Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews Shlomo Aronson Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521838770 - Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews Shlomo Aronson Index More information

Index

Abdullah, Emir, 20, 112 Argentine visa, 181 Abwehr, 80, 179, 203, 204, 205–206, 209, Arian, Dr., 324 228, 241, 243 Athens, 54 Budapest station, 191, 206, 208, 221, 222, Atlit, 80, 105, 257 323–327 Auchinleck, Claude, 85 Jewish and half-Jewish agents, 191 Auschwitz, 46, 66, 81, 153, 154, 156, 177, Soﬁa station, 81, 216, 219, 223 182, 184, 229, 233, 242, 255, 258, 259, takeover by SD, 182, 223, 234 266, 267, 276, 277, 281, 283, 284, 289, Vienna station, 207 305, 309–313, 319, 320, 325, 335 Zionist connections with agents of, 207; controversy over bombing of, 290, 291, Africa, 31 292, 293, 294, 295, 297 Agranat, Shimon, 325 Austria, 47, 56, 203, 212, 215, 217, 221, Albania, 40 230, 233, 236, 247, 249, 276, 288, 293, Aleppo, 228, 234, 242, 250, 251 295, 304, 308, 309, 313, 334 Alexander, Harold, 85 Anschluss of, 6 Algiers, 99 Avneri, Uri, 229, 334 Allen, Mordechai, 90, 136 Altman, Arie, 93 Backe, Herbert, 5–6, 23, 31, 37, 46 Alvarez David, 336 Bader, Menachem Mendel, 161, 164, 192, Aly, Gotz,¨ 284 227, 255, 256, 266 Amery, L. S., 112 Bad Ischl, 304 Amsterdam, 70 Badoglio, Pietro, 182, 221 Ancel, Jean, 162 Baghdad, 84, 87, 299 Anders, Wladyslaw, 299 Bagyonyi, Ferenc, 211 Andrew, Christopher, 79, 82, 87, 88 Baky, Laszlo,´ 247 Andronovich, Nicholas, 90, 130, 257, 263, Balfour Declaration, 20, 107, 147, 150 272 Balkans, 83, 87, 88, 92, 94, 95, 100, 104, Ankara, 201, 210, 212, 230, 250, 254, 336 105, 129, 137, 159, 160, 178, 193, 204, Antonescu, Ion, 40, 167 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 252, 262, Antonius, George, 17, 51 268, 286, 288, 301, 303, 332, 336 Appel, Leonard, 185 Allied intelligence activities in, 94 Arabs, rebellion in Palestine, 6–7, 14, 15, “Germany’s soft belly” viewed as, 210 17–20 Zionist intelligence gathering in, 95 Ardennes, 199 Zionist rescue efforts in, 104; see also Arendt, Hannah, 153 speciﬁc countries; Berman, Yitzhak

361

362 Index

Baltics, 29, 30 covert intelligence and rescue efforts, 79, Bari, 54, 263 161 Barlas, Chaim, 163, 167, 168, 180, 190, 232, described as “collaborator” with the 253, 254, 266 British, 231 Barneys, Murray C., 327, 332 described as running military underground Barry, Major, 256, 257 and of being “active in movement to Baruch, Bernard, 33, 34, 129, 151, 152 smuggle immigrants into Palestine,” Basel, 69, 70 186–187 Batumi, 5 described as negligent, less involved in Bauer, Yehuda, 93, 175, 177, 178, 191, 202, rescue of European Jews, 100, 232–233 203, 210, 211, 213, 214, 224, 235, 247, direct involvement in rescue of, 124, 159, 269, 287, 316 170–171, 180 Baumam, Isaiah, 116 and elections of 1944, 139, 298 Bavier, Jean de, 195 and “Great Season,” 301, 323 Beaverbrook, Lord, 12 Holocaust impact on, 108, 109, 110, 111 Becher, Kurt, 221, 228, 229, 230, 231, 235, and Peel Commission, 20 237, 243, 260, 282, 286, 291, 304, 305, reaction to Brand-Grosz Missions, 216, 307, 310–319, 323, 324, 325 232 “Becher Deposit,” 304, 324 reaction to the “White Paper,” 52, 53 “Becher line” as adopted by Kasztner, 304 and Rescue Committee in Palestine, 100, bombing of Germany, alleged role in 180 treatment of Jews, 291 and “Rescue Debate,” 77, 103–111 Kasztner’s afﬁdavits in favor of, 228, 229, timetable of “Final Solution” and, 103, 231, 282, 323, 324, 325 109–110, 115 negotiations with Kasztner, 282, 283, 284, view of and actions in Britain, United 286, 307, 308, 309, 314, 318 States, as targets of Zionist efforts, negotiations with Mayer and McClelland, 62–63, 108–109, 133 288, 308, 309, 314, 318, 321, 330 visits to Bulgaria and Rumania in 1944, in Nuremberg Trial, 325, 326 301, 303 told by Himmler about no Nazi quo for visits to U.S. in 1941–1942, 108, 109, 110 Allied quid pertaining to Brand mission, Weizmann, Chaim, cooperation and 240, 243 differences with, 62–63, 138 “Weiss Family deal” by, 282 Benvenisti, Misu, 163 Beckerle, Adolf, 219, 220 Bergen–Belsen, 261, 276, 277, 281, 282, 283, Begin, Menachem, 30, 84, 94, 111, 113, 138, 286, 287, 288, 304, 313, 317, 318, 319, 187, 229, 299, 323 320 arrival in Palestine, 138, 299, 302 Bergson, Peter (alias for Peter Kook), 59, 99, and “Great Season,” 298, 299, 300, 301 197, 198, 251 portrayal by Jewish Agency memo to OSS, Berlin, 30, 53, 54, 83–84, 104, 109, 145, 163, 185, 216, 299 164, 169, 177, 181, 182, 214, 238, 244, rebellion against the British, 300, 301, 302 258, 307, 318, 335 and “Stern Group,” 301, 302 Eichmann’s ofﬁce in, 166, 318, 331 Beirut, 98, 140 radio broadcasts, 54 Belgrade, 204 Mufti’s presence in, 51, 53, 60, 131 Bendersky, Joseph, 130 Berman, Yitzhak, 93, 94, 95 Ben-Gurion, David, 19, 62, 63, 79, 108, 109, Bermuda Conference, 62, 90, 125, 127, 128, 113, 115, 117, 130, 133, 137, 138, 152, 129, 135, 152, 165, 252, 268 159, 161, 164, 169, 170, 180, 185, 186, Bern, 70, 71, 115, 116, 212, 216, 220, 221, 231, 233, 263, 298, 300, 302, 303 237, 265, 274, 287, 316, 336 “activist politics,” 52, 302 American Legation in, 200 Arab question and federation plans, 18, center of OSS Activities in Europe, 71, 108, 142 183, 216, 219 “Biltmore strategy,” 123, 124 Bernadotte, Folke, 318, 320

Index 363

Bernstein, William, 333 Bratislava, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, Best, Werner, 178 180, 232, 235, 258, 305 Biddle, Francis, 132 Breitman, Richard, 182, 213, 235 Biltmore Program, 107–110, 111, 113, 115, Breslau, 177 120, 123, 133, 136, 137, 141, 150, 164, Brod, Max, 136 180, 187 Brunner, Alois, 311 Birkenau, 312 Brussels, 293 Biss, Andreas, 231 Buber, Martin, 136, 137 Blaschke, Hanns, 276 Bucharest, 160, 162, 163, 166, 167, 169, 339 Bletchley Park, 81, 181, 336 Gestapo records, 162, 164, 326, 329, 330 Blum, Josef, 260, 266 Zionist activities, 159, 166, 167 Blum, Leon, 307 Buchenwald, 317, 318, 320 Bochnja, 194 Budapest, 155, 156, 173, 191, 194, 198, 203, Bormann, Martin, 27 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 222, 229, 232, Born, Friedrich, 314 235, 236, 239, 240, 242, 243, 246–247, Bosnia, 53 248, 249, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 266, Bowden, George K., 82 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 276, 277, 292, Bradsher, Greg, 69, 269, 338 293, 294, 295, 304, 308, 309, 311, 316, Braham, Randolph, 285, 304, 316 323, 324 Brand, Hansi, 255, 264, 265 Allied intelligence activities in, 182, 206, Brand, Joel, 163, 191, 194, 219, 222, 223, 269 227–230, 232–236, 238, 240–248, bombing of, impact, 274 249–253, 254–260, 262, 264, 265, 266, circumstances of Ghetto’s survival in, 230, 268, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 282, 283, 284, 315 288, 308, 322, 323, 332 Germans in Rumania as hostages in American reports on mission upon arrival, exchange for Budapest Jews, 313–314 217, 237, 238 ghettoization of Jews in, 285 arrival and activities in Istanbul, 219, 227, Horthy’s activities regarding Budapest 232, 248 Jews, 221, 264, 275, 287, 295 background, 191 “Horthy’s Offer,” 267, 269–270; see also behavior after the failure of mission, Hitler; Hungary 323 siege of, 315, 316 British evidence supplied to U.S., 235–236 status after German occupation, 285 early rescue activities, 193, 196 “Weiss family deal,” 237, 238, 282 evaluation of mission, behavior, by Zionist activities before the German Reuben Resnik, 248–249 occupation, 159, 164, 166, 188, 190, failure of mission becomes postwar 206 argument against Zionist leadership, Buechi, Walter, 70 233, 323 Bulgaria, 64, 110, 155, 166, 179, 200, 219, interrogation by Shertok, 228, 242, 245, 270 250 Allied intelligence activities in, 81, 217 interrogations by the British, 219, 223, German intelligence activities in, 81, 204, 247, 251, 253 219 mission discussed by Shertok with the special status as German ally, 40, 166, British, 246, 251, 252 200, 205 mission made public by the British, 239, Zionist intelligence activities in, 95, 167, 256 168, 201 mission mixed up by X-2 with “Weiss Burma, xiii, 63, 65 Family Deal,” 237, 238 Bush, Vannevar, 141 mission named by the Allies as “Gestapo Byalistok, 171 Deal,” 238 preparations for rescue mission, 173 Cadogan, Alexander, 59 Shertok’s view of mission, 251 Caen, 292

364 Index

Cairo, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 94, 98, 103, 105, Clages, Gerhard, 204, 222, 239, 241, 243, 106, 107, 111, 112, 130, 138, 140, 144, 244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 288 150, 162, 185, 218, 229, 230, 238, 241, circumstances of death, 239 251, 253, 263, 299, 340 negotiations with Grosz, 239, 244, 245, assassination of Lord Moyne in, 112 305 British and American armies’intelligence real intentions as SD ofﬁcer in Budapest, centers, 57, 79–80, 82, 84, 90, 103 222, 239 British Army Middle East Command SS career before Budapest, 204 Center, 85, 142–145, 150, 162, 178 Clayton, Gilbert, 84 Hirshman’s visit to, 253 Clayton, Iltyd, 84, 89, 149, 263, 340 interrogations of Brand and Grosz in, 230 Clinton, Bill, 339 Shertok’s visits to, 142 Cluj, 257, 261, 281, 286, 325 Cameroon, 98, 117 Cohen, Kenneth, 80 Campbell, Ronald, I., 62 Coleman, Archibald (alias Cereus), 160, 207, Canada, 106 209, 218, 220, 247 Canaris, Wilhelm, 179, 182, 205, 216, 218, Colombia, 121 220, 222 Colorado, 120 Cape Methaphan, 28 Connally, Senator, 141, 152 Capone, Al, 130 Constanza, 243, 275 Carpathians, 160, 220, 242, 243, 265, Cornwallis, Kinahan, 84, 112 295 Cowgill, Felix, 80, 82, 96 Carpenter, George, 263 Crakow, 194 Casablanca Conference, 75, 127, 146 Crane, Charles, 17 Caserta, 99, 256, 257 Crete, 28 Casey, William, 332, 333 Croatia, 183, 192, 200 Caucasus, 65 Crockatt, Brigadier, 262 Cavendish-Bentinck, V. F. W., 57 Cyprus, 80 Cecil, Robert, 81 Czechoslovakia, 56, 203, 233 Chamberlain, Neville, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 45, 55, 58, 63 Dachau, 50, 318, 319, 320 anti-Semitic prejudices of, 12 Daladier, Edouard, 307 appeasement policy, 11, 13 Dallek, Robert, 118 Chaplin, Dwight, 121 Dalton, Hugh, 88 Chenstochowa, 194 Dannecker, Theodor, 182 Chiang Kai-Shek, 307 Dansey, Claude, 80 Chicago, 82, 122, 130 Danube, 50 Children Plan, 180 Danzig, 8 China, xiii, 132, 307 Darlan, Jean-Franc¸ois, 68 Churchill, Winston, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 26, Darre,´ Walter, 5, 6, 23 32, 33, 45, 49, 53, 63, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88, Davis, Elmer, 67, 91, 265 97, 107, 112, 235, 262, 269, 296, 297, Dayan, Moshe, 53, 97 301 Debrecen, 292 and bombing of Auschwitz controversy, de Gaulle, Charles, 99, 307 292, 293 de Leon, 94 early public reference to the Holocaust, 54 Denmark, 40, 96, 320 Hitler’s view of, 12, 13 Denver, 120 and Palestine Question, 21, 53, 61, 112 de Vries, B. A., 70 plans regarding postwar future of the Dietrich, Otto, 96 Middle East, 112 Dinur, Dov, 23, 25 as “Zionist” sympathizer, 14, 21, 85, 90, Dogwood, see Schwarz, Alfred 111, 148 Dohnanyi, Hans von, 179 Cincinnati, 99 Donitz,¨ Karl, 320

Index 365

Donovan, William, 81, 87, 95, 97, 98, 118, and “Hitler’s line,” 311, 330 140, 210, 212, 217, 218, 220, 263, involvement in “Europa Plan,” 172, 173, 337 178 background and early activities as COI, involvement in “Reservat Plan,” 22 72, 81, 87 and Kurt Becher, 326 early cooperation with the British, 81–84, “Madagascar Plan” and, 26 97 negotiations with Brand and Kasztner, and the Moltke Affair, 212, 214 221, 260, 261, 265, 274, 282, 309 role in preparations of the Nuremberg Nisco, see Nisko Trials, 327, 332, 333 Richter correspondence and, 163, 172 and the “Sparrow Mission,” 212 role in early deportations to Poland, 26 Dovey, H. O., 84 role in Hungary in relation to Wehrmacht, Downie, H. F., 56, 57, 58, 86, 95 242, 246–247, 269 Dreyfus, Paul, 69, 70, 71, 104 role as “Judenrefernt” of the RSHA, 47, Duke, Florimond, 220 50, 56, 104 Duker, Abraham, 117, 118, 338 trial of, 26, 170, 329 Dulles, Allen W., 82, 115, 122, 219, 221, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 291, 307, 320 265, 306, 316 El Alamein, 65, 168, 173 and Fritz Kolbe’s activities, 71 Emerson, Herbert, 128, 305, 306 and Hatz, 219 Endre, Laszlo,´ 247 as liberal Republican, 115, 116 Engel, Gerhard, 14, 27, 28, 57 meetings with Ben-Gurion and Zaslani, Enzer, Shmuel, 163 115 Epstein-Elath, Eliahu, 105 and the “Sparrow Mission,” 216 Erskine, Ralph, 96 view of the Holocaust, 116 Ethiopia, 28 Dwork, Charles Irving, 31, 99, 118, 305, “Europa Plan,” 167, 174, 209, 322 307, 322, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, Evian Conference, 11 332, 333, 338, 339 Dwork, Shirley, 339 Falaise, Pocket, 294 Feingold, Henry, 117, 126, 127, 128 Eaker, Ira, 295 Ferenczy, Laszl´ o,´ 285 East Indies, Dutch, Field, Henry, 116 Eddy, William A., 97, 99 Filderman, Wilhelm, 163, 166 Eden, Anthony, 45, 61, 62, 112, 118, 267, Finland, 30, 31 268 Fleischmann, Gizi, 179 Egypt, 18, 27, 84, 85, 93, 214, 299 Flossenburg,¨ 318 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 129 Foley, Frank, 79 Eichmann, Adolf, 37, 45, 57, 93, 99, 163, Forster,¨ Jurgen,¨ 24 166, 170, 171, 182, 221, 228, 231, 232, Fort Meade, 336 233, 234, 240, 241, 245, 249, 250, 253, Fort Sumter, 120 255, 256, 267, 274, 276, 281, 282, 283, Foster, Reginald S., 238 284, 285, 286, 288, 293, 315, 318, 319, “Four Year Plan,” 4–5, 6, 22–23 323, 325, 331 France, 9, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 40, 52, 54, 65, Bialistok children and, 171 87, 88, 97, 141, 292 and Death Marches, 308, 309, 311 battle of, 24, 25, 105 and as described by Kasztner in, 282; stages in liberation of, 216, 233, 235, 292, postwar afﬁdavits, 330–331 294 deportations to and killing centers in Frank, Hans, 24, 125 Poland, role of, 22–23, 47 Frankfurter, Felix, 12, 33, 34, 108, 149, 151, early career in Austria, 56, 317 152 forced emigration policy conducted by, 50, Freiburg, 290, 340 56, 104 Freudiger, Phillip von, 260, 266, 276, 286

366 Index

Friedman, Nathan, 94, 186, 299 Geschke, Hans, 239, 249, 284 Friling, Tuvia, 100, 109, 159, 169, 178, 191, Gestapo, xiii, 57–58, 79–80, 82, 89, 93, 95, 202, 216 99, 104, 113, 162–165, 166, 167, 168, Fuller, J. F. C., 58 172, 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 203, 211, 212, 214, 326, 332, 333, 334 Gehlen, Reinhard, 234, 235 central role in dealing with Jews, 5–6, Gelber, Yoav, 105 22–23, 45–47, 56, 234, 237, 274, 277, General Gouvernement, 23, 24, 38 317, 329, 330, 331 Geneva, as center of Zionist activities, 159, decrypts of messages thereof by Allies, 81, 162, 164, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 82, 181–184 194, 227, 243, 246, 260, 304, 324 “Final Solution,” role of in Slovakia, 47, Georgia, 5 172–178 Gerbera, see Kollek, Teddy forced emigration policy, role of, see Gerlach, Christian, 284 Eichmann, Adolf Germany, xii, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 34, gathering intelligence on rescue efforts, 38, 45, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 68, Zionists, 79, 162–167 69, 80, 83–84, 87, 88, 91, 103, 110, 117, “Gestapo Deal,” also as perceived by 118, 119, 121, 122, 125, 127, 134, 137, Allies, 170, 217, 227–230, 240, 169, 173, 188, 191, 197, 209, 210, 211, 237–238, 243–247, 248–249, 254–255 212, 214, 217, 223, 227, 245, 249, 250, Jews, esp. Zionists, accused of 256, 259, 274, 288, 289, 307, 311, 315, collaboration with, xiii, 56–58, 254–255; 320, 324, 327, 332, 333 see also “Gestapo Deal” activities in the Middle East, 26, 41, 51, occupation of Poland, role of, 22 92, 148, 185 role in Hungary, 166, 170, 174, 191, 204, aims for destruction of Bulgarian, 205, 208, 209, 217, 219, 221, 227, 228, Hungarian and Rumanian Jews, 205 229, 231, 232, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, bombing by the Allies, 65, 66, 233, 290, 244, 246, 247, 249–253, 254, 256, 258, 292, 297 261, 262–269, 274, 275, 276, 277, 284, forced emigration policy, 37, 51, 58 323, 332 German–Soviet Relations 1939–1941, role in Rumania, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 29–32 216, 329, 330 impact of Allied bombing on, related to takes over Abwehr in Hungary, 179; see treatment of Jews, 36, 47, 67, 153, 291, also Clages, Gerhard; Laufer, 296 Frantisek-Fritz impact of creation of WRB on, 272 see also RSHA; SD; SS Jewish policies of, 1939–1941, 22–35, 37 Gibson, Harold, 80, 95, 106, 203, 207 Jewish policies of, early stages, 3–9 Gilbert, Martin, 230 Jews after WWI until Hitler’s takeover, xi, Giles, Arthur F., 93, 257, 339 16 Glavin, Edward, 99 occupation of Hungary, 220, 269 Glidden, Harold (alias Robert Laing), 99, occupation of Italy, 65 131, 133, 148, 149, 150, 152 relations with Balkan allies, 286 Globocnik, Odilo, 172 relations with Great Britain and U.S. Glueck, Nelson (alias Hicks), 99, 150, 151, pertaining to Jews, 26–28, 120 263 relations with Rumania, 201, 329 anti-Zionism of, 150, 151 stages of “Final Solution” conducted by, 4, Goebbels, Joseph, 42, 328 5, 37–42, 46, 47, 233, 284, 293, 305, Goldberg, Arthur, 95, 115, 123, 216, 220 309, 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319 early role in OSS, 82 “unconditional surrender” demanded and the “Final Solution,” 123 from, 68, 119, 127, 210 involvement in “Sparrow Mission,” 122, see also Gestapo; Hitler, Adolf; SD; SS; 123 Wehrmacht Goldmann, Nahum, 208

Index 367

Goldstein, Peretz, 264, 265 treatment of Jewish refugees, 16, 61, Gollancz, Victor, 12 105–107, 267–268 Goring,¨ Hermann, 5, 23, 104, 165, 178, 273, see also “White Paper” on Palestine; 307, 333 Zuckerman, Solly involvement in the “Final Solution,” 37, Greece, 28, 132, 179, 204, 272 38, 40 Greenberg, Uri-Zvi, 186 role as head of the “Four Year Plan,” 4–5, Grosz, Bondi, see Gyorgy, Andor 104 Groves, Leslie A. (alias Gross), 141, 293 Goring¨ Bureau, 164 Gruenbaum, Yitzhak, 100, 118, 298 Grant, Ulysses S., 68 Gruenwald, Malkiel, 231, 325, 334 Great Britain, xii, 12, 14, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, Gruninger,¨ Major, 176 36, 55, 65, 66, 68, 82, 109, 125, 128, Gunther,¨ Rolf, 318 152, 209, 235, 255, 273, 291, 300 Gustav Adolf, 274 anti-Semitic prejudices, 12, 15, 56, 61, G’vat, Kibbutz, 92 68–70, 105, 106, 107, 126, 132 Gyorgy, Andor (alias Bandi Grosz, alias appeasement policy of, 11–15 Trillium), 10, 194, 206, 207, 209, 211, blockade policy, 68 218, 219, 221–224, 230, 235–239, 241, bombing policy, 291, 293 243, 244–251, 253–256, 323 bombing strategy of, 65, 233, 292–294 as Abwehr agent, 217, 219, 245 decrypts of German radio messages by, 81, background, 191, 193 181–184, 223–224 early contacts with Zionists, 194, 209, fear of Jews dragging GB to war, 12 217, 218, 251 fear of Hitler’s use of Jews to taint war as as Hungarian agent, 194, 206, 209 Jewish, 12; see also Hitler, Adolf relations with Klatt Organization, economic warfare waged by and rescue of 224 Jews, 68–71 interrogations by SIME, 206 fear of German “Vergeltungswaffen,” own mission, 239, 240, 245, 246, 250, treatment of POWs, 296 251, 305 “Gestapo Deal,” role of in, 229–230, preparations toward Brand mission, 227, 235–236 238, 241, 243, 244 “Imperial Censorship,” 236 Gyr, Karl, 167, 168, 251 intelligence agencies of, see Middle East, intelligence centers; MI5;MI6 (also Hacohen, Devora, 180 ISLD); MI9; PICME; SIME; SOE Hadari, Gideon, 136 Middle East policy, 86–87, 144 Hagana, structure, activities, British North African Campaign, 65, 88 measures undertaken against, 19, 91, Palestine policies of, see Palestine 93, 105, 186–188, 298–303 relations with Stalin of, 34, 64, 307–308 Hagen, Herbert, 57 relations with U.S., especially pertaining to Haifa, 80, 92, 105, 136, 230 Jews of Europe, 269 Halder, Franz, 25 rescue of children by, 171–172 Haleb, see Aleppo role of military and civilian bureaucracies Halevi, Binyamin, 231, 325 in regard to alien Jews, Zionists, 54–56, Halifax, Lord, 62 57–58, 59–60, 61–62, 72, 79–80, 103, Hamburg, 318 107, 268 Hamman, 15 strategy after the fall of France, esp. in the Hanfstaengel, Ernst, 125–129 Middle East, 21, 24, 26, 32, 33, 88–89, Hanyok, Robert, 336 112 Harel, Isser, 334 structure and role of intelligence services, Harper, Harry, 204, 205 82, 83 Harriman, J. Averell, 200 Syria, Iraq, Iran, occupied or subdued by, Harris, Arthur, 291 84–85 Harrison, Leland, 69, 316

368 Index

Hatz, Otto, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 247 Hirshman, Ira, 200, 212, 241, 251, 253, 254, Allied view of, 217, 219, 220 267, 287, 288 relations with Abwehr, 236 Histadrut, 134, 139, 161, 193 relations with Grosz, 218 Hitler, Adolf, xii, 3, 11, 16, 17, 18, 20, 34, relations with OSS and Zionists, 217, 218, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 78, 220 87, 92, 95, 96, 106, 110, 113, 121, 123, Hecht, Ben, 59, 229, 304, 326, 334 124, 125, 127, 129, 132, 137, 147, 148, Heideking, Jurgen,¨ 202, 210, 214 160, 166, 179, 192, 195, 197, 198, 210, Heidelberg, 153 211, 212, 216, 220, 223, 242, 268, 269, Herzl, Theodor, 98, 130 274, 287, 288, 307, 308, 311, 315, 316, Heydrich, Reinhard, 37, 45, 56, 204 317, 322, 323, 327, 329, 330, 334, 336, involvement in the “Final Solution,” 37, 340 38, 39, 40, 42 Allied perceptions of behavior toward war involvement in “Reservat Plan,” 22 end, 296 Hilberg, Raul, 56 and Budapest Jews, 309; and negotiations Himmler, Heinrich, 5, 6, 23, 24, 104, 105, with Horthy regarding, 275, 285 154, 169, 172, 181, 182, 183, 199, 212, characterization of, 44–45, 47 213, 228, 231, 235, 237, 239, 240, 244, considers Madagascar plan, 25, 26, 27, 37, 250, 283, 286, 288, 308, 309, 310, 312, 45 313, 314, 315, 317, 320 decision on “Barbarossa,” 28, 30, 32, 37, alleged in advance knowledge of July 20 38 Putsch against Hitler, 212, 250 decisive role of in creating multiple trap, Backe, Darre’and, 23 xi–xiii Bialistok children and, 171–172 domestic ramifications of “Final Solution” conversation on Jews with Hitler, 42 calculated by, 42–43, 47–48 and death marches, 313, 319 euthanasia order of, 22 final break with Hitler, 307, 308, 317, excludes Jews from Abwehr service, 234 320 “Final Solution” and its justification, 4, 27, “Germanization” of Poland, 23 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48 “Gestapo deal,” no quid for Allied quo, forced Jews’emigration policy, 7, 10, 26, 240, 243 103, 250 Jewish labor camps in Poland, liquidation German society and, 24, 26, 47 of, Operation “Erntefest,” 154 impact of early British bombing, 23, 36 involvement in “Europa Plan,” 172, 173, insistence on continuing Holocaust until 178 the end, 173, 310, 319, 320 negotiations with Bernadotte, 105, 322, intentionalist School of Holocaust Studies 329, 330, 335, 336 and, 45 negotiations with Masur, 317, 318, 319 Japan’s role in strategy of, 29, 63 negotiations with Musy, 304, 305, 306, “Jew’s War” allegedly fought by Allies, 307 Allied fears of, 14–15, 42–43, 66–67, ransoming of Jews and Goring,¨ Hitler, 72, 119–120, 173, 199, 215, 297 104–105 and the Mufti of Jerusalem, 41 relations with Becher, 230, 243, 282, 283, OKW/Chi decrypts, access by, 199, 308, 310 336–337 role in expediting the “Final Solution” in perception of British blockade, 6, 31 Italy, 183, 184 perception of British elite, 12, 13, 25, 26, role in use of Jews as trump card for 49, 58, 199 separate peace, 40, 42, 172, 173, 182, perception of Stalin, 30 242, 316 perception of U.S. policy 28; creation of speeches regarding the “Final Solution,” WRB, 114 181, 244 perceptions of, by Chamberlain, Churchill, see also Gestapo; RSHA; SD; SS; WVHA FDR, 12–15

Index 369

“prophecy” of Holocaust, 8, 9, 33, 42, ﬁnal battle with Red Army in, 295 46 German operations during occupation, ransom of “a few rich Jews,” 104–105, 122, 207, 218, 221, 254, 256, 290 172, 178, 205 German target after fall of Mussolini, role in “Final Solution” described by 182–183 Kasztner in postwar afﬁdavits, 330 Hagana commandos sent into, 89, 155, Speer on, no cessation of Holocaust thanks 193, 216, 262, 264 to Allied bombing, acceleration of Horthy’s decision to stop deportations, Holocaust, 153–154, 290–291, 295 decrypted by OKW/Chi, 267 splitting the Allies, infecting them with “Horthy’s Offer,” evaluation of by OSS “Jewish disease,” 9, 214–215, 250–251, R&A, 267, 269–270, 277; decrypted by 306 OKW/Chi, 287 stages of anti-Jewish policies of before intelligence services in, 95, 100, 122, 212, “Final Solution” decision, including 215, 217, 220, 236 emigration to Palestine, exporting Jews’condition until German occupation, anti-Semitism to West, 4–9, 25–26, 40, 102, 155, 162, 175, 188, 189, 192, 27–28, 37, 103 205 victory over France, impact on, 24–26 object and center of rescue efforts before view of Imperial Rome, Pauline Nazi invasion, 155, 161–162; see also Christianity, and Jews, 48–49 Kasztner; Springmann; WRB Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and, 49, 53 OSS operations regarding, failure of, Western reactions to forced emigration 216–221 policy of, 10–16, 250–251 rescue activities of Wallenberg and others worldview, xiii, 7, 8, 48 in, 230, 273, 277, 315 Hochberg, Anna, 70 role in the “Final Solution,” 177, 189, Holland, 52, 66, 69, 70, 281, 294, 305 201, 233, 244, 284 Homs, 80 role of Wehrmacht in the “Final Solution” Hoover, J. Edgar, 11, 104 in, 247 Hope-Simpson, John, 132 separate peace feelers toward Allies, 182, Hore-Belisha, Leslie, 16 183, 221 Horthy, Miklos,´ 239, 264, 267, 271, 274, stops deportations, 233, 267, 287 275, 277, 285, 286, 287, 288, 294, 295, suspension of the “Final Solution,” 233, 308 267, 286 behavior during German occupation, 221 takeover by Arrow Cross, 315, 316 negotiations with the Allies and “Horthy Zionist Rescue Committee’s activities after Offer,” 233, 267, 269, 270 occupation, 227–230; see also Budapest; stops deportations, 233, 267, 287 Kasztner, Rezso¨ toppling by Arrow Cross, 294, 295, 308 Hunsche, Otto, 282, 318 Hoskins, Harold B., 97, 98, 140, 145, 151 Hurley, Pat, 98 Hoss,¨ Rudolf, 311, 313, 320 Husseini, el Hajj Amin, 17, 18, 19, 41, 53, Howard, Michael, 86 60, 83, 85, 93, 108, 131, 137, 148, 183, Hull, Cordell, 98, 117, 200, 309, 312 245, 330 Hungary, xii–xiii, 40, 82, 110, 113, 127, 137, and Bialistok children, 171–172 144, 151, 160, 166, 168, 170, 174, 176, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, Ibn Saud, 98 202, 203, 223, 232, 234, 235, 237, 239, I. G. C. R. (Intergovernmental Committee on 251, 252, 257, 260, 263, 265, 268, 271, Refugees), 11, 118, 128, 267, 305 272, 274, 275, 281, 282, 283, 285, 288, Ilan, Amitzur, 140, 150 291, 293, 296, 301, 304, 312, 314, 319, India, xiii, 63, 65, 85, 89, 126–132, 137 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 330, 332, 334, Iran, 53, 86, 105, 146, 207 337, 339, 340 Iraq, 18, 19, 53, 85, 93, 94, 105, 133, 143, death marches from, 295, 313 152

370 Index

Israel, 57, 104, 148, 186, 249–253, 324, 325 as seat of Grand Mufti, 18, 85, 137, 148 impact of rescue debate on, xiii, 100, 137 as seat of Jewish Agency’s executive, 160, “Kasztner’s Trial,” 113, 231, 323, 325, 188 326, 334 Jodl, Alfred, 336 Israel, Wilfried, 79, 80 John XXIII, 266 Istanbul, 80, 91, 209, 216, 219, 227, 229, Joseph, Bernard, 102 237, 238, 250, 251, 266, 271, 272 Juttner,¨ Hans, 311, 313 Allied intelligence activities, 160, 217, 218, 223, 236, 237, 245, 247, 248, 249, 254 Kallay, Miklos,´ 193, 205 German double agent Gyr activities, 251 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 224, 239, 276, 282, visit of Shertok, 207 331 Zionist rescue mission in, 98, 106, 155, role in deportation of Jews from Italy, 183, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 184 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 179, 180, 188, role in Hungary, 326, 332 189, 192, 194, 195, 201, 203, 204, 206, role in the last stages of the war, 276, 319 207, 209, 217, 218, 222, 224, 228, 232, Kant, Immanuel, 48 235, 236, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 248, Kaplan, Benjamin, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 254, 255, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 332 271, 287, 288 Kaplan, Eliezer, 159 Italy, xii, 20, 41, 51, 52, 54, 65, 81–84, 92, Kappler, Herbert, 181, 182, 183 93, 94, 99, 148, 182, 183, 185, 210, Kasserine pass, 117 212, 256, 262, 263, 292, 307, 335 Kasztner, Rezso,¨ Rudolf, Israel, xiv, 23, 25, desert’s war, 26, 65 26, 118, 155, 166, 188–191, 194–196, invaded by the Allies and defection from 201–203, 222, 228, 230, 231, 242, 243, Axis, 65, 182, 216 255, 256–258, 259, 260, 261, 264, 266, “Final Solution” in, 81–84, 182, 183, 184 267, 270, 271, 273–276, 277, 281–288, I. Z. L.-N. M. O. (Irgun Zvai Leumi), 59, 92, 291, 300, 303, 304, 308–317, 321, 322, 93, 95, 111, 113, 134, 138, 155, 185, 186, 324–326, 329–332, 334 187, 197, 229, 251, 298–301, 302, 323 affidavits given in favor of Becher, 228, recruitment for the British, 92, 93, 94, 95 229, 323, 324 Izmir, 163 affidavit given to the IMT, 326 and the alleged termination of the “Final Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 20, 92, 93, 100, 286, Solution,” 309, 311, 312, 314 299 background, character, assessments of and Avraham Stern, 51, 76, 185, 186 Hungarian situation before Nazi British politics of, 20, 92 invasion, 188–196 as leader of the Zionist Revisionists, 20, central figure in “Rescue Debate,” xiv, 51, 76, 134 230–231, 322–326 and mass immigration into Palestine, 137, and Cluj Ghetto, 251, 257, 260, 281, 286 138 continues negotiations with Becher, 282, mission in the U.S., 59, 127 286, 304, 307, 308, 309, 315 and the partition debate, 20, 137 correspondence with Istanbul Rescue Jackson, Robert H., 325, 327, 328, 329, Committee before German invasion, 333 189, 192, 193, 194 Jahnke, Kurt, 235 differentiation between previous SS policy Japan, xiii, 34, 63, 119, 307 of extermination and use of remnants as Jerusalem, 61, 83, 89, 90, 91, 93, 112, 120, useful tools, 274–275 148, 151, 160, 163, 166, 170, 185, 192, early activities in Budapest Rescue 231, 257, 263, 272, 275, 299, 325, 330, Committee, 173, 188, 190, 191 339 early talks with Eichmann’s death squad, as seat of American diplomatic mission, 228, 245, 274, 282 17, 61, 130, 257, 272 and Hagana “paratroopers,” 228, 262, as seat of German diplomatic mission, 53 264

Index 371

“Kasztner’s train,” 228, 230, 256, 261, 217, 218, 220, 235, 247, 254, 263, 267, 281, 282, 286, 287, 304, 308 288 Miklos´ Krausz and, continued vendettas, becomes Dogwood’s agent, 202, 204, 206, 190, 230, 264, 287, 323, 325 207, 208, 211, 216 and negotiations with WRB in British warnings against cooperation with, Switzerland, 265, 274, 275, 286, 288 236 preparations for the Brand-Grosz connection with Grosz, 209, 246 missions, 241, 242 early activities in Istanbul, 160, 192, 206, and rescue of Jewish inmates in German 207 concentration camps in 1945, 318 further intelligence activities in Jerusalem, role in American War Crimes Trials, 322, 257 326 Komoly, Otto, 191, 196, 242, 274, 286, 324 and Strasshof labor camp, 275, 276 Kook, Hillel, see Bergson, Peter strategy of involving the Allies, 255 Kramer,¨ Joseph, 313, 318 258–260 Krausz, Miklos-Moshe,´ 193, 230, 231, 264, trial and assassination of, 89, 113, 229, 285, 287, 315 231, 264, 323, 325, 334 activities in Budapest Ghetto, 230, 275, and use of ethnic Germans under Soviet 277 control as hostages to save Budapest postwar vendetta against Kasztner, 287, Jews, 313, 314 323, 325 WRB, contacts with after Nazi invasion rift with Kasztner, 190, 191, 194 decrypted by OKW/Chi, 201, 265–266 as Zionist Immigration Ofﬁcer in Katz, Barry M., 96 Budapest, 190 Katzenelson, Berl, 19, 111, 124, 169, 298 Kremer, 254 Katzki, Herbert, 118, 329 Krieger, 96 Kauders, Fritz (alias Richard Klatt), 81, 216, “Kristallnacht,” 6, 14, 118 223, 224, 234, 235, 241 Krumey, Hermann, 228, 241, 249, 288, 315, Kaufering,¨ 319 318, 325 Kaufman, Hugo, 70 Kushner, Tony, 12, 15, 55, 58, 59, 81, 95, Keitel, Wilhelm, 221, 337 106, 334 Keller, Franz, see Mayer, Saly Kempner, Robert, 31, 332 Laing, see Glidden, Harold Kennedy, E. F., 257 Lampson, Miles, 84, 112 Kennedy, Joseph, 11, 12, 13, 15, 87, 126 Landauer, Georg, 136 Kersten, Felix, 288, 307 Langer, William, 96, 328 Kettlitz, 304 Latham, R. T., 57 Kirchheimer, Otto, 96, 328 Laud, Gordon, 99, 149 Kirk, Alexander, 214 Laufer, Frantisek-Fritz (alias Schroeder, alias “Klatt Organization,” 81 Iris, alias Ludwig Mayer), 203, 204, Klatt, Richard, see Kauders, Fritz 205, 206, 210–215, 219, 221, 222, 223, Klausner, Margot, 104 224, 227, 233, 234, 236, 237, 240–251, Klausnitzer, Erich (alias Alfred), 204, 211, 254, 255, 257, 258, 282, 288, 289, 305, 224 308, 322, 323 Knight, Maxwell, 55 activities in Prague and Belgrade, 193, 194 Knox, Frank, 97 alleged postwar activities, 224 Kolasch, Thibor von, 235 background, 191, 203, 204 Kolbe, Fritz (alias George Wood), 30, 216, British and American suspicions of, 205, 217, 219, 236, 269, 316, 338 215, 217, 222, 230, 234, 246, 254, 255 becomes OSS agent, 71, 183, 219 Jewish Agency’s view in fall 1944, 205 reports on colonel Hatz and Zionist rescue role in Brand’s and Grosz’s mission,211, workers, 219, 220, 247 219, 227, 240, 243–247, 322 Kollek, Teddy (alias Gerbera), 106, 160, 161, role in trying to keep Brand’s mission 185, 192, 202, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215, alive, 282

372 Index

Lavi, Shlomo, 92 Madagascar Plan, 25, 27, 36, 37, 38, 45, 51, Lawrence, Lord, 333 93 Lazarus, Isidor (alias Lee Lane), 104 Madrid, 237, 238 Leary, Lewis, 98, 142, 143, 150, 263 Manila, 146 Lebanon, 112, 144 Mapai, structure, internal cleavages, Lehman, Herbert H., 34, 151, 152, 254 intelligence reports on, 93, 107–108, Lemberg/Lvov, 164, 194, 211 111, 134, 136, 138, 161 Lend Lease Act, 28, 33, 86–87 in Hungary, 190–191 Leopold, III, 307 Marcus, Karl (alias “Dictionary”), 235 Levitzki, Asher, 136 Marcuse, Herbert, 96, 328 Lewis, Bernard, 17 Marmaros, 265 Ley, Robert, 104 Marshall, George C., 141, 142, 143, 145, Libya, 28, 251 210, 302 Lichtheim, Richard, 163, 166 Marton, Ernst, 313, 314 Lincoln, Abraham, 120 Masur, Norbert, 313, 317, 318, 319 Link, Julius, 260, 266, 276 Mauch, Christoph, 202, 210, 214 Lippmann, Walter, 12, 34 Maunsell, Raymond, 57, 84, 340 Lisbon, 237, 242, 246, 254, 255, 258, 259 Mauritius, 51, 301 as possible rescue target, 238 Mauthausen, 264, 318, 324 List, David, 335 Mayer, Gerald, 265 Litvinov, Maxim, 29 Mayer, Ludwig, see Laufer, Frantisek-Fritz Lodz, 26, 40, 102, 312 Mayer, Saly (alias Franz Keller), 163, 195, London, 9, 24, 53, 57, 69, 70, 83, 85–86, 87, 242, 243, 259, 265, 266, 271, 277, 288, 89, 91, 92, 108, 109, 122, 126, 144, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 314, 315, 318, 160, 203, 220, 230, 253, 254, 262, 272, 321, 330 283, 292, 296, 297, 312, 328, 329, 330, Gestapo intercepts rescue efforts by, 164 331, 332 negotiations with Becher, 305, 308 British Intelligence Center “Broadway,” McCarthy, Joseph, 333 81, 236 McClelland, Roswell, 265, 274, 275, 276, dispatches from British Embassy in 277, 286, 288, 308, 309, 312, 314, 318, Washington, 238 321 OSS center, 122, 216, 220, 238 McCloy, John J., 141, 328 Shertok’s meeting on Brand’s mission in, McCormack, Col., 219, 338 251, 253, 266 McQueen, Doris, 120 Weizmann’s activities in, 233, 238 Megiddo, 99 Long, Breckinridge, 24, 58, 126–132, 137, Mehdi, 85 198–206 Meirov-Avigur, Shaul, 201 Longerich, Peter, 3, 4, 37, 40, 44 Menzies, Stewart, 81 Lubeck,¨ 320 Merkly, Anton, 211 Lubin, Isidor, 333 Messner, Franz (alias Cassia), 215, 236, Lublin, 24, 26, 27 247 Ludin, Hans, 176 Metz, 294 Lugwigshafen, 266 Mexico, 181, 209 Lutz, Charles, 230, 277 MI5, 55, 83, 84 anti-Semitic prejudices in British centers Macedonia, 201 of, 56, 82, 87 Macfarland, Lanning, 210, 216, 218, 247 operations in the Middle East, 79, 83, 85 end of mission in Istanbul, 247 MI6, 79, 80, 81, 203, 207 involvement in Hungarian affairs, 218 code-breaking operations of, 80, 81 Zionist rescue efforts and Dogwood, 217 operations in the Middle East, and as ISLD Mach, A., 175 in occupied Europe, 80, 83, 84, 87 MacMichael, Harold, 81–84, 107, 149 relations with OSS X-2, 82, 99

Index 373

MI9, 89, 91, 92, 262 Neumann, Franz, 41, 96, 117, 118, 120, 328, “A Force,” 89, 91, 262–269 329, 330, 331, 332 supporting Zionist commandos, 207 “spearhead theory” of, 41, 96 Middle East, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 26, 57, 60, New England, 116 61, 80, 84, 85–86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, Newfoundland, 32 92, 98, 99, 112, 121, 130, 131, 132, 137, New York, 34, 59, 82, 87, 108, 109, 115, 140, 142, 151, 162, 178, 186, 223, 230, 116, 122, 132, 162, 164, 166, 201, 266, 256, 262, 300 327, 328 British plans for future of, 112, 151 Niedermayer, Ritter von, 30 growing American interest in, 72, 97, 98, Niemoller,¨ Martin, 59 129, 140 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 48 intelligence centers (MEIC-SIME), 57, 83, Nisko, 23, 24, 93 84–85, 89, 211, 222, 223, 230, 244, Nohl, Kriminalrat, 215 246, 251, 253, 254 Normandy, 115, 122, 234, 237, 246, 292 strategic situation therein after defeat of North Africa, xiii, 65, 68, 71, 92, 97, 98, 99, Axis, xiii, 17, 140, 144 100, 111, 117, 119, 121, 129, 194, 242, as war zone 1940–1943, xii–xiii, 20, 41, 253, 291 53, 54, 57, 63 North Dakota, 126 Milne, Tim, 80 Norway, 88, 320 Ministry of Economic Warfare (MEW), Nuremberg Laws, 4 67–70 Nuremberg Trials, xiv, 23, 25, 26, 31, 99, Minz, Matitiahu, 64 118, 229, 316, 323, 325, 326, 327, 331, MO 9, 155 332, 333, 334, 339 Mohammed, 60 preparations of, 327 Moltke, Helmuth James, Count von, 210, role of Dr. Dwork in preparations, 329, 211, 212, 214, 215, 220, 221, 223, 240, 332; see also Dwork, Charles 245, 247, 250, 323 role of Holocaust in, 329 Montreux, 304, 305 role of Kasztner in, 322, 323, 324, 325, Morgenthau Jr., Henry, 33, 34, 119, 151, 327 326 Morocco, 251 role of OSS in preparations, 326, 332, 333 Morrison, Herbert, 56 see also Barneys, Murray; Jackson, Moscow, 64, 68, 109, 200, 235, 306, 336 Robert Moyne, Lord, 109, 112, 113, 138, 229, 230, Nuri Said, 138 241, 253, 254, 301, 303 Nussbecher-Palgi, Joel, 264, 265 assassination of, 112, 186, 298, 299, 300 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 72, 81, 82, Mufti of Jerusalem, see Husseini, el Hajj 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 127, 129, 140, 142, Amin 155, 162, 185, 194, 199, 202, 203, 205, Muhldorf,¨ 319 206, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 227, Muller,¨ Heinrich, 56, 104, 234, 329, 330 235, 236, 238, 247, 254, 263, 322, 328, Mundt, Carl, 126 332 Munich, 15 Bari office, 263 Murphy, James, 96 Bern office, 71, 183, 216, 220, 221 Murray, Wallace, 82 British decrypts of German cables made Mussolini, Benito, 25, 26, 28, 92, 93, 182, available to, 81–82, 185–187, 223–224 183, 212, 215, 216, 335 British influence over, 82, 87, 96–97, 99, Musy, Jean-Marie, 304, 305–306, 307, 310, 140, 142–145 313, 315 Cairo office, 98 Caserta office, 256 Naftali, Timothy, 82, 224 cooperation with Zionists, double agents, Namier, Lewis, 251 160, 206–210, 215–224; see also Neuengamme, 318 Schwarz, Alfred

374 Index

Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (cont.) 255, 257, 259, 261–268, 272, 273, 274, Counter-Espionage Branch (X-2), 81, 82, 275, 277, 281, 282, 287, 289, 298, 299, 96, 99, 182, 206, 208, 209, 217, 218, 300, 301, 302, 306, 324, 330, 334, 337, 219, 222, 236, 237, 238, 247, 254, 257 338, 339 evaluation of by Richter documentation, Allied discussions on future of, 98, 112, 162 128, 129, 134, 141, 144, 147, 148, 208 Istanbul office, 160, 162, 209, 217, 218, American and British intelligence and 236, 247, 254 diplomacy, censorship reports on, “Jewish Desk Officer” of, see Dwork, 80–87, 135–137, 140–146, 147–150, Charles Irving 165 Labor desk, 122 anti-Zionists attitude regarding, 86, 147, London office, 82, 122, 123, 216, 238 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 Madrid office, 238 Arab leadership in and abroad, 17–19, 53, Middle East and Palestine experts of, 85, 85, 111 86, 89, 97–99, 131, 142–145, 147–152 Arab rebellion in 1937–1939, 6, 15, 17 New York Office, 82, 115 Arab riots, 18, 85, 92 North African Campaign, 97–99 Axis propaganda related to, 58, 60–61 origins of, 87 Balfour Declaration on, 20, 107 postwar period, 224, 324, 326, 327 “Biltmore program” regarding, 120, 123, reports on Jews and Zionists, 80–81, 82, 133, 142, 187 84, 91, 140, 146, 148, 150, 151, 152 British intelligence reports on, fed to U.S. Research and Analysis Branch (R&A), 41, Intelligence, 80–87, 130–135, 142–146, 96, 97, 99, 117, 118, 147, 267, 269, 165 305, 307, 328, 331 British “White Paper” of May 1939 on, Secret Intelligence Branch (SI), 82, 95, 98, 17, 20, 56, 112, 186 216, 237, 238, 332 central role in this study of, xiii Special Operations Branch (SO), 95 children’s emigration into during SSU, 224 Holocaust, 171–172 structure, command, modes of operations, debate on partition of, 20, 140 95–97, 115–118, 129, 212, 214–220 FDR’s views of, 118, 119, 123, 127, 132, Washington office, 209, 212, 216, 217, 133, 140 238, 257 fear of renewed Arab rebellion in by Allies, WRB and, 199 15, 85–86 Office of War Information (OWI), 67, 91, forced emigration by Nazis to, 50; 265, 272 forbidden by Nazis, 51, 58 OKW, see Wehrmacht Hitler’s views of Jewish emigration to, 4, OKW/Chifrierabteilung (OKW/Chi), see 5, 6, 26, 27, 201, 250 Wehrmacht illegal immigration to, 50, 51, 52, 53, 94 Ollenhauer, Erich, 122 immigration restrictions to, 6, 14, 15, 20, Orwell, George, 15 50, 112 Osmun, Russell A., 90, 130 mandate given to Britain on, 19 Oster, Hans, 179 military situation of, 15, 63, 65, 85 OSS, see Office of Strategic Services partition of, Peel Commission and debate Oswego, 132 among Zionists, 20, 111–112, 140 as rear base of Allied operations, 83, 85, 90 Palestine, 26, 40, 54, 57, 72, 75, 76, 88, 89, terrorist campaigns against British in, see 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105, Yishuv 106, 108, 109, 110, 113, 117, 118, 121, transfer of Arabs from, 4, 142, 143 122, 123, 135–139, 149, 154, 155, 159, “White Paper” regarding continued role 160, 161, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 180, until end of WWII, 20–21, 85–86, 107 185–196, 201, 207, 218, 223, 229, 230, see also Yishuv 231, 232, 242, 243, 245, 251, 252, 253, Paris, 293

Index 375

Pas de Calais, 292 Pressburg, see Bratislava Passen, van, Pierre, 99 “Project M,” 116, 117, 118, 130 Pauley, Ed, 333 Protectorate, 23, 26, 179, 204, 215 Pearl Harbor, 33, 34, 63, 77, 109, 129, 337 Qeillani, el Rashid Ali, 93 Peel Commission, 20, 140, 142 Quilliam, C. D., 85, 142, 143, 144, 340 Pehle, John, 288 Quinn, 224 Penrose, Stephen B. L., 98, 117, 142, 143, 263 Rabat, 251 Petain, Philippe, 307 Rademacher, Franz, 26 Peterson, Morris, 106 Radom, 312 Pfaff, Major, 206, 217, 218, 236 Rahn, Rudolf, 183 Philby, Kim, 80 Raim, Edith, 319 Philippines, 146 Randall, Alec W. G., 252, 253 Pinkerton, Lowell C., 61, 151, 257, 263 Rapallo Conference, 31 anti-Zionism of, 149, 150 Rathenau, Walther, 31, 121 Pius XII, pope, 64, 182, 183, 197, 274 Rauschning, Hermann, 8 Ploesti, 30 Rayburn, Sam, 132, 133 Pohl, Oswald, 154 Raziel, David, 92, 93, 94, 185 Poland, 9, 11, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 58, 64, Reading, Lord, 291 90, 93, 104, 115, 125, 133, 154, 155, Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), 22, 47, 161, 164, 165, 168, 178, 186, 188, 193, 56, 163, 164, 182, 183, 223, 282, 319, 211, 233, 293, 294, 295, 312, 317, 331 326, 331; see also Gestapo deportations of Jews into, 23, 24, 26, 45, Rescue Committee in Bratislava, 174, 188 171, 175, 179, 181 Rescue Committee in Budapest, 173, 188, early Nazi anti-Jewish measures in, 22 189, 191, 194, 196, 240, 242, 255, 260, government and army in exile of, 299; see 261, 274, 275, 281, 284, 285 also Anders, Wladislaw Rescue Committee in Istanbul, 188, 189, phases of the “Final Solution” in, 22, 36, 194, 258, 275 39, 46, 47, 102, 109, 295 Reservat, of Jews in Poland, 24, 27 rescue activities in and from, 189, 190, Resnik, Reuben B., 248, 249 193, 194, 195, 243 Reynoud, Paul, 307 Zionist activities in, 191, 193, 207 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 71, 125, 165, 183, Political Intelligence, Middle East (PICME), 219, 269, 309, 315 83, 142, 145 Richter, Gustav, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, origins, 83, 85 167, 216, 339 Polkes, Feibl, 57 Riegner, Gerhard, 31, 66, 128, 163 Pomeranz-Hadari, Venia, 161, 163, 166, 167, Ritter, Ambassador, 269 168, 169, 171, 173, 178, 179, 192, 227, Rivlin, Gershon, 192 232, 264 Robinson, Jacob, 328, 329, 333 Poole, DeWitt C., 99, 116, 117, 140 Rome, 48, 81, 109, 126, 181, 182, 183, 211, Popescu, Erik (alias Erich Wehner), 191, 193, 212, 336 206 Rommel, Erwin, 65, 90, 216 Popper, Karl, 202 Roncalli, Angelo Guiseppe, 266 Porat, Dina, 100, 159, 166, 169, 178, 290 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 10, 11, 12, 15, 25, Portland, Duke of, 57 28, 33, 34, 63, 72, 87, 97, 98, 108, 111, Portugal, 80, 181, 235, 241, 258, 259, 269, 123, 125, 129, 132, 133, 141, 145, 149, 281, 282, 287 150, 151, 152, 182, 198, 199, 200, 210, Posen, 181 211, 233, 237, 238, 262, 269, 272, 274, Posner, Chaim, 162, 243, 304, 324 285, 287, 297, 309, 320, 336, 338 Potsdam, 29 aid to the British in 1940–1941, 33 Prague, 58, 80, 203, 204, 211, 224, 237, 239 Arab pressure on, 133, 152

376 Index

Roosevelt, Franklin D. (cont.) OSS operations in, 162, 217 attitude toward the Holocaust, 119, 120, rescue efforts from and through, 180, 194, 125 200, 201, 257, 268, 272, 275, 284, 301, China, Japan and, 63 314 creates the WRB in January 1944, 113, rescue from Hungary into, 257, 284 119, 127 Soviet occupation of, 314 and Felix Frankfurter, 33–34, 151–152 stop of Holocaust in, 201 OWI’s reservations regarding rescue Transnistria, Zionist rescue efforts from, declarations of, 272–273 and from Rumania proper, 155, 161, “project M” initiative considered, 116, 180; British attitude toward, 62 117, 118, 119 Zionist operations in, 50, 51, 193, policy toward Jewish refugees in the 263 1930s, 10, 118, 119 Rumbold, Horace, 16 and “Putzi” Hanfstaengel, 125 Russell, Bertrand, 202 relations with American Zionists, 117, Russia see Soviet Union 128, 129, 131, 133, 151, 152 relations with the Congress regarding “Safehaven Operation,” 69, 305–306 Zionists, 119 St. Albans, 81 as target of “Jew’s War” allegations, Salzburg, 324 119–120, 238, 272 Samuel, Herbert, 89 “unconditional surrender” declared by, 68, San, river, 23 72 Sanbar, Moshe, 287 views of Jews, 10, 117, 121, 122 Sass, S., 121 views of the Palestine Question, 53, 118, Saud, King, 98 126, 128, 130, 132, 140, 145 Saudi Arabia, 98 warnings issued by to Hungarians to stop Schacht, Hjalmar, 14 deportations, 274 Schellenberg, Walter, 165, 199, 223, 224, war priorities, 68; and aims, 34, 140 234, 235, 245, 288, 306, 307, 310, 313, Roosevelt, James, 104 315, 317, 318, 320 Rosenberg, Alfred, 38, 125, 328 and Brand Grosz Missions, 222, 234, 235, Rosenman, Samuel, 33, 34, 98, 108, 133, 145 305 Rothermere, Lord, 12 efforts to split the Allies, 240, 306–307 Rotstein, Moshe, 93, 94 role during ﬁnal phase of Third Reich, Rubin, Barry, 202 244, 305, 306, 319, 320 Rumania, xii, 30, 40, 59, 95, 99, 102, 105, Schlesinger, Arthur M., 11 110, 126, 155, 160–164, 166, 167, 168, Schmidt, Dr., 207, 222, 224, 243 183, 188, 192, 204, 207, 208, 263, 313, Schmidthuber, General, 316 314, 337 Schocken, Gustav-Gershom, 136 break with Nazi Germany of, 201, 284 Scholz, Rudi, 104, 191, 206, 208, 209 British reaction to offer to release Jews by, Schopenhauer, Arthur, 48 62 Schorske, Carl, 328 German Legation’s archive (Richter’s Schramm, Percy Ernst, 340 documentation) captured intact in, Schulte, Eduard, 66 162–164 “Schulte Report,” 31 Germans in as hostages, 313–314 Schwalb (Dror), Nathan, 161, 162, 164, Holocaust and deportations to 165, 166, 169, 173, 177, 180, 194, Transnistria, 168, 200, 201, 205 195, 227, 228, 243, 246, 289, 318, impact on Nazi Germany of withdrawal 321 from Axis, 270, 284, 286 contacts in occupied Europe, 162, 164 Nazi intention to destroy remaining Jews messages intercepted by Gestapo, 164, in, 205 165

Index 377

postwar arguments pertaining to rescue, Security Intelligence Middle East (SIME), 171 British, 57, 83–84, 89, 209n–254, 340 role as Zionist representative in Geneva, Selborn, Lord, 88 161 Sereni, Enzo, 263 Schwarz, Alfred (alias Dogwood), 160, 202, Shackburgh, John, 86 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, Shaw, George B., 15 211, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, Sheib-Eldad, Israel, 94, 186 223, 224, 235, 236, 240, 245, 246, 247, Shepardson, Whitney, 149, 238 248, 249, 250, 254, 323 Sherman, William T., 120 Austrian connections and demise of Shertok (Sharett), Moshe, 19, 63, 91, 130, network, 23, 212, 217, 247 138, 139, 159, 160, 187, 208, 230, 232, background of, 202, 203, 205, 209 234, 251, 262, 266, 268, 302 demise of network and dismissal, 236, attitudes toward Palestinian Arabs, 42, 247 142, 143, 144 early contacts with Teddy Kollek, 206, beginning of rescue action in Istanbul, 207, 208, 209, 211 159, 207 early stages of Dogwood network, drawing of Palestine’s frontiers, 144 202–213 Gestapo knowledge of visit to Istanbul, Hungarian plans of, 215, 216, 217, 218, 164, 216 221 Kasztner’s Trial used to discredit behavior inquiries into credibility of, 217, 236 of during the Holocaust, 231 Moltke’s plan and, 210, 211, 215, 220, role regarding Brand-Grosz missions, 251, 240, 245, 250 252, 253, 254 political action in favor of Zionists, 207, used by Allied Intelligence to discredit 208 Zionist schemes in U.S., 130 postwar allegations on shortening the war Shind, Ze’ev, 161, 192, 206 and rescue of Jews, 247 Siberia, 30, 31 relations with Laufer and his betrayal, Sicily, 65, 291 204, 205, 206, 214, 234 Sidon, 143 relations with other double agents, 206, Siebert, Detlef, 335 222, 243 Silberschein, Abraham, 163, 164, 166 X-2’s transformation of into enemy agent, Silesia, Upper, 23, 178 232, 236, 257 Silver, Abba Hillel, 133, 150, 152, 300 Schwartz, Josef, 246, 255, 256, 258, 259, Simon, Ernst, 136 260, 261, 266, 314, 315 SIME (Security Intelligence, Middle East), Schweiger, Moshe, 264, 304, 324 57, 83–84 SD, 22, 45, 56, 79, 96, 162, 165, 175, 176, (see also Brand, Joel; Gyorgy, Andor) 177, 182, 234, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244, Simonds, Tony, 91, 262 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 254, 255, 284, “Sledghammer” operation, 65 296, 305 Slovakia, xii, 27, 40, 110, 161, 162, 169, Allied decrypts of messages sent by, 81 170, 171, 172–179, 189, 190, 192, 200, home intelligence operations, 7, 203 201, 206, 207, 221, 232, 271, 275, 295, operations in Hungary, 206, 215, 216, 297, 310, 312 219, 234, 239, 244, 246 halt of Holocaust in postwar literature, origins and general activities 177, 179 rivalry with Abwehr, 182, 222, 223, 224, perception of wrong reasons for halt of 234 Holocaust by rescue workers, 174, 175, role in Slovak Holocaust, report on, 176, 177, 179 175–177 reasons of halt of Holocaust in, 167, Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), British, 80, 172–179 82, 85–86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95 resumption of Holocaust in, 177

378 Index

Smart, Bill, 84 SS, 22, 23, 26, 31, 35, 45, 56, 81, 96, 118, Smith, Bradley F., 87, 125 154, 169, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 181, Sne, Moshe, 300 182, 221, 235, 237, 243, 244, 246, 250, Snyder, Major, 149 274, 275, 276, 277, 282, 284, 291, 309, SOE (Special Operation Executive), 87–89, 310, 312, 313, 316, 318, 319, 321, 327, 91–92, 94, 105, 262 330, 332 Sofia, 81, 163, 166, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223, competition and cooperation with other 235 Nazi agencies regarding Jews, 47, 56, 81 Somalia, 28 control of Weiss family industrial concern South Africa, 59, 291 by, 228 Soviet Union, 4, 6, 8, 9, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, decrypts of cables traffic of by British, 81, 33, 34, 45, 54, 64, 66, 81, 88, 116, 129, 182–184 130, 134, 146, 153, 168, 214, 221, 255, deportations, killing centers, role of, 46 299, 317, 330 Economy and Administration Main Office American interest in spurring to fight of (WVHA), especially in battle for Japan, 307 Budapest, 183, 245, 264, 295, 309, 314, anti-Zionist measures during annexation 316 of Baltic States, 29 “functionalist” school of Holocaust battle for Hungary, 293, 295 Studies, 44 beginning of the “Final Solution” in, 36, “moderates” as against “radicals” in, 154 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 296 Muslim troops recruited by, 53 cooperation with Nazi Germany in perception of Palestine as Jewish 1939–1941, 25, 30, 215 self-containing force, 250–251 and postwar future of Jews in Soviet zone use of Hungarian and other European Jews of influence, 64 for work, as hostages by, 274–275, 310 refusal to give Jewish Holocaust its due Waffen SS, 245, 264, 295, 314, 316 significance, 64 see also Eichmann, Adolf; Gestapo; takeover of Rumania, 314 Heydrich, Reinhard; Himmler, Heinrich; unnatural alliance of with Western Kaltenbrunner, Ernst; RSHA; SD powers, 245 Stalin, Joseph, 30, 34, 37, 58, 129, 237, 246, Spain, 181, 209, 241, 255, 256, 258, 259, 306, 307, 314 266, 267, 269, 273, 281, 282, 307 criticism of “Operation Sunrise,” 306 “Sparrow” Mission to Hungary, 122, 123, Hitler’s perceptions of, 8, 25, 29, 30, 215 212, 215, 216, 218, 220, 221, 236 interest in collaboration with Nazi Special Operations Executive (SOE), 91, 94, Germany, 31, 34, 64 95, 105, 262 view of early stages of World War II, 34 origins of, 88 Stalingrad, 12, 168, 173, 178 spying on Zionists, 89, 91 Stanley, Oliver, 112 Zionist hopes for cooperation with, 89 Stauffenberg, Claus von, 250 Speer, Albert, 47, 49, 66, 153, 154, 178, 294, Steinhardt, Laurence, 200, 246, 248, 254, 295, 297 287 interview of, 153, 154, 290, 291 Stember, Charles, 10 Speiser, Efraim Avigdor, 99 Stephenson, William, 87, 122 Springmann, Samu, 163, 188, 190, 191, 193, Stern, Avraham, 84, 92, 93, 94, 107, 111, 194, 196, 205, 206, 209, 211, 230, 251, 112, 138, 185, 186, 187, 300, 323 322 and Jabotinsky, 51, 76 arrest and interrogation by SIME, 223 killed by the British in 1942, as described background and early rescue work in by the Jewish Agency to OSS, 94 Budapest, 190 view of the British as the main enemy, 92, departure for Palestine in 1944, 196 93 role in Budapest Rescue Committee, Stern Group, 52, 92, 93, 186, 187, 229, 298, 164 299, 301, 302, 339

Index 379

assassination of Lord Moyne, 186, 229, Sykes, Christopher, 57 253, 298, 300, 301 Sykes, Mark, 57, 84, 103, 104, 105 British campaign against, 186 Syria, 19, 50, 80, 94, 97, 105, 112, 144, 207, feelers to collaborate with the Axis, 51, 93, 228, 229, 230, 234, 299 94 Szatmar, Rabbi of, 286 “Small Season” against, 186, 187 Szenes, Hannah, 89, 228, 262, 263, 265 terrorist campaign against the British, 52, Szombatelyi, Ferenc, 217 186, 187, 298 Sternbuch brothers, 275, 276, 304, 305, 306 Tabenkin, Yitzhak, 19, 52, 138 Stettinius, Edward R., 58, 82, 145, 197, 198 Tamir, Shmuel, 302, 323 Stimson, Henry L., 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, role in Kasztner’s trial and assassination, 152, 327 229, 230, 231, 264, 323, 325, 334 Stockholm, 288 Tannenbaum, David, 163 Storey, Robert G., 328 Taranto, 28 Strachan, Lieutenant, 230 Taylor, Myron, 132, 133, 328 Strachey, Oliver, 336 Teague, John, 83, 105 Strasshof, 276 Tedder, Arthur, 291, 292 Streicher, Julius, 331 Teheran, 152 Strong, George, 72, 98, 145, 302, 337 Teitelbaum, Joel, 261, 286 “Struma,” 94, 95, 298–301, 334 Tel Aviv, 92, 93, 186, 287, 339 Stryj, 194 Tene, David, 164 Styer, General, 141 Texas, 141 Sudan, 85 Thadden, Eberhard von, 25 “Sunrise,” negotiations, 307 Theresienstadt, 155, 171, 200, 294, 295, 305, Sweden, 96, 197, 209, 241, 252, 264, 269, 306, 313, 318 273, 307, 315 TICOM (Target Intelligence Committee), Switzerland, 31, 69, 104, 162, 190, 197, 209, 336–337 228, 242, 251, 252, 254, 259, 264, 268, Tilsit, 211 269, 275, 286, 287, 288, 289, 304, 305, Tindal, R. G., 210, 211, 214 306, 307, 308, 312, 314, 315, 318, 320, Tiso, Josef, 175, 177 324, 329 Tito, Jozef Broz, 160 as base for Allied intelligence operations, “Torch,” Operation, 68, 71, 100 209, 254 Totter, Grete, 215 as base of rescue activities, 161–162, 166, Toulmin, John, 98, 99, 218 288–289, 305; see also Becher; Kasztner; Toynbee, Arnold, 86 Musy; WRB Transjordan, 81–84, 112, 147, 300 as base for WRB’s rescue operations, 265, Transnistria, 40, 71, 168, 180, 200, 201 266, 271, 277, 306, 309 Transylvania, 188, 286, 313, 314, 325 as base for Zionist rescue operations, 159, Travniki, 47 163, 165, 166, 183, 188, 195, 288, 289 Treblinka, 154, 330, 331 as German economic asset and related Tripoli, 251 Allied countermeasures, 315 Truman, Harry, 11, 333 intervention by on behalf of foreign Jews, Tuka, Vojtech, 175, 176, 177 and OKW/Chi decrypts related to, 201 Tunisia, 65, 183, 215 role of diplomats in Budapest, 230 Turkey, 95, 105, 106, 138, 146, 155, 164, as source of reports on the Holocaust, 126, 167, 192, 202, 203, 204, 217, 222, 164, 202 223, 246, 248, 249, 251, 254, 266, 287, suspected as asylum for leading Nazis, 307 288 Swiss subjects serving the Gestapo, as base for Allied intelligence operations, 167–168, 251 192, 206, 215 as target of Allied economic warfare as base for rescue operations by Zionists, operations, 288, 289 105, 155, 159, 194, 208, 266, 287

380 Index

Turkey (cont.) preparations for War Crimes Trials, as base for WRB’s rescue efforts, 200, 211, 323–327; see also Barneys, Murray; 248, 251, 273 Jackson, Robert as haven and rejection of Jewish refugees, refugee policy 10, 11, 75, 115, 121, 123, 200, 207, 301 126, 128, 129, 146, 147, 148, 242, 243, neutrality status during World War II, 159, 269, 273; before Pearl Harbor, 58–59; 241, 249, 265 after Pearl Harbor, 126–130, 132 Tyre, 143 relations with the British pertaining to Tyrol, 319, 321 Jews, Zionists, 61–62, 71, 86–87, 129–135, 140–146, 207–209, 253–254; Uberall-Avriel,¨ Ehud, 192, 217, 218, 229, see also Palestine; Yishuv 257 relations with the Soviet Union, 64, 200, Ukraine, 32 306–307 United States, 9, 11, 12, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, rescue efforts initiated by American Jews, 40, 61, 62, 67–70, 75, 81, 99, 104, 106, Zionists, in, 58–59, 123, 125–129, 108, 109, 110, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 197–199, 212; see also Palestine; Yishuv 121, 122, 123, 125–129, 136, 145, 146, views of Palestine Question in, 58, 87, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 160, 166, 169, 123–124, 130–135, 140–146, 147–152 179, 197, 200, 207, 208, 251, 255, 267, views of U.S. Army of Jews, Zionists, 72, 268, 269, 287, 288, 299, 300, 304, 307, 90, 130–132, 140–146, 152, 186–187, 337 254–257 aid to British in 1940–1941, 33 war aims of general public, 67, 109, 115, anti-Semitism in, 10, 57–58, 126, 132 129, 146, 150 anti-Semitism in Army, 140 war priorities of administration and, Army-CIC, 72, 79–80, 82, 86, 95–99, 113–116, 141, 145 198–206, 219, 254, 256, 302, 324 see also Roosevelt, Franklin D; WRB Army G-2, 60, 72, 82, 84, 85–86, 90, 94, U.S.S.R., see Soviet Union 99, 130, 131, 145, 178, 216, 219, 257, 302 Va’ada, see Rescue Committee in Budapest bombing strategy of, 65, 233, 293, 295, Vanamann, General, 320 296 Vatican, 132, 177, 181, 183, 305 Department of State, 56–58, 151, 197, 198, Veesenmayer, Edmund, 269, 284, 285, 287, 199, 200, 201, 277, 308–310, 312–318 309, 315, 325, 326 economic warfare of, “Safehaven” project, Versailles Treaty, 11, 16, 214 69–71 Vichy, 40, 50, 60, 71, 97 intelligence agencies of, see Army G-2; Vienna, 175, 224, 249, 276, 309, 311, 313, Navy, ONI OSS 316, 334 forces in the Middle East (USAFIME), 60, Abwehr activities in, 206, 207 72 deportations of Jews from, 23, 38 government system and limits imposed on forced emigration of Jews from, 6, 317 executive branch, 119 Jewish survivors in, 238; see also Strasshof impact of Nazi propaganda pertaining to Viniarsky-Meridor, Ya’akov, 187 Jews, Palestine, on, 60–61, 67, 72, Vinogradov, Sergei, 200 19–121, 238 Vrba, Rudolf, 229 Japan and, 63, 307 Vught, 281 Joint Intelligence Collection Agency of Army in the Middle East, 84 Wagner, Colonel (alias Dr. Delius), 219, 223, mobilization to war, 59, 63 235 Navy, ONI, 86 Wagner, Horst, 25, 217 North African Campaign, 65, 71 Wagner, Senator, 145 Ofﬁce of War Information (OWI) and the Wagner–Taft Resolution, 141 Holocaust, 67–70 Waldsee, 266

Index 381

Wallenberg, Raoul, 230, 273, 277, 315, 316 Wilson, Henry Maitland “Jumbo,” 85 War Refugee Board, see W.R.B Wilson, Woodrow, 68, 72, 87, 119, 125–129, Warsaw, 42, 161, 312 140, 214 ghetto uprising, 49, 154, 155, 253 Wingate, Orde Charles, 19, 84, 97 Polish uprising, 293 Winkelmann, Otto, 284 Washington, 62, 66, 105, 109, 115, 142, 144, Winninger, Joseph (alias Begonia), 191, 193, 145, 149, 200, 211, 218, 267, 272, 287, 206, 207, 221, 222, 241, 243, 251 315, 316, 331, 333, 336 Wintebotham, Frederick, 83, 262 as base for intelligence activities, 98, 212, Wise, Stephen, 99, 128, 150, 164 216, 217, 219, 221, 237, 238 Wisliceny, Dieter (alias Willy, alias Sztadlan), British reports from, 62 175, 176, 181, 207, 209, 228, 232, 242, Wasserstein, Bernard, 61, 68, 69 271, 283, 310 Wavell, Archibald, 85 postwar testimonies, 172, 326 Wehner, Erich, 191 role in Greece, 179 Wehrmacht, 312–318 role in Hungary, 228, 232, 241, 242, 243 in Hungary, 242, 247, 284 role in last phase of World War II, 315, 318 involvement in “Final Solution,” 245 role in Slovakia and “Europa Plan,” 163, OKW, 284 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179 OKW-Chifrierabteilung (code breaking Wisner, Frank G., 162, 247 operation), 164, 199, 200, 201, 265, Wolfson, Commander, 91, 106, 207, 262 266, 267, 287, 313 Woods, Sam E., 70 in Soviet territories, 78 WRB (War Refugee Board), 64, 114, 119, Weimar, 320 128, 197–198, 211, 212, 230, 242, 248, Weinberg, Gerhard, L., 68 249, 251, 253, 265, 286, 288, 308, 312, Weiss, industrial complex, 228, 235, 237, 314, 329 244, 282 constrains by State and War Departments’ Allied mix-up with Brand-Grosz Missions, control, 199, 308 237 decrypts of rescue messages of by “Weiss family deal,” 237, 238, 282 OKW/Chi, 200, 201, 202, 265 Weissmandel, Michael Dov Ber, 172, 173, further rescue efforts in Hungary of, 289, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180, 232, 233, 297, 305 311 negotiations with Becher of, 308–321 Weizmann, Chaim, 19, 20, 62, 63, 98, 99, origins of, 127, 128, 196, 197, 198 109, 117, 132, 138, 142, 145, 164, 251, possible German response to creation of, 302 199–212, 246 and Arabs of Palestine, 108, 142 reports on Jews in last stages of World and Ben-Gurion, 62, 63 War II, 312 and “Biltmore Program,” 108 rescue operations in Hungary in and Churchill, 90 cooperation with Kasztner, 265, 288, Weltch, Robert, 136 308, 309 Wells, H. G., 15 Wright, Edwin M., 90, 130, 131 Wenck, Alexandra, 313 Wyman, David, 71, 128, 199 West, Nigel, 87 Westerbork, 281 Yaari, Meir, 19, 194 West Indies, 32 Yezenitski-Shamir, Yitzhak, 94, 186 “White Paper” on Palestine, 17, 20, 51, 52, Yishuv, xiii, 20, 71, 90, 91, 95, 100, 104, 53, 85, 86, 95, 112, 149, 151, 167, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 126–132, 172–179, 186, 272, 300, 301, 302 133, 135, 137, 165, 169, 170, 195, 207, Whittal, Arthur, 207 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 262, 264, 265, Wiese, Colonel, 234 290, 298, 301, 303, 339 Wildt, Michael, 57 British and American description as a Wilkie, Wendell, 97, 111, 113, 121 Nazi-like community, 107, 113, 135

382 Index

Yishuv (cont.) reaction to white paper, 51, 52 British censorship intercepts reflecting reflected in Allied and German records, opinions during the Holocaust 106n, 159–168, 178–179, 201, 217–218, 120–121, 135–136, 151, 165n 237–238, 254, 256–257; and in Zionist British measures against illegal weapons records, 161–162, 169, 189–196, 228, 90–91 242–243, 255, 257–260 creation of WRB and hopes of leaders, “Rescue Committee” and its limitations, 196; and OKW/Chi decrypts, 201 193, 195, 196 domestic rivalry between Labor and and “Rescue Debate,” 75, 174, 297, right-wing Zionists, Labor’s legacies and 322–323 internal cleavages, 20, 51–52, 75–78, rescue efforts, 100, 105, 154, 155 111, 155, 185–187, 221, 229, 298–303 rescue mission in Istanbul, 159, 161 elections to main political bodies in 1944, response to Arab Rebellion of 1937–1939, 139, 298 19 German-Jewish criticism of leadership of, “Small” and “Great Season” by leadership 135–137 of, 186, 187, 229, 298, 301 impact of the Holocaust, 52, 53, 102, 103, structure and self-government, 19, 20, 135, 107, 108, 154, 155 136, 159 intelligence cooperation with Allies, terror campaigns against the British, 52, difficulties and failures, 89–90, 105, 93–94, 185–187, 298–301 155, 160, 192, 206–210, 215–223, under British intelligence surveillance, 134, 232–233, 257, 236, 262–263, 288–289 135 Jewish Agency and illegal emigration Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and, 154 following British “White Paper,” 50; Zionist ethos of, “spirit of the time,” 75, suspicions of British concerning, 56–58, 76 334 Zionist-Nazi common denominator “Jewish Brigade Group” recruited from, suspected by Allies, 56–58, 87, 237–238, 53 256–257; see also “Gestapo deal,” also leadership considers bombing of Schwarz, Alfred Auschwitz, 233 see also Great Britain; Palestine missions in Istanbul, Geneva, and rescue Yitzhaki, Menachem, 92 from Poland, Rumania, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, 89, 160, 189, 228, 263, 265 Hungary, 159, 162–163, 167–168, 215, 217–218, 227–229, 232, 275 Zaslani-Shiloah, Reuven, 89, 91, 95, 115, mobilization to British Army, 21, 264, 257, 263, 288 265 Zisu, A. L., 163 ransoming of European Jews by rescue Zuckerman, Solly, 291, 292, 293, 294, 297 workers of, Allied views of, 71, Zurich, 70, 202 170–171, 178–180, 215–216, 227–228, Zweig, Arnold, 136, 137 237–238, 257–261 Zweig, Ron, 86, 107