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Modernity and Traditional Religious Affirmation: an Empirical Study of Berger's Heretical Imperative

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Modernity and Traditional Religious Affirmation: an Empirical Study of Berger's Heretical Imperative Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1984 Modernity and Traditional Religious Affirmation: An Empirical Study of Berger's Heretical Imperative Gertrud Y. Kim Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Kim, Gertrud Y., "Modernity and Traditional Religious Affirmation: An Empirical Study of Berger's Heretical Imperative" (1984). Dissertations. 2385. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2385 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1984 Gertrud Y. Kim MODERNITY AND TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS AFFIRMATION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF BERGER'S HERETICAL IMPERATIVE by SISTER GERTRUD Y. KIM, O.S.B. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July 1984 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are too many individuals and groups whose assistance has been indispensable for my stay and study in the United States of Amer­ ica. However, I am especially grateful to my advisor and dissertation director, Dr. Robert J. McNamara. His consistent encouragement, avail­ ability, and confidence spurred me on to completion. I am also grateful to the other members of the dissertation committee, Dr. Thomas M. Gan­ non, Dr. Kenneth Johnson, and Dr. Kathleen McCourt for their counsel and assistance. Rev. Thomas M. Gannon, S.J., supported me throughout my years at Loyola and has become an enduring inspiration both intellectually and personally. Missionary Sisters of St. Columban in Chicago and Mission­ ary Sisters of the Holy Spirit in Techny, Illinois, provided me a true home for years. Finally, Sisters of my own community, Missionary Bened­ ictine Sisters, both in Norfolk, Nebraska and in Daegu, Korea, have always supported me. Indeed, it has been my privilege to have all these people play a part in my life and in this project. I am sincerely grateful to all and pray that their reward be indeed great in every possible way. ii VITA The author, Gertrud Y. Kim, is the daughter of Kwan Joan and Tae Joe (Park) Kim. She was born on July 17, 1939, in Daegu, Korea. Her elementary education was obtained in public schools of Daegu, and secondary education at Kyeung Book Girls' High School, Daegu, where she graduated in 1958. In 1960 she entered Kusan Social Service Acad­ emy, Seoul, where she graduated in 1962, and in 1964 she entered Jungji Cathecatical Institute, Seoul, Korea, where she graduated in 1966. In January, 1969, she entered Creighton University, and in August, 1972, received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, summa cum laude with a major in sociology. In September, 1972, she entered Loyola University of Chicago with a university scholarship. While at Loyola, she received research assis­ tantships, and in 1976 she was awared the Master of Arts in Sociology. She taught sociology at the University where she received the Arthur J. Schmidt Doctoral Fellowship and worked for the Study of Religious Values supported by a Mellon-Loyola University grant. She is a member of the American Sociological Association, Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, and Association of Sociology of Religion. Her work "Roman Catholic church since the Second Vatican Council" was published in Denominational Organizations edited by Dr. Ross P. Scherer in 1980. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii VITA .. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES . vii CONTENTS OF APPENDICES x Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6 Introduction 6 Formative European Period 10 Introduction 10 Auguste Comte 11 Emile Durkheim 13 Max Weber 18 Summary . 22 Contemporary American Period 23 Introduction 23 Talcott Parsons 24 Robert Bellah 30 Milton J. Yinger. 35 Robert Wuthnow 39 Conclusion 47 III. THE HERETICAL IMPERATIVES 49 Introduction 49 Modern Pluralism 53 Religion and Modern Pluralism 55 Traditional Religious Affirmation 58 The Deductive Option 60 The Reductive Option 63 The Inductive Option 67 iv IV. THE BERGER INDEX 70 Introduction 70 Sampling Procedure 71 Operationalization 75 V. INDEX CONSTRUCTION 85 Introduction . 85 Berger's Three Options 89 Religious Indexes 91 Traditional Doctrinal Beliefs. 92 Traditional Evaluative Beliefs 97 Religious Images . 104 Ritual Practices . 110 Religious Community 113 Consequencies of Religion 116 Summary and Discussion 131 VI. INDEX EVALUATION 135 Introduction 135 Reliability 135 Validity 137 Summary 141 VII. CONFIRMATION OF BERGER INDEXES 147 Introduction . 147 Relative Prevalence of the Three Options 149 Unitary Prevalence 151 Combinational Prevalence 155 Relative Degree of Religious Affirmation 161 Summary 178 VIII. AN EXCURSUS: SOCIETY AND RELIGIOUS TRADITION 181 Introduction . 181 Four Patterns of Item Distribution 185 Decision Rules of the Inductives 200 Romantic Love . 201 Life and Quality of Life 207 Positive Thinking 212 Summary 217 v IX. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 221 REFERENCES 232 APPENDIX A 250 APPENDIX B 288 APPENDIX C 302 APPENDIX D 330 APPENDIX E 335 APPENDIX F 340 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Sampling and Response Rates 72 2. Comparative Statistics of the Sample 74 3. Frequency Distribution of the Three Options 90 4. Doctrinal Beliefs 94 5. Evaluative Beliefs 99 6. Sexual Morality 103 7. Images of God 106 8. Images of Jesus 109 9. Religious Practices 112 10. Closeness to God, the Church, and the Parish 114 11. Advantages of Attending Loyola 118 12. Occupational Ideals 121 13. The Goals of Jesuit Higher Education 124 14. Societal Obligations ... 126 15. Criteria of Moral Judgments 129 16. Reliability Statistics of Indexes 138 17. Index-item Correlations for Religious Indexes 142 18. Index-item Correlations for Consequences of Religion 144 19. Index-item Correlations for Berger Indexes 146 20. Analysis of Variance of Berger Indexes 153 21. Combined Number of the Three Options 157 22. Predominant Options of Combinational Choices 159 23. Possible Combinations of the Three Options 160 vii 24. Predominant Combinations of the Three Options 162 25. External Associations of the Berger Indexes 171 26. Regression Analyses 175 27. Mean Values by Berger Types 177 28. Four Main Patterns of Item Distriubtions 184 29. Items of the First Pattern by Berger Types 188 30. Items of the Second Pattern by Berger Types 191 31. Items of the Third Pattern by Berger Types . 194 32. Items of the Fourth Pattern by Berger Types 197 33. Romantic Love and Moral Issues 204 34. Quality of Life and Moral Issues 210 35. Positive Thinking and Doctrinal Beliefs 215 36. Comparative Statistics on Social Characteristics 290 37. Comparative Statistics on Doctrinal Beliefs 292 38. Comparative Statistics on Evaluative Beliefs 294 39. Comparative Statistics on Imaginal Beliefs 295 40. Comparative Statistics on Ritual Practices 297 41. Comparative Statistics on Closeness to God and Church 299 42. Comparative Statistics on Social Issues 300 43. Factor Analysis of Deductive Items 304 44. Factor Analysis of Reductive Items 305 45. Factor Analysis of Inductive Items 306 46. Factor Analysis of Doctrinal Beliefs 307 47. Factor Analysis of Evaluative Beliefs 309 48. Factor Analysis of Images of God 313 viii 49. Factor Analysis of Images of Jesus 31S so. Factor Analysis of Religious Practices 317 Sl. Factor Analysis of Advantages of Attending Loyola 318 S2. Factor Analysis of Occupational Ideals 321 S3. Factor Analysis of Goals of Jesuit Higher Education 324 S4. Factor Analysis of Societal Obligation 326 SS. Factor analayis of Criteria of Moral Judgments 329 S6. Regression Analyses 337 S7. Doctrinal Beliefs by Berger Types 342 58. Moral Beliefs by Berger Types 343 S9. Images of God and Jesus by Berger Types 34S 60. Participation in Religious Practices by Berger Types 346 61. Closeness to God, the Church, and the Parish by Berger Types 347 62. Advantages of Attending Loyola by Berger Types 348 63. Goals of Jesuit Higher Education by Berger Types 349 64. Occupational Ideals by Berger Types 3SO 6S. Societal Obliations by Berger Types 3Sl 66. Criteria of Moral Judgments by Berger Types 3S2 ix CONTENTS OF APPENDICES Page APPENDIX A · · · · 250 Questionnaire 251 APPENDIX B . · . 288 Comparative Statisitics 289 APPENDIX C . 302 Statistics on Factor Analysis 303 APPENDIX D . 330 Recodes for Index Construction 331 APPENDIX E . 335 Regression Analysis 336 APPENDIX F . 340 Crosstabulation of Items by Berger Types 341 x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Although no period of history is free from "sociological specula- tion" (Bierstedt, 1978: 3), sociology as a formal discipline was formed in the midst of rapid social change in nineteenth and twentieth century Western Europe. Living amid the ruins of the old social order, early sociologists found their central problem in the crisis of modern soci- ety. Working for the future envisioned beyond the horizon, they studied social change, particularly change toward progress (Tiryakian, 1963: xi). More specifically, deeply immersed in the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment, early sociologists conceptualized social change in terms of social evolution and social progress in terms of modernization (Gus- field, 1975: 3-5; Lyon, 1983). Because religion was the focal institution of many traditional societies, it occupied the center of sociological imagination throughout the formative period of sociology. But consonant with the evolutionary perspective and the spirit of the Enlightenment, early sociologists both assumed and welcomed an eventual disappearance of religion (Bell, 1977: 420; B. Wilson, 1979: 269; Bierstedt, 1978: 4· Stark and Bainbridge, ' 1980: 85-87; Douglas, 1982; Swatos, 1984). Indeed, the view of religion as an anachronistic institution survived to be incorporated into the "'d1 eo 1ogy of progress II among many contemporary sociologists (Glasner, 1 2 1977: 116).
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