Species Composition and Community Structure of Dung Beetles Attracted to Dung of Gaur and Elephant in the Moist Forests of South Western Ghats Author(S): K.V
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Species Composition and Community Structure of Dung Beetles Attracted to Dung of Gaur and Elephant in the Moist Forests of South Western Ghats Author(s): K.V. Vinod and Thomas K. Sabu Source: Journal of Insect Science, 7(56):1-14. 2007. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.007.5601 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1673/031.007.5601 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. -RXUQDORI,QVHFW6FLHQFH_ZZZLQVHFWVFLHQFHRUJ ,661 Species composition and community structure of dung beetles attracted to dung of gaur and elephant in the moist forests of South Western Ghats K.V. Vinodb and Thomas K. Sabua /LWWHU(QWRPRORJ\5HVHDUFK8QLW3* 5HVHDUFK'HSDUWPHQWRI=RRORJ\6W-RVHSK¶V&ROOHJH 'HYDJLUL&DOLFXW.HUDOD,QGLD Abstract 7KHFRPPXQLW\VWUXFWXUHRIGXQJEHHWOHVDWWUDFWHGWRGXQJRIJDXU Bos gaurus +6PLWK $UWLRGDFW\OD%RYLGDH DQG$VLDQHOHSKDQW Elephas maximus /LQQDHXV 3URERVFLGHD(OHSKDQWLGDH LV UHSRUWHGIURPWKHPRLVWIRUHVWVRI:HVWHUQ*KDWVLQ6RXWK,QGLD7KHGRPLQDQFHRIGZHOOHUVRYHU UROOHUVSUHVHQFHRIPDQ\HQGHPLFVSHFLHVSUHGRPLQDQFHRIUHJLRQDOVSHFLHVDQGKLJKHULQFLGHQFHRI WKHROGZRUOGUROOHU Ochicanthon laetum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eywords: Caccobius gallinus Drepanocerus setosus Liatongus indicus Onthophagus lemniscatus Onthophagus andrewesi Onthophagus madoqua Onthophagus devagiriensis Onthophagus ensifer Onthophagus castetsi Onthophagus elongates Onthophagus vladimiri Onthophagus laevis Onthophagus brutus Ochicanthon laetum Sisyphus neglectes Elephas maximus Bos gaurus Correspondence: DVDEXNWKRPDV#JPDLOFRP EYLQXNY#JPDLOFRP Received: 0D\_ Accepted: 0DUFK_ Published: 1RYHPEHU Copyright: 7KLVLVDQRSHQDFFHVVSDSHU:HXVHWKH&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV$WWULEXWLRQOLFHQVHWKDWSHUPLWVXQUHVWULFWHGXVH SURYLGHGWKDWWKHSDSHULVSURSHUO\DWWULEXWHG ISSN: _9ROXPH1XPEHU Cite this paper as: 9LQRG.96DEX7.6SHFLHVFRPSRVLWLRQDQGFRPPXQLW\VWUXFWXUHRIGXQJEHHWOHVDWWUDFWHGWRGXQJRI JDXUDQGHOHSKDQWLQWKHPRLVWIRUHVWVRI6RXWK:HVWHUQ*KDWVSS Journal of Insect Science DYDLODEOH RQOLQHLQVHFWVFLHQFHRUJ -RXUQDORI,QVHFW6FLHQFH9RO_$UWLFOH -RXUQDORI,QVHFW6FLHQFH_ZZZLQVHFWVFLHQFHRUJ ,661 Introduction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e.g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viz., UROOHUV GXQJ EHHWOHV SUHIHUDEO\ VHOHFW FRDUVH ILEUHG GXQJ WHOHFRSULG QHVWHUV WXQQHOHUV SDUDFRSULG RI QRQUXPLQDQWV ZKLOH RWKHUV SUHIHU WKH PRUH QHVWHUV DQG GZHOOHUV HQGRFRSULG QHVWHUV IOXLG DQG ILQH GXQJ RI UXPLQDQWV RU WKH &DPEHIRUW DQG +DQVNL 5ROOHUV IRUP IRRG RGRULIHURXV GXQJ RI RPQLYRUHV 'DYLV 'DYLV EDOOV IURP D GXQJ SDW ZKLFK DUH UROOHG DZD\ +ROWHU HW DO .UHOO HW DO 'XQJ EXLOG D WXQQHO DQG EXU\ LW IRU XVH LQ IHHGLQJ DQG RI KRZOHU DQG ZRROO\ PRQNH\V Alouatta VSS EUHHGLQJ 7XQQHOHUV FUHDWH XQGHUJURXQG Lagothrix VS DQG HOHSKDQWV LV WKH SUHIHUUHG FKDPEHUV EHQHDWK GXQJ SDW DQG FRQVWUXFW QHVWV UHVRXUFH IRU VHYHUDO GXQJ EHHWOH VSHFLHV +RZGHQ XVLQJ GXQJ IURP WKH SDW ZKHUHDV GZHOOHUV EUHHG DQG <RXQJ 3HFN DQG )RUV\WK +DOIIWHU LQ WKH GXQJ SDW LWVHOI 7KLV IXQFWLRQDO VWUDWLILFDWLRQ DQG (GPRQGV &DPEHIRUW DQG :DOWHU DOORZV GXQJ EHHWOHV WR PLQLPL]H WKH LQWHQVH (VWUDGD DQG &RDWHV(VWUDGD (VWUDGD et FRPSHWLWLRQ IRU OLPLWHG IRRG DQG VSDFH DQG DOVR WR al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igure 1 D 0DSRI,QGLDVKRZLQJWKHORFDWLRQRI:HVWHUQ*KDWV E :HVWHUQ*KDWVDQG F VWXG\VLWHLQ :D\DQDGUHJLRQRI:HVWHUQ*KDWV WKHUH H[LVW QR UHFRUGV RI WKH GXQJ EHHWOH Materials and Methods FRPPXQLWLHV RI PRLVW IRUHVWV LQ :HVWHUQ *KDWV Study area GHVSLWH WKH IDFW WKDW LW LV D JOREDO KRW VSRW RI 7KH VWXG\ ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ 7KLUXQHOO\ IRUHVWV ELRGLYHUVLW\ 0D\HUV HW DO %RVVX\W HW DO P DPVO NP ᓉ 1 ODWLWXGH DQG 7KH :HVWHUQ *KDWV LV WKH RQO\ WURSLFDO ᓉ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