1 9 9 5 )f\e p o r t
International Food Policy Research Institute KH3S5RE gram reflects worldwide collaboration with
Research Institute was established in 1975 governments and private and public institu to identify and analyze alternative national tions interested in increasing food produc-
distrib- and international strategies and policies for tion and improving the equity of its meeting food needs of the developing world ution. Research results are disseminated to
administra- on a sustainable basis, with particula policymakers, opinion formers, emphasis on low-income countries and on tors, policy analysts, researchers, and others
the poorer groups in those countries. While concerned with national and international
the research effort is geared to the precise food and agricultural policy. IFPRI is a objective of contributing to the reduction of member of the Consultative Group on hunger and malnutrition, the factors International Agricultural Research, an involved are many and wide-ranging, association of 16 international research requiring analysis of underlying processes centers, and receives support from a number and extending beyond a narrowly defined of governments, multilateral organizations, food sector. The Institute's research pro- foundations, and other sources. 1995 port
International Food Policy Research Institute
Contents
4 Board of Trustees
5 Chairman's Message David E. Bell
6 Director General's Introduction Per Pinstrup-Andersen
8 Essay: Food Prices and Food Security: Where Are We Headed? Mark W. Rosegrant
13 A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture,
and the Environment
15 Research and Outreach
Environment and Production Technology Division Markets and Structural Studies Division
Food Consumption and Nutrition Division
Trade and Macroeconomics Division Outreach Division
25 Collaboration
29 Publications
37 Personnel
42 Financial Statements
s (Board of Trustees
David E. Bell, Chairman James Ingram Professor Emeritus Visiting Fellow Harvard Center for Population and National Centre for Development Studies Development Studies Australian National University Cambridge, U.S.A. Canberra, Australia
Henri Carsalade Nora Lustig Assistant Director-General Senior Fellow
Food and Agriculture Organization The Brookings Institution of the United Nations (FAO) Washington, D.C, U.S.A. Rome, Italy Benno Ndulu Gordon Conway Executive Director Vice-Chancellor African Economic Research Consortium University of Sussex Nairobi, Kenya Brighton, United Kingdom I. G. Patel Godfrey Gunatilleke Former Director
Executive Vice-Chairman London School of Economics The Marga Institute Baroda, India Colombo, Sri Lanka Martin Pineiro Ibrahim Saad Ahmed Hagrass Director, Grupo CEO Former Deputy Minister Buenos Aires, Argentina Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Hiroya Sano Cairo, Egypt President Japan Fisheries Association Uwe Holtz Tokyo, Japan Professor of Political Science University of Bonn Abdoulaye Sawadogo Bonn, Germany Assistant Director-General Food and Agriculture Organization Susan Horton of the United Nations (FAO) Professor Rome, Italy University of Toronto Toronto, Canada Per Pinstrup-Andersen Director General, Ex Officio Chairman's Message
TiHE YEAR 1995 was the occasion of IFPRI's June 13-15, 1995. IFPRI published many docu 20th anniversary. A high point in the celebra ments presenting the 2020 analytical results, tion was the anniversary lecture, given on including a summary document in October. November 29 by Walter Falcon, director of the IFPRI staff continue to present the findings of Institute for International Studies at Stanford the 2020 program to governments, international University and himself a noted researcher and organizations, nongovernmental organizations, adviser on food policy in many Asian countries. the private sector, and others whose policies
Falcon spoke on the substantial gains over the and actions are crucial to the success of the
last 20 years in the world's understanding of vision. The Board of Trustees is pleased that food policy issues gains to which IFPRI has the Consultative Group on International made major contributions. At the same time, Agricultural Research (CGIAR), at its Falcon pointed to serious risks to food supply International Centers Week in late 1995, and distribution in the years ahead notably, endorsed the 2020 Vision analyses as important the unwarranted and dangerous complacency contributions to food security efforts, empha about food and agriculture into which govern sized the role of research in attempting to fulfill ments and international organizations have the 2020 Vision, and agreed that CGIAR fallen in recent years, and the growing need for programs should take note of 2020 Vision
research on urban food consumption and analyses and recommendations.
demand as the inexorable march toward urban These special events and activities should
ization continues. not be allowed to obscure the substantial, con During the year IFPRI also brought to culmi tinuing research that constitutes the bulk of nation a wide-ranging effort, in collaboration IFPRI's regular agenda. The Board of Trustees
with several national and international institu has noted with pleasure the sustained efforts
tions, to build consensus toward "A 2020 of IFPRI's director general and his senior Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the colleagues to maintain and increase the high Environment." This effort, which began in quality of IFPRI's staff, to conduct IFPRI's 1993 and will continue into the future, drew on research in collaboration with outstanding past research by IFPRI and many others, plus scientists in both developing and industrialized new analytical work. The purpose is to build a countries, and to use the most advanced
broad common understanding of the nature of methodologies for dealing with the complex the food, agriculture, and environmental prob and difficult problems IFPRI addresses. lems that will confront the world over the next The Board has confidence in IFPRI as a
25 years, and of the policies that should be well-managed and highly productive research adopted to deal with those problems. To this organization and thanks IFPRI's many donors end, numerous meetings were held in various and collaborators for their sustained support. parts of the world, including a major interna tional conference in Washington, D.C, on David E. Bell director General's Introduction
als WE APPROACH the beginning of the is likely to be a short-term or a long-term next millennium, the International Food phenomenon. Policy Research Institute finds itself grappling with some of the world's most pressing issues. The political landscape is being trans Can farmers grow enough food to feed a future formed, with many formerly command world population of 8 to 10 billion? Can economies rapidly making the transition developing countries find ways to boost food to market economies. In 1995, IFPRI production and protect the natural resources researchers began working in Vietnam for on which that production rests? Can the inci the first time. dence of hunger and malnutrition in develop ing countries be reduced? Can we help the Global communications are changing at world's women reach their full economic and breathtaking speed. Among other things, intellectual potential? Can we chart a path for IFPRI has established a presence on the world agriculture to be an instrument for eco World Wide Web. nomic progress and poverty reduction? These issues are urgent now and may be even more In 1995, IFPRI continued its comprehen urgent in the next century. sive program of research and outreach on Coping with these difficult questions environment and production technologies, requires a research agenda that evolves with food markets, food consumption and nutri changing global conditions. For example: tion, and trade and macroeconomics. Among the many valuable products of this effort, The world's population is becoming which are described later in this report, a few increasingly urban. IFPRI is responding by were particularly timely: The 2020 Vision creating new programs on urbanization action plan helped clarify a long-running and social safety nets for the poor. global debate about future food security.
Several reports on the role of women in agri
Micronutrient malnutrition now affects an culture and household food security coincided estimated 2 billion people. IFPRI work just with the Fourth World Conference on getting under way on micronutrients could Women in Beijing. play an important role in improving No question is more relevant than the human nutrition in developing countries. future of the world's food supply and people's food security. Can global food production keep After generally falling for several decades, up with population growth, and will all people
grain prices have taken a sharp upward be able to meet their food needs? These were
turn in recent years. IFPRI began the central questions of a major IFPRI initia research to determine whether this shift tive A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture,
6 and the Environment. In 1995, the 2020 tion models, including IFPRI's 2020 model, Vision initiative included a major international project that grain prices will continue to fol conference in Washington, D.C, and publica low a long-term downward trend. Last year, tion of a report summing up the 2020 Vision, however, grain traders began to wonder if the challenge that lies ahead, and recom they were about to relive the world food cri mended action. The conference and report sis of the early 1970s. Prices for wheat, rice, have heightened the sense of urgency about and maize shot up during the year, grain future food security and the need for concerted stocks continued a three-year fall, fertilizer action in the most vulnerable regions, particu prices increased, and food aid dropped to larly Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. If slightly more than half of what it was in the international development community 1992. As Mark Rosegrant notes in his takes heed of the 2020 Vision, we can avert a essay, the world may be entering a period great deal of suffering and political instability of greater instability in cereal prices, but in the coming decades. average real prices should resume their A vital component of the 2020 decline in two to three years if Vision effort was the develop governments and internation- as the world ment of a model of future ven al institutions maintain global food production and changes,food security their support for agricul nutrition through the year remains a constant and ture. IFPRI will continue 2020. As Mark Rosegrant to follow this issue closely. critical component of the describes in an essay in this Finally, our under human condition. report, the model had to make standing of food security has many difficult assumptions about changed over time. The agenda future economic growth rates, population has widened from food production and growth rates, and rates of investment in agri consumption to include the kinds of foods cultural research. One of the key conclusions people eat and their impact on human nutri was that, even under optimistic modeling tion. For example, the absence of micronu assumptions, the prospects for Sub-Saharan trients such as zinc and iron is an important Africa are a cause for serious concern. constraint in crop production and a serious In September 1995, some 17,000 people contributor to human malnutrition. IFPRI is from 189 delegations attended the Fourth coordinating a project to develop plant World Conference on Women in Beijing. genotypes that are more efficient than oth During the conference, IFPRI Research ers in the uptake of zinc, iron, and other Fellow Agnes Quisumbing spoke on the minerals from soils. Such mineral-dense importance of women's income and time in plants have been shown to be more vigorous
achieving food and nutrition security. In and disease-resistant, which in turn can lead addition, IFPRI research staff were instru to higher plant yields. The development of mental in adding a reference to women as such plants also promises to provide large farmers in the early versions of the Beijing future benefits for human nutrition. Declaration and Platform for Action. Just Even as the world changes, food security before the conference, IFPRI published remains a constant and critical component of Women: The Key to Food Security, a food the human condition. IFPRI is continuing to policy report that outlines the crucial roles seek ways for global agriculture to prosper on women play as food producers and house an environmentally sound basis and for all hold care givers. As the report made clear, the world's citizens to have access to suffi there is growing evidence that income in cient amounts of food, for the sake of both the hands of women contributes more to current and future generations. household food security and child nutrition than income controlled by men. In 1995, global crop prices took a signifi Per Pinstrup-Andersen cant upward turn. Most global food produc
7 J^ood Prices and J^ood Security:
Wh e r e jfir e We Ji e ade d?
Mark W. Rosegrant
Research Fellow
WcxORLD CEREAL PRICES have increased increases. Flooding in the United States in dramatically in 1995 and 1996, conjuring up 1993 cut cereal production by nearly 100 mil for some observers fears of a repeat of the lion metric tons. Global wheat production fell global food crisis of 1974- Wheat and maize again in 1994, when droughts associated with prices in early 1996 are 50 percent higher El Nino first cut the Australian wheat harvest than a year ago, while rice prices are up 30 in half and then damaged U.S. winter wheat. percent over two years ago. High In early 1995, wet weather slowed prices have been accompanied grain planting in the United It is quite possible by declines in cereal stocks States and Canada. for the last three years. that the world is entering Drought in Sub-Saharan stocks Africa in 1995 caused Cereal dropped a period ofgreater instabil from an average of 18 production to drop to ity in cereal prices. "The percent of total annual two-thirds of 1994 levels. outcomeforfood consumption last year to a security There is evidence that these is uncertain. predicted 13 percent this crop incidents are not isolated but ping year, the lowest in history. are part of a pattern of increased Are these rising grain prices and falling volatility in climate, crop yield, and area har grain stocks indications of a new reality for vested, but this is not yet conclusive. Coming world agriculture, with high prices and con to a better understanding of possible system tinuing food shortages? Or are they a brief atic changes in climate variability, the links interruption in the long-term trend of falling between these changes and crop yield and real prices and relatively stable levels of area variability, and possible policy responses grain stocks? It is quite possible that the is a critical research task. world is entering a period of greater instabil Policy reforms, including trade liberaliza ity in cereal prices. The outcome for food tion under the General Agreement on Tariffs security, especially in poorer developing and Trade (GATT) and the reform of U.S. countries, is uncertain, but there is no doubt and European farm support programs may that prospects depend heavily on actions have also increased the likelihood of taken now and in the near future by both increased variability in prices, by reducing developed and developing countries and the incentives to hold cereal stocks. Until international development institutions. recently, the developed countries have borne most of the costs of maintaining food stocks, the in Behind Jump Prices largely as a by-product of domestic farm sup Following several years of falling prices and port programs. However, as North American slowing production, weather played a major and European governments scale back farm
role in setting off the current round of price price support programs in favor of direct pay-
8 ments to farmers, they no longer need to A principal concern during periods of buy and hold large reserves. In 1996, the sharp price increases should be making sure United States and European Union together the poor have enough to eat. Most poor will hold less than one-half the stocks they people in low-income countries spend more held in 1993. Private sector stocks are than half their income on food. Although
unlikely to make up the difference for some people benefit as rising crop prices reduced public stocks. This policy-induced increase their incomes, many are hurt. To reduction in stocks will probably mean ensure that the poor get enough food, larger price fluctuations in the future, developing-country governments would do because fewer supplies will be available to better to target assistance programs to the
the market to dampen price changes when poor rather than to implement national food
production varies. policies that distort domestic prices for
everyone. Programs to generate employment Policy Responses to Increased or transfer income, such as food coupon pro Price Variability grams, targeted to the food insecure could be Higher international food prices hurt poor expanded temporarily to help them cope countries that import a large portion of their with short-term increases in food prices. food. Sharp price increases can fuel inflation in these countries, place severe pressure on Long-Term Prospects for Food foreign exchange reserves, and threaten Supply and Demand macroeconomic stability and investment. What about the longer-term prospects for Can anything be done at the national or food supply, demand, and prices? Do recent international level to deal with the problem price rises mean not only more volatile of increased price variability? Developed prices, but also increasing real prices in the countries that export food may be wise to future? Answering these questions requires hold more stocks than are necessary merely looking beyond the important short-term to meet commercial demand for exports in problem of instability to the fundamentals times of relative global plenty, for a failure underlying long-term growth in supply and to meet commercial export demands during demand. Understanding long-term prospects times of shortage can have devastating is particularly important for several reasons: impacts on trade relations. In 1973, the American embargo on soybean exports to By 2020, world population is likely to Japan encouraged the continuation of pro approach 8 billion. About 90 million
tectionist policies in Japan and spurred the people are added to the planet each year, development of the Latin American soybean putting constant but generally unrecog industry. Periodic interruptions in grain nized strains on world agriculture. trade could drastically slow the movement toward more open trade in agriculture. More than 1 billion people in the Therefore, holding enough stocks to avoid developing world 30 percent of the such interruptions may be not just a human population live in absolute poverty. long- itarian policy, but a policy with large Without concerted action, the incidence term commercial payoffs as well. of poverty, and along with it food insecu For developing countries, holding large rity, could persist in South Asia and public grain stocks or encouraging food self- increase markedly in Sub-Saharan Africa. sufficiency are unsustainably expensive strate gies. Less costly options include ( 1 ) holding Further food production gains depend
small grain stocks to provide some insurance more than ever on technological innova
against price variability, (2) using export tion, yet investment to support innova
credits or foreign exchange insurance, and tion is flagging.
(3) using world futures and options markets to hedge against future price increases.
9 As part of its initiative A 2020 Vision for happen if population growth is slower than Food, Agriculture, and the Environment, expected? Under a low-population-growth IFPRI developed a model of the world food scenario, world population would grow 1 economy. The International Model for percent annually to reach about 7 billion in Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities 2020, about 1 billion less than the baseline and Trade (IMPACT) incorporates the estimate. This slow population growth would effects of key factors on food supply and lead to a general reduction in the demand demand population, income growth, for commodities and hence to much lower urbanization, the rate of increase in food price levels than those obtained in the base production due to technological change and line projections. Most important, reduced productivity growth, prices of com population growth would result in modities, and the responses of significant improvement in supply and demand to prices. furtherfood food security. The baseline As originally developed, the production gains depend estimate of 154 million model did not include malnourished children in more than ever on tech environmental factors such 2020 would be reduced nological innovation, yet as the impact of soil degra by about 24 million. investment to support dation on food production, On the other hand, largely because of inade innovation isflagging. what might happen if pub quate global data. In more lic investment in national recent work on China, environ agricultural research systems and mental degradation was incorporated extension services in developing coun into the model. tries were eliminated and direct core funding "baseline" The results show an aggregate of international agricultural research centers global food supply and demand picture that were phased out? Along with slower growth is fairly good, if rates of investment in agri in nonfarm income and reduced investments cultural research and development are main in health, education, and sanitation, this tained. Production growth will be sufficient scenario would result in a 6 percent drop in to keep world food prices on a downward world cereal production by 2020 and a 10 trend. Cereal prices are projected to drop by percent drop in developing countries. About nearly 20 percent by 2020 and meat prices 90 percent of this reduction is the direct by about 10 percent. The decline in prices is effect of reduced research investment. With accompanied by growing world trade in food, drastically reduced supplies, cereal prices are with the developing world as a group projected to rise substantially over the base increasing its food imports from the devel line. Rice prices, for example, would go up oped world. Yet despite the ability of the 41 percent. The projected number of mal world's productive capacity to supply the nourished children would increase by 21 mil food demanded by those who can afford to lion over the baseline. buy it, there will be little improvement in In a high-investment, high-growth sce food security for the poor in many regions, nario, with funding for international agricul Sub- particularly in South Asia and in tural research centers increasing by $750 Saharan Africa. The results show virtually million per year, annual cereal production in no improvement in per capita calorie avail the developing world would be about 95 mil ability for Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus the lion tons higher than the baseline by 2020. projections portray a fundamental paradox: The number of malnourished children would
declining world food prices coexisting with fall from 184 million in 1990 to 109 million sustained or increasing malnutrition in much by 2020. In India the number of malnour of the world. ished children would fall by nearly half.
As part of the 2020 Vision project, the More than 90 percent of the production rise model was also used to develop some alter would be directly attributable to increased native scenarios. For example, what might spending on agricultural research.
10 Such estimates are a testament to the 114 million metric tons of cereals in 2020. extraordinary leverage provided by support Thus, with extraordinarily rapid income for investment in agricultural research. growth and severe degradation, China's
When one considers the benefits in terms of cereal imports do increase substantially. The human nutrition and development and the effect on projected world prices is signifi reduced need for health care services as a cant, but not devastating. World markets result, this relatively small investment on can absorb large increases in Chinese the part of the international community imports without huge price consequences. seems profoundly prudent. Given its commitment at least to date to relatively low imports, the government of The Power of Price Signals: China will almost certainly develop a set of The China Case countervailing policy responses if imports Some observers have suggested that massive begin to grow rapidly. In fact, in the past grain imports by China could upset the entire year as grain prices have risen in response to discom- world food economy and completely short-term tightening of grain supplies, gov
bobulate the 2020 projections. These ernment policymakers have responded with
observers have speculated that Chinese grain commitments for greater investment in irri
imports could soar to over 300 million metric gation and agricultural research and devel
tons over the next three decades, or to opment. Grain price increases have nearly double the current world already induced farmers in China
trade in grain. and other countries to ^tfre international many What if China acceler move land into grains and food markets ates its income more sufficiently increase input levels to flexible to absorb rapidly than projected or boost yields. suffers extreme environ Chinese grain impoits China is already a mental degradation that without large price significant player in world drives down production increases? food markets and is likely to growth? Will growing food become increasingly important. imports by China drive world prices However, China does not represent a out of control, thereby drastically reducing major threat to world food markets. Con per capita consumption and increasing mal siderable flexibility in supply response still nutrition in other developing countries? Or, exists, both in China and in the major in contrast, are international food markets existing and potential grain exporters in the sufficiently flexible to absorb Chinese grain world. If anything, the evolution of China imports without large price increases? into a consistent grain-importing country IFPRI developed six scenarios to look at would benefit grain exporters, without caus these issues. The scenarios simulate three ing serious price dislocations. income growth rates for China: 4-5 percent,
7.0 percent, and 9.6 percent. These different No Progress without International
growth rates are each combined with two Commitment
resource degradation scenarios. The first The doomsday scenarios for China and the degradation scenario maintains current world food situation are not plausible,
trends for erosion and salinization rates. The because they ignore the interrelationships
second degradation scenario doubles these and responsiveness built into the world food
rates of degradation. economy. Nevertheless, a final word of cau
With slow growth and degradation, China tion is necessary. The progress shown in the
is projected to import about 25 million met baseline scenario of IFPRI's model requires
ric tons of cereals, nearly all wheat, in 2020. three forces at work: increased income At the other extreme, under the scenario growth to generate purchasing power to back with 9.6 percent income growth and rapid up demand for food; sustained investment in degradation, China is projected to import agricultural research to boost productivity to
11 meet growing demand at reasonable prices; This increase would be concentrated in South and continued investment in health, educa Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, where the tion, and nutrition to translate food consump prevalence of malnutrition is already high. tion into nutritional improvement. Such In the long run, good roads and communi efforts will require increased national and cations, effective competitive markets, international commitment to agricultural and agricultural research, and health and educa economic development. tion services for rural people are
Large cuts in investments by essential not only to increase Jsrge cuts in national governments and agricultural productivity, international development investments by national incomes, and food security, institutions could worsen the governments and inter but to enhance the capacity global food result of situation, national development farmers, agribusiness, ing in rapid increases in and governments to institutions could malnutrition. Alternative respond effectively to worsen the globalfood simulations using IFPRI's highly variable prices. As model of the world food econ situation, resulting in the poor increase their omy show that relatively small rapid increases in incomes, they can better reductions in public investment cope on their own with price malnutrition. in economic development, agricul fluctuations. Failure to make tural research, health and sanitation, and these investments will only increase education could add 50 million children to poverty and malnutrition and weaken the the ranks of the malnourished compared ability of countries to feed their people in with the baseline projection for 2020, lead an era of increased price fluctuations. ing to an actual increase from 1990 levels.
12 JL 20 20 Vision for $' o o and d , Agriculture, the Environment
IFPRI'S 2020 VISION for Food, Agriculture, of-the-art knowledge and thinking on and the Environment initiative blossomed in the key issues, identified priorities for 1995 with a host of major meetings and a regions, countries, and donor agencies, massive outreach effort that helped develop and made recommendations for future and spread the message of the initiative policies and programs in food and agri around the world. culture. Held at the headquarters of the The 2020 Vision initiative was launched National Geographic Society in in 1993 to identify solutions for meeting the Washington, D.C, the conference world's food needs to the year 2020 while received worldwide media attention. reducing poverty and protecting the envi ronment. The project has built on food poli In October, IFPRI published A 2020 cy research by IFPRI and others and relies Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the on data from many sources, most notably the Environment: The Vision, Challenge,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the and Recommended Action. This report
United Nations (FAO). In addition to the presented a global vision for food, agri research effort, it has brought together a culture, and the environment to the year wide range of experts in workshops and con 2020 and identified the actions needed sultations to share their knowledge on to achieve it. In addition, it recommended selected topics and to bring that knowledge concrete strategies for eliminating to bear on recommendations for action. malnutrition and poverty, as well as
regional visions and strategies for the Among the year's highlights: developing world.
In February 1995, the distinguished group Research undertaken in 1995 was exam of 46 high-level international leaders and ined and discussed at technical work
scientists who make up the International shops and conferences. Two regional Advisory Committee met in Stockholm workshops were held, one for Latin to discuss research results and outreach America in Cali, Colombia, and a second
activities. for South Asia in Kathmandu, Nepal. Technical meetings on land degradation,
In mid-June, IFPRI held an internation food projections, rice supply and demand, al conference that brought together pest management, biotechnology, and
more than 500 policymakers, scientists, plant nutrition management brought
representatives of nongovernmental together experts to discuss the results of
organizations, and others from 50 coun research that will bear significantly on tries. These participants discussed state- the world's future food supply.
13 Through its outreach effort, IFPRI has IFPRI has also joined forces with the disseminated the research results and Public Broadcasting System (PBS) to advise messages of the 2020 Vision initiative the producers of a new series of programs on throughout the world. 2020 briefs (two-page people and their environment, which will information sheets on topics of relevance to incorporate issues related to sustainably the initiative), 2020 discussion papers feeding the world to the year 2020. (reports of research results), and News & There are many indications that the 2020 Views (a newsletter reporting on 2020 Vision project has had a significant global Vision research and activities) have impact. Examples include the extraordi gone to thousands of readers nary demand for 2020 Vision worldwide. extensive media The MtiatWe has Publications; Organizations in Belgium, coverage, as evidenced by built consensus on how to Canada, Denmark, France, more than 200 articles and Germany, Italy, the Neth create a morefood-secure broadcasts throughout the erlands, Norway, Sweden, world without destroying world; and the ongoing and the demand for 2020 Vision United States hosted the environment. briefings and seminars in which presentations around the
IFPRI staff and national counter world. The initiative has raised parts discussed 2020 Vision challenges and awareness that today's global food produc actions. These meetings were usually tion system cannot ensure sustainable world accompanied by press events. Several devel food security over the next 25 years without oping countries have also expressed strong significant new investments in agricultural interest in the 2020 Vision project. For development and has built consensus on example, Ghana has developed its own how to create a more food-secure world vision and set of actions for achieving without destroying the environment. human well-being in the year 2020.
14 Research and Outreach
IFPRI pursues its mission through research on policies and strategies to reduce poverty, improve the food security of the poor, and protect natural resources. It conducts and disseminates this research through four research divisions and an outreach division. Highlights of division activities follow.
Environment and Production costs. During 1995, IFPRI's team looked at the Technology Division impact of CGIAR research on agriculture in the United States, on policy options for agri Agricultural production must steadily cultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa, and increase to meet the demands of a growing on strengthening the regional capacity for set world population. In many parts of the devel ting research priorities in Latin America. oping world, however, there is evidence that IFPRI also is working collaboratively with production pressures are undermining the other members of the CGIAR system on the natural resource base on which farming development of agricultural research indica depends. This is the fundamental research tors and on policy aspects of agricultural bio challenge for the Environment and diversity conservation. Production Technology Division, which attempts to identify appropriate technological Arresting Deforestation and changes and policies for sustainable agricul Resource Degradation in the Forest tural intensification. The research seeks to Margins of the Humid Tropics encompass several important types of condi To identify policies, technologies, and institu tions facing farmers in developing countries, tional arrangements that will promote sus including hillsides, semi-arid lands, forest tainable management of tropical forests, and margins, and high-potential irrigated areas. thus slow the conversion of primary tropical The division's research mandate also includes moist forest to agriculture, policymakers must work on agricultural research and extension, have an understanding of the dynamics of which is widely acknowledged to be vital for migration and settlement patterns as well as future production growth, and on property farming practices and land use. rights and communal action. During 1995, IFPRI launched field work
in the Brazilian Amazon. IFPRI's site will
Agricultural Research and Extension provide a base for a wide variety of collabo
Investment in agricultural research is essential rative reseach efforts with national organiza for production growth and invariably returns tions in Brazil and the CGIAR centers far more to overall economic growth than its participating in the Alternatives to Slash
15 and Burn initiative. Work began with a production in irrigated areas, facilitate more
planning workshop in the region to identify efficient allocation of water across sectors, key policy issues and assess the potential for and reverse the ongoing degradation of the IFPRI to address those issues. water resource base.
Countries around the world have been Sustainable Intensification on facing fiscal pressures to reduce the role of Fragile Rainfed Lands the state in irrigation management and to Population pressures increasingly force devolve responsibility to farmers. The IFPRI farmers to develop marginal lands, while research team has been studying the poten poverty often forces them to resort to unsus tial for alternative water allocation mecha tainable practices. Conversion of hillsides nisms to improve incentives for efficient
without terracing, for example, and equitable irrigation management quickly leads to soil erosion. while reducing the need for concerned Intensification in humid L$@$J is public subsidies. One study
prop- lowlands can easily lead with how alternative completed in 1995 focused
to the of soil on tradable water rights leaching erty rights systems and nutrients. Cropland and reviewed water mar community organizations development in semi-arid kets in Chile, Mexico, affect the management lowlands may easily result of Callfomia> and Tamil Nadu>
ero- natural resources. in soil loss through wind India. Another study provided sion and ultimately desertification. a global review of experience with IFPRI's research focuses on the sustainable user-based water allocation. IFPRI also development of such lands. examined the potential for future develop Field research in Central America contin ment of water resources in Africa.
ued in 1995. Considerable progress was made in developing and testing participatory Property Rights approaches to natural resource management and Communal Action and in developing integrated economic and IFPRI is concerned with how alternative biophysical models of watersheds. IFPRI ini property rights systems and community orga tiated research on hillsides in East Africa nizations affect the management of natural
and participated in the planning for a col resources. IFPRI has launched an examina laborative CGIAR research effort on desert tion of property rights and forest resource margin areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. IFPRI management in Africa and Asia. Ghana, also continued to review the experience Indonesia, Uganda, and Vietnam were select with watershed development in India's rain ed as study sites. During 1995, IFPRI largely fed agricultural lands. completed an extensive survey of each site and began preparatory work on an intensive Water Resource Allocation: survey of households in Ghana and Vietnam. Productivity and Work also began in 1995 on a joint project Environmental Impacts with the International Center for Agricul New investments in irrigation have declined tural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) on in recent years, while many existing irrigation property rights issues related to the manage systems have performed inefficiently and ment of rangeland resources in North Africa have degraded natural resources through and West Asia. waterlogging, salinization, and mining of From May to December 1995, IFPRI coor groundwater aquifers. Growth in crop produc dinated an e-mail conference on gender and tivity in irrigated areas has slowed, and the property rights. The conference attracted
competition for water from nonagricultural more than 180 participants from 29 coun
users has increased. These developments are tries. Three papers were commissioned; each increasing demands for water resource poli paper was discussed intensively for three cies that maintain the growth in agricultural weeks on the network.
16 Markets and Structural Reform of Agricultural Studies Division Output Markets This research focuses on attempts to liberalize The success of agriculture in many develop agricultural marketing, distribution, and other ing countries depends to a large extent on output programs and their impact on food managing the transition from a subsistence supplies and farm income. During 1995, to a commercial rural economy. This transi IFPRI completed one of the first attempts to tion is typically accompanied by changes in analyze the effect of the 1994 devaluation of product mix, sources of income, the struc the CFA franc in West and Central Africa. ture of employment, and the productivity of The study examined the impact of the change labor. The prospects for reducing rural in parity on the region's cereal sector and poverty, assuring food security for the poor, modeled the transmission of changes in the and improving the overall quality of life in value of the franc to producer prices. IFPRI rural areas depends on the way governments also completed a study of corn markets in the manage this change. Philippines, where demand for corn is shifting Much of the work of the Markets and away from human consumption to animal Structural Studies Division focuses on agri feed use. The project examined the efficiency cultural input and output markets and the of the existing corn distribution system in related issues of marketing, infrastructure, order to identify potential future bottlenecks. and institutional development. A working Work began on two collaborative research assumption of the division is that undis- projects, which will examine output market
torted and unencumbered input and output reforms in six African countries and ground
markets are vitally important for a successful nut market reforms in Senegal. Another new transition. Yet many developing countries project is under way in Vietnam, where IFPRI rely on a host of direct and indirect market is studying the liberalization of local rice mar interventions. The challenge for the division kets in the context of a nation moving from a is to define and visualize successful strategies centrally planned to a market-oriented system
for market reform. of output distribution.
Reform of Agricultural Agricultural Diversification Input Markets and Export Promotion Many developing countries use tariffs and Structural adjustment programs, changing other barriers to restrict imports of seeds, fer world markets, and changing needs and pref tilizer, and other agricultural inputs. An erences can create a substantially new set of
important focus of this research is under incentives for farmers. In response, producers
standing the impact of market liberalization frequently diversify their product mix or grow
on agricultural production and economic more products for export markets. This
growth. In 1995, IFPRI studied the chronol research considers how policies can facilitate ogy of agricultural input market reforms in the adjustment process. In 1995 the division Bangladesh and found that at least 20 per participated in a survey of agricultural diversi cent of the nation's increased rice produc fication, including studies of the impact of
tion could be attributed to the liberalization commercialization on income and nutrition, of input markets. Another study of nine the use of market-based water policies to African countries examined the develop encourage efficient agricultural diversifica ment of the maize seed industry, the role of tion, and diversification and export promo
private seed companies, and how structural tion in Sub-Saharan Africa. Research also
adjustment programs have encouraged the was conducted on the sources of rural eco
entry of multinational seed companies into nomic growth in Niger, focusing particularly these seed markets. on household spending patterns and the need to boost local purchasing power to get growth moving. In Sub-Saharan Africa, intensified
17 dairying offers a significant opportunity for times of hardship, and permits them to buy farmers living near urban areas. Work is food during lean periods. IFPRI's research getting under way on smallholder dairy looks at this issue from the perspective of operations as a diversification activity in individuals, households, and institutions. The
East Africa and on the potential of marine research focuses on innovative new approach fisheries and aquaculture as diversification es and is particularly interested in the activities, looking particularly at the growing changes in household-level income that demand for fish in Africa. result from increased access to and participa
tion in member-based financial institutions. Food Consumption During 1995, IFPRI launched new country studies on rural financial systems in and Nutrition Division Bangladesh and Malawi. Interim reports on Malnutrition and food insecurity are a tragic Bangladesh and China were completed. fact of life for much of the world's popula tion. About 800 million people do not get Safety Nets for Food Security enough food to meet their needs, while Most developing countries face a continuing about 2 billion people are deficient in one or challenge: providing basic food and nutri more micronutrients. About one-third of the tion support programs for their poorest citi developing world's preschool children are zens or for the victims of droughts or civil underweight. wars. To be cost-effective and reach those
The Food Consumption and Nutrition most in need, such programs need to be Division studies ways to reduce the problems carefully designed and implemented and of food insecurity and malnutrition. It con include an effective combination of incen siders, for example, how to give farmers bet tives. This program builds on earlier IFPRI ter opportunities to produce food, how to work on food security monitoring, famine, give people the opportunity to earn the public works, and food subsidies. IFPRI's money they need to buy enough food, and current research focus is on ways to turn how to enhance people's ability to safety-net programs into social
use food for good physical and investments with I^P'Rl's Current lasting cognitive development. ; r development impact for research focus is on waits , n . ,nnc During 1995, the Food J the poor. During 1995, to turn safety-net programs Consumption and Nutrition research inciuded a study
Division realigned its into social investments with of the present food sub- research priorities, adding development impact sidy program managed by lasting" programs on safety nets for the N ational Food for the poor. food security, the effects of urban Authority of the Philippines ization on food, nutrition, and agricul and an evaluation of the European ture, and nonfood contributors to nutrition. Union's shipments of dairy commodities to These new programs build on past work and China. Collaborative safety-net research was were developed through a series of work initiated with institutions in Bangladesh, shops, brainstorming sessions, mailings, and Egypt, Mozambique, and South Africa. literature searches.
Gender and Intrahousehold Rural Finance and Food Aspects of Food Policy Security for the Poor An important dimension of food and agricul Giving the rural poor better access to savings ture policy occurs at the household level, and credit systems has long been recognized where family member interactions and issues as a key factor in boosting rural economic of gender can have important consequences growth. Improved access to savings and credit tor nutrition. During 1995, IFPRI's research increases the income levels of the poor, team focused on household decisionmaking, enables them to preserve their assets during gender and poverty, and structural adjustment
18 issues. Research from 13 developing countries program seeks to understand the determinants looked at differences between male- and and dynamics of urban food insecurity and female-headed households among the rural malnutrition, the implications for policies and poor. IFPRI undertook a study documenting programs, and the impact of urbanization on changes in welfare, according to various indi agriculture and rural development. During cators, among households in the Volta region 1995, IFPRI researchers began an intensive of Ghana during a period of economic reform. literature review to identify key issues and IFPRI also examined the extent to which areas of potential research. In collaboration unequal bargaining strength impedes the with UNICEF, IFPRI also completed a series income-earning ability of rural women in of case studies on how governments and the Africa. In addition, IFPRI's research staff urban poor deal with household food insecuri made presentations at a number of confer ty, poor health, and malnutrition. ences and symposia around the world, includ ing the World Conference on Women in Agricultural Strategies to Overcome Beijing. IFPRI's presentation at Beijing was Micronutrient Malnutrition published as an IFPRI food policy report that There is compelling evidence in developing is designed to reach broader policymaking countries that many children and adults, par and media audiences. ticularly women in their childbearing years, The division also participated in an electronic are seriously affected by a lack of essential vit conference on gender and property rights. amins and minerals in their diets. IFPRI research in this area is designed to better Food Security and understand how adoption of specific agricul Nutrition Monitoring tural technologies would affect household Information gleaned from food security and micronutrient status and to investigate the nutrition monitoring programs can be used to feasibility and cost-effectiveness of breeding identify the food-insecure and malnourished, for micronutrient-rich staple food crops. to describe them according to location or During 1995, IFPRI looked at the status of socioeconomic group, to help design food and household micronutrient nutrition in the nutrition policies, and to test and evaluate Philippines and began a preliminary analysis food security systems. In 1995, IFPRI con in Bangladesh and India. In the plant breed ducted research and outreach in Ghana, ing program, where IFPRI is the lead coordi India, Kenya, and Mali. In Kenya, IFPRI nating center for the CGIAR system, research studied the short- and medium-term effects of is under way examining genotype variations the commercialization of agriculture on in the iron and zinc content of varieties of household income and food security and the rice, wheat, maize, beans, and cassava. nutritional status of preschool-aged children. Using formats such as roundtable discussions Nonfood Inputs into Nutrition and small-group consultations, IFPRI also In many cases it is not so much access to shared the results of the research with collab food but other factors such as health care, orators, policymakers, and donors in each of water, hygiene, and infant feeding prac the four countries. tices that are the most critical bottlenecks
in the effort to alleviate malnutrition in Implications of Urbanization for developing countries. This program deals Food, Nutrition, and Agriculture with these factors, looking particularly at the Within the next 20 years, it is likely that increasing competition for water between more poor and undernourished people in domestic and production uses, growing con developing countries will live in urban areas cerns about linkages between health and the than in the countryside. Urban food insecuri environment, rising demand for health ser ty will even be a major concern in Africa and vices due to rapid urbanization and a surge in Asia, which are now predominantly rural but the number and size of displaced populations, will become increasingly urban. This IFPRI and increasing pressures on social service
19 budgets. During 1995, IFPRI examined the growth and income redistribution during the linkages between food consumption, diar 1965-80 Green Revolution period. A policy rhea, and malnutrition and found that the bias favoring large farmers over small farmers effects of food shortages on child malnutri contributed to a continued high incidence tion are much worse at high levels of child of rural poverty and a general failure of rapid diarrhea. IFPRI researchers also are working agricultural growth to contribute to broadly on the connections between water use, based economic growth during this period. health, and gender, focusing particularly on IFPRI used model simulation to consider whether water allocation mechanisms how the Philippine economy might have neglect information on the economic returns fared under conditions more favorable to from improved domestic water access and small-farm agriculture. The study examined improved access to water by women farmers. the impact of the Philippines's highly restrictive trade policies on overall econom Trade and Macroeconomics ic growth and equity. Model simulation was Division also used to consider alternative policy reforms that could provide better prospects During 1995, the Trade and Macroeconomics for growth with equity. Division focused on two broad themes: In Egypt, where agriculture employs 40 per ( 1 ) the impact of regional integration and cent of the labor force and accounts for 25 per global trade reforms on developing countries, cent of gross national product, future constraints with a particular emphasis on agriculture; on agricultural growth are vitally important. The and (2) the impact of macroeconomic policy division undertook two studies of Egypt in 1995, reforms on the agriculture sector, poverty, one focusing on agriculture and water and the and economic growth. other analyzing long-term economywide growth Economywide general equilibrium model prospects. In the first study, IFPRI's agriculture ing is an important tool in much of the divi sector model was used to analyze alternative sion's work on trade and macroeconomics. means of recovering the operation and mainte In 1995, there was a major effort to develop nance costs of Egypt's irrigation system. The generic simulation models that could be economywide study looked at alternative growth easily adapted to a variety of research assign scenarios during the 1 990-2000 period in the ments. Four such models were completed: context of water scarcity. a multicountry, multisector model; a single- Research on Mexico examined the 1994 country model designed to assess the impact peso devaluation crisis and its impact on of technological change, trade policy reform, Mexican agriculture and on trade and migra and structural adjustment on agriculture; a tion between the United States and Mexico. regional model that can be used to study watersheds; and an agriculture sector model Regional Integration and focusing on water use. In addition, the divi Trade Liberalization sion completed several multicountry trade Three studies on the impact of regional trad models, which can be linked to a world data ing blocs in Asia were completed in 1995. set maintained at Purdue University. This The study of Asia-Pacific Economic link enables IFPRI to build trade models with Cooperation (APEC), a free trade zone on many different sectors and countries. the Pacific Rim, indicated that the forma
tion of such a free trade area was beneficial Macroeconomic Policy to the participants. Studies of the free trade Reforms, Agricultural Growth, group of the Association of Southeast Asian and Rural Development Nations (ASEAN), which includes the In 1995, the division completed studies of poorer countries in the region, found that trade and macroeconomic reforms in Egypt, such a bloc is not particularly beneficial to Mexico, and the Philippines. The work on its members. The studies found that these the Philippines focused on productivity countries would do far better by pursuing
20 wider trade liberalization. research community. Less technical publica
The division continued several studies of tions, including abstracts, food policy state the North American Free Trade Agreement ments, food policy reports, and policy briefs, (NAFTA), including work on the problems of are designed for the policymaking community. coordinating agricultural policies in a rapidly The annual report, brochures, information changing trade environment and NAFTA's briefs, and a newsletter all offer general impact on countries in Central America and information. A complete list of publications the Caribbean. issued in 1995 appears in the Publications
section of this report. Outreach Division During 1995, in addition to its normal outreach activities, a major effort was
The mandate of IFPRI's Outreach Division is undertaken to disseminate the results of the to facilitate better communication between 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the IFPRI and decisionmakers, opinion leaders, Environment initiative. The effort included and policy analysts around the world. publication of 4 issues of the newslet IFPRI's traditional audience is the ter News & Views, 8 discussion food and agriculture communi I
it embraces and a collection ty, but actively audience is thefood and syntheses, those in the related fields of of the speeches made at agriculture community, but environment, development, the 2020 Vision confer it embraces those in and foreign affairs. actively ence. As part of its effort The foundation of this the relatedfields ofenviron to get the 2020 message effort has been IFPRI's ment, development, and out, IFPRI also compiled a research and publications on list of 3,400 individu foreign affairs. mailing food and agricultural policy. But als and organizations.
the division's mandate has broadened con In total, IFPRI sent about 266,000
siderably since its creation in 1992. In 1995, publications and information pieces to IFPRI continued to strengthen the links individuals and organizations in 1995 more between research, outreach, and training by than double the 1994 total. In addition, developing long-term collaborative relation IFPRI distributed some 22,000 publications ships with key institutions in developing in response to requests. countries. The division supported a variety of IFPRI's food policy reports and the 2020 training exercises that will help strengthen Vision initiative greatly contributed to the capacity for food policy research and IFPRI's growing reputation in the interna implementation in developing countries. tional media as an authority on world food In addition to publications and training, in issues. During 1995, IFPRI and its staff mem 1995 the Outreach Division began to develop bers were cited and interviewed in more a site on the World Wide Web, produced than 200 articles and broadcasts, which videos of IFPRI's activities, and created an reached millions of people throughout the
interactive computer exercise designed to world. IFPRI's work was cited on all the
highlight the importance of food policy major international wire services and on research. IFPRI also used policy seminars and broadcasts of the BBC and CNN. workshops to disseminate its message. In 1995, IFPRI completed three videos
based on the 2020 Vision initiative. 2020
Publications and Information Hindsight: Successes, Failures, and Lessons IFPRI issues numerous publications on food Learned in Feeding the World, 1970-95 tells the policy for a range of audiences. IFPRI's story of the Green Revolution and examines research reports, books, food policy reviews, the prospects for feeding an expected 8 billion occasional papers, working papers, lectures, people in the year 2020. Nine Voices on 2020: and reprints of articles published externally Highlights from an International Conference pre by IFPRI staff are directed to the policy sents excerpts of nine speeches made at the
21 2020 Vision conference in June 1995. Feeding Making Food Aid Work for Long-Term Abundantia: Exploring Critical Issues in Food Security: Future Directions and Strategies Security presents a roundtable debate of a in the Greater Horn of Africa, March 27-30, group of experts advising the president of a Addis Ababa, Ethiopia hypothetical country that faces a food crisis. The discussion provides a lively exploration of Land Degradation in the Developing World: the critical issues linking food security, pov Implications for Food, Agriculture, and the erty, and the environment, accented by the Environment to the Year 2020, April 4-6, realities of political and military security. Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A. The information program and computer services staff also began work on the for Projections for Food Demand develop Workshop , ment of an IFPRI presence on the World Supply, and Unmet Needs to 2020, low- Wide Web, which potentially provides a April 11-12, Washington, DC, U.S.A. cost way to quickly disseminate information to millions of people around the world. Projections and Policy Implications of Medium- and Long-Term Rice Supply and Demand, Seminars, Workshops, April 24-26, Beijing, China and Conferences In June 1995, IFPRI, together with the Pest Management, Food Security, and the National Geographic Society, hosted the Environment: The Future to 2020, 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the May 10-11, Washington, D.C, U.S.A. Environment conference in Washington, D.C. The conference attracted some 500 The Expected Impact of Biotechnology researchers, policymakers, donors, and devel on Future Food Supplies, May 12, opment practitioners from around the world Washington, D.C, U.S.A.
who came together to discuss the urgent
problems of hunger, poverty, and the environ Plant Nutrition Management, Food Security, ment. Also in 1995, IFPRI's Policy Seminars and Sustainable Agriculture: The Future to Program helped organize the second meeting 2020, May 16-17, Viterbo, Italy of the 2020 International Advisory Committee in Stockholm and eight 2020 A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, regional workshops. IFPRI organized many and the Environment, June 13-15, other seminars, workshops, and conferences Washington, D.C, U.S.A. during the year to share the results of its research and to create a dialogue with its Economic and Policy Research for Genetic partners, donors, and other interested parties. Resources Conservation and Use: A Technical Consultation, June 21-22, A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, Washington, D.C, U.S.A. and the Environment Second Meeting
the International Committee on of Advisory , Inter-Center Consultation Mainstreaming February 6-7, Stockholm, Sweden Best Practices in Gender Staffing, 1995-2000, August 2-4, Washington, D.C, U.S.A. A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment in Latin America, Strategy and Action Plan for Gender Analysis March 20-22, Cali, Colombia to the Year 2000, September 18-20, Washington, D.C, U.S.A. Workshop on A 2020 Vision for Food, and the Environment: Agriculture, Issues Facing Desarrollo Agricola, Sostenibilidad y Alivio South Asia, March 27-29, Kathmandu, Nepal de la Pobreza en America Latina: El Papel de las Regiones de Laderas, December 4-8, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
22 IFPRI Policy Seminars Training and Capacity Strengthening IFPRI held three events in its Policy In many developing countries there is insuffi Seminars series. These seminars present the cient institutional capacity to conduct effec results of recent research on topics of interest tive policy research. To help develop such to IFPRI and Washington-area policymakers. capacity, IFPRI is proposing to collaborate on a long-term basis with policy research institu Reversing the Spiral: The Population, tions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Agriculture , and Environment Nexus in The first such collaboration was with the Sub-Saharan Africa, Kevin Cleaver, Bunda College of Agriculture (BCA) at the World Bank, February 22 University of Malawi in Lilongwe, where IFPRI has since 1993 supported the two-
Agro-Industries : Engines of Economic year master of science degree program by Development: Essential to Urban and Rural contributing ro curriculum development, Food Security and Employment, Joseph Hulse, teaching, and graduate research. This out Siemens-Hulse International Development reach effort was continued in 1995 with an Associates, Inc., October 27 outposted research fellow from IFPRI. In addition, IFPRI offered a short-term training Perspectives of Policy Research in Fisheries in course in quantitative methods of agricultural Third World Countries : Experiences of policy analysis at BCA. A similar effort is Bangladesh and Cambodia, Mahfuzuddin under way in Ghana, where a research fellow Ahmed, November 7 was outposted with the central government at the National Development Planning IFPRI Lecture Series Commission. Discussions are taking place for
IFPRI's Lecture Series provides a forum for similar collaborations in South Asia and
speakers at the forefront of current thinking Latin America. and an exchange of ideas on controversial In 1995, IFPRI established a Graduate issues relevant to food, agricultural, and Student Research Program that gives doctoral environmental policy and to the alleviation students the opportunity to gain experience of poverty and hunger. At IFPRI's 20th by collaborating with IFPRI researchers on anniversary celebration in November 1995, their thesis research. Six graduate students Walter Falcon, director of the Institute for participated in the program in 1995. International Studies at Stanford University A Visiting Research Fellow Program, which and former director of Stanford's Food gives policy analysts an opportunity to work Research Institute, presented his views of with IFPRI researchers, was also initiated in the past two decades of food policy analysis. 1995. Two researchers visited IFPRI under this program in 1995. IFPRI staff also pre Food Policy Analysis, 1975-95: Reflections pared a one-month training course on food, by a Practitioner, Walter P. Falcon, Institute agriculture, and natural resource policy for International Studies, Stanford University, analysis, scheduled for early 1996, and con November 29 tinued to develop training materials and case studies based on IFPRI research.
23 Research
The Outreach Division pursued a variety of research activities. In 1995, two manuscripts
were completed on rural service provision and
rural infrastructural development in India.
Work also continued on the sources of
income inequality and poverty in rural Pakistan.
Research on food, agricultural, and nutri tion policy is a major component of IFPRI's capacity-building work at the Bunda College of Agriculture in Malawi. Initially, this has
been in the form of graduate dissertation large- research, but it is expected to lead to
scale joint IFPRI-BCA research projects. During 1995, BCA faculty and IFPRI researchers began to plan both the graduate and in-country research efforts. The BCA faculty and IFPRI's research fellow also contributed to several national workshops organized by the Government of Malawi.
24 Collaboration
MlJCH OF IFPRI'S work is done in An activity of special interest is IFPRI's collaboration with partners in developing long-term collaboration with Bunda countries. Such collaborations help strength College of Agriculture (BCA) in Malawi. en the capacity for policy research within In 1995, IFPRI continued to expand its national research systems and help IFPRI to training and capacity-strengthening efforts remain responsive to the research needs of at BCA by strengthening the master's of developing countries. science in agricultural economics program, IFPRI also undertakes collaborative improving the capacity to conduct research research with other international agricultur on food and agricultural policy issues, and al research institutions and with multilateral implementing a program to train Malawian and developed-country institutions. Collab policy analysts in agricultural policy analy orations include shared staff appointments, sis. The six policy analysis training courses joint projects, consulting arrangements, and attracted almost 150 policy analysts. The conferences and seminars. During 1995, program is being expanded to include IFPRI collaborated with more than 100 regional training courses for southern institutions in the developing world and African policy analysts. posted eight IFPRI staff members The master's degree to developing countries as part program at BCA is now 1995, of collaborative projects during comparable in quality to with institutions in those L^P'^J collaborated with many similar programs countries. more than 100 institutions offered in developed
Electronic communica yet it costs a in the developing world countries, tions provide many new and small fraction of what over exciting opportunities for collabo seas programs available to ration. In 1995, IFPRI coordinated an Malawian students do. Twelve stu e-mail conference on gender and property dents are now enrolled in the program, and
rights that attracted more than 180 partici the goal is to increase enrollment to 20 in
pants in 29 countries. Participants were from the 1996-97 academic year.
the CGIAR centers, universities in both Policy research at BCA aims to provide developed and developing countries, non new information on issues that are not well governmental organizations, and national and understood. Research activities in 1995
international research centers. This innova included studies of rural finance programs and
tive forum allowed IFPRI to tap a wide range household food security, indicators for food of expertise and people. IFPRI also is begin security and nutrition monitoring, and the ning to develop a database of women scien impact of structural adjustment on market tists in agriculture in developing countries. performance of smallholder export crops.
25 Collaborating Institutions in Economic Planning and Development Developing Countries University of Malawi, Zomba
Africa Mozambique Benin Eduardo Mondlane University Universite Nationale de Benin Poverty Alleviation Unit, Ministry of Planning and Finance Botswana National Directorate of Statistics,
Southern African Centre for Cooperation in Government of Mozambique Agricultural Research and Training Niger Cote d'lvoire Institut National de Recherches Centre Ivoirien de Recherches Economiques Agronomiques du Niger
et Sociales Senegal Ethiopia Coordination Generate, Conference des
Health and Nutrition Research Institute Ministres de l'Agriculture de
Institute of Agricultural Research l'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre International Livestock Center for Africa Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles Unite de Politique Agricole, Ministere du Ghana Developpement Rural et de l'Hydraulique
Centre for the Development of People
Ghana Institute of Management and Public South Africa
Administration Department of Agriculture
Institute for Statistical and Socioeconomic Development Bank of South Africa Research, University of Ghana Land and Agriculture Policy Centre Ministry of Food and Agriculture University of Cape Town Ministry of Health University of Natal, Durban National Development Planning Commission University of Pretoria Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Uganda University for Development Studies Association for Strengthening Agricultural University of Legon Research in Eastern and Central Africa University of Science and Technology Forestry Research Institute
Kenya Zambia
African Economic Research Consortium National Food and Nutrition Commission Participatory Assessment Group Madagascar University of Zambia Centre National de la Recherche Appliquee
au Developpement Rural Zimbabwe Southern Africa Development Community Malawi Food Security Unit Bunda College of Agriculture University of Zimbabwe Center for Social Research Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Asia Development Bangladesh Ministry of Community Services, Women and Bangladesh Association for Social Social Welfare Advancement
National Statistical Organization Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies Poverty Alleviation Unit, Ministry of Ministry of Food
26 India Transferencia de Tecnologia para los Indian Agricultural Research Institute Tropicos Suramericanos Indian Council for Agricultural Research Revista de la Red de Instituciones Vinculadas
National Centre for Agricultural Economics a la Capacitacion en Economia y Politicas and Policy Research Agrtcolas en America Latina y el Caribe National Council for Applied Economic Research Universidad Federal de Brasilia Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo Indonesia Universidad Federal de Vicosa Center for Agro-Socioeconomic Research
Center for Strategic and International Studies Costa Rica Centro Agronomico Tropical de
Malaysia Investigacion y Ensenanza Centre for Agricultural Policy Studies Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacion para Universiti Pertanian Malaysia la Agricultura
Philippines El Salvador
Asian Development Bank Fundacion Nacional para el Desarrollo Philippine Institute for Development Studies University of the Philippines, Quezon City Guatemala Comite Centroamericano del Ambiente Taiwan Desarrollo
Asian Vegetable Research and Universidad del Valle Development Center Honduras Vietnam Escuela Agricola Panamericana Zamorano Agricultural Economics Institute Land Use Program Agricultural Science Institute Ministry of Natural Resources, Agricultural Institute of Integrated Rural Development Sector Planning Unit Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development National Institute of Agricultural Planning Mexico and Projection Colegio de Mexico Institute for Public Health Latin America Argentina North Africa/Middle East Fundacion Andina Algeria Instituto de Estudios Economicos de la Institut Technique des Grandes Cultures
Realidad Argentina y Latino Americana Ministerio de Economia y Obras y Servicios Egypt Piiblicos, Secretaria de Agricultura, Cairo University Economic Studies Ganaderia y Pesca Egyptian Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Brazil Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources Brazilian Development Bank Zagazig University Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional Iraq Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria IPA Agricultural Research Center
Grupo de Pesquisa e Extensao em Sistemas Agroflorestias do Acre Jordan Instituto de Economia Agricola National Center for Agricultural Research Instituto Sociedade, Populacao e Natureza and Technology Transfer Programa Cooperative de Investigacion y University of Jordan
27 Lebanon Canadian International Development Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agency Agriculture Deutsche Stiftung fiir Internationale The American University, Beirut Entwicklung Development Alternatives, Inc., U.S.A. Morocco Economic Research Service, United States Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknes Department of Agriculture
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Food and Agriculture Organization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural United Nations Development Ford Foundation German Academic Exchange Service Syria German Agency for Technical Cooperation, Arab Center for the Study of Arid Zones and Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Dry Lands Development Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Inter-American Development Bank, U.S.A. University of Aleppo International Center for Research on Women, U.S.A. Tunisia International Fertilizer Development Center, Institut National Agronomique U.S.A. Institut des Regions Arides International Fund for Agricultural Institution de la Recherche et de Development, Italy l'Enseignement Superieur Agricoles Johns Hopkins University, U.S.A. Ministry of Agriculture Katholieke Universitet Leuven, Belgium LaTrobe University, Australia Collaborating CQIAR Michigan State University, U.S.A. Institutions North-South Institute, Canada Overseas Development Institute, United Center for International Forestry Research Kingdom Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical Oxford University, United Kingdom Centro Internacional de la Papa Rockefeller Foundation, U.S.A.
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Rural Industries Research and Development
Maiz y Trigo Corporation, Australia International Center for Agricultural Stanford University, Food Research Institute, Research in the Dry Areas U.S.A. International Center for Living Aquatic Swiss Development Cooperation Resources Management Swiss Federal Institute of Technology International Centre for Research in Agroforestry United Nations Children's Fund International Irrigation Management Institute United States Agency for International International Livestock Research Institute Development International Plant Genetic Resources Institute United States International Trade International Rice Research Institute Commission International Service for National University of Athens, Greece Agricultural Research University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. University of California, Davis, U.S.A. Collaborating Institutions University of Copenhagen, Denmark of Giessen, in Developed Countries and University Germany Multilateral Agencies University of Kiel, Germany University of Minnesota, U.S.A. Agency for International Development University of Stuttgart (Hohenheim), Cooperation, Belgium Germany Australian National University World Bank
28 (Publications
Series Employment for Poverty Reduction and Food Security, edited by Joachim von Braun, 1995. Research Reports Number 101 Re-Establishing Agriculture as a Priority for Pricing Behavior in Philippine Corn Markets: Development Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa, Implications for Market Efficiency, by Meyra edited by Awudu Abdulai and Christopher L. Sebello Mendoza and Mark W Rosegrant, 1995. Delgado, 1995.
Number 102 Food Policy Reports Sources of Income Inequality and Poverty in Foreign Assistance to Agriculture: A Win-Win Rural Pakistan, by Richard H. Adams, Jr., and Proposition, by Per Pinstrup-Andersen, Mattias Jane J. He, 1995. Lundberg, and James L. Garrett, 1995.
Number 103 Women: The Key to Food Security, by Agnes Regional Trading Arrangements among R. Quisumbing, Lynn R. Brown, Hilary Sims Developing Countries: The ASEAN Example, Feldstein, Lawrence Haddad, and Christine by Dean A. DeRosa, 1995. Pefia, 1995.
Policy implications of each research report Food Policy Statements are summarized in a four-page IFPRI Number 20
Abstract, which is published in English, Foreign Assistance to Agriculture: A Win-Win French, and Spanish. Proposition, by Per Pinstrup-Andersen, Mattias Lundberg, and James L. Garrett, 1995. IFPRI/Johns Hopkins University Books Number 21 Agriculture on the Road to Industrialization, Women: The Key to Food Security, by Agnes edited by John W Mellor, published for R. Quisumbing, Lynn R. Brown, Hilary Sims IFPRI by the Johns Hopkins University Feldstein, Lawrence Haddad, and Christine Press, 1995. $US57.50. Pefia, 1995.
Occasional Papers Number 22 Population and Food in the Early Twenty-first Agriculture on the Road to Industrialization, by Century: Meeting Future Food Demand of an John W. Mellor, 1995. Increasing Population, edited byNurul Islam, 1995.
29 Working Papers on Agricultural Number 3 Strategies for Micronutrients Africa s Changing Agricultural Development Number 1 Strategies: Past and Present Paradigms as a Human Nutrition: Food and Micronutrient Guide to the Future, by Christopher L. Relationships, by Doris Howes Calloway, 1995 Delgado, 1995.
Number 2 Number 4
Household Behavior and Micronutrients : A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the What We Know and What We Don't Know, Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by byJereR. Behrman, 1995. Ousmane Badiane and Christopher L. Delgado, 1995. Microcomputers in Policy Research Series Number 5 Number 2 Global Food Projections to 2020: Implications Strengthening Policy Analysis: Econometric Tests for Investment, by Mark W Rosegrant, Lawrence Mercedita and Using Microcomputer Software , by Agcaoili-Sombilla, Nicostrato Haddad, M. Daniel Westbrook, Daniel D. Perez, 1995. Driscoll, Ellen Payongayong, Joshua Rozen, and Melvyn Weeks, 1995. Number 6 A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Lecture Series Environment in Latin America, edited by James Food Policy Analysis, 1975-95: Reflections by a L. Garrett, 1995. Practitioner, by Walter P. Falcon, 1995. Number 7 IFPRI Report Agriculture, Trade, and Regionalism in South Volume 17, Numbers 1, 2, 3 (in English, Asia, by Dean A. DeRosa and Kumaresan French, and Spanish). Govindan, 1995.
A 2020 Vision for Food, Number 8 Major Natural Resource Management Concerns Agriculture, and the Environment in South Asia, by Gerard J. Gill, 1995.
A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Number 9
and and Environment: The Vision, Challenge, Agriculture , Technological Change , the Recommended Action, 1995. Environment in Latin America: A 2020 Perspective, by EduardoJ. Trigo, 1995.
Speeches made at an International Conference , June 13-15, 1995. Briefs Number 9 News & Views (newsletter), February, April, The Role of Agriculture in Saving the Rain July, October. Forest, by Stephen Vosti, February 1995.
Discussion Papers Number 10
Number 2 A Time of Plenty, A World of Need: The Role Sociopolitical Effects of New Biotechnologies in of Food Aid in 2020, by Patrick Webb, Developing Countries, by Klaus M. Leisinger, February 1995. 1995. Number 1 1 Agricultural Intensification Managing , by Peter B. R. Hazell, February 1995.
30 Number 12 Number 22 Trade Liberalization and Regional Integration: The Right to Food: Widely Acknowledged and Implications for 2020 Sherman Robinson , by Poorly Protected, by Per Pinstrup-Andersen, and Dean A. DeRosa, February 1995. David Nygaard, and Annu Ratta, June 1995.
Number 13 Number 23 The Potential of Technology to Meet World Food Cereal Prospects in India to 2020: Implications for Needs in 2020, by Peter Oram, April 1995. Policy, by Praduma Kumar, Mark W Rosegrant, and Peter B. R. Hazell, June 1995. Number 14 An Ecoregional Perspective on Malnutrition, by Number 24 Manohar Sharma, Lynn Brown, Aamir Revamping Agricultural R&D, by Philip G. Qureshi, and Marito Garcia, April 1995. Pardey and Julian M. Alston, June 1995.
Number 15 Number 25 Agricultural Growth Is the Key to Poverty More Than Food Is Needed to Achieve Good Alleviation in Low-Income Developing Nutrition by 2020, by Lawrence Haddad, Countries, by Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Saroj Bhattarai, Maarten Immink, Shubh Rajul Pandya-Lorch, April 1995. Kumar, and Alison Slack, August 1995.
Number 16 Number 26 Declining Assistance to Developing-Country Perspectives on European Agriculture in 2020, Agriculture: Change of Paradigm? by Giinter by C Folmder, M. A. Keyzer, M.D. Merbis, Dresriisse, April 1995. H. J. J. Stokwijk, and P. J. J. Veenendaal, August 1995. Number 17 Generating Food Security in the Year 2020: Number 27 Women as Producers, Gatekeepers and Shock Nondegrading Land Use Strategies for Tropical Absorbers, by Lynn R. Brown, Hilary Hillsides, by Lee Ann Jackson and Sara Feldstein, Lawrence Haddad, Christine Pefia, Scherr, August 1995. and Agnes Quisumbing, May 1995. Number 28 Number 18 Employment Programs for Food Security in Biophysical Limits to Global Food Production, Sub-Saharan Africa, by Tesfaye Teklu, by F. W T Penning de Vries, H. van Keulen, August 1995. R. Rabbinge, and J. C. Luyten, May 1995. Number 29 Number 19 Poverty, Food Security, and the Environment, Pandya- . Pinstrup-Andersen and Rajul Causes of Hunger, by Marc J Cohen and Don by Per Reeves, May 1995. Lorch, August 1995.
Number 20 Syntheses
China and the Future Global Food Situation, by Toward 2020: Conclusions from a Roundtable Jikun Huang, Scott Rozelle, and Mark W. on Food and Population to 2010, by Nurul Rosegrant, May 1995. Islam, February 1995.
Number 21 A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the in Latin America: A Dealing with Water Scarcity in the Next Environment Synthesis, Century, by Mark W. Rosegrant, June 1995. June 1995.
31 A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, Bautista, Romeo M. Dynamics of Rural and the Environment in South Asia: Development: Analytical and Policy Issues. Develop- A Synthesis, June 1995. Reprinted from Journal of Philippine ment Number 38, 21, nos. 1-2 (1994). A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Bouis, Howarth E. The Effect of Income on A Synthesis, June 1995. Demand for Food in Poor Countries: Are Our Food Consumption Databases Giving Us Reprints Reliable Estimates? Reprinted from journal of Development Economics 44, no. 1 (1994). Adams, Richard H., Jr. Non-Farm Income and Inequality in Rural Pakistan: A Decom Brown, Lynn R. (with Patrick Webb and position Analysis. Reprinted from The foumal Lawrence Haddad). The Role of Labour in of Development Studies 31, no. 1 (1994). Household Food Security: Implications for AIDS in Africa. Reprinted from Food Policy Adams, Richard H., Jr. Agricultural Income, 19, no. 6(1994). Cash Crops, and Inequality in Rural Pakistan. Reprinted from Economic Development and Brown, Lynn R. (with Yisehac Yohannes and Cultural Change 43, no. 3 (1995). Patrick Webb). Rural Labor-intensive Public Works: Impacts of Participation on Pre Babu, Suresh C. (with Victoria J. Quinn). schooler Nutrition: Evidence from Niger. Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring in Reprinted from American Journal of Africa: Introduction and Historical Background. Agricultural Economics 76, no. 5 (1994). Reprinted from Food Policy 19, no. 3 (1994). Delgado, Christopher (with Peter Hazell, Jane Babu, Suresh C. (with G. B. Mthindi). Hopkins, and Valerie Kelly). Promoting Household Food Security and Nutrition Intersectoral Growth Linkages in Rural Africa Monitoring: The Malawi Approach to through Agricultural Technology and Policy Development Planning and Policy Reform. Reprinted from American Journal of Interventions. Reprinted from Food Policy 19, Agricultural Economics 76, no. 5 (1994). no. 3 (1994). Haddad, Lawrence (with Lynn Brown, Babu, Suresh C. (with Per Pinstrup-Andersen). Andrea Richter, and Lisa Smith). The Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring: A Gender Dimensions of Economic Adjustment Conceptual Framework, Issues, and Policies: Potential Interactions and Evidence Challenges. Reprinted from Food Policy 19, to Date. Reprinted from World Development no. 3 (1994). 23, no. 6(1995).
Babu, Suresh C. (with Rashid Hassan). Haddad, Lawrence (with Ravi Kanbur). Are
International Migration and Environmental Better Off Households More Unequal or Less
Degradation: The Case of Mozambican Unequal ? Reprinted from Oxford Economic
Refugees and Forest Resources in Malawi. Papers 46, no. 3 (1994). Reprinted from journal of Environmental Management 43 (1995). Haddad, Lawrence (with Harold Alderman, Pierre-Andre Chiappori, John Hoddinott, and Babu, Suresh C. (with G. B. Mthindi). Ravi Kanbur). Unitary versus Collective Developing Decentralized Capacity for Models of the Household: Is It Time to Shift Disaster Prevention: Lessons from Food the Burden of Proof? Reprinted from The Security and Nutrition Monitoring in Malawi. World Bank Research Observer 10, no. 1 (1995). Reprinted from Disasters 19, no. 2 (1995).
32 Haddad, Lawrence. Does Female Income Scherr, Sara J. (with Dean Current and Ernst Share Influence Household Expenditures? Lutz). The Costs and Benefits of Agroforestry Evidence from Cote d'lvoire. Reprinted from to Farmers. Reprinted from The World Bank
Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 57, Research Observer 23, no. 6 (1995). no. 1 (1995). Scherr, Sara J. (with Dean Current). Farmer Haddad, Lawrence (with Harold Alderman, Costs and Benefits from Agroforestry and John Hoddinott, and Stephen Vosti). Farm Forestry Projects in Central America Strengthening Agricultural and Natural and the Caribbean: Implications of Policy. Resource Policy through Intrahousehold Reprinted from Agroforestry Systems 30, Analysis: An Introduction. Reprinted from nos. 1-2 (1995).
American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76, no. 5 (1994). Wanmali, Sudhir (with Yassir Islam). Rural Services, Rural Infrastructure, and Regional Hopkins, Jane (with Carol Levin and Development in India. Reprinted from The Lawrence Haddad). Women's Income and Geographical Journal 161, no. 2 (1995).
Household Expenditure Patterns: Gender or Flow? Evidence from Niger. Reprinted from Zeller, Manfred. Determinants of Credit American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76, Rationing: A Study of Informal Lenders and no. 5 (1994). Formal Credit Groups in Madagascar. Reprinted from World Development 22, no. 12 (1994). Mendoza, Meyra S. (with Mark W Rosegrant). Pricing Conduct of Spatially Zeller, Manfred (with Joachim von Braun, Differentiated Markets. Reprinted from Ken Johm, and Detlev Puetz). Sources and Prices, Products, and People: Analyzing Terms of Credit for the Rural Poor in the Agricultural Markets in Developing Countries, Gambia. Reprinted from African Review of edited by Gregory J. Scott. Lynne Rienner Money, Finance, and Banking ( 1994)- Publishers, Inc., 1995. Zeller, Manfred. The Demand for Financial Quinn, Victoria (with Eileen Kennedy). Food Services by Rural Households: Conceptual Security and Nutrition Monitoring Systems Framework and Empirical Findings. in Africa: A Review of Country Experiences Reprinted from Quarterly Journal of and Lessons Learned. Reprinted from Food International Agriculture 34, no. 2 (1995). Policy 19, no. 3 (1994).
Scherr, Sara J. Meeting Household Needs: Other Publications Farmer Tree-Growing Strategies in Western Kenya. Reprinted from Tree Management in Senior Research Staff 1995. Farmer Strategies: Responses to Agricultural Intensification, edited by J. E. Michael Arnold and Peter A. Dewees. Oxford University Other Published Works Press, 1995. by IFPRI Staff
Raisuddin. Liberalization of Scherr, Sara J . Economic Factors in Farmer Ahmed, Adoption of Agroforestry: Patterns Observed Agricultural Input Markets in Bangladesh: in Western Kenya. Reprinted from World Process, Impact, and Lessons. Agricultural
Development 23, no. 5 (1995). Economics 12, no. 2 (1995).
33 Babu, Suresh C. (with P. Subrahmanyam and Huang, Jikun (with Scott Rozelle). N' D. N. Gongola). Economic Analysis of Environmental Stress and Grain Yields in Yield Losses Due to Diseases: A Case Study of China. American Journal of Agricultural Early Leaf Spot of Groundnut in Malawi. Economics 77, no. 4 (1995). African Crop Science Journal 3, no. 1 (1995). Lofgren, Hans. Macro and Micro Effects of Babu, Suresh C (with Arne Hallam and Subsidy Cuts: A Short-Run CGE Analysis for B. Rajesekaran). Dynamic Modelling of Egypt. The Middle East Business and Economic Agroforestry and Soil Fertility Interactions: Review 7, no. 2 (1995). Implications for Multi-Disciplinary Research Policy. Agricultural Economics 13, no. 2 Maxwell, Dan. Alternative Food Security (1995). Strategy: A Household Analysis of Urban Agriculture in Kampala. World Development Badiane, Ousmane (with Dustan Spencer). 23 (1995). Agriculture and Economic Recovery in African Countries. Agricultural Pinstrup-Andersen, Per (with Rajul Pandya- Competitiveness: Market Forces and Policy Lorch). The Supply Side of Global Food Choice (Proceedings of the Twenty-second Security. Economies et Societes 22, nos. 3-4
International Conference of Agricultural (1995).
Economists held at Harare, Zimbabwe, August 22-29, 1994), edited by G. H. Peters Rosegrant, Mark (with Prabhu L. Pingali). and D. D. Hedley. Dartmouth Publishing Agricultural Commercialization and Company, 1995. Diversification: Processes and Policies. Food Policy 20, no. 3 (1995). Delgado, Christopher. Agricultural Diversification and Export Promotion in Sub- Rosegrant, Mark (with Renato G. Schleyer Saharan Africa. Food Policy 20, no. 3 (1995). and Satya Yadav). Water Policy for Efficient Agricultural Diversification: Market-based Haddad, Lawrence (with Christopher Udry, Approaches. Food Pohcy 20, no. 3 (1995). John Hoddinott, and Harold Alderman). Gender Differentials in Farm Productivity: Vosti, Stephen A. Sustainability, Growth, and Implications for Household Efficiency and Poverty Alleviation: Research and Policy Issues Agricultural Policy. Food Policy 20, no. 5 for Tropical Moist Forests. Agriculture and (1995). Environment Bridging Food Production and Environmental Protection in Developing Countries, Haddad, Lawrence (with Ravi Kanbur). ASA Special Publication No. 60, 1995. Toward Understanding the Value of Intra- Household Survey Data for Age-based Food Vosti, Stephen A. (with Thomas Reardon). Targeting. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. Links between Rural Poverty and the 3 (1995). Environment in Developing Countries: Asset Categories and Investment Poverty.
Hazell, Peter (with Behjat Hojjati). World Development 23, no. 9 (1995). Farm/Non-farm Growth Linkages in Zambia. Journal of African Economies 4, no. 3 (1995). Special Reports
Hazell, Peter. Priorities for Forest Policy Agricultural R&D in the Public Interest. Research. Commonwealth Forestry Review 74, Prepared by J. A. Alston and P. G. Pardey no. 3 (1995). tor the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment.
34 Agricultural R&D Investments and Institutions The Impact of Increased Export Earnings on in the United States. Prepared by J. E. Employment Generation in Rural Niger. Christian, P. G. Pardey, and J. M. Alston Prepared by J. Hopkins and C. Delgado for the U.S. Congress Office of Technology for the U.S. Agency for International Assessment. Development.
Analyzing and Mapping Food Insecurity: Integration of Wheat Markets in Pakistan. "CART" An Exploratory Methodology Prepared by F Goletti, A. Salam, N. Sultana, Applied to Ethiopia. Prepared by S. Seyoum, and K. Mohammad for the U.S. Agency for E. Richardson, P. Webb, F Riley, and International Development. Y Yohannes for the U.S. Agency for International Development. Joint Evaluation of European Union Programme Food Aid: Stage Two. Bangladesh: Credit for the Rural Poor: Country Case A Rapid Evaluation. Prepared by A. U. Bangladesh. Prepared by M. Zeller, A. Ahmed, Ahmed and D. Puetz for the Danish and M. Sharma for the German Agency for International Development Agency and Technical Cooperation (GTZ). the European Union.
Credit for the Rural Poor in China. Prepared by Joint Evaluation of European Union Programme Zhu Ling, Jiang Zhonggyi, and J. von Braun Food Aid: Stage Two. China: A Rapid for the German Agency for Technical Evaluation. Prepared by A. U. Ahmed and Cooperation (GTZ). Jikun Huang for the Danish International Development Agency and the European Credit with Education for Women in Mali: Union.
Impacts on Food Security and Nutrition . Prepared by H. De Groote, E. Kennedy, Making Food Aid Work for Long-Term Food E. Payongayong, and L. Haddad for the U.S. Security: Future Directions and Strategies in Agency for International Development. the Greater Horn of Africa, Proceedings of a USA1D/1FPRI Workshop Held from March 27 Food Security and the Commons : Evidence to 30, 1995, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Prepared from Niger. Prepared by J. Hopkins, S. Scherr, by D. Puetz, S. Broca, and E. Payongayong for and P. Gruhn for the U.S. Agency for the U.S. Agency for International International Development. Development.
Gender and the Implementation of Structural The Medium-Run Food and Nutrition Adjustment in Africa: Examining the Macro- Consequences of Agricultural Commercialization: Three- Meso-Micro Linkages. A Synthesis of a Findings and Implications in Kenya. Prepared Country Case Study: Ghana, Zambia, and by E. Kennedy, D. Ngare, E. Jacinto, and L. Mali. Prepared by L. R. Brown for the Haddad for the U.S. Agency for International Canadian International Development Development. Agency. Paying for Productivity: Financing Agricultural Gender and the Implementation of Structural Research in Australia. Prepared by J. M. Adjustment in Africa: Examining the Macro- Alston, M. S. Harris, J. D. Mullen, and G. the U.S. Meso-Micro Linkages . The Evolution of Living P. Pardey for Congress Office Standards in Seven Ghanaian Villages during a of Technology Assessment. Two-Year Period of Economic Reform: A Gendered Analysis. Prepared by L. R. Brown Philippines: Selected Social Safety Net Programs. and E. Payongayong for the Canadian Targeting, Cost-Effectiveness, and Options for International Development Agency. Reform. Prepared by K. Subbarao, A. Ahmed, and T Teklu for the World Bank.
35 Research Evaluation Requirements in the Publications Review
J. M. and G. CGIAR. Prepared by Alston P. Committee and Referees Pardey for the Impact Assessment Task Force for the Public Awareness and Resource All manuscripts submitted for publication as
Mobilization Committee of the Consultative IFPRI research reports and IFPRI/Johns Group for International Agricultural Hopkins University Press books undergo Research. extensive external review. The Publications
Review Committee oversees these reviews
Rural Financial Markets and Household Food and makes recommendations for publication. Security in Malawi: Impacts of the PMERW The Committee comprises seven research Credit Schemes on the Socioeconomic Situation fellows and the director of the Information of Rural Women. Prepared by A. Diagne, Program. M. Zeller, and C. Mataya for the Ministry IFPRI is grateful for the efforts of the of Women, Children, Community Services following external referees who reviewed and Social Welfare, Government of Malawi manuscripts for the research report series by Bunda College of Agriculture, Malawi, and for IFPRI/Johns Hopkins books during and IFPRI. 1994 and 1995.
Soil Management Decisions: Evidence J. U.S.A. Fertility Behrman, University of Pennsylvania," from Niger. Prepared by J. Hopkins, P. Berry, G. Feder, World Bank, U.S.A. and P. Gruhn for the U.S. Agency for N. Hamid, Asian Development Bank, U.S.A. International Development. M. Hossain, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development R. Kanbur, World Bank, U.S.A. in Latin America: Rationale and Potential G. Nagarajan, Ohio State University, U.S.A. Elements of a Strategy for Bank Action. E. Ostrom, Indiana University, U.S.A. Prepared by J. L. Garrett for the Inter- T. C. Pinckney, Williams College, U.S.A. American Development Bank. J. P. Platteau, Facultes Universitaires, Notre- Dame de la Paix, Belgium Tradable Water Rights: Experiences in Reforming T. Shah, Institute of Rural Management, Water Allocation Policy. Prepared by M. W Anand, India Rosegrant and R. Gazmuri Schleyer for the J. Strauss, Michigan State University, U.S.A. U.S. Agency for International Development.
Papers Presented by IFPRI Staff
In addition to the publications mentioned above, in 1995 IFPRI staff presented more than 80 papers in various forums sponsored by organizations other than IFPRI. Presentations were made at seminars, work shops, and conferences in institutional set tings that included universities and academic society conferences, nationally and interna tionally organized research colloquia, and bilateral and multilateral advisory group meetings.
36 (Personnel
Director QeneraVs Office
Director General Special Assistant 11 P. Pinstrup-Andersen, Denmark R. Pandya-Lorch, Kenya
Director, Country Programs Executive Secretary D. Nygaard, U.S.A. E. Yalong, Philippines
Research Fellow Emeritus Senior Administrative Assistant N. Islam, Bangladesh B. Cordero, Philippines
Special Assistant 1 Senior Word Processor J. Garrett, U.S.A. V. Lee, Philippines
Research Environment and Production Technology Division
Director Research Fellow Emeritus P. Hazell, United Kingdom P. Oram, United Kingdom
Research Fellows Postdoctoral Fellows S. Fan, China B. Barbier, France R. Meinzen-Dick, U.S.A. N. Chaherli, Tunisia K. Otsuka, Japan (outposted to Syria) P. Pardey, Australia J. Pender, U.S.A. Rockefeller Fellow M. Rosegrant, U.S.A. G. Bergeron, Canada S. Scherr, U.S.A. (outposted to Guatemala) S. Vosti, U.S.A. Research Analysts Senior Scientist N. Beintema, The Netherlands S. Wood, United Kingdom B. Hojjati, Iran (outposted to Colombia) N. Perez, Philippines J. Witcover, U.S.A. S. Yadav, Nepal
37 Environment and Production Technology Division (continued)
Senior Research Assistants Word Processor/Secretary L. A. Jackson, U.S.A. L. Centeno-Teodoro, Philippines O. Neidecker-Gonzales, Honduras Division Secretaries Administrative Assistant L. Hinayon, Philippines J. Williams, Pakistan Z. Nekaien-Nowrouz, Afghanistan
Food Consumption and Nutrition Division
Director L. Brown, United Kingdom L. Haddad, United Kingdom M. J. Novenario-Reese, Philippines E. Payongayong, Philippines Research Fellows M. Sharma, Nepal A. Ahmed, Bangladesh A. Slack, U.S.A. H. Bouis, U.S.A. Y Yohannes, Ethiopia D. Puetz, Germany A. Quisumbing, Philippines Administrative Assistant T Teklu, Ethiopia L. Aspillera, Philippines
Rockefeller Fellow Word Processor D. Maxwell, U.S.A. (outposted to Ghana) J. Willis, U.S.A.
Research Analysts Division Secretaries S. Bhattarai, Nepal C. Abad, Philippines S. Broca, India G. Mignot, Canada
Markets and Structural Studies Division
Director Research Analysts R. Ahmed, Bangladesh K. Govindan, India M. Mendoza, Philippines Research Fellows O. Badiane, Senegal Senior Research Assistants C Delgado, U.S.A. A. Alfano, Canada F. Goletti, Italy P. Berry, France J. Hopkins, U.S.A. P. Gruhn, Canada
Postdoctoral Fellow Administrative Assistant M. Kherallah, Lebanon E. Daines, U.S.A.
Rockefeller Fellow Division Secretary C. Nicholson, U.S.A. (outposted to Ethiopia) J. Baca, Peru
38 Trade and Macroeconomics Division
Director Research Analyst S. Robinson, U.S.A. M. Thomas, U.S.A.
Research Fellows Senior Research Assistant R. Bautista, Philippines A. Cattaneo, U.S.A. H. Lofgren, Sweden
Outreach Outreach Division
Director Research Analysts S. Wanmali, India J. He, China Y Islam, India Research Fellows R. Adams, U.S.A. Administrative Assistant C. Levin, U.S.A. (outposted to Ghana) A. Beyene, Ethiopia M. Zeller, Germany (outposted to Malawi)
Rockefeller Fellow A. Diagne, Senegal (outposted to Malawi)
Information Program
Director Desktop Publishing Specialists B. Rose, U.S.A. E. Banda, U.S.A. L. McCoy, U.S.A. Head Librarian P. Klosky, U.S.A. Librarian K. Lyttkens-Blake, Sweden Senior Editors H. Fritschel, U.S.A. Information Assistant P. Skillman, U.S.A. D. Dixon, U.S.A.
Information Associate Library Assistant B. Rosencrantz, U.S.A. J. Kohli, Iran
Policy Seminars Program
Head Conference Assistant L. Goldberg, U.S.A. J. King, U.S.A.
Conference/Meeting Coordinator C. McDougall, U.S.A.
39 Training and Capacity-Strengthening Program
Head Senior Research Assistant S. Babu, India J. Qian, China
Research Analyst N. Bliven, U.S.A.
Visiting Research Fellows and Visiting Researchers
More than 130 researchers spent time at IFPRI in 1995. Those listed below spent about a month
or more at IFPRI.
S. Ali, Zagazig University, Egypt M. Lipton, University of Sussex, U.K. R. Alsop, Ford Foundation, India G. Mekonnen, University of California, Davis, J. da Veiga, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil U.S.A. E. Diaz-Bonilla, Fundacion Andina, Argentina M. Morris, International Maize and Wheat P. Engle, California Polytechnic State Improvement Center, Mexico University, U.S.A. N. Mukherjee, Johns Hopkins University, S. Fakir, Land and Agriculture Policy Centre, U.S.A. South Africa K. Palanisami, Tamil Nadu Agricultural H. Feldstein, CGIAR Secretariat, World University, India Bank, U.S.A. C. Pefia, Boston University, U.S.A. F. Ghannam, University of Texas, Austin, L. Reca U.S.A. H. Ruifa, Stanford University, U.S.A. K. Govindan, University of Minnesota, M. Sanchez-Grinan, Institute of Nutrition U.S.A., McNamara Fellow Research, Peru K. Hallman, Michigan State University, S. K. Thorat, Jawaharlal Nehru University, U.S.A. India S. Kumar T Tachibana, Yale University, U.S.A.
Support
Computer Services
Head Microcomputer Specialist N. Walczak, U.S.A. Y. Leong, Malaysia
Senior Programmer Technical Assistant D. Bruton, U.S.A. M. Snyder, U.S.A.
Programmer K. Chiu, Hong Kong
40 Finance
Chief Financial Officer Accounting Clerk D. Davis, U.S.A. G. Goodrum, U.S.A.
Finance Assistant Contracts and Grants Administrator D. Bowles, U.S.A. L. Nguyen, U.S.A.
Chief Accountant Budget Administrator J. Hsu, U.S.A. C. Schneck, U.S.A.
Senior Accounting Assistant Budget and Contracts Assistant P. Manalansan, Philippines R. Zamora, Philippines
Human Resource Services/Administrative Services
Head Facilities Support Assistant J. Nachison, U.S.A. A. Thomas, U.S.A.
Personnel Specialist Photocopy Technician J. Cabahug, Philippines G. Briscoe, U.S.A.
Personnel Assistant Receptionist K. Jones, U.S.A. Y Palis, Philippines
Personnel Secretary Facilities Clerk S. Freeman, U.S.A. D. Barksdale, U.S.A.
Office Services Coordinator L. Gaskell, Philippines
41 financial Statements
Summary of financial information for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1994- The full
auditors' financial statements and the independent report are available from IFPRI on request.
Balance Sheets December 31, 1995 and 1994
(US$ thousands)
Assets 1995 1994
Current assets Cash and cash equivalents $4,495 $4,827
CGIAR unrestricted grants receivable 365 159
Special project contracts receivable 1,495 1,159
Other receivables 401 276
Other current assets 198 174
Total current assets $6,954 $6,595 Other assets Property and equipment, net 616 530
Total assets $7,570 $7,125
Liabilities and Fund Balances
Current liabilities Accounts payable $613
Accrued vacation 501 481
Advance payment of CGIAR unrestricted grant funds 339 910
Unexpended CGIAR restricted grant funds 1 1 3 200
Unexpended special project contract funds 1,583 1,039 Other liabilities 4 68
Total current liabilities $3,530 $3,311
Noncurrent Deferred rent 1,025 1,095 liabilities Accrued post-retirement benefits 288 235
Total noncurrent liabilities $1,313 $1,330
Total liabilities $4,843 $4,641
balances- Fund Working capital fund 1,721 1,354 unrestricted Reserve for core program activities fund 390 600
Net investment in property and equipment 616 530
Total fund balances - unrestricted $2,727 $2,484
Total liabilities and fund balances $7,570 $7,125
42 Statements of Revenue, Expenses, and Changes in Working Capital Fund Balance For the Years Ended December 31, 1995 and 1994
(US$ thousands)
Revenue 1995 1994
Grant and contract income CGIAR - unrestricted $7,782 $7,355
CGIAR - restricted 143 612
Special project income - restricted 5,901 5,818 Investment income 207 115 Other income 5 22
Total revenue $14,038 $13,922
Expenses
Program services Direct research (including outreach) $9,550 $8,850 Nonprogram services 150 16
General and administrative - indirect support 4,095 3,779
Total expenses $13,795 $12,645
Excess (deficiency) of revenue over expenses $243 $1,277
Transfer (to) from reserve for core program activities fund 210 (600) Transfer (to) from net investment in property and equipment (86) 52
Increase (decrease) in working capital fund $367 $729
Working capital fund balance, beginning of year 1,354 625
Working capital fund balance, end of year $1,721 $1,354
Schedule of Expenses by Type (US$ thousands) Expenses 1995 1994
Personnel $5,674 $5,332 Fringe benefits 1,952 2,044
Collaboration/field expenses 1,480 1,388 Travel 1,616 1,188 Computer 132 100
External publications 628 400
Trustees' expenses (nontravel) 42 46
Office operations 2,013 1,929
Equipment purchases - special/restricted projects 48 20 Depreciation/amortization 210 198
Total $13,795 $12,645
43
19 9 5 i) onors
Australia Belgium Canada
Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le developpement (CIRAD) China Denmark
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Ford Foundation France German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) India Inter-American Development Bank International Development Research Centre (Canada) International Fund for Agricultural Development Japan Netherlands Norway Overseas Development Institute Philippines Rockefeller Foundation Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United Nations Development Programme United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) United States World Bank 1200 Seventeen* Scree, N.W. |NTERN4TION4L Washington, D.C. 20036-3006 U.S.A. 1-202-862-5600 FOOD Fax 1-202-467-4439 POLICY E-mail [email protected] RESEARCH Web http://www.cgiar.org/ifpri June 1996 INSTITUTE