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Institut d'études politiques de Paris ECOLE DOCTORALE DE SCIENCES PO Programme doctoral en Science politique, mention Relations internationales Centre de recherches internationales (CERI) Doctorat en Science politique European role convergence by default? The contributions of the EU Member States to security provision and Security Sector Reform during the military intervention in Afghanistan (2001-2014) Version de diffusion anonymée Nicolas Fescharek Thèse dirigée par Anne-Marie LE GLOANNEC, Directrice de recherche, FNSP-CERI Soutenue le 6 avril 2016 Jury : M. Andrew DORMAN, Professor, King’s College London (Rapporteur) M. Adrian HYDE-PRICE, Professor, Göteborg Universitet (Rapporteur) Mme Anne-Marie LE GLOANNEC, Directrice de recherche, FNSP- CERI M. Christian LEQUESNE, Professeur titulaire, IEP de Paris M. Hanns W. MAULL, Professor Dr. Universität Trier (im Ruhestand) M. François RIVASSEAU, Envoyé Spécial Espace, chef de division politiques de sécurité, Service européen pour l’action extérieure (UE) 2 Acknowledgements Above all, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my family, my mother Maria, my father Reinhard and my brother Max. Ohne Euch wäre es nicht möglich gewesen und diese Arbeit ist Euch gewidmet. I particularly thank my Professor, Prof. Dr. Anne-Marie Le Gloannec, who accompanied this doctoral dissertation with great strategic patience. I have learned immensely from her and I owe her a great deal of gratitude. A special thanks goes to the researchers and friends from the Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization (APPRO) in Kabul, who greatly helped me with my research. Many thanks also go to the colleagues and friends at the Centre de recherches internationales (CERI), in particular to Alice Pannier and Samuel Faure for precious comments and to Giulia Romano for valuable corrections. I owe particular gratitude to two very dear friends who have accompanied this dissertation: Eugen Gossen and Dr. Olga Alinda Spaiser. This thesis would not have been possible without them. Ihr seid großartig und ich bin froh Euch zu haben. I also would like to express my deepest gratitude to all the wonderful friends I have met along the way, and who either supported me with their friendship or with comments and corrections, Dirk Hamann, Olivier Néola, Jos Winters, Fariba Adelkha, the Butzebach gang from Marburg, Pascaline Vincent, Léa Chatauret, Benjamin Bruce, Joyce Valdovinos, Laura Meijer, Radhika Kanchana, Sihem Djebbi, Folashadé Soule-Kohndou, Laura Pandelle, Aurélien Mazeau and many others. Particular thanks go to the Texas Couscous and the Lavomatic Orchestra, to Morgane Baux, Thomas Bourasseau, Alexandre Maouche, Etienne Alimann, Thomas Ragot, and Matthieu Ballouche. Thank you for all the good moments. I also wish to thank Conrad Schetter for his help during the early stages, Camille Grand and Georges-Henri Soutou for having believed in me when I first started. Special thanks also go to Emmanuel Dupuy, Samy Cohen, François Rivasseau, Nadège Ragaru, Andreas-Fischer Barnicol, Etienne de Durand, Gale Mattox, Françoise Hostalier, Oberstarzt Mannfred Glitsch, Nassim Majidi, Stefan Seiler, Michaël Goudoux, to various interview partners that wish to remain anonymous, and to Maud Biancardi. 3 Meiner Familie gewidmet 4 Table of contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 3 Table of contents ................................................................................................... 5 Glossary ............................................................................................................... 10 i. 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 18 i. 2. The MS’ foray into collective foreign and security policy ............................... 20 i. 3. The Afghan case and European “security provision” ...................................... 23 i. 3.a. A “Global War” between state building and counter terrorism ............................................. 28 i. 3.b. Initial US under-investment and its consequences ..................................................................... 31 i. 3.c. From a “NATO operation with US input” to a “US mission with NATO input” ............ 36 i. 4. The four “Collective Foreign Policy Potentials” .............................................. 41 i. 5. Main Findings ................................................................................................ 48 i. 6. Case selection ............................................................................................... 50 i. 7. Single-Case studies ........................................................................................ 53 i. 8. Methodology, process tracing, sources and interviews .................................. 56 i. 9. Structure of this dissertation ......................................................................... 59 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 60 Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................................................................. 61 Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................................................................. 62 Chapter 5 .............................................................................................................................................................. 63 Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................................................................. 64 Chapter 1. ............................................................................................................ 67 1.0. Introduction .................................................................................................. 67 1.1. Strategic Culture ........................................................................................... 71 1.2. Europeanization ............................................................................................ 74 1.3. European strategic culture ............................................................................ 78 1.3.a. Pessimists ................................................................................................................................................ 79 1.3.b. Optimists ................................................................................................................................................. 81 1.4. Culture and causation of behavior ................................................................. 85 1.5. Convergence without Europeanization .......................................................... 88 1.6. Agency and structure .................................................................................... 93 1.7. “Role Theory”................................................................................................ 98 1.7.a. Definitions .............................................................................................................................................. 99 1.7.b. The concept of roles and Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) ................................................. 101 1.7.c. Elites ....................................................................................................................................................... 103 1.8. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 105 5 Chapter 2. Constellations, not convergence: The making of a potluck strategist .. 107 2.0. Introduction ................................................................................................. 107 2.0.a. Structure ................................................................................................................................................. 109 2.1. Western post-1989 security context and narratives ...................................... 111 2.1.a. “Security governance” and the MS’ collective added value on the international scene ............................................................................................................................................................................... 112 2.1.b. Europe as a power .............................................................................................................................. 115 2.1.c. Europe as a global power ................................................................................................................. 117 2.1.d. Europe as a distinctive civilian power ......................................................................................... 119 2.1.e. The Euro-American narrative of a division of labor ............................................................... 124 2.2. National strategic cultures ........................................................................... 129 2.2.a. French strategic culture: “La nation qui peut dire ‘non’” ..................................................... 131 2.2.b. Germany: “Zivilmacht” and “Handelsstaat” ............................................................................
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