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A Statistical Profile of the Differences Between Undergraduate Women in Guam and Japan: Their Status Aspirations and Occupational Ethics

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A Statistical Profile of the Differences Between Undergraduate Women in Guam and Japan: Their Status Aspirations and Occupational Ethics DOCUMENT RESUME ED 442 452 HE 033 051 AUTHOR Inoue, Yukiko TITLE A Statistical Profile of the Differences between Undergraduate Women in Guam and Japan: Their Status Aspirations and Occupational Ethics. SPONS AGENCY Guam Univ., Mangilao. Graduate School and Research Council. PUB DATE 1999-08-00 NOTE 52p.; Paper presented at the Arts and Science Research Conference (March 1999); cover title is "A Statistical Profile of the Difference Between Undergraduate Women in Guam and Japan: Women's Status Aspiration and Occupational Ethics." PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) Tests /Questionnaires (160) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Aspiration; Cultural Influences; Expectation; Family Work Relationship; Females; Feminism; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Japanese; Job Satisfaction; *Life Satisfaction; *Occupational Aspiration; Personal Autonomy; *Quality of Life; Quality of Working Life; Questionnaires; *Self Actualization; *Sociocultural Patterns; Student Characteristics; Student Motivation; Tables (Data); Values; Womens Education; Work Ethic IDENTIFIERS *Guam; *Japan ABSTRACT This study sought to better understand the academic and social aspirations of undergraduate women in Guam and Japan. A survey question examined whether significant differences existed between Guamanian and Japanese undergraduate women in status aspirations and occupational ethics and in their life course selection. The questionnaire's five sections included: academic and social aspirations, gender equality in employment and work ethics, self-evaluation, life-course selection, and demographic information. Respondents included 111 undergraduates at the University of Guam and 131 undergraduates at two universities in Japan. Multiple regression analyses measured the association of status aspirations with the life course selection. The study found the ranking of status aspirations similar in both groups, but found the magnitude significantly different, with Guamanian women overall aspiring much higher than Japanese women. Similarly, in measures for occupational ethics, rankings were similar but magnitudes were significantly different. The correlation of variables on the relationship of life course selection with status aspirations was moderate. For Guamanian women, the contributing factors were getting married and having a child; for Japanese women, having a profitable job and becoming a mentor for the next generation were the contributing factors. The questionnaire is appended. (Contains approximately 45 references.) (CH) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. A Statistical Profile of The Differences Between Undergraduate Women In Guam And Japan Women's Status Aspiration and Occupational Ethics BEST COPY AVAILABLE Yukiko Inoue, PhD Foundations, Educational Research, and HumanServices The College of Education, The University ofGuam August 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Off ice of Educational Research and Improvement PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS CENTER (ERIC) BEEN GRANTED BY 1% This document has beenreproduced as received from the person or organization Ovi. originating it. Minor changes have been made to V1 improve reproduction quality. rO Points of view or opinions stated in this TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES document do not necessarily represent 2 INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) official OERI position or policy. 1 Americans regard education as the means by which the inequalities among individuals are to be erased and by which every desirable end is to be achieved. George S. Counts t A Statistical Profile of the Differences between Undergraduate Women in Guam and Japan: Their Status Aspirations and Occupational Ethics Yukiko Inoue, PhD The College of Education The University of Guam UOG station, Mangilao, Guam 96923 Phone: 671-735-2447 Fax: 671-734-3651 E-mail: [email protected] 1 This study was an expansion of the previous research, which was supported by the Graduate School and Research Council of the University of Guam and presented at the Arts and Science Research Conference in March, 1999. Special thanks to Professor Motomasa Murayama of Tokiwa University and Dr. Kuniko Mochimaru of Josai University for their assistance for the survey questionnaire. And I greatly appreciate the study participants in Guam and Japan for their cooperation in answering the questionnaire and their contribution to the study on women. Table of Contents Introduction 1 A.Selecting Guam and Japan as Sites for Research 1 B.Review of the Literature 3 C.Purpose of the Study 6 Method 7 A.Student Questionnaire 7 B.Participants and Procedure 8 C.Data Analysis 9 Results 9 A.Descriptive Analysis 9 B.Priorities of Status Aspirations 12 C.Priorities of Occupational Ethics 17 D.Occupational Aspiration 19 E.The Life Course Selection 20 F.Statistical Tests 22 G. Defining Undergraduate Women in Guam and Japan 24 Discussion 25 A.Status Aspiration 25 B.Occupational Ethics and the Life Course Selection 27 C.Summary and Directions for the Future Research 28 References 30 Appendices 31 A.Cover Letter for the Survey Questionnaire 34 B.The Survey Questionnaire for the Guamanian Women 35 C.The Survey Questionnaire for the Japanese Women 41 D.Status Aspiration and Occupation Ethics: Chamorro Versus Non-Chamorro Women 43 5 List of Tables 1 Demographic Data for Guamanian and Japanese Women 10 2 Descriptive Statistics for Self-Evaluation 12 3 Descriptive Statistics for Status Aspirations of the Guamanian Women 13 4 Descriptive Statistics for Status Aspirations of the Japanese Women 14 5 Differences in Aspiration Priorities between Guamanian and Japanese Women 15 6 A Comparison of the Guamanian and Japanese Women in Status Aspirations 16 7 Descriptive Statistics for Occupational Ethics of the Guamanian Women 17 8 Descriptive Statistics for Occupational Ethics of the Japanese Women 18 9 A Comparison of Guamanian and Japanese Women in Occupational Ethics 19 10 Percentages of Guamanian and Japanese Women in Occupational Aspirations 20 11 Percentages of Guamanian and Japanese Women in the Life Course Selection 22 12 Guamanian Versus Japanese Women in the Life. Course Selection 22 13 Multiple Regression Results of Aspiration Effects on the Life Course Selection for the Guamanian Women 23 14 Multiple Regression Results of Aspiration Effects on the Life Course Selection for the Japanese Women 23 List of Figure 1 The Life Course Selection for Women 21 6 A Statistical Profile of 1 A Statistical Profile of the Differences between Undergraduate Women in Guam and Japan: Their Status Aspirations and Occupational Ethics Introduction Selecting Guam and Japan as Sites for Research The island of Guam, an unincorporated territory of the United States since 1898, is the southernmost of the Mariana Islands (of which Guam is considered a part) and lies about 1,550 miles south of Japan and more than 3,800 miles southwest of Hawaii. 133,152 people reside in Guam (National Data Book, 1998); the population density is greater than any state in the United States (Souder-Jaffery & Underwood, 1987). Although English (official language) is spoken throughout the island, the indigenous people of Guam still speak their own Chamorro language. As maintained by Nomura (1996), Guam is a frontier border between Asia and America where the peoples, politics, and economics of these countries have met and have mixed and where global immigrations have met domestic migrations. Guam is an island society comprised of diverse ethnic elements which draws its strength from Asian, American, and Europeansources, though the Chamorro people still constitute the largest group and still control the political structure of the government of Guam. Guam is also the hub of the western Pacific and Micronesia's most cosmopolitan destination; at 209 square miles Guam is the largest island in Micronesia. The colonization of the western Pacific over the past four hundred years by Spain, Germany, Japan, and finally the United States brought social, cultural, and linguistical problems (Goetzfridt & Goniwiecha, 1989); and, since the end of World War II the United States obtained political dominion over the Micronesia (especially over Guam). In summary, like the social environment of Guam, the culture of the Chamorro people does represent a unique blend of multicultural influence, both indigenous and foreign (Twaddle, Roberto, & Quintanilla, 1998). University of Guam as a regional learning center. In addition to the indigenous Chamorros and "stateside" Americans, the University of Guam (hereinafter referred toas "UOG") has large student populations of Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans, and Pacific islanders from Truk, 7 A Statistical Profile of 2 Palau, the Marshall Islands, as well as the Federated States of Micronesia (comprised of Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap, and Kosrae). UOG, which is a U.S. university established in 1952, is not only the major institution of higher education in the western Pacific but it also the only four-year post- secondary institution in Micronesia. Thus UOG is a regional learning center and students exchange their ideas in its culturally rich environment. More and more, according to a relatively recent study by Souder (1992), Chamorro women have to prepare themselves for the world, not just to be a homemaker but to face the world as a bread winner and ultimately to take care of their own families. In the Guam history of more than 2,000 years, Chamorro women exercised great influence in all matters related
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