DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Title

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Title View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bradford Scholars University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. INTERACTIVE PEOPLE TO PEOPLE CONTACTS BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN: A case study of Pakistan India Peoples’ Forum for Peace and Democracy (PIPFPD) and Aman ki Asha Saeed Ahmed RID Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Social and International Studies University of Bradford 2014 ABSTRACT Name: Saeed Ahmed RID Thesis Title: Interactive People to People Contacts between India and Pakistan: A case study of Pakistan India Peoples’ Forum for Peace and Democracy (PIPFPD) and Aman ki Asha. Key Words: Conflict Transformation, Peacebuilding, Multi-track diplomacy, track-two diplomacy, India-Pakistan conflict resolution. Abstract: This research develops a new concept for people-to-people contacts, formulates a theoretical model to assess the impact of people-to-people contacts on peacebuilding, and draws theoretical modifications and explanations in the model on the basis of its empirical application on India- Pakistan conflict and Northern Ireland conflict. The new concept of interactive people-to-people contacts (IPPC) is developed and it is differentiated from the similar concepts in peace theory. Then ontological and epistemological foundations of IPPC are determined and the roots of IPPC in peace and conflict theories are traced. To empirically assess the role played by IPPC in building peace, the web approach model is developed from Lederach’s “pyramid” of peacebuilding as formulated in Building Peace (1997) and later improved in The Moral Imagination (2005). The web approach model is applied on Northern Ireland conflict to empirically test the web approach model and make improvements in the model learning from the practice of IPPC in Northern Ireland conflcit. Then web approach model is applied on two selected case studies of PIPFPD and Aman ki Asha to empirically asses the role played by IPPC in building peace between India and Pakistan. The web approach model is used to determine the stage/frame of the web process where IPPC based peacebuilding have i reached so far in India-Pakistan conflict. Moreover, theoretical modifications in web approach model are drawn learning from the selected case studies and an attempt is made to find out a way forward for IPPC based peacebuilding in India-Pakistan conflict. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin with acknowledging the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in UK for their full funding of my studies in UK, which includes the family funding because without their generous support I could not have embarked on this journey. Then, I wish to thank my two main supervisors Prof. Yunas Samad and Prof. Shaun Gregory along with the co- supervisor Dr. Karen Abi Ezzi of the University of Bradford, who enlightened me on relevant theoretical and methodological issues, provided the valuable feedback, and lent their full support through thick and thin during all those challenging times in my PhD. I am especially thankful to my mentor, Prof. Edwin M. Epstein from the University of California, Berkeley, USA, who was the guiding spirit behind my joining the Peace Studies in University of Bradford for my PhD. I reserve special thanks for my interviewees in PIPFPD and Aman ki Asha, who gave me their precious time, provided valuable data, and made available their all resources for me. I owe to Dr. Mubashir Hassan of PIPFPD, who gave me full access to his personal library and old historical documents regarding the origin of PIPFPD. In Lahore Saeeda Diep and Iftikhar-ul-Haq and in Karachi Assadullah Butt, Karamat Ali and B.M. Kutty were especially of great help. Moreover, I feel obliged to thank Moladad Gabol, the library assistant in PILER, Karachi, whose cooperation in data collection made my job much easier. In Jang group, I am indebted to Shahrukh Hassan and Beena Sarwar for making all data and resources available for me and helping me in establishing initial contacts with my prospective interviewees in Aman ki Asha. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends, as without their company and support it was impossible to survive the pressures and challenges of PhD and the life in UK. Thanks to my father Prof. Bashir Ahmed Rid, my wife Sana and my daughters Sobh, Sofia and Isha, that bore iii my long absences at times to allow me to focus on my research. I am also indebted to my good friends Abdul Haq, Sattar, Sikandar, Sarwar, Rauf, Khuda Bux, Zamir, Ishtiaq Kazmi and Safeer in Bradford, Pervez Memon in Manchester and Imtiaz Ujjan and Saeed Soomro in London for their support and company because without them, life in UK would not have been that much easy, colourful and charming. I owe special thanks to my friends Manzoor Vesrio in Islamabad Naseem Sahito in Lahore and Sadiq Rid and his family in Karachi for their wonderful hospitality during my fieldwork interviews in Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi respectively. iv CONTENTS Abstract i Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v List of Acronyms ix Table of Figures xi Appendices xii Chapter One 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Understanding IPPC in relation to other similar concepts 4 1.2. Brief literature review 08 1.3 Research methodology and the structure of thesis 14 Chapter Two 22 The Theoretical Foundations of Interactive People-to-People Contacts (IPPC) 22 Introduction 22 2.1. Tracing the theoretical roots of IPPC 24 2.2. Ontological and epistemological foundations of IPPC 37 2.3. A critical analysis of unofficial interventions and IPPC 41 Chapter Three 47 The Conceptual and Theoretical Model for IPPC Interventions 47 Introduction 3.1. The conceptual and theoretical model for IPPC 47 3.2. The typology of IPPC interventions 62 Conclusion 69 v Chapter Four 70 IPPC Based Citizens' Peacebuilding in Northern Ireland 70 Introduction 70 4.1. Why case study of Northern Ireland? 70 4.2. Limitations of the case study of Northern Ireland vis-à-vis India- Pakistan Conflict 74 4.3. Tracing the development of IPPC based citizens’ peacebuilding in Northern Ireland 77 4.4. The IPPC theoretical framework applied on citizens’ peacebuilding in Northern Ireland 85 4.5. The contribution of Northern Ireland case study to the thesis 99 Conclusion 106 Chapter Five 108 The Origin and Development of People-to-People Contacts Between India and Pakistan 108 Introduction 108 5.1. Alumni links 109 5.2. The trade links 111 5.3. Track-two conferences/dialogues 113 5.4. Academic and research links 116 5.5. Women links 118 5.6. Drama, music art and cultural links 119 5.7. Workers, labour and trade union links 122 5.8. The intelligentsia links 123 Conclusion 127 Chapter Six 128 A Case Study of Pakistan-India Peoples' Forum for Peace and Democracy (PIPFPD) 128 Introduction 128 6.1. The origin and launch of PIPFPD 129 6.2 The top level horizontal integration 133 vi 6.3. The middle range horizontal integration 139 6.4. PIPFPD promoting grassroots level horizontal integration 160 6.5. PIPFPD and vertical integration 160 6.6. Limitations of PIPFPD 167 Conclusion 170 Chapter Seven 171 A Case Study of Aman ki Asha 171 Introduction 171 7.1. The Origin of Amn ki Asha 172 7.2. The Top Level Horizontal Integration 175 7.3. AKA’s role in promoting Middle Range Horizontal Integration 185 7.4. The Grassroots Level Horizontal Integration 196 7.5. Aman ki Asha and Vertical Integration 198 7.6. Limitations 201 Conclusion 204 Chapter Eight 206 Asessing the Achievements, Limitations and Prospects of IPPC Based Peacebuilding in India-Pakistan Conflict 206 Introduction 206 8.1. The web process completed by IPPC based peacebuilding in Pakistan vis-à-vis India 207 8.2 The Limitations 220 8.3. IPPC based peace building in Northern Ireland and India Pakistan conflict 226 8.4. Addressing the Limitations of IPPC based Web Process in India-Pakistan conflict 227 8.5. The lessons for IPPC based peacebuilding 231 Conclusion 236 vii Chapter Nine 237 Conclusion 237 9.1. A brief summary of the theoretical component 237 9.2. A brief summary of the empirical component 238 9.3 Generalizations for IPPC based peacebuilding 241 Bibliography 243 Interviews 266 viii LIST OF ACRONYMS ACT: All Children Together ACDIS: Arms Control, Disarmament and International Security AKA: Aman ki Asha ASEAN: Association of South Asian Nations CCRU: Central Community Relations Unit CRC: Community Relations Council CBMs: Confidence Building Measures CGLIPPC: Closed Grassroots Level IPPC Interventions CPR: Centre for Policy Research CSDS: Centre for the Study of Developing Societies DSOBS: Doon School Old Boys Society FAIT: Families Against Intimidation and Terror FICCI: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry FPCCI: Federation of Pakistani Chambers of Commerce and Industry IBA: Institute of Business Administration ICR: Interactive Conflict Resolution IDSA: Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis (IDSA) IIT: Indian Institute of Technology INCORE: International Conflict Research Institute IPPC: Interactive People-to-People Contacts IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature LCCI: Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry LUMS: Lahore University of Management Sciences MFN: Most Favoured Nation MNCs: Multi National Corporations NFFI: National Fisher Forum India NICHS: Northern Ireland Children’s Holiday
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pages 1-12.Pmd
    PEACE PRINTS South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding Vol. 4. No. 2. Winter 2012 Women in Security, Conflict Management and Peace Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama New Delhi, India Copyright© WISCOMP Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New Delhi, India, 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by WISCOMP Foundation for Universal Responsibility Core 4A, UGF, India Habitat Centre Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003, India WISCOMP is grateful to the Embassy of Finland, New Delhi for its support to this project. Disclaimer The views expressed in Peace Prints are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of WISCOMP or the Foundation for Universal Responsibility of HH the Dalai Lama, nor are they endorsed by them. Contact Information For queries regarding submissions and subscription, please write to [email protected] with “journal” in the subject line. We welcome comments and feedback on papers published in Peace Prints. The journal can be accessed free of charge on the WISCOMP website www.wiscomp.org/peaceprints.htm CONTENTS Building Peace between India and Pakistan: Opportunities and Challenges EDITORIAL Manjrika Sewak and Seema Kakran ACADEMIC PAPERS AND REFLECTION PIECES Processing Peace: To Speak in a Different Voice Meenakshi Gopinath Peace brew-ha-ha all over again? India and the Peace Process Rizwan Zeb The Road to Reconciliation with Pakistan: Sifting Causes from Consequences B.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Inclusion in CPEC: a Path to Indo-Pak Threat Reduction Via Complex Interdependence
    ISSN: 2664-8148 (Online) Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/3.2.2 Vol. 3, No. 2, (July-December) 2019, 11-19 Research Article https://www.ideapublishers.org/lassij ___________________________________________________________________________ Indian Inclusion in CPEC: A Path to Indo-Pak Threat Reduction via Complex Interdependence Sohail Ahmad1*, Areeja Syed1 and Muhammad Makkey Bhutta2 1. Department of Humanities, International Relations Program, Comsats University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2. Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Pakistan. Received: June 9, 2019 Published Online: January 21, 2020 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Abstract CPEC is a flagship project that can help India boost her economy to uplift the growing demands of infrastructural investment in the sector of energy, railroad connectivity and much more. As Pakistan and India get more economically integrated, the likelihood of any significant or minor war is going to be avoidable in the long run. India needs to understand that CPEC is not meant to destabilise any of the South Asian nations but to trigger the overall regional amalgamation. The addition of India to this global project is extremely industrious to take trilateral relations among China, Pakistan, and India towards new heights. With the backdrop of distrust, animosity, negative peace and zero political connectivity between India and Pakistan, CPEC is a feasible platform to eradicate these dilemmas if political connectivity is established. There is a need to have ideas and incentives which can convince India to be the part of CPEC. In addition, adverse reporting of media is also damaging this project by spreading false allegations. Therefore, the authors seek to explain how through CPEC, there can be less stress between India and Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Journalism Caught in Narrow Nationalism: the India-Pakistan Media War
    Reuters Institute Fellowship Paper University of Oxford Journalism Caught in Narrow Nationalism: The India-Pakistan Media War by Dwaipayan Bose Hillary and Trinity Terms 2011 Sponsor: Thomson Reuters Foundation Acknowledgments In a profession marked by tight deadlines, breakneck speed, long hours, intense competition and pressure from both above and below, it is absolutely essential that one takes a break, rejuvenates the brain cells and finds out what’s happening to journalism across the world. In order to do that, one needs a helping hand, a catalyst. That, for me, has been the Thomson Reuters Foundation, my sponsor and the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, my place of study. I am deeply grateful to both for giving me the opportunity to spend six months in Oxford and absorb all that this great university town has to offer. Writing this paper, researching for it, studying at the Bodleian, attending seminars was an ‘Experience Extraordinary’. I am thankful to RISJ director Dr David Levy, head of the journalism fellowship programme James Painter, and director of journalism John Lloyd for structuring the fellowship in a way that left me intellectually stimulated and enlightened. Life and logistics were taken care of by RISJ administrator Sara Kalim, staffers Alex Reid, Kate Hanneford-Smith and Amanda Armstrong – all of whom were extremely kind and helpful. I can never thank Dr Daya Thussu, my guide, enough for the great interest and commitment with which he helped me navigate through this delicate subject. Senior journalists, editors of India, Pakistan and beyond have helped me, spoke to me and gave their frank and free views on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2017 Nuclearization as National Security a Comparative Analysis of Framing and Frame Building in Indian and Pakistani Newspapers Awais Saleem Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION NUCLEARIZATION AS NATIONAL SECURITY A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FRAMING AND FRAME BUILDING IN INDIAN AND PAKISTANI NEWSPAPERS By AWAIS SALEEM A Dissertation submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Awais Saleem defended this dissertation on July 19, 2017. The members of the supervisory committee were: Stephen D. McDowell Professor Directing Dissertation Christopher Coutts University Representative Andrew Opel Committee Member Brian Graves Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii This effort is dedicated to the two most important women in my life - my mother, Nuzhat Saleem, and my wife, Ayiesha Awais - for always standing by me through every thick and thin. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is a culmination of a long and fulfilling academic journey. When I look back, there are so many people who have contributed to the successes that I have achieved and for shaping the course of my life. To start with, I must thank my teachers in Pakistan. Each one of them, in their own unique ways, have contributed to my academic career.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergence of Women's Organizations and the Resistance Movement In
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 19 | Issue 6 Article 9 Aug-2018 Defying Marginalization: Emergence of Women’s Organizations and the Resistance Movement in Pakistan: A Historical Overview Rahat Imran Imran Munir Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Imran, Rahat and Munir, Imran (2018). Defying Marginalization: Emergence of Women’s Organizations and the Resistance Movement in Pakistan: A Historical Overview. Journal of International Women's Studies, 19(6), 132-156. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol19/iss6/9 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2018 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Defying Marginalization: Emergence of Women’s Organizations and the Resistance Movement in Pakistan: A Historical Overview By Rahat Imran1 and Imran Munir2 Abstract In the wake of Pakistani dictator General-Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization process (1977-1988), the country experienced an unprecedented tilt towards religious fundamentalism. This initiated judicial transformations that brought in rigid Islamic Sharia laws that impacted women’s freedoms and participation in the public sphere, and gender-specific curbs and policies on the pretext of implementing a religious identity. This suffocating environment that eroded women’s rights in particular through a recourse to politicization of religion also saw the emergence of equally strong resistance, particularly by women who, for the first time in Pakistan’s history, grouped and mobilized an organized activist women’s movement to challenge Zia’s oppressive laws and authoritarian regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Kamil Khan Mumtaz in Pakistan
    A Contemporary Architectural Quest and Synthesis: Kamil Khan Mumtaz in Pakistan by Zarminae Ansari Bachelor of Architecture, National College of Arts, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994. Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 1997 Zarminae Ansari, 1997. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. A uthor ...... ................................................................................. .. Department of Architecture May 9, 1997 Certified by. Attilio Petruccioli Aga Khan Professor of Design for Islamic Culture Thesis Supervisor A ccep ted b y ........................................................................................... Roy Strickland Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students Department of Architecture JUN 2 0 1997 Room 14-0551 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 Ph: 617.253.2800 MIT Libraries Email: [email protected] Document Services http://Ilibraries.mit.eduldocs DISCLAIMER OF QUALITY Due to the condition of the original material, there are unavoidable flaws in this reproduction. We have made every effort possible to provide you with the best copy available. If you are dissatisfied with this product and find it unusable, please contact Document Services as soon as possible. Thank you. Some pages in the original document contain color / grayscale pictures or graphics that will not scan or reproduce well. Readers: Ali Asani, (John L. Loeb Associe e Professor of the Humanities, Harvard Univer- sity Faculty of Arts and Sciences). Sibel Bozdogan, (Associate Professor of Architecture, MIT). Hasan-ud-din Khan, (Visiting Associate Professor, AKPIA, MIT).
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from the Website Including Documentaries
    Year Book Ministry of ofInformationof Information Information Technology Technology Technology & Telecommunication & &Telecommunication Telecommunication 2015-2016 Government of Pakistan Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication (IT and Telecom Division) Year Book 2015-2016 Page 1 Year Book Ministry of ofInformationof Information Information Technology Technology Technology & Telecommunication & &Telecommunication Telecommunication 2015-2016 FOREWORD Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications (MoITT) is entrusted to formulate policies aimed at improving National Information and Communications Technology (ICT) infrastructure and services, to transform Pakistan into a knowledge-based economy by ensuring provision of reliable and affordable Information and Communications Technology enabled services. Rule 25 of the Rules of Business, 1973 requires every Division/Ministry of the Federal Government to prepare a Year Book on its activities and achievements during the year. The Year Book is prepared for information of the Cabinet as well as general public. The annual publication of this Year Book is also recognition of the public’s right to information. The Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications, therefore, in compliance with its responsibility has prepared its Year Book for the year 2015-16. The primary objective of this Book is to keep the public informed regarding the important activities undertaken by this ministry and organizations/companies/departments etc under its administrative control. It is sincerely hoped that this Year Book will serve as a useful reference for public, researchers, and scholars interested in activities carried out by MOITT in this year. --- (Rizwan Bashir Khan) Secretary IT Page 2 Year Book Ministry of ofInformationof Information Information Technology Technology Technology & Telecommunication & &Telecommunication Telecommunication 2015-2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Pages 1.
    [Show full text]
  • From Burhan Wani to Abhi Nandan: a Comparative Analysis of India And
    Article 41 FromNUST Burhan Journal Waniof International to Abhi NUST Journal of International Nandan: A ComparativePeace & Stability Peace & Stability Analysis2020, Vol. of IndiaIII (1) Pagesand Pakistan’s41-58 2020, Vol. III (1) Pages 41-58 njips.nust.edu.pk njips.nust.edu.pk Newspaper Coverage of Kashmir Conflict Ajmal Khan1 Azmat Khan2 Abstract This paper compares the coverage of Kashmir Conflict in four English language dailies: two from Pakistan; DAWN and The Nation, and two from India; ‘The HINDU’ and ‘Times of India’ by employing Galtung’s Model of Peace Journalism (Galtung, 1986; 1998) and Lynch & McGoldrick’s (2005) Two-Sided Conflict Model. The study pursues two research questions; is the coverage of these newspaper war or peace- oriented, and do they report Kashmir Conflict through Two-Party (Pak-India) or Multi- Party lenses. For data sources, seven major recent events; Burhan Wani’s killing (2016), Uri Attack, Indian Surgical Strikes, Pulwama Attack, Balakot Airstrike, and Abhi Nandan’s Capture and Release (2019) were chosen. A total of 56 stories, one lead story and one editorial from each newspaper about every event, were collected. Each story was evaluated according to Galtung’s 19 indicators; nine War, nine Peace and one Neutral, and accordingly categorized. The analysis revealed that DAWN had the highest (46.15%) peace-oriented coverage while The HINDU was second with only 23% peace content. In the war category, The Nation scored the highest (100%) while the Times of India was found second (92.85%). No story could qualify for the neutral category. Overall, the coverage of these newspapers was found grossly (81.13%) war- oriented.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BRAVIAN POST Learning With
    THE BRAVIAN POST Newsletter of Bahria Town School & College BAKE SALE Learning With Fun “Education is not to reform students or amuse them or to make them expert technicians. It is to unsettle thier minds, widen their horizons, inflame their intellects, and teach them BTSC does not only take pride in the quality of to think straight, if possible.” This remarkable saying of Robert M.Hutchins is what we are education that it provides to its students but also all striving for at BTSC. in its passion for helping those in need. For that purpose, we hold several events at school to raise A COFFEE MORNING was held on Friday at BTSC Junior Girls Campus. money for the underprivileged. This collection is Mothers were invited to discuss their children’s performance with their class teachers then used to treat the lower staff with lunch and over a cup of coffee. gifts. One of these events is the Bake Sale the The session started with a short presentation where the teachers collectively school organizes every year to collect money addressed all the parents sitting in their classrooms. The teachers brought their and do its part in helping the destitute. Each attention to the efforts they were putting in. After the presentation was over the class starting from grade 1 to Matric/O Levels teachers had a question-answer session with the parents. The parents shared their and College participated and according to the concerns with the respective teachers through an informal conversation. The aim was given schedule prepared different dishes to sell to share the strategies and plans for the intellectual development of their children.
    [Show full text]
  • India-Pakistan Relations India Desires Peaceful, Friendly and Cooperative Relations with Pakistan, Which Require an Environment
    India-Pakistan Relations India desires peaceful, friendly and cooperative relations with Pakistan, which require an environment free from violence and terrorism. In April 2010, during the meeting between Prime Minister and then Pak PM Gilani on the margins of the SAARC Summit (Thimpu) PM spoke about India's willingness to resolve all outstanding issues through bilateral dialogue. Follow up meetings were held by the two Foreign Ministers (Islamabad, July 2010), and the two Foreign Secretaries (Thimphu, February 2011). During the latter meeting it was formally agreed to resume dialogue on all issues: (i) Counter-terrorism (including progress on Mumbai trial) and Humanitarian issues at Home Secretary level; (ii) Peace & Security, including CBMs, (iii) Jammu & Kashmir, and (iv) promotion of friendly exchanges at the level of Foreign Secretaries; (v) Siachen at Defence Secretary-level; (vi) Economic issues at Commerce Secretary level; (vii) Tulbul Navigation Project/ Wullar Barrage at Water Resources Secretary-level; and (viii) Sir Creek (at the level of Surveyors General/ Additional Secretary). Since then several efforts have been made by the two countries to enhance people-to-people contacts. Cross-LoC travel and trade across J&K, initiated in 2005 and 2008 respectively, is an important step in this direction. Further, India and Pakistan signed a new visa agreement in September 2012 during the visit of then External Affairs Minister to Pakistan. This agreement has led to liberalization of bilateral visa regime. Two rounds of the resumed dialogue have been completed; the third round began in September 2012, when the Commerce Secretaries met in Islamabad. Talks on conventional and non-conventional CBMs were held in the third round in December 2012 in New Delhi.
    [Show full text]
  • Ajoka Theatre As an Icon of Liberal Humanist Values
    Review of Education, Administration and Law (REAL) Vol. 4, (1) 2021, 279-286 Ajoka Theatre as an Icon of Liberal Humanist Values a b c d Ambreen Bibi, Saimaan Ashfaq, Qazi Muhammad Saeed Ullah, Naseem Abbas a PhD Scholar / Associate Lecturer, Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Email: [email protected] b Associate Lecturer, Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Email: [email protected] c Associate Lecturer, Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Email: [email protected] d Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, BZU, Multan, Pakistan Email: [email protected] ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT History: There are multiple ways of transferring human values, cultures and Accepted 23 March 2021 history from one generation to another. Literature, Art, Paintings and Available Online March 2021 Theatrical performances are the real reflection of any civilization. In the history of subcontinent, theatres played a vital role in promoting the Keywords: Pakistani and Indian history; Mughal culture and traditions. Pakistani Ajoka Theatre, Liberal theatre, “Ajoka” played significant role to propagate positive, Humanism, Performance, humanitarian and liberal humanist values. This research aims to Culture, Dictatorship investigate the transformation in the history of Pakistani theatre specifically the “Ajoka” theatre that was established under the JEL Classification: government of military dictatorship in Pakistan in the late nineteenth L82 century. It was not a compromising time for the celebration of liberal humanist values in Pakistan as the country was under the rules of military dictatorship. The present study is intended to explore the DOI: 10.47067/real.v4i1.135 dissemination of liberal humanist values in the plays and performances of “Ajoka” theatre.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Bronze Medal Winners First Position in Institution S
    LIST OF BRONZE MEDAL WINNERS FIRST POSITION IN INSTITUTION S. NO. ROLL NO. STUDENT NAME FATHER NAME CLASS INSTITUTION CITY/DISTRICT AAIRA SALAHUDDIN SALAH UD DIN AKHTAR ACE INTERNATIONAL 1 18-051-11463-1-002-S 1 ISLAMABAD ABBASI ABBASI ACADEMY MUHAMMAD USMAN THE CITY SCHOOL JUNIOR 2 18-55-11422-1-009-S AANISH SHEIKH 1 GUJRANWALA SHIEKH SECTION CANAL CAMPUS ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL 3 18-52-11042-1-025-S ABDUL AZIZ MUHAMMAD QASIM 1 SIALKOT JUNIOR CAMPUS ROOTS INTERNATIONAL 4 18-52-11759-1-002-S ABDUL BASIT DANISH ISLAM 1 SIALKOT SCHOOLS PALM TREE CAMPUS ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL 5 18-52-11042-1-033-S ABDUL HADI KASHIF KASHIF ALI BAJWA 1 SIALKOT JUNIOR CAMPUS ABDUL MOEED MUHAMMAD IKRAM GARRISON ACADEMY JUNIOR 6 18-55-11081-1-013-S 1 GUJRANWALA CHEEMA CHEEMA CAMPUS AGA KHAN HIGHER 7 18-022-11336-1-001-S ABDUL MUNAM FIDA HUSSAIN 1 HYDERABAD SECONDARY SCHOOL ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL PANO 8 18-071-11591-1-013-S ABDUL MUSAWIR ISHFAQUE AHMED 1 SUKKUR AQIL CANTT ABDUL QADIR NASRA PRIMARY MORNING & 9 18-021-11723-1-001-S ZIA UL ISLAM QURESHI 1 KARACHI QURESHI AFTERNOON SCHOOL ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL AND 10 18-53-11245-1-006-S ABDUL RAHEEM SANA ULLAH 1 GUJRAT COLLEGE ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL PANO 11 18-071-11591-1-009-S ABDUL WASAY ARIF MEHMOOD 1 SUKKUR AQIL CANTT ROOTS IVY INTERNATIONAL 12 18-51-11234-1-002-S ABDULLAH ASAD ASAD ALI 1 RAWALPINDI SCHOOLS IB CAMPUS SALEEM NAWAZ FAZAIA 13 18-021-11787-1-005-S ABDULLAH AWAD AKHTAR ZAMAN 1 KARACHI COLLEGE MASROOR ROOTS MILLENNIUM SCHOOL 14 18-55-11541-1-005-S ABDULLAH NAWAZ NAWAZ SHUJA 1 GUJRANWALA HOLBORN CAMPUS MUHAMMAD RIAZ ARMY
    [Show full text]