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Pila Ampullacea) Shell Ash on Haematological Indices of Weaner Rabbits

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Pila Ampullacea) Shell Ash on Haematological Indices of Weaner Rabbits Annual Research & Review in Biology 21(1): 1-7, 2017; Article no.ARRB.32376 ISSN: 2347-565X, NLM ID: 101632869 Effect of Replacing Bone Ash with Fresh Water Snail (Pila ampullacea) Shell Ash on Haematological Indices of Weaner Rabbits F. B. P. Abang1*, S. Attah1 and E. Zoo2 1Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. 2Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gbajimba, Guma, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors FBPA, SA and EZ designed the study, performed the statistical analysis. Author FBPA wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors SA and EZ managed the analyses of the study. Authors EZ and FBPA managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2017/32376 Editor(s): (1) Tunira Bhadauria, Professor, Department of Zoology, Feroze Gandhi Post Graduate College, Kanpur University, U. P., India. (2) George Perry, Dean and Professor of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA. Reviewers: (1) B. O. Ajiboye, Afe Babalola University, Nigeria. (2) Andell Edwards, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/22279 Received 23rd February 2017 Accepted 1st November 2017 Original Research Article Published 14th December 2017 ABSTRACT Twenty five (25) mixed breed weaner rabbits were utilized in an 84 - day experiment to investigate the effect of replacing bone ash with fresh water snail (Pila ampullacea) shell ash on the haematological indices of weaner rabbits. Five experimental diets ( T1 - T5) were formulated such that fresh water snail (Pila ampullacea) shell ash replaced bone ash at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively. The rabbits were randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments and replicated five times with one rabbit per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The study showed that the haematological parameters were not affected (P˃0.05) by the dietary treatments. This study revealed that fresh water snail (Pila ampullacea) shell ash can serve as a substitute for bone ash in weaner rabbits diet up to 100% without compromising their health status. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; Abang et al.; ARRB, 21(1): 1-7, 2017; Article no.ARRB.32376 Keywords: Rabbit; freshwater snail shell; bone ash and haematological indices. 1. INTRODUCTION carbonate [11]. It is therefore a biological source of calcium that can be used in animal feeding. The alarming growing rate of the human Investigations have been done on the use of population in developing countries such as many sources of calcium such as gypsum, Nigeria calls for the search for cheaper limestone and oyster shell in layers and broilers alternative feedstuffs and animal protein sources diets [12,13] and [14], but there is a lack of that will meet up the challenge [1]. [2] estimated information on the use of snail shells especially the average animal protein consumption in fresh water snail (Pila ampullacea) shells in Nigeria to be 7.4 g per capita/day, while 28 g per animal feeds. The blood contains several person per day was recommended by the British metabolites which provide useful information of Medical Association [3]. [4] Stressed that the nutritional status and clinical investigation of an poor nutritional situation in Nigeria is very glaring individual, hence, WHO recommended the use of as a result of the wide gap between the blood parameters for medical and nutritional . estimated protein requirement and the actual assessments [15] This paper therefore seeks to protein consumed. The increasing demand for investigate the effect of replacing bone ash with animal protein indicates the need to intensify fresh water snail (Pila ampullacea) shell ash on livestock production. In order to achieve this haematological indices of weaner rabbits. objective, viable options need to be explored and evaluated [5]. Among such alternatives is the use 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS of livestock species that are yet to play a major role in animal production within these countries. 2.1 Experimental Site Rabbit production is a veritable way of alleviating animal protein deficiency in Nigeria [6]. The experiment was conducted in the rabbitry unit at the Teaching and Research Farm, College The rabbit has immense potentials and good of Animal Science University of Agriculture attributes which include fast growth rate, high Makurdi Benue State. Benue State lies within the efficiency in converting forage to meat, short lower river Benue trough in the middle belt region generation interval, high prolificacy, relatively low of Nigeria. Its geographic coordinates are cost of production, and high nutritional quality of longitude 7° 47’ and 10° 0’ East. Latitude 6° 25’ rabbit meat which includes; low fat, sodium and and 8° 8’ North; and shares boundaries with five cholesterol levels. Rabbit meat contains about other states namely: Nasarawa State to the 20.8% of protein and its consumption is bereft of north, Taraba State to the east, Cross-River cultural and religious biases [7]. The cost of State to the south, Enugu State to the feeding constitutes about 60-70% of the total south-west and Kogi State to the west. The state cost of production of livestock in Nigeria. [4,8] also shares a common boundary with Stated that the high cost of production is largely the Republic of Cameroon on the south-east. due to the exorbitant prices and scarcity of Benue occupies a landmass of 34,059 square conventional feed ingredients. Therefore, in kilometers [16]. developing countries more important considerations would be to formulate cheap diets 2.2 Source of Bone Ash based on feedstuffs that are of little direct value as human food [9]. In an attempt to search for Bone ash was bought at God 4 Us Livestock alternative sources of calcium feedstuffs, there is Consult, beside SRS junction, new bridge road, an urgent need to explore the potentials of non- north bank Makurdi. conventional calcium sources that do not compete with human food consumption. Fresh 2.3 Sources and Collection of Fresh water snail (Pila ampullacea) shell ash meets this demand. Freshwater snails (Pila ampullacea) are Water Snail (Pila ampullacea) Shells abundance in River Benue and its tributaries. This is due to the availability of food, shelter and Freshwater snails are in abundance in River oviposition sites along the said river water body. Benue and its tributaries. The test ingredient was One of the most successful methods of catching sourced locally at Gbajimba and Iyeh in Guma is hand picking done as a community effort on Local Government Area and Makurdi metropolis, regular basis [10]. Snail shell is a mineral where the flesh is usually removed and the shells ingredient that contains about 98% of calcium are thrown away by the consumers. 2 Abang et al.; ARRB, 21(1): 1-7, 2017; Article no.ARRB.32376 2.4 Processing of Fresh Water Snail (Pila 100% for T1, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. ampullacea) Shell These were later used with other ingredients to formulate test diets as presented in Table 1. The shells were thoroughly washed, dried and burnt for about 1 hour until they became whitish 2.8 Blood Samples and Preparation for in appearance; they were then crushed into fine Haematological Indices powder as shell ash and used in the diet. The th mineral composition of the shell was analyzed by At the end of the feeding trial (at the 84 day), the procedure of Association of Official Analytical three rabbits per treatment of live weight Chemists [17]. approximate to the average weight of the treatments were selected for the evaluation of 2.5 Experimental Design haematological indices and serum biochemistry This was done by fasting the rabbits for 12 hours A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was over night and the jugular veins were cut with a used for this experiment. A total of twenty five sharp knife after hand stunning in the morning (25) weaned male rabbits of mixed breeds at five between 8.30 – 9.00 hours. 4 ml of blood sample weeks of age with an initial average weight of were collected from the experimental animals between 664.00 – 667.00 g were obtained from into a well labeled sterile bottle containing a Dagwom Farm, National Veterinary Research required quantity (1 ml) of ethylene diamine tetra Institute (NVRI) Vom, Jos Plateau State for the acetate (EDTA) as an anticoagulant [18], for research in November 2013. The rabbits were haematological analysis. The blood was taken to allowed for a preliminary feeding period of seven University of Agriculture Veterinary Clinic days to enable them acclimatized after which laboratory for analysis. The haematological they were randomly assigned to five (5) dietary indices determined were the total erythrocyte treatments designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. count (RBC), total leucocytes count (WBC), Each of the dietary treatment had five (5) rabbits haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, pack cell with each rabbit serving as a replicate (R1, R2, volume (PCV), and mean corpuscular volume R3, R4 and R5). (MCV). The haematological indices were determined using procedure described by [19] 2.6 Housing and Management of using BC5380 mindray analyzer. Experimental Animals 2.9 Statistical Analysis The rabbits were house individually in the hutches and labeled according to the treatment The data collected were subjected to one way and replicate assigned to them. The dimension of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Minitab the hutches was 40 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm (this statistical software version 14 [20]. The was to enable it accommodate the feeders and separation of means was effected using drinkers).
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