T UDC 556.34:911.3(497.113 PANEVO) TIVF QTH FZWP UFS]KHF]PT , W QNTV FJTHF – XVFSWZTV TWXTVF J 1, ) ,1, ) ,1 1 1I , G, V W: U , , + . U + J X, , , U G – M+ G – U, G , , ) , ( ) U ( ). : , , ++, . Original scienti[ c papers INFLUENCE OF HYDROGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS ON GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT OF PAN5EVA5KI RIT BEFORE AND AFTER THE MELIORATION – EXAMPLE OF THE GEOSPATIAL TRANSFORMATION Dejan Šabi41, Snežana Vujadinovi41, Mirjana Gaji41 and Miroljub Milin6i41 1Faculty of Geography at Belgrade University, Republic Serbia Abstract: This paper analyzes the hydrographical conditions in the territory of Pan6evacki rit before and after hydro– melioration works and their impact on socio–economic complex. After the construction of the embankment near the Danube and Tamiš rivers, the canals, pumping stations, the Pan6evo bridge and roads Belgrade – Zrenjanin and Belgrade – Pan6evo, the cultural landscape was formed in the territory of Belgrade in which changes in the structure and land use occurred, as well as demographic explosion, industrialization, urbanization of the southern part and suburbanization of the central and northern part of Pan6eva6ki rit. Keywords: hydrographical conditions, \ oods, irrigation, socio–economic complex. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ YHTJ INTRODUCTION X + - The tradition of the construction of a system - of hydraulic structures in the function of \ ood protection and valorisation in agriculture was present in ancient civilizations, representing a - powerful mechanism for change in the structure (Milin6i4 et al, 2010). - of geographic space (Milin6i4 et al, 2010). The # Vojvodina plain has large water resources, which , - are re\ ected in the richness of surface waters of , X X , the Danube, Tamiš and Tisa, as well as in the de- 139 K?FS FGNB, SKLFSF Y?FNSNB, NV?FSF F?NB N NV@G NQNS]NB DEJAN ŠABI3, SNEŽANA VUJADINOVI3, MIRJANA GAJI3 AND MIROLJUB MILINI3 veloped canal system Danube – Tisa – Danube. – X – . S - The oldest melioration works in Vojvodina came from the Roman period and consisted of the . M- \ ood protection. More signi[ cant works on the + - drainage of the marshy terrains and the construc- + XVIII tion of the canals were carried out in the 18th and XIX F– . - 19th century during the Austro–Hungarian reign. 1958–1976. # , In the period 1958–1976 the reconstruction was + done, as well as an addition of new canals in . (929 km), - the existing system. The network of canals (929 12.700 km2 ( , km) covers an area of 12,700 km2 (Gavrilovi4 & 2002). Duki4, 2002). The system includes old and new , - canals and tributaries of the main rivers, which . are in whole or in part integrated into the system. U + - Changes that occurred after the construc- - tion of hydraulic structures are present in the ( , , ), abiotic (erosion, accumulation, microclimate), ( , - biotic (biocenosis stability, biodiversity) and ) socio–economic development complex (popu- ) (, - lation, economic subjects, settlements). In other , ). , words, hydraulic facilities transform the natural ) - and socio–economic elements of the space. Vari- . V - ous aspects of their impact were analyzed in the + - works of geographers, hydrologists, engineers, , , +, , geologists, biologists in the world (Troll, 1966; (Troll, 1966; Vogt, 1978; - Vogt, 1978; Šiklomanov, 1979; Voropaev and , 1979; , 1979; Vendrov, 1979; Mitchell, 1979; Avakjan, Saltan- Mitchell, 1979; F , W - ki and Šarapov, 1987; Forman & Gordon, 1987; , 1987; Forman & Gordon, 1987; Sim mons, Simmons, 1989; Turner, 1989, etc.), as well as 1989; Turner, 1989. .), - in our country (Gavrilovi4, 1988; Šabi4, and (Gavrilovi4, 1988; - Vujadinovi4, 1999; Šabi4 and Živkovi4, 2002; , 1999; Šabi4 i Živkovi4, 2002; Zlatkovi4 et Zlatkovi4 et al, 2010; Šabi4. et al, 2010; Pecelj al, 2010; Šabi4 et al, 2010; Pecelj et al, 2010; et al, 2010; Milin6i4 et al. 2011; Milin6i4 and Milin6i4 i dr., 2011; , Videnovi4, 2009; Milin6i4, 2005; Milin6i4 & 2009; , 2005; Milin6i4 & @or7evi4, Djordjevi4, 2011, etc.). The unpredictability of 2011 .). S - the impact of hydraulic structures on geospace is the result of a number of modi[ ers, which are , subject to dynamic, spatial, temporal, qualitative , , , - and quantitative changes. Hydraulic structures . (system of canals in the example of Pan6eva6ki [ ( rit) on the one hand, and geo–structure on the U ) , other, cannot be analyzed in isolation. In other , words, the construction of a canal system cannot . , be viewed as a primary goal, but as a mechanism + - (modi[ er of transformation) by which the geo- , graphical environment evolves (cultural land- ( ) scape is created, which leads to the progress of 140 XN\F? [NVVFZPN[ QF SF KVFZP VKNS UFS]KF]PT VNXF, UVK N UWQK KQNVF\NSN[ VFJTHF – UVNKV XVFSZVF\N?K KUVTWXTVF INFLUENCE OF HYDROGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS ON GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT OF PAN5EVAKI RIT BEFORE AND AFTER THE MELIORATION – EXAMPLE OF THE GEOSPATIAL TRANSFORMATION ( - civilization). By the sublimation of knowledge, , techniques and skills of “the struggle for water ). +, and struggle with it”, the nucleus of the system „ +”, is created to manage water as a natural resource, + - and therefore qualitatively higher level of devel- , opment. . KXTJTQN?F NXVFLNFAF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY T + - The spatial framework of the research of , # Pan6eva6ki rit is de[ ned by the procedure of the ) - overlapping of area, determined by applying the , hydrological and historical–geographical prin- + ciples of the regionalization of functional con- U . # - nections in the space. The boundaries are deter- - mined by analysis of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the structural elements of the , - geographical environment, respecting these . S + principles of regionalization. The construction of ) - hydraulic structures in geospace is affected by a : , number of factors: demographic growth, agricul- ) - ture as the oldest and water dependent industry, , . U + \ ood protection and others. The last two factors, , - agriculture and \ ood control, in\ uenced the con- , + struction of the canal system in Pan6eva6ki rit in U , the [ rst phase of development, while the demo- + graphic development and expansion of Belgrade agglomeration in\ uenced the sustainability of . the system in the second stage. I Geographical analysis of various aspects of + the impact of changed hydrographical conditions U - in Pan6eva6ki rit on activities of the population, , - as well as the overall socio–economic develop- - ment of this part of Belgrade agglomeration, has , 1999. U been conducted since 1999. Previous research re- + - sults are presented in scienti[ c journals at home ( and abroad (Šabi4 and Vujadinovi4, 1999; Šabi4, H, 1999; , 2000; 2001; Šabi4 2000; 2001; Šabi4 et al, 2010). The methodol- et al, 2010). M + - ogy of regional researches is used in de[ ning the - relationships and connections of the elements of ) +, geographical environment, which is based on + methods of scienti[ c knowledge and the applica- – tion in practice, as well as the scienti[ c–research , methods, by which it has come to knowledge. +. Within the methodological apparatus, a general 141 K?FS FGNB, SKLFSF Y?FNSNB, NV?FSF F?NB N NV@G NQNS]NB DEJAN ŠABI3, SNEŽANA VUJADINOVI3, MIRJANA GAJI3 AND MIROLJUB MILINI3 , - method is used as a general methodological pro- , : - cedure, and as special one: analysis, synthesis, , , , comparison, generalization and cartographic , method, which is allowed to bring a number of ) variables in chorological and chronological rela- + tionship and explain their effects on the example U . of Pan6eva6ki rit. In order to clarify the relations of elements of geographical environment, iden- , - tify and de[ ne conclusions, interviews were con- (2000, 2009. 2010. ) ducted with the indigenous population of Bor6a and Krnja6a on three occasions (in 2000, 2009 G P+. and 2010). This paper focuses on studying the + - impact of one element of geographical environ- – , 1932. ment – water, which especially until 1932 (when ( # the dam was built near the Danube and Tamis) X) - affected most the transformation of socio–eco- nomic complex of this part of Belgrade agglom- . eration. XKVNXVN?FQSN PNV TERRITORIAL SCOPE NXVFLNFAF OF THE RESEARCH T - The procedure of the overlapping of area , provides the insight into the actual content of the + structural elements of space, and the separation of + ) - each element gives a basis for de[ ning the territo- +, 378,6 km2. rial scope of the research, with an area of 378.6 U km2. G, # X. Pan6eva6ki rit is located in the south–west- U * ern part of Banat, between the Danube and the . V - Tamiš. In the past, Pan6eva6ki rit represented a ( swamp. Swamp land belonged to the nearby vil- : +, ] ? ). lages of Srem and Banat (local names: Glogonjski, W U - en4anski and Jabu6ki rit).