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Bizarre Insect Defences Bizarre Insect £7.99 by Ruth Owen and Ross Piper Xxxxxxxxx Published in 2018 by Ruby Tuesday Books Ltd

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Bizarre Insect Defences Bizarre Insect £7.99 by Ruth Owen and Ross Piper Xxxxxxxxx Published in 2018 by Ruby Tuesday Books Ltd The Secret Lives of Insects Lives The Secret Disguises, Explosions & Boiling Farts Disguises, Bizarre Insect Defences Titles in this series Ruth Owen and Ross Piper Ruth Owen ISBN: 978-1-78856-003-0 £7.99 9 781788 560030 by Ruth Owen and Ross Piper XxXxXxXxX Published in 2018 by Ruby Tuesday Books Ltd. Contents Copyright © 2018 Ruby Tuesday Books Ltd. Masters of Defence............................................... 4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, stored Take Aim, Fire! in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Wood.Ant............................................................6 A Very Sticky End Editor: Mark J. Sachner Designer: Emma Randall Exploding.Carpenter.Ant.................................. 8 Production: John Lingham Butts of Fire Photo credits Bombardier.Beetle........................................... 10 Alamy: 24, 27 (bottom centre), 28 (bottom), 29 (bottom left); Creative Commons: 15 (bottom), 25 (top); FLPA: 4, 9 (bottom), 14, 16, 20, 27 (bottom left); Getty Images: 19 (top), 25 (bottom); A Butt-propelled Getaway Istock Photo: 6 (bottom); Nature Picture Library: 5 (centre), 6–7, 10, 15 (top); Ross Piper: 12 Stenus.Rove.Beetle........................................... 12 (centre), 13 (bottom); Ruby Tuesday Books: 12 (bottom); Shutterstock: Cover, 1, 5 (top), 5 (bottom), 7 (centre), 8, 11, 13 (top), 17, 18, 19 (bottom), 21, 22–23, 26, 27 (top), 27 (bottom A Night-time Battle right), 28 (top), 29 (top), 29 (centre), 29 (bottom right), 31. Tiger.Moth........................................................ 14 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data (CIP) is available for this title. Warning Signs and Deadly Bubbles Koppie.Foam.Grasshopper............................. 16 ISBN 978-1-78856-003-0 Spiny and Dangerous Printed in Poland by L&C Printing Group Cup.Moth.Caterpillar....................................... 18 Undercover Moths www.rubytuesdaybooks.com. Looper.Moth.....................................................20 Masters of Disguise Leaf.Mimic.Katydid..........................................22 A Double Defence Thornbug...........................................................24 Protective Shields of Poo Scarlet.Lily.Beetle.............................................26 Words shown in bold in the text Bee-ing a Bee are explained in the glossary Hoverfly.............................................................28 Glossary...............................................................30 Index, Learn More Online....................................32 3 2 A dogbane leaf beetle Packed with Poison The dogbane leaf beetle feeds on poisonous plants such as milkweed and dogbane. The Masters of Defence insect stores the plant’s poisons inside its body, making itself toxic to predators. The beetle’s Maybe.you’re.fat.and.juicy..Perhaps.you’re.shiny.and.crunchy.. colourful, shiny body warns its One.thing.is.for.sure.–.you’re.bite-sized!. enemies that it’s not good to eat. Life.as.a.tiny.insect.means.you’re.in.constant.danger.of.becoming.another. animal’s.meal..That’s.why.insects.have.developed.a.whole.bunch.of.ways.to. stay.safe.–.from.fighting.back.and.high-speed.escapes,.to.hiding.and.disguises. Inside.this.book,.we’ll.see.up-close.how.some.of.Earth’s. A lichen katydid tiniest.creatures.stay.safe.from.predators. A Master of Disguise Lichen Let’s discover the secret The dark body of this lichen katydid is decorated with pale silvery-green lines. world of insect defences. The pattern allows the insect to easily blend in among the fluffy tufts of real Now You See Me, lichen on a branch. Now You Don’t! The quartz grasshopper in this photo is hard to spot among the rocks and pebbles of its desert home. The Science Stuff—What Is an Insect? • Insects are tiny animals Antennae with a body made of three The head contains an insect’s main parts. brain, eyes, mouthparts and a pair of antennae. • Insects use their antennae to do different things, such as touching, smelling or detecting sounds. The thorax has six jointed legs and the • An insect has a tough insect’s wings. outer covering called an exoskeleton. The abdomen contains an insect’s digestive system and reproductive parts. 4 5 WOod ANt The Science Stuff Some birds deliberately land on ants and annoy them in order Take Aim, Fire! to get sprayed with acid. Why? Scientists don’t know for sure — yet. One theory is that the acid kills It’s.early.morning.in.a.forest..Thousands.of.wood.ants. mites or lice on a bird’s body and feathers. The birds may be using are.scurrying.from.their.nest.. the ants’ acid to stay healthy and kill off pests. The.ants.are.leaving.their.home.to.forage.for.food..Suddenly,.a. large,.dark,.fast-moving.shape.blocks.out.the.sun..A.hungry.bird.has. spotted.the.ant.nest.and.is.swooping.down.toward.the.tiny.insects. The.ants.instantly.defend.themselves..They.spray.stinky. Ant Acid for Hunting jets.of.a.chemical.called.formic.acid.into.the.air..Startled.by. Worm the.attack,.the.bird.changes.its.mind.and.flies.off.to.find. When an ant captures another its.breakfast.elsewhere! insect, worm or slug, it grips its prey with its jaws and front legs. Then the ant sprays formic acid onto its victim to kill it. Once the creature stops struggling, the ant carries its meal back to the nest. Wood ants Wood ants Large prey, such as a worm, will spraying formic be captured and transported acid home by a team of ants. A wood ant sprays acid from its abdomen. A drop of acid Abdomen Formic acid gets its name from the word formica, which means “ant” in Latin. 6 7 EXpLodINg CArPenTEr aNt All for One, and One for All Why would a carpenter ant sacrifice its life by blowing itself up? Ants are social insects. This means they live in huge groups, A Very Sticky End sharing the work of protecting their queen, raising young, defending the nest and finding food. The survival of the colony Hungry.predators.aren’t.the.only.dangers.faced.by.ants... is more important than the life of a single ant. An.ant.colony.must.also.defend.its.territory.from.invasion. by.rival.ants.. In.the.forests.of.Malaysia,.one.type.of.carpenter.ant.takes.defending. its.nest.and.food.supply.to.an.extreme.and.explosive.level. The corpses of this carpenter ant and her much larger attacker are glued When.faced.with.an.invading.ant,.the.carpenter.ant. together in a sticky death grip. grabs.its.enemy.with.its.jaws.and.legs..Then.the. carpenter.ant.explodes..It.sprays.the.invader.with.a. thick,.yellow.gloop.made.up.of.poison.and.glue..Both. ants.are.instantly.killed.–.attacker.and.defender! Attacking ant Carpenter ant The Science Stuff Most ants have glands in their heads Exploding carpenter ant that contain chemicals used for sending messages to other ants. Inside an exploding ant, these glands spread from the head into the thorax and abdomen. The glands are filled with the poisonous yellow gloop. When it’s under attack, an exploding ant bends and squeezes its abdomen. It forces its glands and body to rupture, blasting thick, toxic glue all over its enemy. Gland filled with attack gloop 8 9 The Science Stuff XxBomXxBArXxDiXErxX BeEtLe 1 Inside a bombardier beetle’s abdomen are glands that produce chemicals called hydrogen peroxide and hydroquinones. 1. Gland The chemicals are stored in a reservoir, 2 Butts of Fire or storage chamber. 3 When the beetle is under attack, the Ok..So.everybody.does.it..But.the.tiny.bombardier.beetle. reservoir empties into the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber contains takes.farting.to.a.whole.new.level.. substances that instantly turn the Abdomen 2. Reservoir These.little.guys.can.unleash.an.explosive,.scorching.blast.of.burning. chemicals into an explosive mixture of high-pressure gas, boiling water and chemicals.from.their.butts..Why.do.they.do.this? stinging chemicals. Birds,.frogs,.spiders.and.other.insects. 4 BOOM! The mixture is expelled as a jet. 3. Reaction all.eat.beetles..A.bombardier.beetle’s. The jet isn’t a true fart as it doesn’t come chamber superheated,.stinging.butt.attack.is.its. from the beetle’s digestive system. But it’s hot and stinky, and has enemies defence.mechanism..Any.predator.that. running for cover! gets.too.close.will.soon.regret.its.choice. 4. Explosive jet of.snack.as.it’s.sprayed.over.and.over. with.noxious.burning.chemicals. How Come the Beetle Doesn’t Explode? The walls of the reaction chamber are so tough they can withstand the explosive chemical reaction. Also (thankfully for the beetle), Take that, the explosion instantly giant finger leaves its butt. monster! Take Aim, Fire! Some bombardier beetles can aim their farts with devastating precision. They can fire to the left, to the right, over their heads and even under their own The beetle can The blast reaches release up to 500 bodies through their legs! The jet of chemicals High-precision a temperature farts in a second! butt of 100°C. can travel more than 10 30 centimetres. 11 StENus ROve BEetLE The Science Stuff Test out the beetle’s speedy getaway for yourself. 1 Sprinkle pepper over the surface You will need: Once the washing-up liquid touches the of the water. water, it breaks the surface tension. A Butt-propelled Getaway • A mixing bowl of water 2 Squirt a drop of washing-up liquid However, the water molecules still • Black pepper try to stick together. They instantly • Washing-up liquid into the water. When.it’s.in.danger,.the.tiny.stenus.rove.beetle.makes. move away from the washing-up liquid, 3 The pepper will hurtle across the carrying the pepper grains with them. a.high-speed,.jet-propelled.getaway..It.does.this.by. water’s surface away from the squirting.a.chemical.called.stenusin.from.its.butt! washing-up liquid.
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