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Historia Oculta Del Sionismo

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Historia Oculta Del Sionismo LA HISTORIA OCULTA DEL SIONISMO Ralph Schoenman Traducción al castellano de The Hidden History of Zionism por Ralph Schoenman La presente es la única traducción al castellano aprobada por el autor y por Veritas Press. Traducción revisada y corregida por Juan R.Fajardo. Esta edición se realiza en cooperación con el Marxists Internet Archive (marxists.org) Copyright © Ralph Schoenman Derechos reservados. El autor y la editorial conceden permiso para la descarga de este libro para lectura y consulta personal. Para cualquier otro uso favor de consultar a: Veritas Press PO BOX 6345 Vallejo, CA 94591 USA [email protected] Primera edición en inglés: Veritas Press, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, 1988 LA HISTORIA OCULTA DEL SIONISMO Ralph Schoenman A la memoria de Jalid Ahmed Zaki, camarada caído y amigo entrañable Para Hamdi Faray y Mohammed Manasrah, "Thawra Hatta al Nas'r" - 4 - AGRADECIMIENTOS Durante la Era Oscura en Europa, la ciencia, las matemáticas y la filosofía fueron preservadas por estudiosos árabes. Desde Avicena hasta al-Kindi, la ciencia y las matemáticas árabes alimentaron la herencia de la filosofía natural y moral griega. El movimiento sionista sometió a Palestina y asaltó su cultura recurriendo a una barbarie sin tregua, impactando incluso a los expertos en los crueles anales de las conquistas colonials. Esta historia ha sido enterrada durante los últimos cien años. Sólo ha salido a la luz a través de los escritos de algunos académicos intrépidos. Tenemos una profunda deuda con ellos: musulmanes, cristianos, judíos y no- creyentes, cuyo trabajo de conservación y exegesis ha hecho possible este intento de sintesis. Alan Benjamin dedicó cientos de horas a las diversas facetas de esta labor. Editor, analista y colega, supo compartir pensamientos y discusiones con agudeza. Se hizo cargo de multiples problemas técnicos inherentes a su producción y se ahorró la presentación. Este texto no existiría sin él. A Mya Shone, mi esposa y compañera, le correspondería aparecer como co-autora de este libro, si no fuera por su propia reticencia. El papel que jugóa a lo largo de la escritura y diseño del texto no ha sido menor al mío. Cada frase ha sido examinada por ella, con insistencia en la precision y lucidez de la expression que la caracteriza. El grado en que esto se haya logrado se debe a ella, a su voluntad y energía. La escritura ha sido compartida en una labor de amor. - 5 - Para nuestros siempre apreciados amigos y camaradas palestinos, deseo parafrasear a Dylan Thomas: Estamos solos y no lo estamos en el mundo desconocido, nuestra fortuna y sufrimiento serán siempre compartidos y siempre nuestros. - 6 - PREFACIO: EL LEVANTAMIENTO “Con cólera, con odio y con auténtica fiereza, miles de adolescentes tiraban piedras contra los ocupantes israelíes, sin retroceder ante el fuego graneado que les recibía. Era algo más que agitación popular... Era el principio de una revuelta popular.”1 Así describía el corresponsal del Jerusalem Post Hirsh Goodman el levantamiento de la juventud palestina de Cisjordania y Gaza a mediados de diciembre de 1987. Goodman escribía estas observaciones en vísperas de la huelga general a que se lanzaron el 21 de diciembre todas las comunidades palestinas bajo dominación israelí. El diario israelí Ha’aretz describió esa huelga como “una advertencia más grave aún que los motines sangrientos de las dos últimas semanas”2 “Ese día, escribía John Kifner en el New York Times, el inmenso ejército de trabajadores árabes que sirven la mesa, cosechan las verduras, recogen la basura, ponen ladrillos y realizan por así decir todos los trabajos bajos de Israel, se quedaron en casa”.3 La respuesta israelí al levantamiento fue brutal. El Ministro de Defensa Isaac Rabin ordenó el uso de tanques, blindados y ametralladoras contra una población inerme. El San Francisco Examiner citaba la defensa directa del asesinato por Rabin: “Pueden disparar contra los dirigentes de este desorden”, dijo justificando la actuación del ejército que utiliza tiradores con rifles del 22 de gran potencia para disparar indiscriminadamente contra los jóvenes palestinos.” 4 Rabin ordenó registrar casa por casa en busca de jóvenes o de cualquiera con el que hacer un escarmiento. Para el 27 de diciembre habían sido detenidos más de 2.500 palestinos, muchos de ellos niños de 12 años. A fines de enero este número subía a 4.000 y crecía sin parar.5 Se planteaba la deportación de los “militantes”. Las cárceles israelíes de alta seguridad y los centros de detención estaban superpoblados. Se desarrollaban procesos 1 Dan Fisher, Los Angeles Times, 20 dic. 1987. 2 Ibid. 3 John Kifner, New York Times, 22 dic. 1987. 4 San Francisco Examiner, 23 dic. 1987. 5 Relato de primera mano del autor desde el campamento de Dheisheh - 7 - masivos contra palestinos. La brutalidad que más indignó a los palestinos fue que el ejército detuviese a los heridos en sus camas del hospital. Este comportamiento, habitual durante la invasión del Líbano en 1982, transformó el hospital Shifa de Gaza en un centro de resistencia. Seconcentraron grandes multitudes para defender a los heridos, temiendo con razón no volver a verles. “Los jóvenes de Gaza y de la margen occidental donde han estallado las revueltas, escribía el corresponsal del Jerusalem Post Hirsh Goodman, no han recibido ningún entrenamiento terrorista, ni son miembros de ninguna organización terrorista. Pertenecen a la generación palestina que ha crecido sin conocer otra cosa que la ocupación.”6 A la madre de un palestino asesinado de tres balazos en la cabeza por los soldados israelíes le preguntaron si permitiría que los hijos que le quedaban participasen en las manifestaciones. “Mientras yo viva, enseñaré a los jóvenes a luchar... Me importa poco lo que me ocurra, con tal de que consigamos nuestra tierra.”7 El alcalde destituido Rashad Shawaa, expresó el mismo sentir: “Los jóvenes desesperan de que Israel les reconozca nunca sus derechos. Consideran que los países árabes son incapaces de hacer nada. Tienen la impresión de que la Organización de Liberación de Palestina (OLP) no ha conseguido nada.8 El comentario del corresponsal de Los Angeles Times Dan Fisher es más significativo aún: “Este nuevo sentido de unidad ha sido uno de los cambios más chocantes para los observadores extranjeros y para los palestinos que no viven en Gaza... Es un fenómeno que abarca las antiguas divisiones entre jóvenes y viejos y entre los que trabajan en Israel y los que no.”9 Violencia, despliegue de fuerza, palizas Frente a la intensificación del levantamiento, el gobierno israelí y el Ministro de Defensa Isaac Rabin aplicaron “castigos colectivos”, táctica característica de la ocupación nazi en Francia, Dinamarca y Yugoslavia. Impidieron que alimentos, agua y medicinas llegasen a los campamentos de refugiados palestinos de Gaza y de la margen occidental. El personal de la Agencia de Ayuda a los Refugiados Palestinos de Oriente Próximo de la ONU (ACNUR) denunció que habían disparado o propinado palizas a niños que iban a buscar 6 Fisher, Los Angeles Times, 20 dic. 1987 7 John Kifner, New York Times, 21 dic. 1987 8 Dan Fisher, Los Angeles Times, 23 dic. 1987. 9 Dan Fisher, Los Angeles Times, 20 dic. 1987. - 8 - leche en polvo a los almacenes de la ONU. Un analista del Jerusalem Post explicaba así la política de Rabin: “La prioridad absoluta es el uso de la violencia, el despliegue de fuerza, las palizas. Lo consideran más eficaz que las detenciones... (porque) después de éstas pueden volver a tirar piedras a los soldados. Pero si la tropa les rompe las manos, no pueden reincidir...”10 Al día siguiente los medios de comunicación informaban de las más salvajes palizas en toda la margen occidental y Gaza. La narración de John Kifner era impresionante: “NABLUS, Margen Occidental ocupada por Israel, 22 de enero. Con ambas manos enyesadas, Imad Omar Abu Rub explicaba en su cama del Hospital Rafidiya lo que sucedió cuando el ejército israelí llegó al pueblo palestino de Qabatiya. “Entraron en la casa como animales, aullando -dice el estudiante de 22 años de la Universidad de Bir Zeit- Nos sacaron de la casa dándonos patadas en la cabeza, aporreándonos todos los soldados con las culatas de los rifles. “Entonces le llevaron a un edificio en construcción donde los soldados le pusieron un pozal vacío en la cabeza. “Varios soldados le derribaron y le asieron los brazos para que pegase las manos a una roca. Otros dos le golpearon las manos con piedrecitas, hasta romperle los huesos. “Estas lesiones son producto de una nueva política oficial del ejército israelí y la policía de machacar a los palestinos con la esperanza de poner fin a la ola de protestas en los territorios ocupados de la Margen Occidental y la Franja de Gaza, que empezó a principios de diciembre. En el transcurso de las protestas, las balas israelíes han matado por lo menos a 38 palestinos. “En la cama de al lado del Sr. Abu Rub, Hassan Arif Kemal, un estudiante de bachillerato de Qabatiya de 17 años contaba una historia idéntica.”11 Los líderes del Partido Laborista y del Likud contestaron a coro a la protesta internacional por estas actuaciones. El Presidente Haim Herzog declaró: “El dilema al que hoy estamos confrontados... es acabar con estas revueltas o permitir que lleguen a crear un nuevo Teheran o un nuevo Beirut.”12 John Kifner decía en The New York Times: “El Primer Ministro Isaac Shamir y el Ministro de Defensa Isaac Rabin siguieron defendiendo su política, declarando ambos públicamente que el objetivo de las palizas era inspirarles a los palestinos miedo del ejército israelí.” Shamir declaró que los acontecimientos habían “roto la barrera del miedo... Tenemos la tarea de volver a crear esa barrera y lograr que los árabes de esas zonas vuelvan a tener miedo a la muerte.” 10 New York Times, 21 ene.
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