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Grounds Maintenance.Key Understanding and Managing Topics in Today’s Presentation: Wisconsin’s Most Menacing ▪ Trending or significant plant pests from 2020 Landscape Insect Pests of 2020 ▪ EAB, viburnum leaf beetle, gypsy moth, Japanese beetle, etc. ▪ Other notable insects PJ Liesch ▪ Minor/occasional pests, in the news UW-Insect Diagnostic Lab Twitter: @WiBugGuy ▪ On the radar: pests to watch for [email protected] University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin: Insect Diagnostic Lab Insect Diagnostic Lab 2 1 2 Map Sources: WI-DATCP Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Six new county-level detections in 2020: Dunn, Florence, Oconto, Pepin, Price, University of Wisconsin–Madison Shawano University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab Insect Diagnostic Lab 3 4 3 4 EAB Biocontrol Efforts EAB Chemical Controls ▪ 2021: USDA ending federal quarantine; shifting efforts to biological control Tetrastichus planipennisi Spathius agrili University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect DiagnosticOobius Lab agrili Insect Diagnostic Lab 5 6 5 6 Viburnum Leaf Beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni) Trending: Viburnum Leaf Beetle ▪ Leaf beetle native to Europe; introduced to eastern Canada 1940’s ▪ Northeast US in 1990’s; Wisconsin in 2014 ▪ Also in Pacific NW ▪ Adults and larvae skeletonize foliage of viburnum shrubs Adults: ~1/4” long; yellowish-green colour Larva: ~1/3” long; pale with University of Wisconsin–Madison pattern of spots; dark head University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab capsule and 6 legs Insect Diagnostic Lab 7 8 7 8 VLB Damage Viburnum Leaf Beetle Biology ▪ ONE year life cycle ▪ Both larvae and adults feed on foliage ▪ Overwinter as eggs; larvae emerge in April/May and feed ▪ Adult ♀ also chew pits in twigs ▪ Larvae walk down to soil to pupate; adults emerge in June/July ▪ Adults feed and ♀ lay up to 500 eggs (in pits of 5-8 eggs) Oviposition pits Oviposition damage (twigs) Mating Adults Skeletonization damage Larval feeding and skeletonization University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab Severe damage Insect Diagnostic Lab 9 10 9 10 Viburnum Leaf Beetle Management Lily Leaf Beetle (Lilioceris lilii) Cultivar Selection ▪ Cultural ▪ Choosing less-susceptible cultivars ▪ Also known as the “scarlet lily beetle” ▪ Maintain plant vigor ▪ Leaf beetle native to Europe; introduced to eastern Canada 1940’s ▪ Physical ▪ Northeast US in 1990’s; Wisconsin in 2014 ▪ Prune out egg sites ▪ Cause significant damage to true lilies (not daylilies) ▪ Removal/replacement of damaged plants Larvae: ~1/3” long; yellow body; cover themselves with excrement ▪ Biological giving a slimy appearance ▪ Limited research to date ▪ Chemical ▪ Foliar insecticide sprays targeting larvae in spring and adults in summer ▪ Systemic insecticides in spring University of Wisconsin–Madison AdultsUniversity: ~1/3” long; of Wisconsin–Madison bright red Insect Diagnostic Lab colour;Insect “squeak” Diagnostic when Labpicked up 11 12 11 12 Trending: Lily Leaf Beetle Lily Leaf Beetle Host Plants ▪ True lilies: Asiatic, Oriental, Easter, Turk’s cap, Tiger, & Wood lilies ▪ Also eat: Fritillaries & Solomon’s Seal ▪ Don’t eat canna lilies, calla lilies, or daylilies True lilies Calla Lily Solomon’s Canna Lily Seal Fritillaries University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab Insect Diagnostic Lab Daylilies 13 14 13 14 LLB Damage Lily Leaf Beetle Biology ▪ Both larvae and adults feed on foliage Severe damage ▪ ONE year life cycle ▪ Overwinter as adults; mate and lay eggs in spring ▪ Larvae feed and camouflage themselves; head to ground to pupate ▪ Adults feed and ♀ lay 400+ eggs (in batches of 8-12) Larvae Damage of small larvae Eggs Cocoon Stage (in soil) Adults (mid-summer) Holes in Winter leaves University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–MadisonMating Adults Insect Diagnostic Lab Adult Feeding Insect Diagnostic Lab(Spring) 15 16 15 16 Lily Leaf Beetle Management Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) ▪ Cultural ▪ Native to Europe and northern Asia; introduced in 1860’s ▪ Choosing less-susceptible species/cultivars ▪ Range expanding westward and southward ▪ Maintain plant vigor ▪ Outbreaks at leading edge of expansion Gypsy Moth Adult ▪ Physical ▪ Major defoliator of hardwood trees Female w/Egg Mass: ~1.5” long ▪ Hand-picking or squishing ▪ Significant invasive species! ▪ Removal/replacement of infested plants Gypsy Moth Caterpillar: Up to ~2” long ▪ Biological ▪ Parasitoid wasps released in northestern US ▪ Limited impact thus far ▪ Chemical ▪ Contact insecticide sprays targeting larvae and/or adults University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab Insect Diagnostic Lab 17 18 17 18 Trending: Gypsy Moth Recent Trends: ▪ Distinct uptick in gypsy moth numbers in 2020 ▪ Why was gypsy moth activity up in 2020? ▪ DATCP: GM populations are “intermediate” ▪ Mild winter 2019-20 (decreased egg mortality) ▪ Drier conditions in 2020 (decreased Entomophaga) ▪ What to expect in 2021…??? ▪ Polar vortex impacts ▪ Spring weather patterns impact Entomophaga University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab Insect Diagnostic Lab 19 20 19 20 Gypsy Moth Quarantines Gypsy Moth: Physical Control ▪ Egg Masses: inspect for and scrape away ▪ Late summer through the following spring ▪ Sticky Band: to target very young caterpillars ▪ Burlap Band: to target larger caterpillars, which hide during the day Burlap Band Method University of Wisconsin–Madison UniversitySticky of Wisconsin–Madison Band Insect Diagnostic Lab Insect DiagnosticMethod Lab 21 22 21 22 Gypsy Moth: Biological Control Gypsy Moth: Chemical Control ▪ Fungus: Entomaphaga maimaiga ▪ Conventional foliar sprays: acephate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda- ▪ Brought from Japan in early 1900’s; not effective until 1980’s! cyhalothrin, permethrin, spinosad, … ▪ Spores are spread via wind; infects young larvae ▪ Virus: NPV ▪ Systemic products: acephate, chlorantraniliprole, clothianidin ▪ Can be transmitted to eggs by ♀ ▪ Alternative products: Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk), SPLAT- ▪ Predators/Parasites: GM (pheromone), insecticidal soap, horticultural spray oil ▪ Parasitoid wasps & flies ▪ Predatory ground beetles & stink bugs Mating Disruption with SPLAT-GM ▪ Mice University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Aerial spraying Insect Diagnostic Lab Insect Diagnostic Lab with Btk 23 24 23 24 Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) Trends in Wisconsin ▪ Scarab beetle from Japan; detected in New Jersey in 1916 ▪ Well established in ▪ Found across much of eastern US; some pockets in West southern WI ▪ Adults: above ground foliar feeder ▪ Can occur in “pockets” ▪ Gaining footholds in northern WI ▪ Populations highly variable in 2020 Map Credit: Google Maps Adults:University ~1/3” long; of copperWisconsin–Madison & green colored; University of Wisconsin–Madison Larva: soil-dwelling white grub white spotsInsect along Diagnostic side of Lab body Insect Diagnostic Lab 25 26 25 26 Japanese Beetle Biology Japanese Beetle Damage ▪ ONE year life cycle ▪ Adults emerge ~June/July in Midwest; active into September ▪ Adults are sun-loving, gregarious insects; strong fliers ▪ Adults are skeletonizers, NOT true defoliators ▪ Attack 350+ plant species; can feed on leaves/fruit/flowers ▪ Lindens ▪ Apple/Crabapples ▪ Horsechestnut Skeletonization ▪ Roses ▪ Cherries ▪ Willows ▪ Birch ▪ Maples ▪ Corn ▪ Grapes ▪ Elms ▪ Asparagus… ▪ Beans ▪ Hibiscus University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab InsectFeeding Diagnostic on flowers Lab Significant Japanese beetle Damage 27 28 27 28 Managing Japanese Beetles & Their Damage Japanese Beetle: Cultural Control ▪ Many factors can influence management approaches: ▪ Manipulation of the local environment to prevent pest ▪ Time/worker availability? problems or reduce the amount of damage ▪ How many plants are affected? ▪ How large of an area? ▪ Plant location in the landscape ▪ Size of the plants? ▪ Preferences—aesthetics, organic, etc. ▪ Choosing less-preferred plants ▪ Maintain plant vigor Management Scenarios: ▪ Tolerance 1. Turfgrass 2. “Small” plants (gardens, flowers, shrubs, small trees) ▪ Turf: proper turf care (fertility, mowing, irrigation) 3. “Large” plants (trees) University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab Insect Diagnostic Lab 29 30 29 30 Japanese Beetle: Physical Control Japanese Beetle: Biological Control ▪ Physical activities performed to help prevent or reduce pests ▪ Many natural enemies feed on or attack Japanese beetles, Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw, Bugwood.org but don’t have much overall impact: ▪ Hand-picking ▪ Predators Predator: Crow digging for grubs ▪ Squishing ▪ Parasites ▪ Barriers/row cover ▪ Pathogens ▪ Traps Parasite: Winsome Fly Photo Credit: Marie-Lan Nguyen via Wikipedia Pathogen: Milky Spore Disease Traps: helpful for monitoring; (Paenibacillus popilliae) little/no meaningful control of Japanese beetles in most situations University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab Photo Credit: Aaron Baugher, via flickr Photo Credit: WhitneyInsect Cranshaw, Diagnostic Bugwood.org Lab 31 Photo Credit: David Cappaert, Bugwood.org32 31 32 Chemical Controls Chemical Control: Small Plants ▪ Foliar applications of contact insecticides typically used ▪ Applications to blooming flowers pose risks to pollinators ▪ Short residual activity Organic
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