European Perspectives of the Western Balkans Countries

European perspectives of the Western Balkans countries I Afrim HOTI – Igor KOSÍR (editors) Prishtina 2015 AAB College © Authors of this international team of university teachers and researchers Editors: Prof. ass. dr. Afrim HOTI University of Prishtina, Kosovo Faculty of Philosophy Department of Political Science Prof. Ing. Igor KOSÍR Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Faculty of Political Science and International Relations International Relations and Diplomacy Department Opponents: Prof. PhDr. Peter TEREM Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Faculty of Political Science and International Relations International Relations and Diplomacy Department Associate Prof. Ing. Obadi Saleh Mothana OBADI Institute of Economic Research, Bratislava Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia Associate Prof. Ing. Peter KNAPIK Bratislava University of Economics, Slovakia Faculty of Commerce International Trade Department Prof. Dr Arsim BAJRAMI University of Prishtina Faculty of Law Copy Editor: Besfort MEHMETI AAB College, Prishtina With the decision of the editorial board of AAB College No. 1229/2015. date 07.10.2015 is decided to be published the monograph European Perspective of the Western Balkans Countries which can be used as a university textbook AAB College, Prishtina in cooperation with Institute for Promoting European Values in Bratislava, Slovakia, University of Prishtina, Kosovo, as well as Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Prishtina 2015 1st edition ISBN 978-9951-494-53-3 Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... 5 Mária HOLUBOVÁ - Ľubica SAKTOROVÁ 1 The Balkans – Crossroads of Interests of Superpowers During 1878-1914 ...................................................................................................... 7 Igor KOSÍR– Sherif SHEHATA – Peter SMERIGA 2 Forming the European Economic Continental Complex .................... 23 Denisa ĈIDEROVÁ– Brikenë DIONIZI 3 EU Accession Experience and Perspectives: The Case of Slovakia and Kosovo (UNSCR 1244/1999) ..................................................................... 65 Zenun HALILI 4 The Protection of ethnic and linguistic minorities in Europe ............ 103 Rastislav KAZANSKÝ 5 Ethnicity asa security approach - a key factor for peace and stability ...................................................................................................... 129 Anton VUKPALAJ 6 European Integration and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY): The politics of conditioning ......................... 145 Arton MUSLIU 7 Multi-ethnicity in the Western Balkans. Kosovo as a successful story. .......................................................................................................... 165 Martin BALCO 8 The Impact of the Greek-Macedonian Name Dispute on Integration of the Republic of Macedonia to the EU and NATO ..................................... 181 Karolina TICHÁ 9 Lobbying à lÚnion Européenne ....................................................... 201 3 Hana VERMEŠOVÁ 10 Línfluence de la question du Kosovo sur léurointégration de la Serbie (2008-2012) .................................................................................... 217 Afrim HOTI 11 Kosova in Former Yugoslavia and Its Way to the EU Integration: Perspectives and Challenges ...................................................................... 243 4 Preface All parts of European continent were impacted by the process that was not known as dominant in international economic relations among the nations at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. It is a process of approaching, adaptation and sustainable linking deliberately of two or more national economies, firstly neighbouring, later the other ones in order to form more efficient economic system, motivating and interesting for entrepreneurs, businessmen, bankers, traders, producers and finally for all parts of population – consumers: the process of international economic integration. There were several examples of this type of intensively cooperating neighbourhood: Prussia and later German Customs Union (Zollverein), successful during the 19th century and efficiently contributing to a realization of ambitions of Prussia to unify German speaking small, medium and bigger states into the unified German state in 1871 (Deutsches Reich). Southern African Customs Union, organized and set up by London based British Empire in 1910, was an interesting model of this process in the practice, too, but was organized among not independent countries but four British colonies. But the customs union, created and functioning between small European countries from the beginning of the 1920s as between Belgium and Luxembourg (BELUX) in 1921 and between Switzerland and Liechtenstein in 1923, were the perfect pioniers of building the closer and efficient economic relations between the nations. By adding an example of BENELUX (customs union of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, being realized four years after signing the London convention in 1944) we are approaching the era of the great personalities of the economic theory which used the practical experience of existing functioning small customs unions as well as the theoretical conclusions of Jacob VINER´s theory. There were namely Jan TINBERGEN, Duch economist, the first European Nobel prize winner in economic sciences, and Béla BALASSA, U.S. economist of Hungarian origine. They created a theoretical basis for using a new economic cathegory – international economic integration. And this process had been developed dynamically until now. It represents a very important subsystem of todays globalization and impacted all continents. 5 European integration is assessed as the most experienced and successful in many dimensions. It has, parallelly with interesting economic results, the peace creation function, too. The team of university teachers and researchers of four countries (Albania, Egypt, Kosovo and Slovakia) and four universities tried to analyze not only historical aspects of a specific development in the Western Balkans region, and in the territory of former Yugoslavian federation, but the authors tried to contribute to a discussion and a presentation of the vision of European perspectives of these nations as Slovenia, the first ex-Yugoslavian republic, and Croatia, the first Western Balkans country - are the good examples. Of course, all Western Balkans countries are geographically in Europe. But European perspectives, using the „Brussels English“, mean a building, developing and widening of existing potential for efficient transformation of national economy and society in order to create the real conditions for becoming an EU associate country, later EU candidate country and finally to join the European integration process fully. The editors and the authors are grateful to AAB College in Prishtina, Institute for Promoting European Values in Bratislava, University of Prishtina as well as Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica for their efficient support to an edition of this international interdisciplinary scientific script. Afrim HOTI and Igor KOSÍR, Prishtina, August 2015 6 1 The Balkans – Crossroads of Interests of Superpowers During 1878-19141 Mária HOLUBOVÁ - Ľubica SAKTOROVÁ Abstract: Crimean War (1853 - 1856) caused major shifts in the balance of forces between European powers. Together with Russia, the French government tried to undermine the Turkish, British and Austrian influence in the Balkans. The preliminary San Stefan peace treaty between Russia and Turkey (March 1878) anticipated adjustment of the political situation in the Balkans essentially following the national borders. The definitive peaceful conditions were established by Congress of Berlin (June - July 1878). The complete independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania was confirmed. In September 1908 Austria-Hungary declared the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a unilateral act.The Bosnian crisis contributed to a further escalation of conflicts between Austria-Hungary, Germany and the countries of the Triple Entente. In 1912, the Turkish dominion in Europe was almost completely destroyed.Results of the First Balkan War meant the strengthening of Serbia and in particular the impact of the Triple Entente in the Balkans.Among the countries of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance occurred a battle regarding the influence on Romanian, Bulgarian and Turkish government in 1913. Next year, European powers, which followed its own objectives, were preparing for war. 1 Note: In 1878, under the guarantee of Germany and Chancellor Otto von BISMARCK held the Congress of Berlin, where the great powers and the Ottoman Empire agreed and defined spheres of interests in the Balkans. In 1914, after the Sarajevo assassination of Franz Ferdinand d'Este, the successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne, the First World War broke out. PhDr. Mária HOLUBOVÁ, PhD., Faculty of Political Science and International Relations, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia ([email protected]). JUDr. Ľubica SAKTOROVÁ – LL.M, M.A, Faculty of Political Science and International Relations, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia ([email protected]). 7 Keywords: Balkans, European powers, territorial and political interests, national liberation, Balkan wars, Ottoman Empire, Triple Entente, Triple Alliance, First World War For an assessing the developments in the Western

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