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Prospects for Indo-Pak Confidence-Building Measures: the Role of Civil Society

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Prospects for Indo-Pak Confidence-Building Measures: the Role of Civil Society International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Online ISSN: 2349-4182, Print ISSN: 2349-5979 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.72 www.allsubjectjournal.com Volume 4; Issue 9; September 2017; Page No. 18-22 Prospects for Indo-Pak confidence-building measures: The role of civil society Arsala Nizami Ph.D. scholar at School of Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies (SOITS), IGNOU, New Delhi, India Abstract Indo-Pak relations, which are marked by several issues of contention, are getting worse with each passing day. Despite myriad attempts to resolve the conflict, including adoption of a number of CBMs, the promised respite has not been witnessed yet. Against the failure of the states to resolve the conflict and build peace in the region, this paper examines the efforts of civil society in bridging the trust deficit and promoting normalcy between India and Pakistan. In addition, the strengths, weaknesses and the efficacy of CBMs adopted by civil society has also been discussed. It is asserted that society-led CBMs facilitate meetings and interaction of the populace of two countries that help in evading negative perceptions about the other, thereby building confidence and peace. Keywords: India-Pakistan relations, confidence building measures (CBMs), civil society, peace, conflict Introduction India-Pakistan Relations This paper attempts to analyse the role of civil society in India and Pakistan are arch rivals ever since their vivisection building confidence and reducing suspicion between India and in 1947. The two countries have fought three wars, a conflict Pakistan through various Confidence Building Measures and have encountered various crises owing to several issues of (CBMs). Civil society manifests itself at various levels such as contention between the two. Some of the crucial issues of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), research institutes, contention are the Kashmir conflict, Siachen Glacier, Sir educational institutes, media and business houses and through Creek, Wullar Barrage/Tulbul navigation project and various actors such as artists, pilgrims, traders and business terrorism. men, peace activists, human rights activists and academicians. Owing to such environment of tensions in the region, the two These distinct actors of society adopt CBMs at their own states have undertaken myriad CBMs. However, ease and levels to build peace in the region. Against this background, normalcy in relations has not been witnessed as yet. CBMs are the aim of the paper is to analyse the efficacy of CBMs basically wide range of measures or agreements that aim to adopted by civil society in terms of increasing trust and build confidence and reduce suspicion by increasing confidence and reducing suspicion and hostility between India transparency in the action and intention of states. CBMs can and Pakistan. be divided into military and non-military CBMs. Military CBMs can further be divided into conventional and nuclear Methodology CBMs. whereas, non-military CBMs can further be divided A qualitative research methodology has been adopted for this into political, economic, cultural, societal and environmental research including secondary as well as primary sources of CBMs. data. Secondary sources are inclusive of books, journals, Furthermore, CBMs can be initiated by the governments as reports of NGOs and research institutes such as Institute for well as civil society. Initially, it was the two governments that Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), Institute for Peace and were engaged in initiating CBMs to reduce hostility and Conflict Studies (IPCS), Observation Research Foundation suspicion. However, in the late 20th century, the civil society (ORF), Jinnah Institute, Institute for Secular Studies and also became active and started initiating a number of CBMs. Peace (ISSP) among others. Distinct actors and their efforts could be best described by a Primary sources of data were extracted from interviews and model known as ‘Multi- Track diplomacy model. It has nine interactions with various actors of civil society such as tracks- Track 1 -government; Track 2-nongovenrment/ pilgrims, artists, academicians, NGOs, track 2 participants and professional; Track 3- Business/commerce; Track 4 – Private traders. A non-probability sampling technique namely citizens; Track 5- research; training and education; Track 6 – purposive sampling was used to determine respondents. activism/advocacy; Track 7- religion; Track 8-funding and Track 9- media and public opinion. 18 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Fig. 1 Multi Track Diplomacy model Source: http://imtdeast.org/index.php/about-imtd-east/multi- A further revision of the term is seen in the works of Marx and track-diplomacy Gramsci. For Marx, ‘civil society is different from state, but Except for Track 1, all the other tracks incorporate various he finds its origins in class relations. However, for Gramsci, actors of civil society. At each Track from Track 2-Track 9, civil society can be distinguished from state as well as market’ civil society in India and Pakistan could be seen playing a [2]. The concept has been subject to revision repeatedly. role. In India-Pakistan context, Track 2 involves a number of The contemporary understanding of the term makes civil dialogues such as Neemrana dialogue, Chaophraya dialogue, society a separate realm from state manifesting at various Pugwash dialogues, and Ottawa dialogues among others. levels such as that of non-governmental organisations Track 3 involves the efforts of chambers of commerce to (NGOs), research institutes or think tanks, trade unions, promote trade and economic cooperation. Track 4 deals with academicians, educational institutions, media, artists, private citizens in the form of various people-to-people professional associations etc. Therefore, civil society could be contacts between populace of India and Pakistan such as understood as a ‘category of universal human society means Pakistan-India People’s Forum for Peace and Democracy that the development of intermediary forms of association, (PIPFPD), Pakistan Peace Coalition (PPC), Coalition for even institutions, between the family and state' [3]. Nuclear Disarmament and Peace (CNDP), Aman Ki Asha (AKA) among others. Track 5 represents several Indian and Indo-Pak civil society Pakistani research institute and think tanks such an IDSA, Civil society started campaigning for Indo-Pak normal IPCS, ISSP among others. Peace activists are covered under relations and peace during 1980s in the wake of several crises Track 6, and religion and inter-faith dialogues are covered that made Indo-Pak relations susceptible and vulnerable. Such under Track 7. Track 8 is funding, which involves funding of initiatives were marked majorly by Track 2 dialogues that smaller organisations by bigger peacebuilding organisations of incorporated a mix of officials, retired military and political India and Pakistan. Finally, Track 9 is media, which is a leaders and retired diplomats and bureaucrats. Thus, the powerful tool in shaping of public opinion about Indo-Pak dialogues were semi-official in nature. peace process. Therefore, the Multi Track Diplomacy model is However, citizen diplomacy or activism also started on a full- very useful to show the involvement of various actors of civil fledged scale in 1990s. With the overt nuclearization of both society in the conflict resolution of India and Pakistan. states, civil society became more active and started campaigning against the tests. Back to back nuclear tests by Origins of the term ‘civil society’ India and Pakistan in May 1998, increased anxiety of the The usage of the term ‘civil society’ as an intellectual international community as well as that of civil society. The construct started in the 17th century. Initially, the concept of US placed many sanctions. Along with it, the civil society also civil society was synonymous with political. Aristotle’s study pressurised the two countries for bringing back normalcy by of civil society, for instance, associates it with politics. embarking on CBMs. As a result of international and societal Similarly, for early social contract theorists, Hobbes and pressures, the two countries embarked on various social, Locke, society was synonymous with the political. Around cultural, political and economic CBMs. 18th century, this connotation of civil society came to be Along with the states, civil society also initiated a number of challenged by the likes of Herder and Burke, who started CBMs in the form of people-to-people contacts, plays, seeing civil society as a separate domain, to be seen dramas, conferences, workshops, student exchanges etc. independent and vis-à-vis state [1]. Behera asserts that South Asia has witnessed an exponential Further in the 19th century, the conceptual growth of civil growth of civil society organisations, networks and social society established it as a separate domain from state as well movements in the past two decades. By and large, these have as family. Hegel for instance, distinguished civil society from been in response to the national and global crisis which can no political i.e. state and personal i.e. family. longer be understood, explained or resolved within a state- 19 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development centric paradigm [4]. There are different actors and sectors popularly called ‘bus for peace’ missions. involved in building peace between India and Pakistan. Similarly, another women NGO, Women
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