R. Atwood1*, D. S. Battisti2, E. Wu2, D. M. W. Frierson2, J. P. Sachs3 3 1Florida State University, Dept. of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Tallahassee, FL, USA 4 2University of Washington, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 5 3University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 6 7 Corresponding author: Alyssa Atwood ([email protected]) 8 9 Key Points: 10 • A synthesis of 67 tropical hydroclimate records from 55 sites indicate several regionally- 11 coherent patterns of change during the Common Era 12 • Robust patterns include a regional drying event from 800-1000 CE and a range of tropical 13 hydroclimate changes ~1400-1700 CE 14 • Poor agreement between the centennial-scale changes in the reconstructions and transient 15 model simulations of the last millennium 16 manuscript submitted to Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 17 Abstract 18 We examine the evidence for large-scale tropical hydroclimate changes over the Common Era 19 based on a compilation of 67 tropical hydroclimate records from 55 sites and assess the 20 consistency between the reconstructed hydroclimate changes and those simulated by transient 21 model simulations of the last millennium. Our synthesis of the proxy records reveal several 22 regionally-coherent patterns on centennial timescales. From 800-1000 CE, records from the 23 eastern Pacific and northern Mesoamerica indicate a pronounced drying event relative to 24 background conditions of the Common Era. In addition, 1400-1700 CE is marked by pronounced 25 hydroclimate changes across the tropics, including an inferred strengthening of the South 26 American summer monsoon, weakened Asian summer monsoons, and fresher conditions in the 27 Maritime Continent. -
The Geologic Time Scale Is the Eon
Exploring Geologic Time Poster Illustrated Teacher's Guide #35-1145 Paper #35-1146 Laminated Background Geologic Time Scale Basics The history of the Earth covers a vast expanse of time, so scientists divide it into smaller sections that are associ- ated with particular events that have occurred in the past.The approximate time range of each time span is shown on the poster.The largest time span of the geologic time scale is the eon. It is an indefinitely long period of time that contains at least two eras. Geologic time is divided into two eons.The more ancient eon is called the Precambrian, and the more recent is the Phanerozoic. Each eon is subdivided into smaller spans called eras.The Precambrian eon is divided from most ancient into the Hadean era, Archean era, and Proterozoic era. See Figure 1. Precambrian Eon Proterozoic Era 2500 - 550 million years ago Archaean Era 3800 - 2500 million years ago Hadean Era 4600 - 3800 million years ago Figure 1. Eras of the Precambrian Eon Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first developed during the Precambrian eon. There are many fos- sils from this time because the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and preserved. The Phanerozoic eon is subdivided into three eras – the Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era. An era is often divided into several smaller time spans called periods. For example, the Paleozoic era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous,and Permian periods. Paleozoic Era Permian Period 300 - 250 million years ago Carboniferous Period 350 - 300 million years ago Devonian Period 400 - 350 million years ago Silurian Period 450 - 400 million years ago Ordovician Period 500 - 450 million years ago Cambrian Period 550 - 500 million years ago Figure 2.