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Une Enquête À Chongqing Jin Huang Les réseaux personnels dans la Chine urbaine : une enquête à Chongqing Jin Huang To cite this version: Jin Huang. Les réseaux personnels dans la Chine urbaine : une enquête à Chongqing. Sociologie. Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017TOU20006. tel-02020877 HAL Id: tel-02020877 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02020877 Submitted on 15 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS Jin HUANG le jeudi 26 janvier 2017 5JUSF Les réseaux personnels dans la Chine urbaine : une enquête à Chongqing ²DPMF EPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité ED TESC : Sociologie 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des solidarités, société, territoires (UMR 5193) %JSFDUFVSUSJDF T EFʾÒTF Michel GROSSETTI Jury : Claire Bidart, Directrice de recherches au CNRS, rapporteure Michel Grossetti, Directeur de recherches au CNRS, directeur de thèse Gilles Guiheux, Professeur à l’Université Paris Diderot, rapporteur Béatrice Milard, Professeur à l’Université Toulouse 2 Jean Jaurès, présidente du jury 0 Remerciements Cette thèse a été réalisée au sein du LISST-CNRS à l’Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès. J'ai eu la chance de recevoir des conseils et le soutien de nombreuses personnes pendant mon séjour à Toulouse. Je veux leur exprimer ma gratitude. Sans eux cette thèse n'aurait pas été achevée. Tout d'abord, je voudrais remercier mon directeur de thèse, Michel Grossetti, qui m'a permis de travailler sur des projets de recherche passionnants et enrichissants. J'apprécie sincèrement sa patience pour m’enseigner le processus fondamental de la recherche dans l'analyse des réseaux sociaux. Il m'a toujours encouragée à exprimer mes idées, aussi absurdes soient-elles. Il nous a toujours traités, les autres étudiants de thèse et moi, comme ses collègues ou amis plutôt que comme des étudiants. Cette thèse n'aurait pas été rédigée sans sa vigilance et ses précieuses suggestions. Je n'oublierai jamais notre expérience de l'analyse des données et de la résolution des problèmes, ce qui m'amène à aller plus loin dans ma carrière de chercheur. J'ai grandement profité non seulement dans la vie universitaire, mais aussi dans la vie personnelle de ses conseils et son expérience. Quand je suis arrivé à Toulouse en 2012, la première fois que je quittais la Chine, Michel Grosetti est venu nous chercher, une autre doctorante et moi, à l'aéroport, et son épouse et sa belle famille m’ont par la suite accueillie très chaleureusement chez eux. Leur générosité et leurs sages conseils m'ont apporté soutien et confiance pour profiter pleinement de mon séjour à Toulouse. Merci à mes amis: Subhandu Rawat, Rui Sang, Dou Qian, Xue Liu, Ran Zhao, Min Cao, Qinyi Tian, Sheng Long, Zheng Li, Fanou Hadj Nassar, Corinne Chenu et Ses familles. Merci à mes camarades de travail: Julia Carnine, Caterina Thomàs-Vanrell, Laurent Laffont, Morgane Delmas, Henry. J’ai apprécié de partager la vie avec vous à Toulouse et j'ai apprécié les moments que nous avons passés ensemble. Merci à la secrétaire de notre laboratoire, Madame Marie-Ange Parisot, qui a rationalisé mon travail administratif. Elle est très patiente et professionnelle dans l’accueil des étudiants internationaux. Je tiens tout 1 particulièrement à remercier ma propriétaire, Hélène Jougla. Elle m'a aidée à préparer une collation très réussie pour ma soutenance. Merci au Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC), qui a fourni l'aide financière pour effectuer ce doctorat. Merci au professeur Xuemin Zhang qui a supervisé mon travail de master et m’a encouragé à étudier à l'étranger. Merci à Yuanying Zhang de l'Université Southwest pour m'avoir aidé à préparer de dossier pour le programme du CSC. Un grand merci au Dr Liang Guo et au Dr Xiaowei Tian de l'Université du Sud-Ouest et à Kaihong Yu, Anmu Ni de l'Université Three Groges et à mes amis Yuding Shi, Yongfei Chen qui m'ont aidé à recueillir des données pour mon travail sur le terrain. Merci à toutes les personnes qui ont accepté d’être interrogées. Enfin, je voudrais remercier mes proches : mes parents et ma soeur. Merci à mes parents pour leur compréhension et leur soutien tout au long de ma vie et à ma soeur qui a été une source constante d'inspiration pour moi. 2 Résumé Comparativement à la somme des travaux accumulés dans les pays occidentaux, les recherches sur les réseaux personnels sont encore rares en Chine, malgré l’importance des relations interpersonnelles dans ce pays. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse avait pour objectif de répondre aux questions suivantes : est-il possible de transposer dans une ville chinoise une méthode complexe d’analyse de réseaux personnels utilisée entre autres à San Francisco et à Toulouse ? Etant donné le poids important des familles dans la vie sociale de ce pays, observe-t-on des spécificités fortes dans la structure et la composition des réseaux personnels, ou au contraire, assiste-t-on à une convergence des structures relationnelles (du moins dans les couches sociales moyennes et en milieu urbain) avec celles observées dans les pays occidentaux ? Au-delà, comment les caractéristiques des réseaux sont-elles liées aux situations sociales des enquêtés (sexe, âge, niveau d’études, etc.) ? La thèse repose sur une enquête originale effectuée auprès d’une population des couches moyennes urbaines de Chongqing en 2014-2015 en adaptant la méthode des générateurs de noms qui avait été utilisée à San Francisco et Toulouse. Les réseaux personnels des résidents de Chongqing ont été analysés sous différents aspects tels que la taille du réseau, sa densité, sa composition, les formes d’homophilie, la multiplexité, le soutien social, la dimension spatiale, et l'évolution dans le temps des relations. J’ai également réalisé des entretiens approfondis permettant de comprendre la façon dont les enquêtés réagissent à ce type de questionnaire et choisissent leurs réponses. Les résultats montrent que la comparaison internationale des réseaux personnels peut être effectuée au moyen de ce type de méthode car on retrouve des tendances déjà identifiées dans les études menées à San Francisco et à Toulouse, et les indicateurs numériques se situent dans des ordres de grandeurs similaires. Les résultats de l'enquête de Chongqing sont suffisamment cohérents avec les enquêtes prises comme exemple pour convaincre de la faisabilité de ces comparaisons. Cependant, ces résultats montrent également des différences. A Chongqing, les enquêtés ne citent pas plus de membres de la famille que dans 3 les autres enquêtes, mais ils les citent en priorité pour la plupart des questions. Si le niveau d’études est le facteur qui explique le mieux les variations de la taille des réseaux personnels dans les enquêtes de San Francisco et de Toulouse, la profession et le revenu sont plus importants à Chongqing. Malgré la taille restreinte de l'échantillon, cette étude offre une compréhension préliminaire des réseaux personnels en Chine. Elle constitue une base solide pour lancer une enquête de plus grande ampleur dans les années à venir. Mots clés : réseaux sociaux ; Guanxi ; comparaisons internationales ; changement social ; sociabilité ; famille. 4 Abstract Compared to the sum of work accumulated in Western countries, research on personal networks is still rare in China, despite the importance of interpersonal relations in this country. The research presented in this thesis was aimed at answering the following questions: Is it possible to transpose a complex method of analysis of personal networks used in San Francisco and Toulouse to a Chinese city? Given the higher importance of families in the social life of this country, do we observe strong specificities in the structure and composition of personal networks, or on the contrary, there is a convergence of relational structures (at least in the middle social strata and in urban areas) with those observed in Western countries? Beyond that, how are the characteristics of the networks linked to the social situations of the respondents (gender, age, level of education, etc.)? The thesis is based on an original survey of a population of urban middle classes in Chongqing in 2014-15 by adapting the name generator method that was used in San Francisco and Toulouse. Chongqing residents' personal networks has been analyzed in terms of the size of the network, its density, and composition, forms of homophily, multiplexity, social support, spatial dimension, and evolution over time relationships. I also conducted in-depth interviews to understand how respondents respond to this type of questionnaire and choose their answers. The results show that the international comparison of personal networks can be carried out using this type of method because we find trends already identified in the studies carried out in San Francisco and Toulouse and the numerical indicators are in similar orders of magnitude. The results of the Chongqing survey are sufficiently consistent with the surveys taken as an example to convince the feasibility of these comparisons. However, these results also show differences. In Chongqing, respondents did not cite more family members than in other surveys, but they cited them as a priority for most questions. While education is the factor that best accounts for the variation in the size of personal networks in the San Francisco and Toulouse surveys, occupation and income are more significant in Chongqing.
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