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The Invasive Apple Snail (Pomacea Spp) in Indonesia

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The Invasive Apple Snail (Pomacea Spp) in Indonesia Agriculture for Development, 35 (2018) Article 5 The invasive apple snail (Pomacea spp) in Indonesia Ristiyanti M Marwoto, Nur Rohmatin Isnaningsih and Ravindra C Joshi Ristiyanti Marsetiyowati Marwoto is currently senior staff at the Research Center for Biology, Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI). She has been Head of the Laboratory of Malacology of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia since 1997, specialising in freshwater gastropods and bivalves from Indonesia. [email protected], [email protected] Nur Rohmatin Isnaningsih is a junior researcher at LIPI, member of MZB since 2006, Master of Conservation Biology, editorial assistant of Fauna Indonesia bulletin, and study- ing freshwater gastropods. [email protected] Ravindra C Joshi is currently TAA Pacific Coordinator; Sustainable Agriculture, Food, and Energy (SAFE) Network Pacific Resident Coordinator; Technical Advisor on golden apple snail to DELTAMED (Asociación de Deltas del Mediterráneo); SAFE-Network Pacific Islands Coordinator; Associate CABI-SEA, Malaysia; and Visiting Adjunct Pro- fessor at the University of the South Pacific, Fiji. [email protected], [email protected] Introduction in ponds. It is locally known as keong mas, keong murbei, siput murbai (Marwoto, 1988; The freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata Hendarsih-Suharto, 2002). After more than 25 Lamarck (non-native apple snail) has been years, the snail has spread widely and is now reported as a serious pest causing damage to abundant in many habitats in marshes, ponds, crops, predominantly wetland rice in Asia. Its irrigation canals, lakes and rice fields in almost damage to rice in Malaysia, the Philippines, all parts of Indonesia (Hendarsih-Suharto et al. Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia and other countries 2006; Marwoto & Isnaningsih, 2014; Hamidah, has been reported (Joshi & Sebastian, 2006; 2015). Marwoto & Isnaningsih (2014) reported CABI, 2014). Pomacea canaliculata is endemic that there are four species of Pomacea found in to South America. It is one of the world’s 100 Indonesia. Of the four, P. canaliculata has the worst invasive alien species (GISD, 2017). widest distribution based on the collections of Its invasiveness is related to its inherent the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research characteristics: high reproductive rate, Center for Biology (MZB). It is a dangerous pest, adaptability to harsh environmental conditions, especially on young rice plantations (Isnaningsih ability to invade diverse habitats through & Marwoto, 2011). multiple pathways, a wide host range and In December 2016, Indonesian newspaper voracious appetite, and an ability to compete Kompas reported that tens of hectares of rice fields with native snails and other native fauna (Joshi in Kabupaten Lebak in Banten, West Java had et al, 2017). been destroyed by Pomacea (Kompas.com, 2016). Once known as golden apple snail, Pomacea This also happened in January 2017 to the rice canaliculata was introduced to Indonesia around fields in Banjar (PikiranRakyat, 2017). It seems 1986 as an aquarium decoration, but became an that many efforts to reduce the population of invasive species after a few months of breeding Pomacea spp and to arrest its dispersal were not 41 Ag4Dev35_Winter_001-070.indd 41 14/12/18 9:00 PM Article 5 Agriculture for Development, 35 (2018) successful. The farmers still face the problem of explained that morphology alone cannot reliably reducing crop damage caused by this exotic pest. verify the species’ identity, and that genomic According to the Central Bureau of Statistics approach should be applied to confirmPomacea in Indonesia, average rice productivity in the species. According to Kyle et al. (2014), the country was 53.39 q/ha (5.339 t/ha) in 2015 with egg clutches of P. canaliculata and P. maculata a total of about 8,112,103 ha of rice consisting differ. They conclude that P. maculata clutches of irrigated wetland and non-irrigated fields. possess significantly greater width, more mass With its high rice consumption of 34 million and number of eggs compared with those of tons in 2011, Indonesia is faced with the serious P. canaliculata. problems of both quantity and quality of rice, which is tending to decrease every year. In 2012, Chumsun & Muhfahroyin presented data on rice field infestation by this Pomacea spp in Indonesia: about 15 ha in 2006 and increased to about 22 ha in 2007. Many strategies for eradicating this invasive snail have been tried, but no single method has been found effective. Studies have also been conducted on its biology and management to determine what could prevent its spread and invasiveness. Farmers still face many problems in controlling this snail. According to Basri (2010), one single adult P. canaliculata can destroy a one-day-old paddy seedling in 3-5 minutes. Two-week-old seedlings are the vulnerable age for this snail, with 73 percent destroyed within 48 hours (Mustar, 2015). Many government and private institutions published information for handling and controlling the population of Pomacea, including Dinas Pertanian Peternakan Kelautan Figure 1. Shell variation of Pomacea canaliculata dan Perikanan Kabupaten Purworejo in Central (Photo: Eka; Layout: NR Isnaningsih) Java, which published guidelines for destroying the snail. The literature evaluates the knowledge on Pomacea spp, the variation of their shells and their distribution, as well as farmers’ efforts to control it. Taxonomic studies and distribution The taxonomic studies are mainly based on morphological characteristics (Marwoto, 1997; Isnaningsih & Marwoto, 2011). They conclude that there are many variations in size, shell colour, and shape of the spire and its aperture shape that can be used to separate the four species – P. canaliculata, P. maculata Perry (P. insularum (D’Orbigny)), P. scalaris (D’Orbigny) and P. paludosa (Say) – that invaded the farms of Figure 2. Shell variation of Pomacea insularum (Photo: Indonesia (Figures 1-3). Rama Rao et al. (2017) NR Isnaningsih & RM Marwoto) 42 Ag4Dev35_Winter_001-070.indd 42 14/12/18 9:00 PM Agriculture for Development, 35 (2018) Article 5 to close it and hibernate in the deepest substrate for months until the rainy season might be the snail’s mechanism to survive and reach adult size. In most cases, the dead snail is upside down with the aperture at the surface, making it easier for predators such as birds to bite the snail. Figure 3. The shells of Pomacea scalaris (Photo: NR Is- naningsih & RM Marwoto) Marwoto (1988) explained a prominent characteristic to distinguish Pomacea from the native Pila. Pomacea has a deep canal in the Figure 5. Distribution of Pomacea canaliculata in In- sutures, a wide-open columella and thin shell. The donesia based on the collection of MZB (red dots) and easiest way to distinguish them, however, is the references (yellow dots) (Composition: NR Isnaningsih colour of the egg clusters: pink for Pomacea and & RM Marwoto) white for Pila scutata (Housson) (Figure 4). In South Sulawesi, P. canaliculata has also survived and succeeded in adapting to marshy areas when the salinity increases in the dry season (Marwoto, 2005). The shells are smaller than those from Kalimantan, and bright yellow without any brown bands. They have smaller shells and fewer eggs compared with snails living in freshwater marshes. They lay their eggs on the barks of Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) and the snails crawl into the shallow water. In August 2017, additional data were received, including specimens of P. canaliculata from Tanah Miring and Merauke South Papua. This species was also recorded in Lake Towuti, South Figure 4. Rice field, habitat, and egg masses of Pila scu- Sulawesi in May 2017. Its occurrence in these tata, Sumber Maron, Desa Karang Suko, Gondanglegi, places may threaten the endemic snail of the lake Malang, East Java (Photo: RM Marwoto) if it spreads widely. The distribution of P. canaliculata in Indonesia has been presented by Isnaningsih & Marwoto Monitoring (2011) (Figure 5). During the dry season in East Kalimantan, many dead Pomacea were found in Monitoring was done on freshwater snails the dry lakes Loa Kang and Balikpapan. The shell including invasive snails in 2009, 2010, 2011 and sizes of the dead snails (89 mm long, 65 mm wide) 2016 in Java and Kalimantan (Marwoto, 2009; showed that they had survived more than one year Isnaningsih & Marwoto, 2011, Marwoto & in the dry season before they were trapped and Isnaningsih, 2014, Marwoto & Mujiono, 2014): died in the mud that dried (Marwoto, 2004). The P. canaliculata occurred abundantly not only in rice shells were greenish brown or dark brown. The fields but also in marshes, small lakes and ponds snail’s somewhat thick operculum and its ability (Figures 6-7). The distribution of this snail in 43 Ag4Dev35_Winter_001-070.indd 43 14/12/18 9:00 PM Article 5 Agriculture for Development, 35 (2018) Indonesia was mapped by Isnaningsih & Marwoto Ecology (2011), and will be monitored in the future. Based on data of freshwater snail monitoring in Java, P. canaliculata is found to be ‘everywhere’, not only in rice fields, irrigation canals, ponds and marshes, but even in small and shallow mud-holes. During the dry season, the snails hide in mud or under water plants such as the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms). Marwoto & Isnaningsih (2014) state that P. canaliculata occurred in 9 of 13 situ (small lakes/ponds) in Ciliwung River Current and in 5 of 23 situ at Cisadane River Current and in the big lake in Towuti (Marwoto & Isnaningsih, personal observations); Tamblingan and Bratan in Bali (Suartini, 2005); Lake Kerinci in Jambi (Hamidah, 2015; Lake Semayang and Balikpapan in East Kalimantan (Marwoto, 2004); and ponds in Tau Lumbis village, Nunukan, East Kalimantan (Marwoto & Mujiono, 2014). Usually, the snails live in the shallow water of the lakeshore. When the lake suddenly dries, as happened in Lake Balikpapan and Semayang, they are trapped in the dry mud and die. Snail-infested fields were Figure 6. Eggs of Pomacea spp in an irrigation canal, most prevalent in West Java where the larger Irigasi Lodangun (Photo: RM Marwoto) lowland rice areas occur.
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