The Bartlett Review 2018

The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE The difference between rules for transport on In April 2018, the International Maritime land and sea means that shipping’s share of Organisation (IMO) agreed to limit GHG GHG emissions could rise from 2.5% to more emissions from international shipping by 2050 than 20% by 2050. That would put it ahead to at most 50% of 2008’s output, while pursuing of any single nation as a polluter. Find out efforts to phase them out in line with the Paris how UCL Energy Institute has been working Climate Agreement temperature goals. See the to make sure that doesn’t happen on p.48. steps it took to get there on p.54. WELCOME

We’re The Bartlett, UCL’s faculty of the built environment. We’re here to build a better future. Combining architecture and planning with disciplines such as energy and construction, heritage and public policy, we explore human spaces. Not just physical structures like homes, ofﬁce blocks and cities, but the invisible structures that govern them. By sharing our research with leading thinkers 1 from industry, government and beyond, achieving true diversity of perspective and expertise, we can understand how these structures affect the way we live. And we can create a vision of a fairer and more prosperous society. The Bartlett Review, published once a year, is 100–plus pages of groundbreaking thinking and research to have emerged from The Bartlett in 2018 and its impact on the world. LETTER FROM THE DEAN ANATOMY

04 Professor Alan Penn, in his last letter as Dean of The Bartlett, says that the built environment professions’ primary responsibility must be to the public at large and to future generations.

SHORT STORIES

08 14 School of Architecture School of Planning ULTRA-MODERNISM CIRCULAR CITIES

10 16 Real Estate Institute School of Construction and Project Management TAKING A STAND BALANCING ACT

11 18 72 78 Institute for Sustainable Resources Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis Bartlett Materialisation Grants Urban Lab THE GREEN PARADOX STATE OF PLAY AGENTS OF CHANGE IMMERSED IN THE CITY

12 20 Development Planning Unit Institute for Environmental Design & Engineering GO TO THE POLLS THE SOUNDMAN

LONG STORIES

24 32 40 84 90 School of Architecture Institute for Global Prosperity School of Construction & Project Management Here East The Bartlett STOKED CITY ON THE MOVE DECONSTRUCTED BRAVE NEW WORLD THE BARTLETT IN NUMBERS 2018

ESSAYS X 8 SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT Enjoy 20 pages of radical thinking from across Sophia Psarra considers how the evolution of The Bartlett, inlcuding: Rainer Kattel on why Venice offers lessons for the cities of tomorrow; entrepreneurial states need innovative bureau- Josep Grau-Bove wants to tackle unequal access to cracies; Maria Kamargianni on the demise of scientific culture; Josh Ryan-Collins makes the 48 56 64 car ownership and the rise of Mobility as a Ser- case for rethinking capitalism; Peter McLen- Energy Institute School of Planning Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose vice; Caren Levy on one of The Bartlett’s largest nan unpacks the benefits of PhDs sponsored by THE CARBON DESIGN BY A THE LANGUAGE grant-based programmes to date – Knowledge in the service sector; and Claire McAndrew and LEVIATHAN THOUSAND CUTS OF CHANGE Action for Urban Inequality. colleagues reflect on the future of practice. AL AN

HUMAN SOCIETY AND TECHNOLOGY ARE NOW ENTANGLED Today, social structures are not only formed And The Bartlett Real Estate Institute is bring- WITH THE WHOLE PLANETARY ECOSYSTEM. OUR CLIMATE by the way people meet and interact in real ing analysis of intangible public goods to the IS IN TRANSITION FROM THE HOLOCENE TO THE space, but also in the virtual space of social valuation of property investment. ANTHROPOCENE, CREATED BY THE PAST 10,000 YEARS networks and communications infrastructure. My view has always been that you cannot have OF HUMAN PROGRESS. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL These structures are transforming and devel- an excellent education without a diverse cohort. CATASTROPHE ARE ALL TOO POSSIBLE. IF WE ARE TO oping more rapidly than was ever possible for Diversity in every sense of the word is not just AVOID IT, OUR PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY, AS BUILT the physical and spatial environment. In this something we ought to do, it is a necessary con- ENVIRONMENT EDUCATORS AND RESEARCHERS, MUST situation, it is more or less impossible to rely on dition of living up to our responsibility to future BE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS AND THE PUBLIC AT LARGE. past history to predict whether some interven- generations. From 2019, we are announcing The tion will work as planned. We need to be able to Bartlett Promise. This is a commitment to waive imagine radical new futures. fees and grant a living stipend to a percentage Achieving this requires not just an education of all our students across all our UG, PGT and in new technologies, but also the capacity to PGR programmes. This is a pilot study of how think oneself into a future scenario. This relies to provide a university education open to all 5

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE LETTERDEANTHEFROM Over the past 10 years at The Bartlett, we have humans first started to build dense settlements, on intuition, emotion, sentiment and new regardless of means, and a challenge to ourselves been preparing for this transition. It would be which presaged a series of social and techno- perspectives that can only be achieved by bring- to provide a higher quality of student experience disingenuous to say that every move we’ve made logical developments. In the space of just a few ing together people and disciplines. and service for all. Yes, it is about funding – but has been deliberately strategic; some have been thousand years, writing, money, agriculture and Our new base at Here East does this. Archi- it’s also about putting in place the infrastructure opportunistic, others because they felt like the communal infrastructure for storage and irriga- tects, computer scientists, medical engineers, for widening participation schemes. By diversi- right thing to do. But our growth – our expan- tion had all been developed. Sophisticated polit- civil engineers, surveyors, geomatic engineers, fying our student body, our long-term goal is to sion to accommodate 12 schools, institutes and ical structures and laws had been framed and the fabricators, dancers, acousticians and artists are diversify the built environment professions. centres, covering everything from architecture to elements of the earliest states had been formed. exploring the benefits new technology creates We have chosen to announce The Bartlett economics – has been driven by a guiding ques- I have argued that one way human social for human society and the environment, from Promise in The Bartlett’s centenary year. 2019 tion: what is the built environment’s role in the progress was created was the effect of the con- the macro to the micro. And we are venturing will mark 100 years since Henry Herbert Bart- world and how can it play a part in shaping a figuration of built space on the construction of beyond the built form – developing new policy lett, a civil engineer and building contractor, fairer, more prosperous society? social interfaces. By configuring dense urban research units aimed at applying this thinking whose donation of £30,000 funded a new That the buildings and infrastructure we settlements with buildings, streets and places, to institutional structures of government and building to house the School of Architecture, design, build and manage should exert such we constructed a mixing mechanism through markets, through which society develops. consented to the department being renamed a force on society is not such a radical prem- which new social relationships were generated. The Institute for Global Prosperity takes ‘The Bartlett’. We will be using 2019 to explore ise. The step change in human development The built form directed behaviours and the rules anthropological methods and applies them to the radical thinking and projects that have char- occurred in about 10,000 BCE, when it is imposed on its use by codes of social behaviour sustainable development. The Institute for Inno- acterised The Bartlett for a century. However, believed that the climate changes from the Pleis- gave rise to new forms. This feedback loop in vation and Public Purpose uses insights from our intention is not to dwell too long on where tocene that gave way to the Holocene first made the built environment, then, is responsible for institutional economics to redefine the policy we have come from, but to set a precedent for settled agriculture possible. At the same time, shaping the emergent pathway of future society. debate on the role of public-sector innovation. where we are going. PE NN IN THIS SECTION, WE INTERVIEW EIGHT BARTLETT ACADEMICS WHO HAVE BEEN FORGING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND HOW IT AFFECTS THE WAY WE LIVE IN 2018. SHORT SHORT SHORT SHORT SHORT THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 SHORT STORIES h lret ms abtos ra pas and plans architectural projects of the urban time,” says Denison, ambitious of most some largest, to the subject was “It empire. Japanese the of part was it when experi 1930s, the devel in opment that urban of China trajectory 2017, distinctive in a in enced region a Research on focuses for Medal President's Manchuria in dernity and design architecture, urban planning.” modern to subject were that planet the of swaths vast overlook we colonial architecture in Eritrea. “The result is that whose previous research centred on the Modernist a fromWestern tory Denison, says perspective,” Eurocentric notion, evidencing architectural his a is movement Modernist “The cannon. ernist Moddominant the of face the that in unnoticed go ones – history architectural in narratives lesser-known about conversations up open to hopes that book a of co-author is Denison Ren, – we can’t justkeepour Western blinkerson.” problems planetary solve to we’regoing if level planetary a on think to “Weneed Architecture. ic Urban Environments at The Bartlett School of the MA programme in Architecture and Histor of Director Denison, Edward says functions,” planet the how dictating is species our which in epoch an – anthropocene the “Weentered have 1930s Manchuria. history: a little-knownperiodinModernist An interviewwithDrEdward Denisonon MODERNISM ULTRA- School ofArchitecture lr-oens – rhtcue n Mo and Architecture – Ultra-Modernism researcherindependent with Along Guang Yu Words: DebikaRay wih o te RIBA the won which ,

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quasi-colonial prototype forJapan’s famedbullettrain. The SMR’s ‘ultra-modern’ 140kmphAsia Express, a AS THEFUTURE” MANCHUKUO SAW JAPANESE “THE

n Mdriy n acui” E Dnsn & G. DenisonYu Ren, Hong Kong University Press, 2017) (E. Manchuria” in Architecture Modernity – and “Ultra-Modernism more: Read urban development intheworld.” fastest the experiencing now is which Africa, in “In the 21st century, the same thing might occur before. seen ever development of scale the from different fundamentally something on – “Modernismsteroids” as describes Denison development,which architectural late-20th-century China’sby succeeded been has ultra-modernism Japan’sWesternmodel. the 1930s from dernity mo of version their distinguish to sought nese Japa the since Modernist, as recognise would Westernersmany architecture didn’tproduce it magazines, literature andﬁlm. journals, as such sources alternative used also they so available, made being before censored been already had archives public in documents many found Denison and she that adding says, she north,” the in something about formation in to access easy have necessarily doesn’t ple, exam for south, the from scholar “A complex. is – politics and diversity size, its with – China like place a con in research because comprehensive ducting partly is period this about tion least the the of one densely populatedcitiesinChina. today it makes – chun Chang now – Hsinking capital Manchukuo’s planning in ambition of Japan.”scale sheer The faster weretrains and more radio listeners per there capita than in example, for – future the as Manchukuo saw Japanese “The force. civilising a as more role their saw says he who colonists, lar, Africa, that were under of the Europeanrule ment with that of cities in India and, in particu in Manchuria –known thenasManchukuo. built cities and towns so or 100 the to referring hs eid a as be ngetd because neglected been also has period This informa of lack the believes Ren Co-author invest and development this contrasts He ------

9 THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 SHORT STORIES orgs eaius eeca t hat, says health,” to beneficial behaviours courages en and affects environment built the which to early-career researchers. and Fisher, Abi and health Wardle Jane Ucci, pyschologists Marcella Dr included team The Department of UCL’sEpidemiology and withinPublic Health. Unit Behaviour Health Architecture the and of School Bartlett The between collaboration a was study the Research, Health for Institute National The behaviour by Funded for change. tool a be could it whether time, and sitting and count step workers' office influenc es buildings office of layout spatial the whether examine to Study Buildings Active the col leagues at The with Bartlett and UCL, Together Marmot set up countries. high-income in costssocietal wider of 10% and healthcarecosts total of 3% to up for account can activity ical Estate Institute. Real Bartlettin EnvironmentsThe Learning for Environment and Management and Director of the Global Centre Facility of Professor mot, Mar Alexi health” an says to factor risk is additional itself of and in sitting of extent the that is and spent it being has sedentary now emerged – life working our particularly – life indoor our of “Most wellbeing. and health our on impact an have may time that spend we how buildings, inside lives our of 90% about spend we Since people in trends inoffcedesignandculture thatkeep colleagues reveals waystocombatunhealthy A studybyProfessor AlexiMarmotand A STAND TAKING Real EstateInstitute The consequences of these low levels of phys of levels low these of consequences The “There “There is considerable debate about the extent

their seats. Words: JamesCash

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Read more: activebuildings.co.uk encourage and employees tousethestairsratherthanlift. movement vertical celebrate can design office an in staircases obvious More discreetly. away tucked be to tend they datory, man are escapes fire adequate While matter.” dence that the position and visibility of staircases evi reasonable is “There says: she buildings of sedentary behaviours. With regards to the design reduce slightly can desks sit-stand well-designed that we shouldbedoingthingsdifferently.” to work hard to find and communicate evidence have you so change, limits practices traditional of inertia “The explains. Marmot behaviours,” ingrained to revert people then and while, short a for work campaigns Most office. the in more work on campaigns to encourage people to move often specialists behaviour “Health colleagues. other than counts step lower significantly had breaks unscheduled discouraged management that activity, perceived who staff physical that revealed also of and levels low have workers ical activityover several days. phys 24-hour their monitor to devices tracking and accelerometers wore Participantsalso ment. that create factors barriers to or opportunities the for, move and behaviour activity physical on questions survey,work’‘movementincluding at buildings and asked workers there to complete a approach toexaminingtheproblem. ing with health psychologists provided a rounded Marmot. The issue is also one of culture, so work Marmot notes that some research reveals that reveals research some that notes Marmot office-based that confirmed findings Key office UK 10 from data collected study The - - - - - nuty ih at ewe anucmn of announcement between act might industry fossil fuels were that goingtobecomemore expensive. certain for known was it if pull est alternative investments – would exert the strong which course of action modelling– increased production industry,or energy the on specifically focus to chose Change, Climate and Commons Global on Institute Mercator the and Research Impact Climate for InstitutePotsdam the from Institute’sergyacademics McGlade, Christophe is diffused across manyindustrialsectors. evidence this However, alternatives. itable prof more seek will companies affected usage, regulationsand taxes green more as counter-argument: the for data more is There course. a such pursuing are empirical evidence that major energy companies no is there that says Resources, Sustainable for Professor Paul Ekins, Director of UCL’s Institute But diminishes? value its before asset most an of out the get not why – sense makes paradox fuel production toocostlytocontinue. fossil render both) (or regulation and taxes tal gas will increase production before environmen and coal oil, refine and extract that companies energy, cleaner to turns humanity as that, ory the a for label the is it a fact, thriller.In mystery of title the like sounds paradox’ green ‘The so. carbon? Professor PaulEkinsdoesn’t think revenues aheadofameaningfulglobaltaxon Will energymajorsrampupproduction and DISPUTING THE THE GREEN PARADOX DISPUTING Institute forSustainable Resources h nvl xmnto ws o te energy the how was examination novel The En UCL the with written paper a in Ekins, If you are motivated by profiteering, the green Words: BrendanMaton

appear in the chain of fossil fuel fossil of chain the in appear - - - - -

P. Ekins, in“Nature ClimateChange”, 2018) policies” (N.Bauer, C. McGlade, J.Hilaire & paradox whenanticipatingstrong future climate Read more: “Divestment prevails over thegreen must produce strong signalsandabideby them. ously,” he says. For that to happen, policy-makers seri them take will actors that and happen will es alarm bells: “We have assumed 100% that the tax and realisation. This last point announcementhas betweenEkins delaysounding greatest the with andtonne) per $25(just tax carbon weak a der however,un showing, be significant would most paradox’s green The soon. relatively tax carbon high a pressureby under put is industryoil the mentsunderdifferent scenariosexample,for – if mo different at occurs It divestment. outweighs industry, coal doubling thecostofcoalundersomescenarios. the in felt are effects powerful most the of delay.Some implementation the of regardless cases, tax all in effect paradox green announced, the divestment effect dominates the backsliding by individualcountries. no with globally, applied was tax the assumed authors The implementation. and nouncement an between periods different and prices ferent Ithowever,tax. modelled, carbon was dif using com the used: was instrument plexity,policy reducesingle a To plants. power and refineries pipelines, wells, for required time construction and cost huge the of because most than ahead further plan to have majors energy this, said ing do not act before a policy comes into force. Hav Mostcompanies implementation. its and policy h gen aao i ietfid bt t never it but identified, is paradox green The are taxes carbon when that show results The

------11 THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 SHORT STORIES number of countries that recognises Somalilandrecognises that countries of number a of recognition.Ittowardsone facto most is de than further gone has UK The object. would states member their of some recognition,and as Union sent an observer mission it would be seen a country. as recognised ofﬁcially not is Somaliland since, ever elections democratic held has and 1991 in Somalia from independence its declared region the although because, difﬁcult It’spolitically it. do to willing were suspects usual the of None doing electionmonitoring? Q. Howcomeanacademicis 2017. co-ordinated inSomalilandNovember about theelectionmonitoringmissionhe Bartlett DevelopmentPlanningUnit,talks Dr MichaelWalls, SeniorLecturer atThe GO TOTHEPOLLS Development Planning Unit If the UN, the EU, the OECD or the African Words: SophieArie

their sovereign that. status,we wanttosupport whatever so, working, that’s system political a Somaliland’sgot that it’s important that saying is UK the mission, our funding By passports. sud Ta dd ep tp utpe voting, multiple stop help did That were cards issued. voter and taken were fingerprints wereeyesvote,scanned, beforethe Long voters. register to used was system recognition iris an of the people. will the of reflection genuine reasonably a than other anything was vote the that suggest would that way systematic a in occur not did irregularities observation, our from But flawed. were elections the that say to reason any for ing look and loss their for else everybody blame to trying still is party opposition The perfect. not were elections The well. went things Overall, Q. Was itafreeandfairvote? For the first time in any election worldwide, election any in time first the For

Image: Kate Stanworth tration cards. regis with stations polling at then and register We saw a signiﬁcant number of kids lining up to kids, “Go on, go and vote!” or “Go and register”. thusiasm for voting in which parents say to their en genuine a is There Somaliland. in problem a is voting Underage scanning. is it person the of age the you tell doesn’t recognition iris ity, capac technological its all for And, problem. a is which date, to up register electoral the keep which was a huge problem in previous elections. of the Somalis. It is possible to make the tran the make to possible is It Somalis. the of because not is Somalia in wrong going is ever what that shows It years. few a than more for lasted has that state nation Somali successful been a never has there Somaliland, from Apart important electiontomonitor? Q. Was thisaparticularly oee, hy o’ yt ae h mas to means the have yet don’t they However,

- - - - - (M. Walls, Ponte Invisible, 2014) culture and Somaliland’s politicaltransition” Read more: “A SomaliNation-State: History, door showing what can bedone. But it doesn’t hurt that Somaliland is sitting next opia is going through are because of Somaliland. them. It’s too much to say that on the reforms Ethi effect term long some be will there think I models. different have Somaliland’sneighbours democracy.a to sition That’sAll thing. small no THE SOMALIS” IS NOTBECAUSEOF SOMALIA IN WRONG WHATEVER ISGOING THAT SHOWS “IT

13 THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 SHORT STORIES CIRCULAR CIRCULAR CITIES CITIES

Image: Sergio Souza, Unsplash multi-faceted response. Williams explains: “For explains: Williams response. multi-faceted activities. investment is squeezing out lower-value, circular to Detroit, places like London, where corporate and foreign as such cities post-industrial ing, shrink from development, of trajectories ferent dif considering as well as diversity, increasing and migration as such changes, to adapt stantly con that organisms as areas urban seeing but tically. resources,at looking just not means This Hub toenablethisdiscussion tostart”. als is just not being discussed. So we formed the materi and energy water, land, infrastructure, of reuse and recycling the enables which form, urban adaptive regenerative, and a of design management planning, the surrounding issues strategic more “The says. city,”she the in ating oper businesses for production of systems cular cir the on focus to tendency a been has “There subjective: as seen being from suffered concept in interested creating circular cities. practitioners and academics of network virtual interdisciplinary an kind: international, its of ﬁrst the is It 2016. in Hub Cit ies Circular UCL’s established Planning, of School Bartlett The at Urbanism Sustainable urban ecosystemservices. essential while regenerating and waste, change to and adapting emissions gas greenhouse consumption, resource our reduce we that ing ensur cities; our manage and plan design, we way the to approach an is It efﬁcient. resource and resilient regenerative, is city circular The practice. the resource-conscious citymightwork in using anewnetworktotesthowmodelsof Associate Professor JoannaWilliamsis School ofPlanning n em o sltos ti rqie a requires this solutions, of terms In holis cities viewing involved has this of Part city circular the that conscious was Williams of Professor Associate Williams, Joanna Words: DebikaRay ------

and the book the and but the first results should be published in 2019 and CitiesinBrussels inOctober 2018. Regions of Week European the during results and Lisbon.” The network met to discuss its first Paris,Stockholm,HamburgCopenhagen, dam, Amster as such cities with results we our compare and network our in many have We solu tions. circular implementing of process the in are that countries other in cities and academics innovators and entrepreneurs. institutions, financial groups, developers, community councils, city sultancies, con companies, construction utilities, as such ground, the on organisations with working is Williams, says this, to Crucial implemented. be these projects.” what mechanisms would be required to scale-up and developments determine to trying Wespaces’.are‘meanwhile pop-up spaces, and co-living co-working collective buildings; flexible ‘re-makeries’and resources; local of looping the able energy schemes; local currencies promoting renew community waste; food using plants gas bio farming; and forestry urban include: These function. could city circular a how demonstrate looking been which schemes, experimental innovative, have 11 at we London in example, OF PRODUCTION FOR FOR BUSINESS” PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF CIRCULAR THE A TENDENCY TOFOCUSONBEEN HAS “THERE Urban Sustainability Urban Read more: circularcitieshub.com published by Routledge in2020. Most of the Hub’s studies are yet to conclude, with working is success our to crucial “Also The Hub is interested in how such ideas might Circular Cities: A Revolution in in Revolution A Cities: Circular written by Williams will be - - - - -

15 THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 SHORT STORIES

Image: iStock School of Construction andProjectSchool ofConstruction Management and comparableemissiondata. the most important issue – to develop consistent This compared. be cannot data the that means which data, emission carbon compiling for ods meth different have cities different while level, data atacitylevel. emission carbon comparable and consistent of the policy mix for mitigation, and there is a lack Data is the foundation of research and critical to The first big knowledge gap is data on emissions. gaps? Q. Whatarethebigknowledge bring muchgreater risktourbansettings. are vulnerabletoitsimpact.It particularly will What’s more, citiesonthecoastorrivers and aresponsibility, toaddress climatechange. the centres ofwealth –theyhave theresources, greenhouse gasemissions.But citiesare also responsible foruptothree-quarters ofglobal than halftheworld’s populationandare also mitigation. They willsoonbehometomore Cities are atthecore ofclimatechange mitigation? to thestudyofclimatechange Q. Whyarecitiessoimportant change mitigation. between economicdevelopmentandclimate Management, sayscitiesare atrade-off Bartlett SchoolofConstructionandProject Dr ZhifuMi,Research FellowatThe BALANCING ACT Mostnational areor metrics global the a of at Words: JamesCash - its effectonglobal CO riseofSouth–South tradeRead more: and “The each city. understand for different be better will this as point, to balance this need change We climate mitigation. and development between trade-off economic a is there so environment, Currently,good a also and GDP mitigation. high a like would cities change development to climate inclusive and trends the of ing harder topredict theimpactatalocallevel. much is it and level, local a at than rather level, global a at examined often are impacts change ties abouthow climatechangewillaffectcities. uncertain large are there currently But change. climate mitigate to measures taking not of cost the and risk the know to need they and future know how climate change to will affect them in need the they analyses: cost-benefit do to need they policies change climate make cities When decisions onmitigation? suffciently informedtomake Q. Arecitypolicy-makers ers candownload thisdataforfree. researchand compared, be can they so metrics, same the using collected all cities, Chinese 150 than more for data emissions have We China. in level city the at data emission carbon at ing Forproblem. this solve I’veexample, look been to trying are studies of number increasing An emissions data? Q. Howdoyougetconsistent et al.,in“Nature Communications”, 2018) hr i as lc o sinic understand scientific of lack also is There Climate it. of understanding weak Wea have 2

emissions” Meng, Z Mi (J

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17 THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 SHORT STORIES OF PLAY STATE C Isiue f dcto’ Kolde Lab, Knowledge Education’s of Institute UCL the at Burn Andrew Professor says feat,” mean Humanities Institute atShefﬁeld University. Digital the by hosted and designed be to alogue cat new a creating archive, Opie the catalogue culture asaseriousarea ofstudy. childhood establish to helped 1960s, and 1950s the in folklore children's collected who Opie, Iona Peterand team Husband-and-wife braries. Li Bodleian the at held is which archive, script design offuture urbanplayspaces. memories encoded in play, could also inform the and practices of nature ephemeral the addresses which project, for The Analysis. Centre Spatial Advanced Bartlett’s The specialists at reality with virtual in collaborating Institute Education, UCL the of The by led Playing project a through Archive, challenged being are play contemporary about stereotypes Negative Words: ClareDowdy to inventthefuture ofurbanplayspaces. traditional playculture aimstousethepast project tocreate adigitalarchive of Professor Andrew Burn’s EPSRC-funded Centre forAdvanced Spatial Analysis “Cataloguing sounds kind of dry but it’s no it’s but dry of kind sounds “Cataloguing and digitise to out sets Archive The Playing The project’s starting point is the Opie manu

- - - the University ofSheffield. at architects landscape by developed Sheffield, and London in playtrails ‘smart’ experimental to contribute also will ValerioCASA Signorelli. Hudson Andy CASA: um. This part of the project is led by the team at Muse Park Weston Sheffield’s at and London in Childhood of Museum V&A the at stalled in and designed be will archive the on based play cultures.” own their create to currency, cultural as media these treat kids But games. as but tives narra as just not constructed are worlds virtual big “The difference now is that video games and explains. he media-based, been always has Play tional and digital play in a project five years ago. evidence cancombatthesimplestereotypes.” research “Empirical Burn. says true,” that’snot know we but games, online from threat under is play traditional that feeling a is “There them. understand better to order in playgrounds, in play contemporary of cultures at look and chive be alotofcross-referencing.” to needs There game? gender a game, singing a who put the bid together. “Is it a clapping game, Meanwhile, a realityvirtual play environment Burnexploredrelationship the between tradi ar the update to out sets also project The -Smith, Duncan Hay and Hay Duncan -Smith,

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Images: Valerio Signorelli and John Potter the playarchive. CASA’s reality virtual playenvironment basedon of image ofamanandwomanskippingaspart realityA childusesavirtual headsettolook at an

ONLINE GAMES, BUT WE WE BUT KNOW THAT’S NOTTRUE” GAMES, FROM ONLINE THREAT PLAY UNDER IS TRADITIONAL FEELING THAT A IS “THERE Visit thearchive: playingthearchive.net design urbanplayspacesinthefuture.” to us howallowhelp consider will can to this us which dimension, planning there’spossible so a policy-makers, and workers play to talking be “WeBurn: believes playgrounds, will upcoming the UCLInstitute ofEducation are involved. and UniversitySheffield Libraries, Bodleian the as well As project. Burn’sprevious with volved in were which of some partners, illustrious of string a has programme the theme, Economy Digital the in Consumption and Creation tent play takesplace. children’swhich in worlds non-physical and ical of addressing the relationship between the phys way a reality,as mixed or merged through ered The team’s findings could have an impact on impact an have team’scould The findings Con the through EPSRC the by Funded deliv be project’swill objectivesthe of Some - - - - 19 THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 SHORT STORIES dacd rn, e n a olwd ta are team worldwide a and he Grant,Advanced to hoping around noise. change therules is 2018, in Acoustics of Professor as (IEDE) Engineering and Design ronmental improve people’s qualityoflife”, heexplains. always “simplynot level, does sound the ducing That’s because the conventional approach, of re Kang. Jian Professor says better,” getting sarily neces not is quality sound “but control, noise environments, and billions of euros are spent on Around 80 million EU citizens suffer from noisy human wellbeing. for measuringsoundscapesintermsof Professor JianKanghopestocreate asystem THE SOUNDMAN Institute forEnvironmental Design andEngineering Through a £2.5m European Research Council Council EuropeanResearch £2.5m a Through Envi for UCL’s Institute joined who Kang, Words: ClareDowdy - - -

niomna dsg rqie a tp change to thediscipline. step a requires design environmental for basis a as them measuring and complex, ly more huge are for However,soundscapes years. 30 than acoustics architectural and environ mental in worked has who Kang, Professor perception of the acoustic environment,” explains ‘soundscape studies’ hasdeveloped. century ago. But in the past 10 years, the ﬁeld a of Systems Bell by deci created was the which scale, bel using environment acoustic the of measurement a – physical something as sidered should beneﬁt urbandwellers. that noise measuring to approach ing ground-break a indices: soundscape developing Sudcps xs truh humans’ through exist “Soundscapes Traditionally, noise levels have only been con - - - - -

Image: Tin Oberman onsae ult, y odcig evaluation, conducting by quality, soundscape on influence their and factors key determine to Second, analysis. proposed the for cornerstone a be database. comprehensivewill a This lishing terise soundscapes by capturing them and estab just giving it a decibel measurement,” Kang says. than rather index, soundscape the on ten to one of level a on good, not or good is environment urban certain a that say to able be will we time, years’five in “Hopefully evaluated. be then will tening for and where they are. The data collected pant, who they’re listening with, what they’re lis partici the of profile the include considered be to factors so context, in noise It’sputting about collect data that reflects levels of human comfort. The programme has four aims: first, to charac to survey worldwide a spearheading is Kang - - - - Taylor &Francis incorporating Spon, 2016) ment” (Edited by J.Kang&B.Schulte-Fortkamp, Read more: “Soundscapeandthebuiltenviron ning anddesigningofareas,” hepredicts. plan the guide better will that And wellbeing. and health mental and physical their on impact will it life, of people’squality reflect better cies poli planning “If creation. soundscape to trol and standardisation. design prediction, soundscape for frameworks establishing by practice, in indices the soundscape of applicability the demonstrate to lastly, And factors. various of influences the analysing test and validate the soundscape indices, through develop, to research.Third, and analysis factors Kang’s wider goal is to move from noise con noise from move to is Kang’sgoal wider in urbandesignpractice. positive soundscapeapplications considered tobeanexampleof The Sheaf Square inSheffield is -

- - - 21 LONG LONG LONG LONG RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS ARE ARE HAVINGSIX REAL-WORLDIMPACT. COLLABORATIONS HOW AT TAKE LOOK RESEARCH TO WE WRITERS IN-DEPTH AN SIX ISSUE, EACH IN COMMISSION ACADEMIC SO, IN READ JOURNALS. BE ACADEMICS SIMPLY OTHER TO WANT BY DON’T RESEARCH WE OUR BARTLETT, THE AT

LONG 25 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE STOKED CITY

YOU MIGHT NOT THINK SKATEBOARDING WOULD BE THE SUBJECT OF SCHOLARLY STUDY, BUT A GROWING NUMBER OF ACADEMICS BELIEVE IT HAS A LOT TO TEACH DEVELOPERS AND URBAN PLANNERS ABOUT HOW TO MAKE CITIES BETTER FOR CITIZENS.

WORDS: CLARE DOWDY insight, because riders’ relationships with architecture are completely different to those of the rest of the population. “Where handrails, curbs and banks are at ﬁrst glance part of a system of mundane signals, skateboarding transforms these elements into sites of energetic pleasure,” Borden writes in his book. “It is this focus on texture, surface and tactility which gives skaters a different kind of urban and architectural knowledge.” Borden talks about skateboarding as a ‘performative critique’, an idea derived from Henri Lefebvre, the 20th-century French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, who introduced the concepts of the ‘right to the city’ and the ‘production of social space’. The idea that skateboarding can be a boon for cities rather than He believed that the human body is a site of resistance to the ex- a bane is sinking in, believes Iain Borden. As Professor of Archi- cesses of neoliberalism. Or, as Borden puts it: “If we lose control tecture and Urban Culture at The Bartlett School of Architecture, of so many other things in the world, we still have ownership of a rider for more than 40 years, and an author on the subject, our bodies: when we ride up the side of a building or down a stair- Borden is steeped in the activity. In his new book, Skateboarding case, there’s a critique of production, of the idea that we should be and the City: A Complete History, he writes: “Skateboarding is working all the time.” being increasingly welcomed by a growing number of enlightened Skateboarding is also a critic of consumerism, because skate- politicians, city managers and the general public, who all appreci- boarders ride and use public space without paying for it. And a ate its help in addressing challenging social issues and in forming critic of the meaning of architecture, as they are only interested in more diverse communities.” its potential as a skateboardable object. Riders therefore think in What’s more, Borden believes skateboarding “challenges many terms of an alternative ranking of architecture. “That’s something of our society’s norms and conventions, positively contributes to which is really important for architects to know,” says Borden, contemporary culture and the economy, and helps open out city “your buildings may get used, interpreted and understood by a 27

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE spaces to everyone”. completely different set of criteria.” Dr David Knight of architecture firm DK-CM echoed this at a first-of-its-kind event earlier this year: “Skating is at the van- guard of a wider movement to rethink how we think about public space.” Dr Knight, who is researching how to reconnect communities with the power structures that define planning, was talking in June 2018 at Pushing Boarders, a two-day conference hosted by The Bartlett that explored the relationship between skateboarding and architecture, bringing together hundreds of skaters from around the world. The event was co-organised by two Bartlett PhD students, Thom Callan-Riley and Sander Hölsgens, as part SKATEBOARDING’S THERE ARE of a collaboration with Theo Krish and Phil Joa from the skate- FIRST APPEARANCE AT APPROXIMATELY board charity SkatePal, Stuart Maclure from Long Live South- THE OLYMPIC GAMES 50 MILLION ACTIVE bank and Dr Dani Abulhawa from Sheffield Hallam University. WILL BE TOKYO 2020. SKATEBOARDERS IN “This was the first time that all the scholars from around the THE WORLD. world working on skateboarding came together,” says Callan-Ri- ley. “At the same time, it felt like a typical skate event, with people sitting on their boards on the floor during the packed-out talks.”

MARGINAL REVOLUTION How did skateboarding go from being a marginalised, even demonised, activity that was largely discouraged by the establishment, to a force for good, worthy of academic study? The answer lies in riders’ peculiar relationship with the built environment and £26 MILLION WAS THE WORLD’S how it reﬂects on the development of cities. THE COST OF THE MOST FAMOUS There are around 50 million riders worldwide, many of who MOST EXPENSIVE SKATEBOARDER, frequent the thousands of urban skateparks. They also take their SKATEPARK IN THE TONY HAWK, HAS boards to city ‘spots’ – and this is where academia can bring WORLD – SMP IN 12.3 MILLION SOCIAL SHANGHAI. MEDIA FOLLOWERS. One concern is that cities are becoming too uniform, homoge- nous, safe and restricted. The privately-owned public realm model, while popular with many developers, is not always what people want. Along the River Thames in London is the world’s longest continually skated street spot: The Undercroft. Tucked under the Brutalist Queen Elizabeth Hall, it was a space intentionally left over by the architects in the 1960s for unpredictable uses. Cam- paigners fought to save it as a skateboarding venue when it was threatened with redevelopment. “The public was making a state- ment about what we want our cities to be,” says Borden, deﬁning it as “a bit edgy rather than yet another coffee stall”. Funds are still being raised to restore The Undercroft to the original designs of the GLC Architecture Department. Through his or her experiences in the modern metropolis, a 29

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE skater’s enhanced awareness of balance, speed, hearing, sight, “SKATEBOARDING IS ALSO A CRITIC touch and responsivity culminates in a form of sensory mapping. OF CONSUMERISM, BECAUSE Borden describes this as a different edit of the city. “You map the SKATEBOARDERS RIDE AND USE city according to angled banks, smooth surfaces and noisy bits. It PUBLIC SPACE WITHOUT PAYING FOR takes us back to this idea that we want to feel more alive in cities.” IT. AND A CRITIC OF THE MEANING OF In parallel with this visceral experience is the continual ‘mall- AFGHANISTAN IS ARCHITECTURE, AS THEY ARE ONLY ification’ of towns and cities. Over the last three decades, many THE COUNTRY INTERESTED IN ITS POTENTIAL AS A places have become increasingly ‘mallified’ as opportunities for WITH THE SKATEBOARDABLE OBJECT” retail transactions. “They’re not a good model for what we want HIGHEST our urban space to be,” believes Borden, “they tend to be closed PERCENTAGE “We are looking to start construction in early 2019,” says in, to only be about consumerism, and everything else is exclud- OF FEMALE Stuart Maclure, Project Manager of Long Live Southbank, which ed, including the homeless and skateboarders. That makes them SKATEBOARDERS. spearheaded the campaign. But the end goal, Maclure says, “is safe but boring.” to influence a more open and democratic planning system, city What’s more, shopping malls suggest a passive form of bodily and society”. behaviour, he adds: “Walk don’t run, look don’t touch; your body The Undercroft is an enlightened approach in microcosm. is reductive, there’s no running jumping, sweating, shouting, be- There are other instances where people have tried to create bigger ing dynamic. For me, one of the most important things skate- public realms that are sympathetic to skateboarding. It’s already boarding does is to suggest that urban space doesn’t have to be happened in Innsbruck, and Hull has announced it will become like that.” So, by taking advantage of space without paying for it, $2.7 BILLION the UK’s first officially designated skate city, aligning itself with skateboarding is indifferent to these purposes of exchange. WAS THE 2017 the highly successful Skate Melbourne and Skate Malmö cam- GLOBAL REVENUE paigns. Borden holds up the latter as the exemplar. SPACE TO SKATE OF VANS, THE The next step is to integrate the wider benefits that skate- It’s not just malls. Whole parts of cities are unwelcoming to all but BEST-SELLING boarding brings into urban planning because, as Borden puts sensibly-behaved consumers. “Where the homeless are routine- SKATER BRAND. it in Skateboarding and the City: “through an everyday activity, ly ejected from business and retail areas by odd-shaped benches, window-ledge spikes and doorway sprinklers, so skaters encoun- ter rough-textured surfaces, obstructive blocks, restrictive chains and scatterings of gravel,” Borden writes in his book. THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE prefigurative, offering us not just a glimpse but a partially enacted thereforeSkateboarding is cities. our of components potential all are destruction, than rather creativity and watching, than rather rather than paying for it, activity rather than passivity, performing skateboarding suggests that pleasure rather than work, using space inexpensive bitofequipment.” an and shoes flat body, your need just You engagement. direct it’sa outside, world the and skating between in There’snothing we find meaningful in life, what food we eat, what brands we like. come issues of sexuality, class, race, gender, age, and all the things body human the “Through skating. through flow to seem today issues pressing most world’s the of lot because Borden to sense humanities, socialsciencesandbuilt-environment schoolstoo. the through this do could they show to aimed Boarders Pushing boarding tend to do graphic design, photography or film-making; Callan-Riley, boarders going to university who want a job in skate research.Typically, for area legitimate explains a their be could that hobby idea the to boarders expose to was this of side flip A research.” their about talking researchers just than rather ying, academics we’reculturesthat and scenes the within situated be should as stud do we work the of lot “A Callan-Riley: Bartlett’s that buildsskateparks inPalestine. inhabit,” says co-organiser Theo Krish at SkatePal, they a London-based charity community the challenging even and exploring discussing, to open very are for skaters that appetite and event, huge of kind a this is there that found “We mooted. being is bolts forpolicy-makers”. and nuts more something – skaters welcome you how is, space urban design to explore “what a skatepark or multipurpose public about event an is Underconsideration Institute. Estate Real new vision ofwhatadifferent worldmightbelike.” • • • • • READ THERESEARCH

Ethnography”, 2014) Skateboard Scene”(Tyler of Contemporary Dupont,in“Journal “From Core toConsumer:TheInformal Hierarchy ofthe the NewPublicSpace”(OceanHowell, 2001) “The PoeticsofSecurity:Skateboarding, UrbanDesign,and Performative CritiqueofArchitecture” (IainBorden, 2001) “Another Pavement,AnotherBeach: Skateboarding andthe Urban Mainstream” (IainBorden, “The NewSkateCity:HowSkateboarders are Joiningthe (Iain Borden, Bloomsbury, 2019) “Skateboarding andtheCity:ACompleteHistory” Skateboarding is an urban phenomenon, and more study makes to The according academics, the helped also BoardersPushing Meanwhile, Pushing Boarders was such a hit that a future event with Bartlett’stie-up The a be could step next Forthe Borden, The Guardian , 20April2015)

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IN FOLKESTONE, FOLKESTONE, IN PURPOSE-BUILT PURPOSE-BUILT CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION WORLD’S FIRST FIRST WORLD’S MULTI-STOREY MULTI-STOREY NAME OF THE THE OF NAME SKATEPARK, SKATEPARK, CURRENTLY CURRENTLY F51 IS THE THE IS F51 Borden, Bloomsbury, 2019. A Complete History City: the Complete A and Skateboarding Source fordata,pp. 37–40: UNDER UNDER UK. by I.

Images: Hamish Duncan and Zac Ong, Unsplash SKATERS’ PARADISE a reference pointacross allsubjects. art, photographyandflmare thrown in,andskatingisusedas The ideaisthat,aswellstudyingforahighschooldiploma, aweek. and Swedish),getskateclassestwoafternoons follow thenationalcurriculum(English,socialsciences,maths where theentire schooldayisbuiltaround skating.Thestudents plazas andpublicsculptures toboarders. As wellasmyriaddesignatedareas, thecityoffers upitsparks, Malmö’s competitions. frstindoorfacility–andinternational skate parks–suchasanoldbrewery, Bryggeriet,whichbecame leadership withinthecorridorsofpowerwasmindedtofundnew have organised themselvestoengagewithCityHall.Inspired school whosecurriculumisbasedonskateboarding. and manageskatinginitsurbanfabric.”There isevenasecondary skateboarding,” says Borden, “It’s managedtoembrace,integrate a skaters’paradise. a humdrum,post-industrialcityinthesouth-westofSwedeninto One shiningexampleisMalmö,whichhasbeentransformedfrom hosted byTheBartlett,lookedathowtobuildaskate-friendlycity. One ofthediscussionsat2018conference PushingBoarders, of anycityintheworld. Malmö hasthemostprogressive pro-skateboarding policy The formerbrewery alsohousesBryggerietsGymnasium, How hasMalmödoneit?Forthepasttwodecades,itsskaters “Malmö isthemostprogressive cityintheworldfor

THE 33 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL PROSPERITY HOW DO YOU CREATE PATHWAYS TO PROSPERITY IN AN AGE OF MASS DISPLACEMENT? THE RELIEF CENTRE, LED BY THE UCL INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL PROSPERITY, AIMS TO RADICALLY RETHINK HOW TO HELP PEOPLE AND THEIR HOST COMMUNITIES – WHOSE LIVES ARE UPROOTED INDEFINITELY BY WARS OR OPPRESSION – TO THRIVE.

WORDS: SOPHIE ARIE

MOVE Throughout history, millions of people have left their homes seeking a “IF MOVEMENT IS THE NEW NORMAL better life or ﬂeeing wars and oppression. In recent years, two things have AND YOU’RE NOT GOING TO SPEND changed for those people: they tend to stay far longer in their ‘host’ coun- YOUR WHOLE LIFE WAITING FOR

T tries or regions and, crucially, being uprooted no longer means being cut PASSPOR PEOPLE TO GO BACK, WHAT EXACTLY off from their networks. They may have little else, but many of today’s ARE YOU GOING TO DO?” migrants and refugees have some kind of access to a mobile phone and the internet. For individuals in this situation, connectivity has become a 50% INCREASE key part of their pathway to prosperity in the midst of a protracted crisis. IN THE TOTAL Different understandings and measurements of prosperity that go NUMBER OF beyond GDP are key to the work of the Institute for Global Prosperity INTERNATIONAL (IGP). The IGP prosperity index, developed by its researchers, is one way MIGRANTS of measuring the prosperity of local communities: it proposes a unique SINCE 2000. approach to prosperity that goes beyond economic terms to include context-speciﬁc metrics. Using a locally-grounded approach such as this leads 35

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL PROSPERITY to a more detailed picture of life within communities across the world, approaches can be developed that produce prosperity for refugees and and the varying preoccupations its members have. This provides a better their hosts in this situation then they can then be adapted and replicated idea of what prosperity looks like for different individuals, and the public in other locations that are going through similar changes. services to be co-designed to meet community needs. The project, which draws on the knowledge and experience of research- Like the IGP, the RELIEF Centre – a transdisciplinary research ers from across The Bartlett and UCL, in partnership with the American collaboration led by the Institute – is founded on the principle that for a University of Beirut and Centre for Lebanese Studies, has ESRC GCRF community or a country to truly prosper, people’s wellbeing and quality funding for five years. Its members are working on four distinct research of life matters as much as their economic profile. “The goal of the Centre 67% INCREASE themes: The Vital City, Creating Value, Future Education, and Prosperity is to define prosperity in the age of mass displacement,” says Professor IN THE Gains and Inclusive Growth. Henrietta Moore, Founder and Director of the IGP. NUMBER OF Since the project started in April 2017, it has been forging close rela- INTERNATIONAL tionships with local partners, including citizen scientists, local communi- THE NEW NORMAL MIGRANTS IN ties, civil organisations, academic institutions, and others in Lebanon, to Between 2000 and 2017, the numbers of people who left their countries AFRICA SINCE co-create pathways to prosperity for those affected by mass displacement. because of wars, political violence, climate change, extreme poverty and 2000. For the Future Education research theme, this has meant working close- many other issues increased by 49% (from 173 million in 2000 to 258 ly with NGOs, the Ministry of Education and Higher Education within million in 2017), according to the UN.1 In 2017 alone, there were 69 the Lebanese Government, UN agencies, citizens, educators, and refugee million new international migrants worldwide.2 communities, to co-design appropriate education and learning opportuni- “If movement is the new normal and you’re not going to spend your ties for communities affected by mass displacement. whole life waiting for people to go back, what exactly are you going to do?” “Technology isn’t necessarily a barrier for refugees, as many now have asks Professor Moore. Traditionally, she explains, refugees have been seen access to smartphones and some connectivity,” says Diana Laurillard, Pro- as either a drain on resources for their host communities or part of a crisis fessor of Learning with Digital Technology at UCL’s Knowledge Lab and a that needs a humanitarian response until it passes. Or both. co-investigator for the RELIEF centre’s work on education. While the UN “None of the models that we have for migration are either good ways of and international aid agencies are developing a wide range of technologies managing migration or good ways of imagining how you ensure the pros- 1 / 300 to help refugees with education, they have not been “thinking big enough” perity of a country under conditions of mass displacement.” PERSONS to tackle the huge scale of the education gap, Laurillard says. RELIEF has chosen to focus its work on Lebanon, which already had WORLDWIDE IS Academics have learned to think big since Massive Online Open significant numbers of Palestinian refugees and has taken in over a mil- A REFUGEE. Courses (MOOCS) emerged roughly 10 years ago. MOOCS offer multi-

lion Syrians since the civil war began in 2011. Lebanon now has more 1 & 2 UN International media courses to unlimited numbers of people who can interact with each refugees per capita than any other country and the thinking is that if new Migration Report, 2017. other and with educators in online activities. THE AGE OF MASS DISPLACEMENT Source for all statistics, pp. 34, 36, 37 & 38: Population Facts No. 2017/5, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Four out of every fve refugees or asylum seekers are hosted by countries in the developing regions.

3.5 MILLION REFUGEES 970 EUROPE 37

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL PROSPERITY THOUSAND REFUGEES 14.7 NORTH AMERICA MILLION Although migration is REFUGEES a global phenomenon, ASIA most movements take place within a limited set of countries.

6.3 In 2017, countries of the MILLION REFUGEES Global South hosted 21

AFRICA million refugees or asylum seekers, representing 83% of 420 the global total. THOUSAND REFUGEES Since 2000, the LATIN AMERICA & total number of THE CARIBBEAN 70 THOUSAND international REFUGEES migrants has OCEANIA increased by almost 50%. DEMOCRATISING EDUCATION One local charity the RELIEF Centre works with in Lebanon, Multi The Future Education team’s key concept is to use MOOCS to help local Aid Programs (MAPs), shares IGP’s core principle that what matters is professionals, such as teachers, and paraprofessionals, such as community helping people to thrive, not just survive. In terms of education, for Dr leaders, provide blended learning opportunities for refugees wherever they Fadi Alhalabi, the Syrian refugee founder of MAPs, that means that just are. Digital technology is flexible and enables refugee learners to reduce trying to teach refugees to read and write is not enough. the logistical difficulties with conventional place-based courses – such as “We need a new approach to education. We need to achieve dignity having to be in a place at a certain time for a class when they are living through innovation, creativity and productivity in education,” Alhalabi, far away, have no money and are struggling to cope with health and other a high flying surgeon before he was forced to flee Syria, told The Bartlett problems. They can follow a class online whenever it’s possible for them Review by phone from Lebanon. MAPs provides elementary education for to use an electronic device and connect to the internet. RELIEF will be 3,500 child refugees, and teaches robotics, computer science, web design using MOOCS to support refugee teachers in providing blended learning and engineering to older students. classes for their students. In Lebanon, only 15% of refugees live in refugee camps where NGOs Using MOOCS means that the local grass roots organisations, charities, run informal schools. The rest are living in makeshift accommodation academics and refugees in Lebanon can also share knowledge, communi- or hosted in crowded homes around the country. They do not have ac- 39

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL PROSPERITY cate and work with each other and with the RELIEF Centre to develop the cess to the national education system and refu- kind of education they decide will help their community to thrive. gee teachers are not officially allowed to set up Since February 2018, the Centre’s Future Education team has been “THE HUMAN COST OF NOT schools because of long-standing laws designed working to develop two MOOCs. The first captures the experiences and DOING ENOUGH TO PROVIDE to protect the jobs of the local population. reflections of community researchers, teachers and local journalists con- EDUCATION AND JOBS TO A Alhalabi, started his aid agency in a lorry conducting research in their own communities, and aims to provide partici- GENERATION GROWING UP tainer and now has nine centres in Lebanon. By pants with basic research skills. The other focuses on teacher professional AS REFUGEES IS MASSIVE working with RELIEF there is the potential to development. It aims to develop education knowledge and share diverse IN TERMS OF MENTAL grow his model exponentially. “We are trying to pedagogical practices among teachers, educators and humanitarian practi- HEALTH, PHYSICAL HEALTH rupture some of the dominant thinking around tioners who are working in contexts of mass displacement. AND FUTURE CONFLICT” what teachers can do,” explains Tejendra Pher- ali, Senior Lecturer in Education and Interna- DESPITE AN INCREASE IN NUMBER, tional development at UCL Institute of Education and a lead researcher REFUGEES REPRESENT A SMALL SHARE in the RELIEF Centre’s Future Education team. “Ultimately we are trying OF ALL MIGRANTS to contextualise teaching,” says Pherali. “Traditionally, teachers have had a limited amount of flexibility. They are supposed to follow a programme of 0.50% learning set by their education ministry. We are rethinking that and giving 0.47% teachers a sense of power to transform the lives of the people they teach.” “The human cost of not doing enough to provide education and jobs to 0.34% a generation growing up as refugees is massive in terms of mental health, 0.33% physical health, future conflict…and a whole range of issues,” says Profes- 0.27% sor Moore. The multidisciplinary approach and collaborative models of 0.17% work that RELIEF is developing, seeks to disrupt the conventional thinking around how learning can take place and prosperity is delivered.

READ THE RESEARCH • The RELIEF Centre: relief-centre.org AFRICA EUROPE WORLD ASIA NORTH OCEANIA • Multi Aid Programs: multiaidprograms.org AMERICA • “The potential of MOOCs for learning at scale in the Global South” Refugees and asylum seekers as a percentage of total population (2017) (D. Laurillard & E. Kennedy, Centre for Global Higher Education, 2017)

41 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION& PROJECT MANAGEMENT

COMPLETED JUST MONTHS BEFORE THE CARILLION COLLAPSE, “CASTLES IN THE AIR?”, PROFESSOR HEDLEY SMYTH’S ANALYSIS OF BRITISH MAIN CONTRACTORS, READS LIKE A PREMONITION. WE UNPACK THE STORY OF AN INDUSTRY THAT HAS TO DECIDE: IS IT ON THE BRINK OF COLLAPSE OR CHANGE?

WORDS: HUGO COX competitive bidding meant work was concen- trated in the hands of a few large reputed firms through cost-plus and then target-cost contracts, which many saw as unfair. Wimpey won so many Scottish airfield contracts that a public enquiry was launched into unfair allocation, but none was found. With government quotas restricting the amount of work per office, the big firms sim- “CONSTRUCTION COSTS ply added new offices, spreading them around WERE OUTSTRIPPING THE

the country and separating the centralised man- GAINS IN PRODUCTIVITY agement of HQ from the operational control of NEEDED TO OFFSET THEM The government-driven imperative for in- How does an industry go from being the envy of the local branch. This distributed organisational AT A RATIO OF NEARLY TWO novation that had characterised the wartime the world to producing one of Britain’s biggest model would help to define the contractor busi- TO ONE BETWEEN 1963 AND years was gone – replaced by the risk-aversion corporate failures of modern times? The story ness model. 1970. THERE WAS A LACK born of shrinking margins and a focus on short- that links the 1960s behemoths of UK construc- Post-war rebuilding efforts followed a sim- OF INVESTMENT TO term profits by managing cash flow and trade tion to the £7bn collapse of Carillion earlier ilar pattern. The Labour government largely ADDRESS THE ISSUE: credit. The shift of ownership from families to this year contains no accidents, misfortunes or kept control of the market – a move that suited EXECUTIVES BATTENED professional managers accelerated the trend. As sudden technological disruption. It is a story of the major firms, who distributed their efforts DOWN THE HATCHES” the modern era of globalised construction firms 43

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION& PROJECT MANAGEMENT the steady siege of long-term business planning between challenging civil engineering work began, firm-wide strategic investment and inno- by short-term commercial considerations, that and the scarcer opportunities available in the the issue: executives battened down the hatches, vation was ending. In its place came a focus on could only lead UK main contractors to where restricted commercial building sector. By the eschewing risk. Plenty of work, however, meant cost control, satisfying short-term shareholder they are today: a broken business model, parlous early 1950s, the sector was motoring; the size plenty of cash flow – ‘working capital’ in the par- demands and individual projects, rather than prospects and little hope. and expertise of the major UK construction lance. A growth in subcontracting (which would the wider firm. The story is told by Hedley Smyth, Professor firms was now bettered only by those in the US. become a defining trend in future years) meant With the downturn of the 1970s, power of Project Enterprises at The Bartlett School this collected for a period in the hands of the slipped from the hands of engineers and con- of Construction and Project Management, in FINANCIAL ENGINEERING contracting firms. struction staff – focused on technology and Castles in the Air? The Evolution of British Main While government quotas were helping shape What to do with all the cash? The era’s high technical expertise – towards finance depart- Contractors, published in February 2018. It the successful organisational model of modern interest rates meant good returns for those with ments – focused on low investment and expend- offers the key to understanding how the industry UK contractors, the economics of the 1950s spare cash to invest. If contractors could delay iture. In a shift that came to define the modern can rescue itself from its current perilous state. were helping shape a financial one that would payment of their subcontractors, they had a huge era, anything that was not generating revenue prove much more problematic. pile of surplus capital to put to work collecting became an overhead, ripe for cutting: cash-flow THE WORKING DOGS OF WAR With a burgeoning private sector now sup- interest. A business model based on squeezing management was king. The story starts in the 1930s, when many of the plementing government demand, construction returns out of subcontractors and retaining trade “What is important at the big firms is turno- firms that would dominate UK construction markets surged, nearly doubling between 1955 credit led to a high return on capital employed, ver. That is what analysts look at. Getting more following WW2 were taking shape. Costain, and 1968. The largest contractors diversified or ROCE. work becomes more important than doing it at Laing and Taylor Woodrow had been house- into industrial property, owner-occupied offic- This piece of early financial engineering was the right price,” says Jim Meikle, Professor in builders in the interwar years, supporting the es and the new property development sectors. a key plank of the contractors’ developing busi- the Economics of the Construction Sector at growth of suburbia and the trend to office work- Firms’ growing capacity and technical proficien- ness model. It established a practice of under- The Bartlett School of Construction and Project ing. Sir Robert McAlpine focused on profitable, cy saw them expand abroad: between 1955 and investment alongside a strategic vacuum that Management. high-profile civil engineering or energy projects, 1968 construction was Britain’s fastest growing remain the industry’s main problems today. such as building coal-fired power stations. Now export industry, tripling in size. Hobbled by the reluctance to invest, UK firms TURNED OVER BY TURNOVER their efforts were called upon for the re-arma- While work was plentiful, however, margins had established a pattern of chasing the work. Short-sighted at the best of times, such an ap- ment effort – airfields, barracks, munitions and were shrinking. Construction costs – notably As they reached out to international markets, proach is particularly destabilising in a down- plant factories and so on. raw materials and labour – were outstripping such as the oil-boom-fuelled Middle East, new turn. In the first case it encourages suicidal bid- These were exceptional times: with firms over- the gains in productivity needed to offset them work was won by applying existing skills to new ding, where firms price their bids so low they stretched, government took increasing control at a ratio of nearly two to one between 1963 and projects. This gave a false sense of security for cannot make a profit (since the cash flow itself is of the market to get things done. No time for 1970. There was a lack of investment to address continued growth. valuable to them even when they make a project loss). In the second case, it lengthens payment principal resource of construction companies is delays to subcontractors, so that firms can max- management”. imise the income from investing the cash. “This Management turned out to be something reduces stability within the industry as a whole,” that UK contracting firms weren’t very good at. says Brian Green, who edits the annual Housing While strategic planning was emerging as the Market Intelligence Report. central pillar of management in fast-developing Governments indulged an unhealthy trend by sectors like car making, at UK main contractors continuing to award contracts purely on price, the focus on cash flow sent them obsessively without taking into account the financial health chasing the next job, stymying efforts at long- of the firms doing them or the quality of the term strategic planning. work, notes Meikle. While all this was happening, European contractors, who were exposed to many of the same (MIS)MANAGEMENT commercial pressures, were taking a very different By 1990, Hillebrandt (a former UCL Profes- path that would lead rapidly to their domination. sor) and Cannon could summarise the situa- These firms had made the same quest to cut costs

tion in their book Modern Construction Firm while retaining a wider business strategy, based without any reference to building things: “the on expanding their geographic reach. Bouygues UNITED KINGDOM ITALY -18.7% -6.3%

45 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION& PROJECT MANAGEMENT

SPAIN TRADING PLACES FRANCE GERMANY SWEDEN NORWAY The fgures show percentage change in market share of British and European contractors 0.0% +1.1% +3.6% +9.5% +11% between 1993–1996. According to Castles in the Air?, further market decline of British contractors can be expected in Europe. In the long term, the majority of that decline will be experienced in the domestic market because other European contractors will be larger than those in Britain and thus will secure large-scale contracts.

Source for data pp.44–45: Adapted from Smyth (1998) and derived from data in Building (1994, 1997), in Castles in the Air? The Evolution of British Main Contractors (H. Smyth, 2018). Professor Smyth says: “While the papers made a lot of noise about the Carillion collapse, it was of no real surprise to anyone in the industry, partly because they knew about the state of the ﬁrm and partly because such an outcome has been a long time coming to the UK construction industry.”

“[THEY] WERE LARGELY THE FUTURE established a UK office then grew organically. ABOUT REBADGING The role played by government indicates that Firms like Hochtief and Skanska, which favoured EXISTING ACTIVITIES TO more than firms’ management will be respon- acquisition, found takeover opportunities. PRESENT THE COMPANY sible for rescuing the UK’s main contractors. In the 1980s and 1990s, investors began to AS DYNAMIC TO THE Since the firms’ management will be ultimately refocus their portfolios on a diverse range of com- STOCK MARKET. BEHIND responsible for reforms, their inability to escape panies and sectors exposed to the economic cycle THE RHETORIC, LITTLE OF the current business model bodes ill for the fu- in different ways. This approach only worked if SUBSTANCE CHANGED” ture. A 2010 survey by Grant Thornton found 47

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION& PROJECT MANAGEMENT investors knew exactly which bit of the economy that nine out of ten executives reckoned their each stock was exposed to, so they pushed the added bonus for listed firms in that their share models had been resilient in the downturn fol- firms they owned to focus on their “core compe- price was boosted, since the services sector was lowing the financial crisis and would succeed tencies”, and to sell off anything else. rated higher than construction,” says Green. over the following year-and-a-half. “It made the markets more short-term in But the series of restructurings this entailed For Professor Smyth, the solution is not state their thinking and thus put pressure on stocks were little more than window dressing. “[They] intervention. Instead, he advocates a choice, to deliver dividends above other factors. This were largely about rebadging existing activities starting with firms’ management but including reinforced the short-termism experienced by to present the company as dynamic to the stock shareholders – whose instincts will be to resist contractors,” says Smyth. market. Behind the rhetoric, little of substance any change – and government, to cajole UK The cautious introversion of UK firms was THE CRASH changed,” writes Smyth in Castles in the Air?. firms towards a business model that better ser- no match for the bolder expansionism of their The collapse of Carillion – which began life as Carillion’s business model was still based on vices the wider economy. The recent ascendancy European peers. From their total dominance Tarmac – illustrates, in stark detail, the conse- making whatever money it could out of the of European firms demonstrates the virtues of over European firms in the 1960s, by 1996 only quences of the long, slow failure of the UK main ROCE model – no easy feat in an era of low in- this mixed model. one large UK contractor, Amec, could scrape contractors’ business model. terest rates. “Growth came from acquisitions and There is plenty to incentivise firms to reform: into Europe’s largest 10 firms by turnover. Two Green says: “Having built a very diverse busi- securing work at low margins,” writes Smyth. $57tn of global infrastructure investment is re- decades later, in 2015, British contractors had ness with housing and materials underpinned Governments – especially those of the aus- quired by 2030 according to McKinsey. While 6% cent of turnover among Europe’s ten largest with cash generated by contracting, Tarmac terity era – have done little to discourage the recent decades have contained the story of UK firms, compared to 47% for French firms and followed the fashion to divest and focus, as the practice, instead driving down costs by taking main contractors’ decline, those of the future 27% for Spanish firms. environment changed.” tenders that they knew were unsustainable. need not. However, European firms were constrained This saw a swap with Wimpey: Tarmac took “This part of the business model no longer The global market needs larger firms. They by the same business model as those in the UK: Wimpey’s contracting and materials businesses; stands up in an environment of low interest must be big enough to absorb the risk associated their boldness owed more to market protection. in exchange Wimpey took Tarmac’s housing rates and more stringent requirements to pay with the largest and most complex projects in “French contractors own shares in each other, business. Tarmac’s larger contracting business suppliers and subcontractors in timely fashion,” today’s market. And they must have the technol- meaning they can vote down takeovers from for- was then spun off to become Carillion. Smyth says. “While the papers made a lot of ogies and the management capabilities necessary eign companies. In Germany, all the major firms “In turn, it began to move towards being a noise about the Carillion collapse, it was no real to undertake them. have full executives from the major banking ‘services’ business following the fashion to focus surprise to anyone in the industry, partly because groups on their boards, ensuring them preferen- on facilities management and support services. they knew about the state of the firm and partly READ THE RESEARCH: tial lines of credit, as well as providing a degree The shift tapped into the outsourcing move that because such an outcome has been a long time • “Castles in the Air? The Evolution of

of external accountability,” says Smyth. was occurring in public services. There was an Getty Image: coming to the UK construction industry.” British Main Contractors” (H. Smyth, 2018) CARBONTHE

49 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE ENERGY INSTITUTE

THE RACE IS ON TO DECARBONISE THE INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING INDUSTRY AND THE UCL ENERGY INSTITUTE’S SCENARIO-BASED MODELLING IS GIVING POLICY-MAKERS THE DATA THEY NEED TO PUT THE PRESSURE ON.

WORDS: BRENDAN MATON LEVIATHAN The Marshall Islands are a scattering of coral transport sector could act to decarbonise profit- commercial consequences of a range of carbon atolls, palm trees and white beaches lying low ably and the risks of ‘business-as-usual’ thinking. prices alongside other germane factors such as in the Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Aus- The Institute’s work is realistic, depressing freight rates, ship speeds and the cost of ZEVs. tralia. None of the Islands’ three exports – fish, and hopeful all at the same time – often in one One interesting result from the research is coconuts and young emigrants – make a mark paragraph. One of its findings is that charterers, that, amid all the many variables, the cost of on global trading volumes. Yet the Marshall who rent ships, have not thus far rewarded or borrowing money to purchase new vessels is not a Islands registers more big ships than almost any- looked to reward low-emission vessels. This lack major factor. where else on Earth. Over 3,000 seagoing vessels of incentivisation is understandable: climate This would be welcome news in any line of call the Marshall Islands home – on paper. They mitigation policies are inevitable but the actual business. However, as Nish Rehmatulla, Senior supply precious foreign income in exchange for form they will take and their commercial ramifi- Researcher at the UCL Energy Institute admits, the convenience of a rubber stamp. cations are not clear. the problem with his team’s work is that it does Registration location is one of the many not always come up with the answers shipown- quirks of international shipping. Another is SEA CHANGE ers want to hear – even though UCL’s GloTraM

the exemption of shipping from climate change The industry knows change is coming, but has modelling is predicated on profit maximisation. A still from shipmap.org, an agreements. Transport on the high seas is not pushed itself to reform. This is reflected in One recent paper, for example, showed that interactive map showing the movements of the world’s responsible for 2.5% of global greenhouse a 2017 joint study by UMAS, a commercial the cost of climate mitigation adaptation could commercial shipping fleet over gas (GHG) emissions but has so far avoided research arm of the UCL Energy Institute’s reduce revenues under many scenarios. If the the course of 2012. Image: Kiln the kind of terrestrial regulation that is seeing shipping group. The study found that 80% of price of a tonne of carbon goes no higher than coal phased out and the mass arrival of electric industry respondents feel Zero-Emission Vessels $50 and freight rates are low, the academics vehicles worldwide. (ZEVs) are necessary and that reliability and foresee flat to falling revenues even for 51

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE ENERGY INSTITUTE To put it another way: if shipping were a scalability are more important than cost. But shipowners who take a long-term perspective, nation, it would be the sixth largest emitter of in the same study, the majority of respondents i.e. are prepared to wait at least seven years to GHG emissions, behind Japan but before Ger- didn’t want to pay more than 10% more for many. Moreover, the difference between the ZEVs than current vessels or see a carbon price rules for transport on land and sea means that higher than $50 a tonne. That carbon price is shipping’s share of GHG emissions could rise far above current levels (although, unlike for from 2.5% to more than 20% by 2050, accord- gold or oil, there is no true global market for ing to EU estimates. That would put it ahead of carbon trading yet). Nevertheless, $50 a tonne any single nation as a polluter. is much lower than the estimates many academ- One of the providers of the data behind those ics reckon necessary to limit global warming to estimates is the UCL Energy Institute, a world two degrees Celsius. leader in modelling shipping trends and energy As no-one can be sure where carbon pric- demands. For over a decade it has been providing will go, the Institute offers scenarios to ing information on ways in which the maritime help shipowners and charterers understand the

“TO PUT IT ANOTHER WAY: IF SHIPPING WERE A NATION, IT WOULD BE THE SIXTH LARGEST EMITTER OF GHG EMISSIONS, BEHIND JAPAN BUT BEFORE GERMANY” INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING Marshalls for decades, but some of its facilities facilities have been funded to the tune of E250m PRODUCES NEARLY ONE could be permanently inundated within the next by the European Union alone because LNG BILLION TONS OF CO2 two decades. is cleaner than current ship fuel in terms of EMISSIONS, WHICH IS Whether you are the Pentagon, a shipping local air pollution, as it reduces harmful sul- APPROXIMATELY 2–3% tycoon or a Paciﬁc islander, data should inform phur and nitrogen oxides and particulates close OF TOTAL MAN-MADE any sensible long-term policy. The UCL Energy to zero. But this fuel will not ultimately help EMISSIONS Institute conducted research for the internation- meet the IMO targets for carbon dioxide, warns al Institute of Marine, Engineering, Science and Rehmatulla. Technology in its submissions to IMO debates. On other metrics, such as the cost of the ac- These submissions have grown in inﬂuence right tual motor, electric fares well. But expensive bat- up to last April’s historic decision (see pp.54–55, teries and this power type’s unsuitability for long ‘How the war was won’). voyages is dissuasive in the modelling. This only Now it is time for the whole shipping indus- leaves more work to be done, according to Dr try to engage. The new targets help to sharpen Tristan Smith, the UCL Energy Institute’s Read- 53

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE ENERGY INSTITUTE parameters for business planning. They do not, er in Energy and Shipping: “Unless action starts recoup essential green investments. Other sce- – agreed to put a cap on toxic emissions from however, dictate how the emissions reductions now on maturing these fuels options’ applicabil- narios suggest a carbon price of $100–$500 is maritime engines, notably sulphur dioxide, and are to be achieved. Regarding ZEVs, for exam- ity to deep-sea merchant shipping, we won’t see necessary to make ZEVs as attractive, pricewise, bring the industry more in line with terrestrial ple, it remains unclear what the winning fuel or ZEVs in the water by 2030 in order to meet the as conventional ships. ambitions for curbing carbon dioxide emissions. technology will be. GHG target”. If this sounds dissuasive, the academics simul- Gambling that things won’t change for ship- taneously point out that many seemingly more ping is no longer an option. The sulphur cap BRIDGES TO NOWHERE READ THE RESEARCH comfortable approaches, such as a short-termist begins in earnest in 2020. The bigger target is to The response from Rehmatulla and colleagues • “Navigating Decarbonisation: An approach to business-as-usual mentality might seduce ship- at least halve GHG emissions by 2050, leaving at the UCL Energy Institute has been to map evaluate shipping’s risks and opportunities owners to virtual shipwreck: owning a fleet too the door open to full decarbonisation. out the potential of new fuels under different associated with climate change mitigation expensive to be adapted to new technological Both targets have been welcomed by bodies economic scenarios and using various financial policy” (UMAS, commissioned by Carbon War regulations. This version of stranded assets is a all over the world, including some commercial metrics. One is the cost of storing – ‘bunkering’ Room, 2017) warning that disruptive technology and/or strin- shippers who see this as a chance to put clear in shipping jargon – new fuels. Infrastructure for • “An analysis of the MEPC 69 Debate on gent new regulations produces not just winners water between themselves and dirtier rivals. hydrogen is more complex than for biofuels. But reduction of shipping GHG emissions” but also victims. The Marshall Islands early on put sustainability biofuels cost more to make. You have to grow a (UMAS, 2016) before profit and championed decarbonising. crop ‘upstream’ first, and the total cost, includ- • “Zero-Emission Vessels 2030. How do we get NEW LAW OF THE SEA On coin-flat islands like theirs, every one-inch ing the preparation of arable land, severely low- there?” (Lloyd’s Register & UMAS, 2017) For the shipping world, 2018 brought a double rise in sea levels jeopardises 10 feet of drinking ers this energy’s attractiveness. • See a visualisation of the world’s commercial dose of stringent new regulations when the In- water contained in the islands’ aquifers. Likewise, the Institute has been unambig- shipping feet over the course of the year 2012 ternational Maritime Organisation (IMO) – the Even the mighty US Department of Defense uous that increasing capacity for Liquefied at shipmap.org UN body that organises international shipping is starting to fret: it has tested missiles in the Natural Gas (LNG) is a ‘bridge to nowhere’. LNG HOW THE WAR WAS WON Key milestones to the IMO’s agreement to at least halve carbon emissions by 2050. APRIL 2016

SEPTEMBER With France, Belgium, Germany and Morocco as co- 2013 sponsors, Pacifc Island leaders make a further submission to Pacifc leaders launched the consider shipping’s ‘fair share’ Majuro Declaration at the of GHG emissions. This time annual meeting of the Pacifc almost one-third of country Islands Forum in the Marshall representatives support the OCTOBER Islands. Declares climate motion (The IMO is a curiosity change the biggest threat to among UN organisations in that 55

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE ENERGY INSTITUTE their people. many delegates representing 2017 their country are actually MAY employees of large shipping A harshly reduced cap companies and exporters). on sulphur emissions is announced to commence 2015 from 2020.

The Marshall Islands submits a request to the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee asking for a debate on how shipping can reduce GHG emissions as part of the APRIL global effort to restrict further warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The motion was postponed, in 2018 part to see what would happen at the Paris negotiations on climate change later that year. The IMO agrees to limit GHG emissions from international shipping by 2050 to at most 50% of 2008’s output, while pursuing efforts to phase them out in line with the Paris agreement temperature goals. DE SIGN

THOUSAND CUTS 57 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF PLANNING

BY A

THE UK IS ON THE VERGE OF A MAJOR EXPANSION IN HOUSEBUILDING, YET NEW RESEARCH BY THE PLACE ALLIANCE HAS REVEALED A CHRONIC LACK OF URBAN DESIGN EXPERTISE IN LOCAL AUTHORITIES. WILL GOVERNMENT RAISE ITS GAME IN TIME?

WORDS: KATIE PUCKETT “ALMOST HALF OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES HAVE NO DEDICATED IN-HOUSE URBAN DESIGN CAPACITY authorities have no dedicated in-house urban AT ALL, AND OF THOSE design capacity at all, and of those that do, in THAT DO, IN MOST CASES most cases a single ofﬁcer must cover design as A SINGLE OFFICER MUST part of a larger role. COVER DESIGN AS PART This should be cause for alarm under any cir- OF A LARGER ROLE” cumstances, but it’s all the more so when the UK is supposed to be on the verge of a major expansion in housebuilding. The government wants numbers of new homes to rise from 217,000 in 2017 to 300,000 a year by 2025 to address the 59

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF PLANNING housing shortage. But what kind of places are we and his colleague Valentina Giordano, but also The first known use of the word ‘street’ in the going to create, if there’s no-one to oversee these during hearings of the House of Lords Select English language was on 28 April 604, on a doc- crucial elements of placemaking? Committee on National Policy for the Built En- ument showing the boundary of a plot of land “Local authorities have an absolutely critical vironment, to which Carmona was appointed as in Rochester, where the castle and cathedral now role in ensuring high standards of urban design,” specialist adviser. He says: “There were lots of stand. Many things have changed in Rochester says Huxford. “Unless they demand good stand- reports about a real crisis of urban design skills during the 1,414 years since, but the line of the ards, there is an inevitability that we will have a within local authorities, but no concrete, empir- High Street is pretty much the same as it was legacy of poorly designed and located develop- ical evidence that there was a problem.” then, and indeed as it was six centuries earlier ment – and indeed that’s what we are getting.” The last audit of this kind was carried out back when it was built by the Romans. This, says The research was led by Matthew Carmona, in 2003, by the Commission for Architecture & Robert Huxford of the Urban Design Group, Professor of Planning and Urban Design at The the Built Environment, or CABE. After this, shows how important it is to get planning right Bartlett, and prompted by growing anecdotal there was significant investment in skills and first time. “Once you’ve created a development, evidence that cuts in local authority budgets had training, but this dropped off when austerity its effect will be there pretty much in perpetuity. left planning departments understaffed and ill- hit in 2011 and government funding to CABE Once you make a boundary between public and equipped. This was evident in feedback received ceased. Government systematically collects data private land, it stays there unless money changes by the Place Alliance, which is run by Carmona on the number of planning applications and the hands or there’s force majeure.” speed of processing them, says Carmona, but Given the longevity of our streetscapes, you not on the composition or skill levels of plan- would expect that the creation of a new one ning departments. “But these are the sorts of would be subject to extensive consideration. qualitative factors that determine whether the But you’d be wrong. A survey of local planning planning system can work properly.” authorities by The Bartlett School of Planning, part-funded by the Urban Design Group, has uncovered a chronic lack of urban design expertise within the organisations that are supposed to scrutinise new development to ensure that it’s attractive, integrated into the surrounding area and well-served by amenities such as public transport and green space. Almost half of local Valentina Giordano, Research Associate at The Bartlett School of Planning, who co-ordinated the research, was not surprised by this di- minished capacity – she used to work in the private sector as an urban designer and had heard many of her former colleagues complaining because the power that they hold is incredible, about cutbacks in local authorities. “What did but it’s quite difficult for an ordinary citizen to surprise me was the extent to which conservation realise how that power trickles down and affects officers now have to fulfil all sorts of roles,” she the street where you live, the park where you go, says. “Or maybe a planner is sent on a couple of “LOCAL AUTHORITIES the tower that you may or may not get.” CPDs so they can sit on a design review panel or NEED TO REALISE THAT One bad decision early on has a cascade of comment on pre-application plans. Not only are DESIGN QUALITY IS A negative impacts, says Huxford, most often the While speed might be important, explains people stretched, but they’re under pressure to REQUIREMENT OF THE decision to allow development in areas where Carmona, it has nothing to do with creating do a job that isn’t their job.” Where local author- PLANNING SYSTEM, there are no local amenities and no alternatives high-quality places. “Around the country, we see ities have no expertise in house, it has become NOT SOMETHING THEY to car use. Health outcomes suffer with no in- large schemes going through that are very poor common practice to use external consultants on CAN PICK AND CHOOSE” centive for the residents to walk or cycle, and quality. There are some developers that are ex- a needs-must basis, at considerable expense. those without cars cannot access the services cellent and produce amazing projects, but a lot Without anyone to challenge developers, lo- they need. Land is given over to hard surfaces need to be pushed. And if the local authority cal authorities find it hard to understand the for roads and parking, which increases the risk of 61

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF PLANNING doesn’t do that, then nobody will.” long-term implications of poor design. It’s not so that not all the public realm is tarmac, or flooding by stormwater runoff and creates a need Ultimately, a lack of urban design expertise just a question of money: even small changes making access routes safe by allowing for natural for attenuation measures, which may reduce the could thwart the government’s attempts to avert to a scheme can have a huge impact, Giordano surveillance so people can walk to the shops.” amount of green space available. The retail econ- the housing crisis, he warns. “Local commu- says. “Things like the way parking is organised With Carmona, she is now working on a fol- omy shifts further in favour of car use, hindering nities are often against new housing because low-up study of attitudes to design among local the ability to walk or cycle elsewhere too. they fear it will be poorly designed and un- councillors, and she hopes that the Place Alli- “The built environment needs to be con- sympathetic to existing settlements. If we get ance will secure funding to create a case-study sidered as a system,” he says, “and constantly the design right, local communities are much library, to replace some of the CABE guidance tweaked and tuned and helped to change in re- more likely to accept the new housing that the that she and her planning colleagues used to find sponse to human need, changes in the economy, nation needs.” so invaluable. technology and the environment and our best Giordano is struck by how little public aware- understanding of what makes people healthy ONE-WAY STREET ness there is of urban planning. “I always find it and happy. It is in the national interest that local The Bartlett survey, Reviewing Design Review unbelievable that every time the planning minis- authorities have the expertise to do this.” in London, was compiled by sending freedom ter changes it’s a non-news story. It’s quite tragic of information requests to 374 local planning A PLAN FOR GOOD DESIGN authorities. It asked what in-house urban design The House of Lords Select Committee raised skills were available within the local author- Huxford’s concerns in its 2016 report, Building ity, and specifically how many qualified urban Better Places. “Good design is really the key to designers, landscape architects and architects not only pleasant places to live but also thriv- were employed. ing communities,” says Baroness Janet Whitak- The headline figure is a 5% drop in qualified er, who co-founded the select committee. “The advisers since 2003, but this is almost certainly problem is that local authorities have so few re- an underestimate. The comments accompany- sources now and they keep being cut, hugely cut. ing the data refer frequently to resource sharing It’s happening in so many other local authori- between departments or neighbouring authority fields – children’s centres, battered women’s ties and to professionals from non-design back- centres are all suffering – so I’m not surprised grounds covering urban design roles. So while expertise may exist on paper, it may not be there in reality. they decided to cut planning. There’s no deny- PLACEMAKING ON ing it that if you’ve got to cut somewhere, plan- A SHOESTRING ning is an easy one.” Whitaker and Carmona agree that there is no How design review panels can inform substitute for additional government funding local authorities – local authorities could be allowed to borrow more, for example, says Whitaker. But there As well as asking local authorities about their “One of the reasons that local authorities are low or no-cost options that local authorities in-house urban design capacity, The Bartlett should be using this more is because they don’t can take advantage of, such as external design survey also enquired how many were making use have to pay,” says Carmona. “They can charge review panels. of design review panels to assess the quality of the developer for design review so it’s a cost- There was dismay earlier this year when a re- planning applications. neutral mechanism they can use in the absence vised version of the National Planning Policy In an ideal world, fully staffed planning of having people in-house.” Framework was released for consultation, with departments would make their own assessment Planning departments can then use these a clause on the importance of design review sub- but refer larger schemes to panels of their peers resources to fund in-house capacity – hiring 63

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE SCHOOL OF PLANNING stantially watered down. Most encouragingly, since the publication of as an additional mechanism to improve quality. someone to run the panel, while providing design After an outcry, Carmona is cautiously The Bartlett’s survey, part of a new fund called Where there is no in-house capability, design advice with the rest of their time. Carmona says: optimistic that the final version, due later in the Planning Performance Grant has been dedi- review should be an essential failsafe. “That’s what an increasing number of local 2018, will stick closer to the current wording. cated to design skills in local authorities. “High- In reality, only two-thirds of local authorities authorities are doing in London, and it’s what He also thinks there is a greater willingness in lighting these issues and showing there’s a real use it and less than a ffth regularly, meaning they should all be doing. It’s better to have government to engage with issues of design – need encouraged the government to shift part of monthly or quarterly. Outside London and something than nothing. One person is better it held a Design Quality Conference in spring the grant specifically to design,” says Carmona. the large metropolitan areas, uptake was than none, half a person is better than nothing. 2018, the first for many years, and two civil “That’s a very positive impact that we’ve had.” particularly patchy. You need to start somewhere.” servants have been appointed to drive the design Stronger leadership from government is the agenda forward. key to creating better places, he believes: “Local authorities need to realise that design quality is a DESIGN SKILLS IN LOCAL requirement of the planning system, not some- AUTHORITIES: THEN AND NOW thing they can pick and choose.” After all, governments may come and go, but urban design is pretty much forever.

READ THE RESEARCH: • “Reviewing Design Review in London” (Place Alliance, 2018) • “Building Better Places” (House of Lords Select Committee on National Policy for the Built Environment, 2016) A QUALIFIED A LANDSCAPE A REGISTERED • Place Alliance: placealliance.org.uk URBAN DESIGNER ARCHITECT ARCHITECT • Place Value Wiki: sites.google.com/view/place- value-wiki 2001 48% 57% 38%

2003 49% 56% 32% Source for data, p.63: “Reviewing Design Review in 2018 45% 47% 20% London” (Place Alliance, 2018)

THE WICKED PROBLEMS OF THE 21ST CENTURY ARE TOO COMPLEX AND SYSTEMIC TO BE SOLVED BY ONE SECTOR ALONE. GLOBAL THE LANGUAGE ORGANISATIONS NEED TO REFRAME THE WAY THEY APPROACH INNOVATION INTO MISSIONS TO CREATE EQUAL PARTNERSHIPS WHERE ALL SECTORS SHARE THE RISKS AND REWARDS. 65

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE INSTITUTE FORAND PUBLIC PURPOSE INNOVATION WORDS: BRENDAN MATON

“There is huge potential in a missions-based the language and paradigms of IIPP. Here’s First OF CHANGE approach to drive faster solutions – and it is an Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon on inno- approach being pioneered here in the UK, by vation and public purpose: “We want Scotland University College London… So today I am in the future, just as we have in the past, to be setting the first four missions of our Industrial inventing, designing and manufacturing the in- Strategy – one in each Grand Challenge. If they novations and the products that will shape the are to be meaningful, they must be ambitious world of tomorrow. We want to ensure those and stretching. That means that our success in innovations don’t just benefit big business but them cannot be guaranteed. But I believe that wider society as well.” by setting a high ambition, we can achieve more And European Commissioner Carlos Moedas: than we otherwise would.” “In the European Union we are very good at de- Who is speaking here? Anyone who has read fining our challenges. But often we are not able policy papers issued by UCL’s Institute for Inno- to explain them or to find a solution for them. vation and Public Purpose (IIPP) will recognise That is precisely why we have come up with the the language. So will readers of the books pub- idea of missions: to create a link with people; to lished by Mariana Mazzucato, IIPP’s charismatic trace a path to solve problems.” director. But this was a speech by Theresa May, In all three cases the rhetoric of ambition and not Mazzucato. The Prime Minister was unveil- bravura are straight from the IIPP handbook, ing – at Jodrell Bank in May 2018 – how the UK which encourages those in public service to re- was going to think big about societal challeng- member that they direct society and should take es, namely artificial intelligence, ageing, clean pride in this responsibility, especially when it growth and the future of mobility. comes to tackling the biggest challenges. Success May is not the only leader to rapidly adopt requires a lot of time, capital and expertise across DECODE project being piloted in Amsterdam announced and the sums of money involved and Barcelona to develop a data commons, but are born of fear. To use management-speak: with control for each citizen to anonymise their the government has ‘lost the room’. own personal data. Could the DECODE para- Mazzucato reckons even Barack Obama, a digm work on a grand scale for patient records great orator, was culpable on healthcare. “When in the NHS? Kattel compares DECODE to a the Tea Party accused him of meddling, he didn’t public library: “No one wants to own a library go on the front foot and point out that caring for but everyone wants to use it.” And of course, 60 million uninsured Americans is a multi-bil- everyone understands what a library is, whereas lion-dollar boost for the whole country in terms most would struggle with the blockchain tech- of costly medical operations avoided and labour nology underlying DECODE and protecting fit to be active in the economy.” citizens’ interests. Here we come to valuing both formal and informal care, spanning healthcare and domes- SWITCH METAPHORS tic support. In her latest book, The Value of Public support is essential for any mission fulfil- Everything, Mazzucato shows how the predom-

ment. Often, however, politicians have a habit of inant form of modern economics shies away pumping money into or taking it away from any from activities such as caring for relatives when cause of immediate public concern. there are no wages involved. The existence of Nowhere is this more evident in the UK than wages means the activity has a price and thus a the NHS, where government responses now- value. This is a monetary value, of course. Price- adays are almost always expressed in terms of based economists don’t want to evaluate quality cash. The manner in which these responses are of care (or housework) and even when it is paid, as in the NHS, the fact that there are no ultimate proﬁts means that public services end up getting 67

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE INSTITUTE FORAND PUBLIC PURPOSE INNOVATION “LOOK AT THE UNITED viewed in terms of cost-savings alone. disciplines; and the government alone has the and comprising bright minds from academia, NATIONS SUSTAINABLE This is why public innovation – so prevalent capacity to direct missions. business, science, IT and healthcare, MOIIS DEVELOPMENT GOALS. in current speeches by politicians – has hitherto liaises with the Department for Business, Ener- SOMETHING LIKE 140 sounded like an oxymoron. It is also why those MEANING IS USE gy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) as inspiration, COUNTRIES SIGN UP TO announcements of new cash for the NHS don’t The adoption by political leaders of IIPP’s wayfinder and sounding-board. THEM BECAUSE IT MAKES work: the public has got used to thinking good language should come as no surprise. Plato said In 2018, MOIIS discussed the challenge of EVERYONE FEEL GOOD government saves money. If you want productiv- that those who tell stories rule the world. Those putting the UK at the forefront of the AI and BUT NOTHING HAPPENS” ity, on the other hand, look to the private sector. who tell stories of invention, bravery and togeth- data revolution in the context of medical diag- erness get re-elected. noses. Britain has an enviable healthcare ethos But politics is a slippery business. Buzzwords but the NHS is far from unified when it comes such as ‘missions’ and ‘moonshots’ – originally to information-sharing – personal and genomic used for the Apollo missions in the 1960s – data are not currently combined, for example. could be deftly packaged and transmitted with Free-market theory would suggest at this point no substance to follow. If IIPP were a PR firm, that private companies will devise the best infor- that would not matter. But Mazzucato and mation systems to combine the necessary data Deputy Director, Rainer Kattel, recognise the and consequently improve diagnostics. But the risk of hollow promises. “Look at the United most successful data companies, from Google Nations Sustainable Development Goals,” says down, tend to monopolise. It is questionable Mazzucato. “Something like 140 countries sign who, apart from the data company’s owners, up to them because it makes everyone feel good would want it to control a nation’s medical data. but nothing happens.” Medical records are highly personal – London’s So while IIPP is delighted that governments Royal Free Hospital has already been criticised are rediscovering inspirational language to de- by the Information Commissioner for how it scribe their own work, the substance has to be passed patient data to Google’s AI subsidiary, there too. In the case of the UK’s four industrial Deep Mind, in a joint venture. challenges, one source of substance is the Com- MOIIS’s Dan Hill, Global Digital mission for Mission-Oriented Industrial Inno- Studio Leader at Arup and a member of vation Strategy (MOIIS). Administered by IIPP the IIPP advisory board, mentioned the THE ECONOMICS OF CHANGE

If the BEIS can promulgate this message For almost half a century, the UK’s civil servants spirit of collaboration, innovation produces new throughout the land, the work of millions of have been turning to HM Treasury’s Green Book markets and new profts. How can a new market

people – mostly women – gets greater recogni- for guidance on evaluating public projects. The be costed ex ante – as cost-beneft analysis tion. If the Treasury matches the words with fig- book has been updated over the years but a invariably does? Which sub-projects within ures, by emphasising the multiplier effect of care paper published by the IIPP in 2018 suggests a mission should be valued most when each in the national accounts, these will be big steps a radical rewriting is required. one’s value will develop distinctly and unevenly towards a society that does not rely just on cash Constraints on government departments over decades? prices or salaries to determine an occupation’s are born out of prevailing economic theory, Even at the level of strategic assessment, benefit to the economy. which assumes that we are all price-sensitive the Green Book wants to avoid ambiguity and Perhaps the greatest compliment one could and markets are the best determiners of price. interconnectedness, hence the demand for half pay the IIPP is that it is gently but firmly leading In this ideal world, cost is king and so public a dozen Specifc Measurable Achievable

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE INSTITUTE FORAND PUBLIC PURPOSE INNOVATION “CARE IS SOCIAL governments away from costing projects, occu- projects have to undergo a cost-beneft analysis. Realistic Time-Limited (SMART) objectives INFRASTRUCTURE. IT pations and services – not least their own – to Such analyses do not work well for missions, per project. In the spirit of single project IS SEEN AS WELFARE valuing them. which by their nature are messy, span industrial management, it also favours faster completion PROVISION BUT IT IS PART sectors and whose benefts cannot be known in – a reward for effciency that only suits OF INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY” READ THE RESEARCH advance, even if there is a specifed goal (e.g. conventional efforts such as building a • “Mission-oriented innovation policy and the BBC’s attempts to make a micro-computer motorway. But for heroic missions, such as Raising the status of formal and informal care (in dynamic capabilities in the public sector” (R. failed in the 1980s but the spillover effects led to making all UK roads ready for autonomous some countries these duties have never lost sta- Kattel & M. Mazzucato, IIPP WP 2018–05) the creation of ARM Holdings, one of the UK’s vehicles, time preference and SMART objectives tus) is a project within Theresa May’s designated • “State investment banks and patient fnance: most successful tech companies). seem to be the wrong kind of measures. Grand Challenge of ageing. Professor Sue Him- An international comparison” (M. Mazzucato & This is the frst problem with estimating each IIPP’s Working Paper states that a more subtle melweit, MOIIS Committee Member and Emer- L. Macfarlane, IIPP WP 2018–01) project’s worth in terms of cost. Much of the evaluation system is required to encompass this itus Professor of Economics at the Open Univer- • “Movements with missions make markets” (C. good in society for which governments are kind of complexity: sity, points out that care has the biggest multiplier Leadbeater, IIPP WP 2018–07) responsible cannot be rigidly priced. The “An analytical framework to support mission- effect of all the Grand Challenges. What that • “The Value of Everything: Making and Taking authors of the IIPP paper argue that when it oriented policy-making should place a low means is that, while activities like AI get lots of in the Global Economy” (M. Mazzucato, Allen comes to augmenting the good in society via priority on the ability to confdently quantify attention because they are cool and futuristic, AI Lane, April 2018) bold, expansive missions, an even deeper precise future outcomes,” it says. “Instead, they only occupies a small number of brainy people. If malaise is revealed: cost-beneft analysis in the should have explicit and transparent ways of a society sorts out its care system, millions more public sector has come to mean ‘loss-limiting’. working with irreducible uncertainty, bringing it people are healthy enough to work and spend, There is a presumption that only the private to the centre of consideration.” sustaining even more jobs and wealth. sector knows how to turn a proft. Government’s Himmelweit wants to appropriate some lan- role, meanwhile, is to step in like a handyman READ THE PAPER guage to give this project impetus. The public to fx market failures. • “The economics of change: Policy appraisal for can usually be relied upon to get behind big in- Missions shatter such a theory because they missions, market shaping and public purpose” frastructure projects because we all know what a crowd in fnancial, human and physical resources (R. Kattel, M. Mazzucato, J. Ryan-Collins & S. tunnel or bridge is for. But how about appropri- from both the public and private sector. In such a Sharpe, IIPP WP 2018–06) ating the language of construction to care? “Care is social infrastructure,” says Himmelweit. “It is seen as welfare provision but it is part of industrial strategy.” IN THIS SECTION, WE GO INSIDE THE ANATOMY OF THE BARTLETT TO EXPLORE THE BIG STORIES HAPPENING AT FACULTY LEVEL, FROM COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS, NEW PROGRAMMES AND BUILDINGS TO 2018 IN NUMBERS. AGENT S OF CHANGE

A SHORT HISTORY OF THE BARTLETT MATERIALISATION GRANT.

WORDS: VERONICA SIMPSON

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE GRANT MATERIALISATION Cross-disciplinary research is one of the most porting proposals, in 2014 it was decided to exciting fields in academia today and, to foster a run the scheme biannually. So 2018 saw the sense of its potential application within its own fourth iteration of this pioneering scheme. The faculty, The Bartlett launched what it calls the winning project – A Memory Map of the Jewish Materialisation Grant in 2013. East End – was announced in September and Murray Fraser, Professor of Architecture and will be a collaboration between researchers at Global Culture, and Vice-Dean of Research at the Survey of London, the Centre for Advanced The Bartlett is champion of this initiative. “The Spatial Analysis (CASA), the Space Syntax Lab- Materialisation Grant came about because we oratory and the artist Rachel Lichtenstein. wanted to do something different, and internal, Some past projects have generated their own to ensure that different parts of The Bartlett impressive legacies (see Re-imagining Lima); work together,” he says. “But then we also want- others have raised awareness on important ed to fund something that might not happen environmental or cultural issues. But they all otherwise, that doesn’t fall into the usual fund- demonstrate the rich potential of harnessing the ing categories.” energies of different disciplines and communi- The Materialisation Grant – unlike most ties towards a common aim – a positive message funding sources – seeks projects that blend for the wider Bartlett and UCL community, two or more disciplines to generate new forms, thinks Fraser: awarenesses or tools. Fraser says: “We are look- “The Bartlett is growing in its size and coming for the strongest one, each time, but also plexity. We are feeling positive about getting a range of different proposals. Happily, each bigger, but as we do so, we need to think about winner has been quite different.” how we, as the Dean says, ‘make it greater than With a substantial sum on offer – £50,000, the sum of its parts’”. which must be supplemented by sponsorship – the scheme elicits around a dozen proposals every round, with four or five making it to the shortlist. Initially devised as an annual award, From A Memory Map of the Jewish East End, winner of 2018’s Bartlett due to the immense time and preparation Materialisation Grant: Hasidic string and paper bag dealer Mr Katz in his entailed in developing, implementing and sup- shop on Brick Lane by Rachel Lichtenstein, 1997. FLOOD HOUSE (2014–16) Built from angular ply and weatherboard, and measuring 5.5m by 7.5m, the finished project Generating debate about the past, present floated on three steel pontoons off Canvey Is- and future of the Thames estuary. land. Monitors placed in and around the structure assessed the hygrothermal performance of Matthew Butcher, Senior Lecturer at The Bart- the materials, as well as the interior air quality. lett School of Architecture, has always been Inspired by the pillboxes, bunkers and fishing interested in the power of light-touch interven- sheds that pepper the Thames coastline, Flood tions – installations or mobile pavilions – to ar- House became much more of an artistic provoca- ticulate the concerns of a community or place. tion, visiting parts of the estuary (pulled by a tug- The Thames Estuary is a particular subject of boat), and drawing attention to the ever-chang- fascination, and his successful 2014 Materialisa- ing conditions of the river and its residents. tion Grant application proposed the creation of Flood House attracted the attention of cura- Flood House: a small-scale prototype structure tor Jes Fernie at the Focal Point Gallery in Sou- along the Estuary that could function as part thend-on-Sea, who devised a whole programme floating future dwelling, part laboratory, and of events to raise insight and awareness around part 1:1 case study for how construction mate- the estuary environment’s radical political past rials operate within a specific tidal environment. and its fragile future ecology – activities which The project was developed together with The generated worldwide media interest, from as far Bartlett School of Environment, Energy and away as New York and China. Butcher says: “It Resources, with the advice of Rokia Raslan and became a topic of conversation and debate, and Jonathan Taylor from the Institute for Environ- that, really more than anything, became the pri- mental Design and Engineering. mary aim of the project.” 75 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE GRANT MATERIALISATION

Flood House at Southend-on-Sea. The weathervane on top of the structure is an artwork by Ruth Ewan titled All Distinctions Levelled. Photography: Brotherton-Lock. REFUGEE SPACES REIMAGINING LIMA data; making sure its visualisation and com- (2016–18) (2013–ONGOING) munication was accessible, as well as using it to build evidence-based tools for discussion at Demystifying the phenomenon of migration in Infuencing local and national housing policy level. Europe by focusing on data, not headlines. policy for the urban poor in Lima, Peru. The team won the support of a Swiss drone manufacturer which sent experts with drones Refugee Spaces was conceived as a multi-scale In 2012, Development Planning Unit (DPU) to visit Lima, supporting the original area sur- analysis of the spatial, social and econom- Professor Adriana Allen and her team forged veys. These were then translated into a 3D ic impacts of migration in urban contexts. links with a group of NGOs and grassroots or- online model, which became a platform for A collaboration between the Development ganisations in Lima. These relationships were recording new layers of information and activ- Planning Unit (DPU), the Space Syntax Labo- built under the Learning Alliance programme, ity, disseminated via an accompanying website: ratory and CASA, it combines data-driven map- which was set up for the DPU’s Master’s in Envi- cLimasinRiesgo.net. This laid the foundations ping and ethnographic research. ronment and Sustainable Development, found- for a transformative communication legacy, Initially the proposal was to zoom in on Cal- ed by Allen in 1997. along with events and exhibitions. ais (France) and Lampedusa (Italy) to interro- The Alliance programme brings students, ac- The project proved so useful that further gate the richer stories of human diversiﬁcation, ademics and researchers together with commu- grant funding was supplied via the Climate De- resilience and integration, but the logistics – not nities in the Global South. Through this, issues velopment Knowledge Network. The insights to mention the demolition of the Calais ‘Jun- of contested rights to the city in the centre and yielded so far have been inﬂuential on national gle’ refugee camp – proved unworkable within periphery of Lima came to light. In both cas- and local policy for housing and services, as well the budgets and timeframes. So the project has es, collectives of the urban poor were invisible as enriching the Lima authorities’ understanding evolved into an open platform to stimulate de- to the authorities, stigmatised, and exposed to of how these communities contribute to the city. bate and demystify the phenomenon of migra- complex risks with severe impacts on their every- Allen says: “There has been a huge change in tion by examining the evidence rather than spec- day lives, homes and incomes. perception. At the beginning of the process, the ulating on what is usually presented as a crisis. A Bartlett Materialisation Grant was award- tenants and settlers with whom we worked were 77

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE GRANT MATERIALISATION “Through mapping and analysis of the openly ed to Allen’s team in 2013, in association with commonly depicted as undeserving. We have available data provided by institutional and gov- CASA and UCL’s Department of Civil, Envi- been able to help show the huge investment the ernmental sources, we are spatialising the polit- ronmental and Geomatic Engineering (CEGE), urban poor put into the city – and the urban ical and security measures designed to contain which added expertise in digital information sys- poor represent 60% of the city of Lima. migration and the mobility of refugees,” says tems, mapping and tracking. By using drones, This has found traction in a number of poli- Professor Camillo Boano at the DPU. 3D modelling and open-source mapping tech- cy-making organisations, including the Ministry The maps and analyses that the project has nologies, the team co-produced with local com- of Culture.” created emphasise the territorial relationships munities spatialised, quantitative and qualitative that link mass movement with urban hotspots in four selected countries: France, Germany, 3D image of the point cloud generated by the drone flights in Lima’s Greece and Italy. Further countries can be added peripheral settlements. Visit: remaplima.blogspot.com to the platform in the future. At the urban scale, the project identifies urban clusters or regions that are integral to current migration influxes, and explores the different strategies for reception and control of migrants in those areas. Images: ReMapLima (2014), UCL DPU / CASA ReMapLima Images: Image: Marco W, Unsplash W, Marco Image: THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018

XXXXXXXXXXXXURBAN LABORATORY IMMERSED IMMERSED MORE THAN EVER BEFORE. WORDS: DEBIKA RAY BEFORE. EVER PERSPECTIVE ITS THAN EAST, MORE UCL WIDEN TO FOR AN AIMS AND IT PLANNED NEW A ROOM PROGRAMME WITH URBAN CITY. MASTER’S THE ABOUT IN GLOBAL THINK WE INTERVENE HOW THE AND ON CHALLENGED DISCOURSE HAS THE TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH 2005, LAB’S IN URBAN UCL INCEPTION ITS SINCE

IN THE CITY THE IN Cities Methodologies 2014. by AnaRosa Chagas Cavalcanti, ‘Favela Transcripts ofEveryday Life’ 79 2005 UCL Urban Lab is founded by Matthew Gandy from the Department of Geography.

towards cities and the UN has warned of the 2008 Urban Lab is Awarded “OUR EMPHASIS ON consequences of this global shift. The ‘urban £250,000 from the Provost’s OPENNESS, PUBLIC labs’ or ‘living labs’ that have sprung up as a Strategic Development Fund PARTICIPATION AND ‘Glass globes / 25 demolished houses’ by Mircea result range from the university-academic-led to expand its remit. Nicolae, Cities Methodologies Bucharest 2010. UNPREDICTABILITY Photography: Simona Dumitriu. initiatives such as UCL’s and others in the IS MORE LIKE THE international Urban Lab+ network, to think Launch of new interdisciplinary ARTS LABS” tanks focused on innovation and smart cities, MSc Urban Studies. such as the Guggenheim BMW Lab, and gov- “Cities are an immense laboratory of trial and ernment initiatives, such as Mexico City’s Labo- error, failure and success, in city building and ratorio para la Ciudad. city design. This is the laboratory in which city Clare Melhuish, Director of the UCL Urban 2011 Ben Campkin from The Bartlett planning should have been learning and form- Lab since May 2018, says its approach has al- School of Architecture is ing and testing its theories.” This is urbanist Jane ways been about experimentation more than appointed Urban Lab Director. Jacobs in her seminal 1961 text, The Death and ‘innovation’ in a technical sense. “Our emphasis Life of Great American Cities, lamenting the fact on openness, public participation and unpre- that practitioners and teachers of architecture dictability is more like the arts labs,” she says, 2013 Matthew Gandy awarded a and planning often ignored real life in favour referring to the independent creative centres that €1.5m European Research of abstract principles. Criticism of the binary opened up across the UK in the 1960s and 70s. Council grant, “Rethinking between theory and practice cuts across aca- This means Urban Lab’s focus goes beyond the Urban Nature” (2014–19). demia, but it is particularly acute when it comes social sciences – for example, it has appointed an 81

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE LABORATORY URBAN to city-building. It’s more visible than in many artist-in-residence for a number of years and its Urban Lab+ International other disciplines and professions, and has a annual Cities Methodologies exhibition – cata- Network of Urban Laboratories direct impact on public life, community rela- logued in a 2016 anthology, Engaged Urbanism: awarded funding under tions, social inclusion and democracy. Cities and Methodologies – has brought together Erasmus Mundus Action When the UCL Urban Laboratory was everything from film and art to architecture and III, European Commission, set up in 2005, it was, in part, to explore the design to explore new methods for understand- Education, Audiovisual and divide between those producing and theorising 2009 First Cities Methodologies ing and intervening in the city. Culture Executive Agency, with about cities, and those using them (its work has exhibition launched in The hope is that the new Global Urban Labo- Ben Campkin and Andrew consistently found that divide to be artificial). collaboration with the Slade ratory Master’s degree, which will launch at UCL Harris as UCL leads. Network A transdisciplinary centre for critical and cre- School of Fine Art and the East, will inject a similar dose of fresh thinking runs for two years promoting ative thinking, the Urban Lab brings together UCL School of Slavonic and into the process of learning. “We’ve been strug- interdisciplinary, inter-cultural, academics and students from across the uni- East European Studies. gling in urban studies with a way to train stu- international and project-based versity, from architects and geographers to dents to give them a more global perspective, so urban education. engineers, artists and anthropologists. And when they don’t just become embedded in the litera- UCL’s new campus opens in east London in ture,” explains course leader Jennifer Robinson, UCL Estates funds research 2021, there will be an opportunity to widen this Professor of Human Geography at UCL. So the programme on university-led participation even further: new facilities, a new course will ask students to spend a year studying urban regeneration led by course that aims to challenge the Western-cen- a specific city – first, Johannesburg: “We want Clare Melhuish. tric and theory-based biases of urban studies; them to think about ideas, practices, problems and a public space for events, workshops and and interventions from different parts of the Urban Pamphleteer series community-based activities. world and bring to London the tension and launches, edited by Ben Jacobs may have used it decades ago, but the demands of the places we collaborate with.” Campkin, and Rebecca Ross word “laboratory” has become increasingly com- Meanwhile, a new public space on campus – from Central Saint Martins and mon in urban discourse over the past 10 years, an ‘Urban Room’ and ‘Memory Archive’ – will designed by Guglielmo Rossi. as the world’s population has moved inexorably be about the local, creating an avenue for the

Urban Pamphleteer #4: Heritage university to engage in conversation in a part & Renewal in Doha. of London that has undergone rapid transformation in recent years. This is central to the Urban Lab’s vision for UCL East, which is being 2015 The City Centre, based in UCL ranged from producing publications and teach- English, becomes part of the ing materials to initiating self-built community Urban Lab under the title Cities projects. “The idea was that only people with Imaginaries, launching a new environmental literacy would have agency in strand of work on the cultural the construction of their surroundings – so in a representation of cities led by championed by Ben Campkin, The Bartlett’s way they were a response to top-down planning Professor Matthew Beaumont, Academic Lead for the new campus and former and popular discontent about urban issues,” says and featuring a new annual Director of the Urban Lab. Martínez. lecture series. UCL’s presence in east London, with its pub- These centres disappeared after the introduc- lic-facing remit, is underpinned by Melhuish’s tion of the National Curriculum and cuts to own 2013 research project, which looked at the local authority funding towards the end of the 2016 Publication of Engaged role of universities in urban regeneration across 1980s, but Martínez believes the urban rooms Urbanism: Cities and the UK and US. Meanwhile, the ‘urban room’ and laboratories of today should take note of Methodologies (I.B. Tauris). is an idea Terry Farrell mooted in his 2013 their civic-minded approach. “These centres review of architecture and the built environ- had a double function integrating citizens in 2017 Urban Lab commissioned by ment in Britain: he described them as spaces the building process while making professionals Greater London Authority to where people can learn about and discuss the aware of people’s needs. It was a two-way process compile research on LGBTQ+ past, present and future of where they live, and Queer Zoo was hosted on 12 December 2014 by the Grant of people learning about the environment and Museum of Zoology and UCL Urban Laboratory for UCL’s new night-time venues in the pointed to examples in China, Japan and Ireland LGBTQ+ research network, qUCL. Photography: Christa Holka. professionals learning about people.” capital, fnding a net loss of as inspiration. Today, Martínez worries that much of the 58% between 2006 and 2016. In the UK, several such initiatives have since discourse around similar spaces is driven by The research is cited in the come together under the umbrella of the Urban 2018 Clare Melhuish appointed built environment professionals. The UCL Mayor of London’s Cultural Rooms Network. But Sol Pérez Martínez, a PhD Director of Urban Lab. urban room therefore presents a good opportu- Infrastructure Strategy, Culture student at The Bartlett School of Architecture, nity to capture the spirit of the early urban stud- 83

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE LABORATORY URBAN and the Night-time Economy says the idea of bringing together practitioners, ies centres, “to be a space for engagement rather Supplementary Planning. academics, policymakers and the public to dis- 2021 Launch of UCL East than using the community for research”. Guidance and Draft London cuss the city has a neglected precedent. “It has Urban Room and London What’s clear, however, is that in a globalised Plan, and leads to the Night roots in the ‘urban studies centres’” – the top- Memory Archive and a new world, where cities are shaped by all manner of Czar’s launch of an LGBTQ+ ic of a symposium Martínez recently led with transdisciplinary Global Urban external forces – from ﬁnancial ﬂows to geopol- Venues Charter to work with Urban Lab. Lab and London Laboratory itics – there’s an urgent need for city-dwellers to developers and industry. These centres were grassroots initiatives – Master’s programmes. feel they are in control of their environment. In some privately funded, some supported by that context, says Robinson: “The repertoires local government – that emerged during the of both theory and practice that shape how we 1970s, advocated most vocally by architect and teach about cities become bankrupt, so we have anarchist writer Colin Ward and the Town and to look again at how we assemble our knowl- Country Planning Association. Their activities edge.” As the Urban Lab expands its remit in London and abroad, it could be a learning opportunity for both the university and those it ‘Navigating SOHO: Introducing a Series of Interdisciplinary seeks to teach. Experiments’ by Fiona Zisch, Panagiotis Mavros, Claudia Cialone and Dominik Zisch, Cities Methodologies 2014. READ THE RESEARCH:

• “LGBTQ+ Cultural Infrastructure in London: Night Venues, 2006-present” (B. Campkin & L. Marshall, 2017) • “Engaged Urbanism: Cities and Methodologies” (Eds: B. Campkin & G. Duijzings, I.B. Tauris, 2016) • “Case Studies in University-led Urban

Do Ho Suh presenting at Regeneration” (C. Melhuish, 2015) EDGE: Situated Practice in • “Urban Pamphleteer #1: Future & Smart Cities” Art, Architecture and Urbanism (Eds: B. Campkin & R. Ross, 2013) at Here East. Photography: Jacob Fairless Nicholson. • “Urban Constellations” (Ed: M. Gandy, 2011) BR AV E NE W WORLD

85 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE EAST HERE

A LITTLE OVER A YEAR AGO, THE BARTLETT ANNOUNCED ITS ARRIVAL IN EAST LONDON WITH A NEW BUILDING AND FOUR PIONEERING ARCHITECTURE COURSES. WE PAID A VISIT TO SEE HOW STUDENTS AND STAFF ARE SETTLING IN.

WORDS: CLARE DOWDY Previous page: The 2,000sqm robotics and advanced prototyping space at Here East. This page (left to right): Prototyping; a crit session in progress; students in the open-plan workshop at the front of the building.

From Hackney Wick station, it’s a short stroll along a canal towpath, with its appealingly shab- by house boats, to The Bartlett’s new outpost at Here East. Alternatively, students, staff and visitors arriving via Stratford can ape Google’s Silicon Valley commuters and use the free shut- tle bus. Either way, on a sunny afternoon, Here 87

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE EAST HERE East in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park feels like an academic’s idyll: a big new building sur- rounded by loads of space and tranquility. But spaciousness and peace come courtesy of its re- moteness, because Here East is more Wild West than West End. The Hawkins\Brown-designed scheme is a collaboration between The Bartlett and UCL’s Faculty of Engineering Sciences and is the uni- FLUID DYNAMICS “WE HAVE LIBERTY versity’s first presence in the Park, meaning that, It is up to the teaching staff to make the con- BECAUSE IT’S A BIG while it coexists with a diverse mix of other nection with 22 Gordon Street – The Bartlett OPEN SPACE. AS A organisations in the Here East cluster, its sur- School of Architecture’s HQ – as seamless as WHOLE COMPLEX, I CAN rounding neighbours are yet to start rising out possible. No mean feat, when it comes to logis- IMAGINE IT AS A SELF- of the ground. tics. Luke Olsen, Senior Teaching Fellow at the SUFFICIENT CITY” Despite the empty plots around them, many School of Architecture, describes his efforts to students have the vision to see the area’s poten- get the timetabling to work as ‘balletic’. “We tial: “We are the first generation, so there’s more don’t travel between the two [sites] in a single work. As well as its size, staff and students are freedom to take ownership,” says Changhao Xin, day, in order to keep travel time and costs down full of praise for the quality of Here East’s equip- a Master’s student in Design for Manufacture. for students,” he says. ment. “The workshop is amazing, and the stu- Kaia Wells, an MEng Engineering and Archi- With its large-scale amenities, Here East is dents have access to world-class kit,” says Zisch. tectural Design student, echoes this: “We have where one-to-one prototyping is done. Mean- Above the workshop sits the mezzanine stu- liberty because it’s a big open space. As a whole while, “Gordon Street is about working at dio, where there is “a lot of ebb and flow be- complex, I can imagine it as a self-sufficient city, a desk,” says Olsen. Or as Wells puts it: “In tween groups”, says Olsen. And it’s very flexible. with cafés, businesses, universities, and its own Gordon Street I prefer drawing, and I do port- “Up here, you can have a seminar, give a lecture, bus system!” But pioneering can be a lonesome folio work here.” move tables around, the flexibility is very good.” existence. “It doesn’t have the hustle and bus- The vast auditorium is more comfortable now tle of a central location,” admits Fiona Zisch, a that cushions have been bought for the bench COALITION BUILDING Teaching Fellow on the Design for Performance seating. And the smaller curtained area to one While everyone is finding their feet with the and Interaction Master’s programme. side is being used by students for prototype building, there is real delight around the new Far left and above: Students assemble 89 “WHY ARE DIFFERENT temporary pavilions for an installation in Here

THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE EAST HERE FACULTIES SHARING East Yard. Left: Student work ready for a crit. SPACES? TO ENCOURAGE DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOURS BETWEEN THE INTERFACES OF DIFFERENT COURSES”

programmes’ potential. “What we do has been around at the school since the 1990s,” says Zisch of Design for Performance and Interaction, “so it’s come out of a long legacy. We’re all excited become increasingly relevant to architecture ed- FIRST RESPONDERS that it now has its own programme, we integrate ucation across the board, the academics believe. In 2018, The Bartlett School of Architecture so many different ideas and disciplines. It’s excit- “This is not just something that’s peripheral but launched a Bio-integrated Design MArch and ing for us as educators to bring that together, as essential to what architects do,” says Zisch. “That Bio-integrated Design MSc at Here East. These the norm has been to only mix with architects.” the project team for delivery of this building. He more than hints at the way the world is develop- new design-led Master’s degrees respond to In a broader context, there is the appetite and sees his role as getting people to break out of ing, and how to shape the world we live in.” the impact of biotechnology, computation and opportunity here for more cross-pollination, as their silos. “Why are different faculties sharing Now it’s time for the powers that be to take climate change on the built environment. Olsen puts it. “There’s an interesting overlap be- spaces here? To encourage disruptive behaviours the learning from The Bartlett’s experiences at These courses build on the school’s offering tween research and teaching that can afford to between the interfaces of different courses. We’ll Here East and apply them to the design of UCL at Here East, which launched in 2017 with new be more open, and this culture could be really have the best of both worlds if they collaborate.” East’s next buildings. “What we are learning Master’s programmes in Design for Performance extraordinary,” he suggests, rather than operat- His hope is to get a “coalition of the willing”. here is so relevant [for them],” Olsen believes. and Interaction, Design for Manufacture, and ing in silos, which can happen at the Blooms- Olsen admits that it can be difﬁcult for re- “As an experiment in interdisciplinary and shar- Situated Practice, alongside an integrated bury site. “Here, I feel like an organiser trying searchers to share, when traditionally they prefer ing ground… How do you make adaptable, Engineering and Architectural Design MEng to get people to meet and talk and present [to to reveal completed work. Perhaps students will multi-functional spaces?” for undergraduates – a pioneering collaboration each other].” make the ﬁrst move: “Because quite a few in- ‘Here East-ers’ are turning their location into with UCL’s Institute for Environmental Design This sentiment is echoed by Peter Scully, terdependent faculties are in the same building, an asset. Olsen has been bringing in collabora- and Engineering and UCL’s Department of Civil, Technical Director for The Bartlett Manufac- there’s the opportunity for collaboration,” says tors from the barges to share skills such as thea- Environmental and Geomatic Engineering. turing and Design Exchange (B-made), and Syazwan Hanif, who is studying for a Master’s in tre rigging: “We’re always looking for ways to get Deputy Programme Director for the Design for Design for Manufacture. experimental things made – they offer so much

Manufacture Master’s course, who was also on Such multidisciplinary cross-pollination will Kirsten Holst. Stonehouse, Richard Hobhouse, Jack Photography: that you wouldn’t get in an institution.” DY N A MIC STATE +3.2% INCREASE IN THE BARTLETT’S GROWTH STORY IS ABOUT SPACE FOR BRINGING TOGETHER PEOPLE, TECHNOLOGY TEACHING, AND DISCIPLINES, CREATING THE CONDITIONS MAKING AND NEW FOR STUDENTS TO IMAGINE THE RADICALLY RESEARCH BY INSTITUTES DIFFERENT FUTURES SOCIETY WILL NEED TO END OF 2018 SOLVE THE CHALLENGES OF THIS CENTURY. (14,000M2) 2017/18 Real Estate Institute Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose

91 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE NUMBERS THE

20.4% 195 NEW PROGRAMMES INCREASE IN BACHELOR’S DEGREES 2016/17 UNDERGRADUATE AWARDED IN 2017/18 MSc Health, Wellbeing & Sustainable Buildings STUDENTS FROM MEng Engineering & Architectural Design 637 IN 2017 TO MA Situated Practice 767 IN 2018 1,414 MArch Design for Performance & Interaction MASTER’S DEGREES MArch Design for Manufacture AWARDED IN 2017/18 MPlan City Planning 12.7% 7.7% MSc Spatial Data Science & Visualisation INCREASE IN INCREASE IN POSTGRADUATE 57 RESEARCH 2017/18 STUDENTS FROM RESEARCH DEGREES FUNDING IN MArch Biointegrated Design 2,156 IN 2017 TO AWARDED IN 2017/18 2017/18 (£13.1M) MSc Biointegrated Design 2,429 IN 2018 COMPARED TO MA Landscape Architecture PREVIOUS YEAR MLA Landscape Architecture MSc Integrated Building Systems Design & Operation MSc Energy Systems & Data Analytics THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 MASTHEAD WC1H 0QB London 22 Gordon Street ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/energy UCL Energy Institute ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/real-estate Real EstateInstitute ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/planning School ofPlanning ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/development Development Planning Unit ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/construction and Project Management School ofConstruction ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture School ofArchitecture ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/casa Centre forAdvanced Spatial Analysis UCL FACULTY OFTHEBUILT ENVIRONMENT THE BARTLETT permission ofthepublisher. Allinformationcorrect attimeofgoingtopress. The publishercannot acceptliabilityforerrors oromissions.Allrights reserved. Bartlett, UCL orthepublisher. The contents ofthismagazineare fullyprotected by copyrightandmay not bereproduced inanyformwithout theprior Disclaimer: appearing withinthispublicationreﬂectThe articles theopinionsandattitudesoftheirrespective authorsandnot necessarilythoseof The THE BARTLETTIS: THE BARTLETTREVIEW2018 Eggcorn: eggcorn.co.uk produced annuallyby ReviewThe Bartlett Cathy Buckmaster, Eggcorn Jen Dennis, Eggcorn DESIGN George Bull, Eggcorn EDITOR Manpreet Dhesi, The Bartlett EDITOR EXECUTIVE Professor AlanPenn |[email protected] DEAN OFTHEBARTLETT

+44(0)20 76792000 [email protected] ucl.ac.uk/bartlett Clare Dowdy, Hugo Cox, CONTRIBUTORS Claypool, ChrisBourne Efrosyni Konstantinou, Mollie Grau-Bove, Claire McAndrew, McLennan, Caren Levy, Josep Josh Ryan-Collins, Peter Kamargianni, RainerKattel, Cash, Sophia Psarra, Maria Veronica Simpson, James Katie Puckett, Debika Ray, Brendan Maton, Sophie Arie, ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/sustainable UCL Institute forSustainable Resources ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/heritage UCL Institute forSustainable Heritage ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose Public Purpose UCL Institute forInnovation and ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/igp UCL Institute forGlobal Prosperity ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/environmental-design Design andEngineering UCL Institute forEnvironmental ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/bseer and Resources School ofEnvironment, Energy Youtube: BartlettTV Twitter: @BartlettUCL Instagram: @Bartlett_UCL Facebook: BartlettUCL Walton-on-Thames, KT12 3PU KT12 Walton-on-Thames, Trade Winds Ltd PRINTING for Getty Images Anucha Sirivisansuwan THE COVER Hobhouse, KirstenHolst Richard Stonehouse, Jack PHOTOGRAPHERS

Essays

01 MaaS appeal / Maria Kamargianni 02 Science on the road/ Josep Grau–Bove 03 The case for rethinking capitalism / Josh Ryan-Collins 04 The city as an algorithm / Sophia Psarra 05 Service included / Peter McLennan 06 Innovation bureaucracy / Rainer Kattel 07 Future practice / Claire McAndrew, Efrosyni Konstantinou & Mollie Claypool 08 Pathways to urban equality / Caren Levy

The Bartlett Review 2018 Energy Institute Dr Maria Kamargianni is Lecturer in Transport & Energy and Head of MaaSLab at the UCL Energy Institute. maaslab.org

01 MaaS appeal “Travellers could have access to easy, fexible, reliable, price-worthy and seamless everyday transit from A to B”

Mobility as a Service is ushering in the demise of car mobility as it allows integration and co-operation across transport operators, ownership and the rise of the new urban traveller. the bundling of transport services and their provision to travellers as one product. Through MaaS, travellers could have access to easy, fexible, reliable, price-worthy and seamless everyday transit from A to B that includes combinations of public and on-demand transport and shared vehicles. In addition, MaaS initiates new concepts for mobility products: for example, users can buy either all the modes needed for a trip (pay-as-you-go) or monthly mobility plans, including different amounts of For the mobility sector, change has been the name of the game for decades. But, transport services, based on their needs, through a single interface. over the past decade in particular, automotive players have experienced one of the largest strategic shifts in car history. Tightening global CO2 regulations and, more Although the MaaS concept has only recently emerged, it has attracted the interest recently, the Paris climate agreement, have forced the industry to adopt disruptive of several public and private actors around the world. MaaSLab at the UCL Energy technologies faster than anticipated. In addition, technological advancements and Institute is the world-leading group working on MaaS. We conduct cutting-edge the rise of the sharing economy have revealed new opportunities for products and research on this topic that provide insights for the development of MaaS systems in services in the transport sector. several cities around the world and also the development of MaaS products within the industry. New mobility services, such as peer-to-peer mobility and vehicle sharing, have challenged the taxi and public transport establishment, and personal vehicle Studies that MaaSLab has conducted for the UK Department for Transport and ownership. Disruptive innovations like these have the power to redefne industries for Transport for London have shown that MaaS could be used to introduce more and the behaviour of users. While the baby boomers’ vehicle buying habits were people to public and shared transport modes. MaaS has the potential to impact fuelled by the car’s role as a status symbol, the signifcance of car ownership for both car-owners’ and non-car-owners’ behaviour. For example, car-owners in millenials has notably decreased. Instead, younger generations place much higher London state that MaaS would help them depend less on their cars, or it would value on owning electronic devices, such as laptops and smartphones. While even make them sell their cars for unlimited access to car-sharing. Non-car-owners young baby boomers obtained their ultimate sense of freedom from owning their state that they would either delay purchasing a car or they would not purchase a car own cars, today’s teenagers and young adults achieve the same through mobile at all if MaaS were available. Similar results have been found in other cities around communication devices. This changing transport landscape has triggered the the world that MaaSLab works with. development of new mobility concepts, such as the Mobility as a Service (MaaS), that may change or disrupt current models of transport provision, particularly in MaaS is a promising concept that could cover citizens’ mobility needs and has the urban areas. potential to boost the transition from vehicle ownership to ‘usership’. However, it is worth noting that, although it may result in a decline of private vehicle sales, this MaaS is a user-centric, intelligent mobility management and distribution system, decline is likely to be partially offset by increased sales of shared vehicles that need in which an integrator – the MaaS Operator - brings together offerings of multiple to be replaced more often due to higher use and related wear and tear. But it also mobility service providers and provides end-users access to them through a digital has other advantages: when the era of connected and autonomous vehicles comes, interface, allowing them to seamlessly plan and pay for mobility. Public transport MaaS systems and autonomous vehicles will exist in symbiosis. In fact, MaaS modes are usually the backbone in this concept, which may increase their usage. could prepare the transport ecosystem for a smooth adoption of, and transition to, It has the potential to curtail dependence on private vehicles and deliver seamless autonomous vehicles. Institute for Sustainable Heritage Dr Josep Grau–Bove is Lecturer in Science and Engineering in Arts Heritage and Archaeology at the UCL Institute of Sustainable Heritage. seaha-cdt.ac.uk/mobile-heritage-lab

02 Science on the road “We need to be thoughtful about engagement, as thoughtful as we are about our research”

Tackling unequal access to scientifc culture means taking science communication out of its usual venues.

When the Mobile Heritage Lab visited Wilberforce School in Queen’s Park, London, science, but existing data on cultural participation more broadly shows obvious the school kids played a detective game – unmasking a ‘forger’ using the scientifc barriers to entry. Aggregate data for the whole of the EU, for example, reveals method. In the National Museum of Wales, local high-school students joined us in a strong correlation between income and cultural participation. In the UK, this taking measurements of air quality all around the museum. At the Royal Academy relationship has been statistically modelled in more detail: the Culture and Sport of Chemistry, our PhD students helped school children from around London to Evidence Programme found that income is only one among many factors that conduct experiments. For the past three years, the ‘Lab-on-Wheels’ – an EPSRC – explain cultural participation. The culturally active tend to be old and educated or funded joint venture between UCL, the University of Oxford and the University have educated parents, for example. Proximity of cultural facilities also matters: a of Brighton – has encouraged our PhD students to inspire, inform and entertain privileged 30% of the UK has a museum within 20 miles of their place of residence, the public. whereas most of the population has to travel 50 miles.

We should not be complacent about what public engagement can achieve. The Most of the public engagement that we do doesn’t tackle these issues. Science Mobile Heritage Lab is an experiment: it is designed to explore new ways in which festivals are attended by the same public that attends other cultural events. In fact, universities can fulfl their mission of communicating science. We could easily settle looking at data from the British Science Festival, the only demographic difference for watered-down versions of public engagement that tick funders’ boxes but seems to be a higher attendance of scientists (about a third of the participants). achieve little social change. The Lab’s role is to make us think harder. Talks and demonstrations in university settings, historic houses or museums are also attended by culturally-active citizens. So these activities do not bridge the gap. This is important because the need for public engagement is not obvious, in the UK at least. The House of Lords report on science and society found that 84% of the This is why we need mobile labs. We need science communication to happen UK public agrees that science is such a big part of our lives that everyone should outside its usual venues, as far from them as possible. We need to speak to young take an interest. A 2014 BIS report found that 91% of the public believes that young adults and inspire them to pursue a scientifc education. We need to be thoughtful people’s interest in science is essential for prosperity. These percentages are pretty about engagement, as thoughtful as we are about our research. We need to look for high: the people of the UK love science. Does this mean that our job is almost the gaps, and propose ways to bridge them. done? Will the public ever be ‘engaged’ enough so that we can stop engaging them, and get on with our research?

I believe public engagement in science can have another role. It can tackle inequality. Not income inequality, but one of its consequences: the inequality of access to scientifc culture. There is little data available on public participation in Institute for Innovation Dr Josh Ryan-Collins is Head of Research at the Institute and Public Purpose for Innovation and Public Purpose. He was previously Senior Economist at the New Economics Foundation. @jryancollins

“A more thoughtful response would be to take a step back and consider how the 03 The case for rethinking design of the [land] market affects both capitalism demand and supply”

The standard policy response has been to assume that the land market is the same as any other market and try and bring down prices by increasing supply (build more Western capitalism is in crisis and new approaches to houses), neglecting the fact that there isn’t enough locationally-desirable land to economics and policy that challenge conventional thinking build them on. are needed to reform it. A more thoughtful response would be to take a step back and consider how the design of the market affects both demand and supply. For example, is there an excessive amount of speculative demand driven by bank lending or foreign investors? Should capital gains on land be taxed in the same way that they are on Capitalism, as Marx argued, is prone to crises. But since the last ‘great crisis’ stocks and shares? Does it make sense to aim for a housing market where all land of 2007-08, there have been only the most meagre signs of recovery. Instead, is privately owned or might social and co-operative housing models create better our economic system is generating widening inequalities of wealth and income, outcomes? In other words, by taking a ‘market-shaping’ or ‘market-creating’1 role a growing threat of catastrophic climate change and resource scarcity, under- rather than a more short-term, ‘market-fxing’ role, the state can help generate more investment in public services, infrastructure, science and innovation, falling sustainable outcomes that are more aligned with long-term public purpose. living standards and rising private debt. The political consequences of these developments are now coming home to roost with the rise of increasingly To this end, in January 2019, IIPP will be launching a new module – available to authoritarian and populist regimes across the world. UCL undegraduates as an elective and also available online – called Rethinking Capitalism, which links new economic thinking to new economic policies. The In the face of such deep-rooted systemic failures, it is tempting to bury one’s head course will draw on the book of the same name, edited by IIPP Director Mariana in the sand. At The Bartlett’s newest research and policy centre, the Institute for Mazzucato and Michael Jacobs. The course will feature top economists who are Innovation and Public Purpose (IIPP), we’re taking a more optimistic view. We argue challenging the status quo on the workings of capitalism, including the Bank of that, to reform capitalism we need to start with a different understanding of the key England’s Chief Economist Andy Haldane, Bernie Sanders’ ex-economic adviser capitalist institution: markets. Stephanie Kelton, William Lazonick, Carlota Perez, Branko Milanovic and Eric Beinhocker, along with IIPP staff members Rainer Kattel and myself. Mainstream economic theory teaches that markets are essentially neutral optimisation machines. They enable the effcient co-ordination of the needs and Rethinking Capitalism will apply the ‘market-shaping’ lens to a wide range of wants of the many millions of economic actors that make up the economy: Adam topics, from fscal and monetary policy to innovation, inequality, the rise of the Smith’s ‘invisible hand’. But this view tells us little about where markets come from digital platform economy and climate change. To give students a grounded and who created the rules that govern them. understanding of the challenge of turning ideas into policy, these lectures will be combined with presentations by policy-makers working at the frontline of the issues At IIPP, we argue that markets are, like buildings, designed – and that they can be under discussion, including from UK government departments dealing with fnance, designed and built well or not so well. Take the land market as an example. Land innovation and climate change. We hope Rethinking Capitalism will become a does not obey the standard rules of supply and demand. It is inherently limited in favoured choice for UCL students and establish IIPP as a centre for the kind of supply and fxed in location. This means its price tends to rise much more rapidly new economic thinking needed to meet the grand challenges of the 21st century. than other commodities when demand increases. In cities in particular, we have seen house prices – driven by rising land values – rise well above average incomes. 1 “From market fxing to market-creating: a new framework for innovation policy” (M. Mazzucato, 2016) School of Architecture Dr Sophia Psarra is Professor at The Bartlett School of Architecture. Her most recent book is The Venice Variations: Tracing the Architectural Imagination. @SophiaPsarra

does an evolved city like Venice offer for the cities of tomorrow? If future cities will automate their intelligence through algorithms, where was Venice’s intelligence stored and how did it structure human action? 04 The city as an algorithm To understand Venice – and cities in general – we need to understand its process of emergence through the collective actions of people. The origins of Venice were in the archipelago of island communities, which joined together to form the city as a whole. Analysis of the urban networks of Venice shows that it was the product of two interlocking systems – the canal and the street network. The canal network served large-scale communication, essential for economic activity, while the street What can the cities of tomorrow learn from the evolution network was the domain of neighbourhood relations and residential culture. The two of Venice with its millenia-long reputation for innovation networks intersected in the centres of the island communities, the campi (squares) and enduring stability? of Venice comprising churches, palaces, wells for water collection, guilds, and scuole (charitable institutions). They thus facilitated interlocking relations between Venice’s social networks, that is, a governing oligarchy of merchants-patricians, whose palace-warehouses were dispersed throughout the city, and the rest of the citizens. This intertwining of spatial and social networks interwove public and The urban environments we live in today are undergoing radical transformations private interests, commercial and cultural pursuits, forging strong bonds of solidarity comparable in scale and magnitude with the changes brought about by the between different members of the community and mitigating confict. industrial revolution. Leveraging new materials, infrastructures and means of production, architects and planners in the 19th and 20th centuries created both Over time, an urban ideology emerged in synergy with the urban morphology, the modern industrial city and social reform. In the 21st century, some of the old manifested in popular beliefs, community actions and ritual; an expression of the disciplines, along with new specialisms and a host of digital businesses, have physical and social compact between the city and its citizens. Stored in the network stepped in, re-conceptualising the city of the past as a ‘smart city’, a new urban structure of physical sites, events, behaviours and the minds of its inhabitants, ideology of pervasive digital transformation. Venice’s intelligence was spatialised, balancing socio-economic innovation through the city’s canals with the more stable operations of community life in the campi and As the emphasis shifts from the hard infrastructures of road networks, water and the belief systems of people. sanitation systems to digital technology, cities of tomorrow will become the domain of algorithms, capturing, analysing and ultimately infuencing human behaviour. The At this point in the 21st century, addressing the seemingly paradoxical challenge balance will be transferred in favour of those controlling the digital machines that of maintaining stability while enabling change through algorithms, Venice at its turn the enormous amount of data now at our disposal into real-time knowledge, height may have some fundamental insights to impart. It too had its algorithm: optimising functions and built forms. For architects and urban professionals, the interlocking networks and a menu of urban elements repeated with infnite variation key to improving our everyday urban realities is to mediate between the digital city in each campo, almost a precursor to the digital customisation of the present. But and its physical counterpart, whose socio-economic processes have been inscribed as Venice’s example demonstrates, successful cities are much more than this. They from its early origins on its three-dimensional form. intensively spatialise webs of social relationships, aligning public interests with the private pursuits of citizens and the social welfare of people. If urban intelligence is the ability to retrieve information and apply it as knowledge, there is a rich history of cities of extraordinary intelligence, creativity and foresight. In developing our algorithms, are we just replicating Venice’s analogue approach Despite the long-term uncertainty about its survival, the pre-industrial city of Venice, with a digital substitute, or are the needs of citizens different nowadays? If they for example, continues to inspire architects and urban designers, containing lessons are, what can our current exploration of digitally-based solutions be expected to for other cities as a resilient urban environment. deliver? What is it that distinguishes urbanism – the spatial and civic culture of cities – from the mere assembly of social behaviours, and can our algorithms capture Venice’s reputation for innovation and enduring stability for over a thousand years it? Furthermore, in an era of the ‘wisdom of crowds’, will we be able to plug in an and its contribution to architecture and cities – two of the leading expressions of artifcial intelligence loop, to compensate for the collective urban intelligence of culture in modern society – invite investigation, begging the question: what lessons the Venetians? Real Estate Institute Peter McLennan is a Senior Lecturer at The Bartlett School of Planning and a founding fellow of The Bartlett Real Estate Institute.

05 Service included “We need to look again at the economic benefts of established research paradigms that favour physical sciences”

Modus and HCP have collaborated on a number of projects that can best be PhDs supported by the service sector are opportunities described as ‘participatory action research’. Unlike a traditional doctoral research to drive research and development in built environment approach, the sponsored research students are embedded within the organisation. organisations operating outside the physical sciences. This has a number of advantages, such as enhanced problem formulation, engagement with local knowledge – in this instance, other employees within the organisation – and improved quality of data acquisition, synthesis, and application.

The projects to date include: using vibration analysis to shift from planned By the end of the Second World War, the benefts of research collaboration preventive maintenance to condition-based maintenance; capturing failure data and funding between university, industry and government within the UK had an visually to establish asset funding risks and requirements; identifying electronic established and valued position. This link between research expenditure and component obsolescence profles; and exploring visual techniques to improve industrial growth remained a key indicator of ‘progress’ until the rise of the service healthy eating within Barts Hospital in London. These projects were all based on economy brought about by globalisation and technological advancement. problems identifed and refned through dialogue with the senior management team at Modus and HCP. In one case, an additional £350,000 was committed to further The UK had been a leader in the development of the service economy since the the project through an equipment grant. early 1900s; however, by the 1980s, the shift from manufacturing to services had had a disruptive, destructive and, ultimately, devastating effect on all developed What of the benefts of this collaboration between all parties – university, economies, not just the UK. Furthermore, the social sciences were – like services organisation and student? Do they show that knowledge of the social sciences in Adam Smith’s terms – seen as economically non-productive, as opposed to the is of equal value to that of the physical sciences? The results in all cases to date physical sciences that supported industry. have shown material benefts for all parties. The organisation gains clear fnancial benefts, but also enhanced management process capabilities. In a number of What tangible economic beneft did the social sciences bring to the economy or instances, local staff morale has been positively affected. The university gains business? Why fund this research activity as part of the public good of government- through an improved understanding of the problems the service sector faces in sponsored research? What are the social sciences’ value-for-money propositions? terms of operational challenges. The student is the fnal benefciary: conducting These were all questions that university faculties like The Bartlett had to answer in systematic research in a competitive environment provides a broader understanding order to develop ‘scientifc knowledge’ within the built environment discipline. of how it can positively impact an organisation.

One solution to this knowledge creation problem within The Bartlett has been to As 85% of the economy consists of service activities, we need to look again at the collaborate directly with industry in developing new knowledge through co-operative economic benefts of established research paradigms that favour physical sciences. research. One example is Professor Michael Pitt’s long-standing relationship with At The Bartlett, this construct is already being reconsidered through the sponsored Modus Services and HCP Social Infrastructure (winners of the UCL SME Partner doctoral work being undertaken by Professor Pitt and a number of staff across the of the Year Award 2013), service companies that provide operations management faculty. Innovation in the service sector is by its nature untidy, unpredictable, and support for buildings in occupation under Private Finance Initiative contracts. But, non-predetermined (to use Karl Polanyi’s broader conception of research) – the like most service organisations, they lack a research and development capability sponsored PhD approach provides tangible capabilities to all parties, generates that would enable innovation within their organisations. So instead they’ve fnancial benefts and, as with all services, creates unexpected areas of innovation developed this capability over the past seven years through doctoral sponsorship. as new processes are put in place. “ Originally, the word ‘capacity’, which seems to be medieval neo-Latin, strictly meant ‘space for something’, a sense in which it is also still used today: capacity for innovation in bureaucracy is about having the space – skills, networks, organisations – for both agility and stability.”

Rainer Kattel Deputy Director, IIPP Institute for Innovation Rainer Kattel is Deputy Director of the UCL Institute and Public Purpose for Innovation and Public Purpose. @rainerkattel This essay is based on his forthcoming book Innovation bureaucracy (Yale University Press) with Wolfgang Drechsler and Erkki Karo, due in 2019.

‘intractable’ and ‘wicked’ – meaning that we as humans are as much the cause of these problems as we are sources for potential solutions – the more innovation and public leadership of innovation seem to matter.

Of course, that something is fashionable does not mean that there is substance behind it. One is tempted to paraphrase Oscar Wilde here: policy fashions are a 06 Innovation bureaucracy form of shallowness so intolerable that we have to change them every six months. Innovative bureaucracies might sound like a fad; however, when we look at history, we can see that public organisations face a peculiar kind of ‘innovator’s dilemma’: what makes public bureaucracies important for innovation is their simultaneous capacities and need for agile change, but also, crucially, their simultaneous need to provide stability. This sounds oxymoronic, but taking care of public business – public administration – often means balancing the need to change (because life Why the capacity for rejuvenation is the lifeblood around us is changing) and the requirement for permanence (because nobody of the entrepreneurial state. wants policy that experiments with their pension, even if investing it in Bitcoin might seem attractive in the moment).

As weird as it may sound, successful governments – entrepreneurial states – manage precisely this. Originally, the word ‘capacity’, which seems to be medieval neo-Latin, strictly meant ‘space for something’, a sense in which it is also still used If you are reading this on an electronic device, much of the technology in that today: capacity for innovation in bureaucracy is about having the space – skills, device was funded by the government or is a spillover from government funding. networks, organisations – for both agility and stability. Nothing exemplifes this It may have been commercialised and packaged into new desirable and useful perhaps better than the 2015 European refugee crisis. Governments had to fnd products, but the fundamental technologies that make our modern devices ‘smart’ quick solutions, from personal identifcation to housing hundreds of thousands of were publicly funded. This was set out in 2013 in Mariana Mazzucato’s highly- refugees, while at the same time needed to make sure that these quick fxes were infuential book The Entrepreneurial State, which showed that governments can not only compatible with existing legal frameworks but also offered long-term be, and are, essential actors in co-shaping the direction of innovation. solutions for integrating the new arrivals.

But what makes states entrepreneurial? What is it that makes government History tells us that governments create capacity for innovation through new machinery dynamic and bold enough to shape future innovation? Some may organisations or new organisational forms, often led by charismatic outsiders or shudder when encountering such questions: aren’t governments more often networks of such people. This seems to be the origin of the concept of innovation: failures than markets? Aren’t governments just supposed to provide basic and none other than Niccolo Machiavelli argued that replacing old political institutions stable states in which markets can function and innovate? with new ones is … innovation. Today’s popular call to disrupt the government through innovation is as old a hat as that on the head of a Renaissance soldier of Something seems to have shifted since the global fnancial crisis of 2008. This fortune in an Uccello painting. In the European context at least, political peace and might not be immediately obvious, as the last decade has been dominated, at least order are sustained by including elements and institutions of constant change and in the West, by austerity, rising inequality, migration fears, the rise of populism and innovation into the very order itself. terrorism. However, slowly but surely, the state and its relationship to innovation are visibly growing in importance. Even President Donald Trump has created an Today we see a furry of activity around the edges of the public sector in the form of Offce for American Innovation to “bring together the best ideas from Government, innovation, design and policy labs. In some cases, these new organisational forms the private sector, and other thought leaders to ensure that America is ready to and ways of working reach close to the heart of government machinery, as MindLab solve today’s most intractable problems”. Whether this is sincere is not the point did in Denmark and Government Digital Service (GDS) did in the UK. Yet MindLab – the point is that it is recognised, by all parties, regardless of political creed, that was closed in 2018 and GDS has arguably lost its revolutionary zeal. Agility itself something must change. then, is not enough; its strengths need to become part of ‘the routine’, part of what governments do in daily life. The capacity for rejuvenation is at the heart of The global debate over the past few years has not so much been about whether innovative bureaucracy. Without it we can’t change the restrictive narrative that or not bureaucracies can innovate, but – at least implicitly – about how they can. limits the public sector to just being a market fxer – and that means that we risk The more policy-makers realise that an increasing number of policy issues are losing the important innovations of tomorrow. School of Architecture / Dr Claire McAndrew is Director of Research at the UCL School of Construction Institute for Digital Innovation in the Built Environment. & Project Management Dr Efrosyni Konstantinou is Senior Lecturer at The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management. Mollie Claypool is Lecturer in Architecture and Co-Director of the Design Computation Lab at The Bartlett School of Architecture.

07 Future practice “This new type of practice ought to be focused on opening up dialogue: illuminating the beliefs that guide our practices”

Creating the space for tomorrow’s professionals means tearing down the barriers between disciplines and opening dialogue on the beliefs that guide our design processes.

Being a professional means being able to sensibly “judge and choose the ends of We need to be concerned not only with how to embed knowledge socially and work” 1. It requires an overall understanding of the real issues – the ethical matters, politically in our work, but how to share it and understand the ethical positions of moral questions, social and political concerns – that are involved in one’s practice, others. Digital platforms for information exchange across the lifecycle —of which in context. In building terms, this demands a discourse that starts with design there is much hype —are going to be insuffcient in providing such comprehension. through to the management of the project and the eventual ‘life’ of the building. For this, a new future of practice is called for. One that expresses a different culture and way of thinking that is not insular or self-referential when it comes to ethics. The political, intellectual and moral implications of the work of architects, digital It needs to draw attention to the nexus of connected practices that fold into one innovators and project managers, by defnition, extend beyond boundaries. another in the creation of legacy, perhaps more critically, also paying attention to However, the level of specialisation that different disciplines entail frequently those that diverge. This new type of practice ought to be focused on opening up becomes a barrier in this quest towards a deep appreciation of the complexities dialogue: illuminating the beliefs that guide our practices and instilling different of practice as it is performed. The meaning and importance of the project for the forms of legacy in the buildings we design, project-manage and use. user in society, the professional themselves, and other stakeholders – suppliers, regulators and political leaders – as well as the norms and values of the society in At The Bartlett, we are united by the mantra ‘the sum is greater than its parts’. This which the project is embedded and which the professional embodies, are changing vision is a necessary condition, a requirement and defning feature of education and and dynamic. As a result, the boundaries at the beginning of any learning experience learning in the faculty. This means that we have to fundamentally change the way that allow one to focus on one’s discipline, and to understand and critically evaluate we think about our students and our role in designing leading-edge educational and its practices, need to be progressively torn apart as studies progress. pedagogical experiences.

The production of the built environment has many stakeholders; their relationship This essay is inspired by conversations as a part of a collaboration between Unit to one another is complex and often in contradiction, due to differences in social, 19 in the School of Architecture and the postgraduate taught modules, Digital political or economic position. It is important to enable educational experiences Innovation: Collaborative Practice in the Institute for Digital Innovation in the Built that keep this awareness at the forefront of the discussion across disciplines, Environment, and Project Operational Legacy in the School of Construction and embedding equitable and democratic processes into our design methodologies, Project Management. conversations and debates. This way we can be more concerned with how to educate, and thus produce knowledge that is concerned with providing for the greater good of all stakeholders.

1 “Professionalism: The Third Logic —On the Practice of Knowledge” (E. Friedson, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001) Development Planning Unit Professor Caren Levy is Principal Investigator for Knowledge in Action for Urban Equality (KNOW). She was Vice-Dean International of The Bartlett from 2012-2018. urban-know.com

08 Pathways to urban equality “KNOW focuses on equality and its relation to three key challenges: delivering prosperity, tackling extreme poverty, and building resilient cities”

Over the next four years, Knowledge in Action for Urban 3. Developing urban learning hubs – sets up knowledge-based resource Equality (KNOW) aims to deliver transformative research ‘Learning Hubs’, to co-produce, analyse, monitor, and compare city progress and capacity for innovation in policy and planning in 12 towards national and global goals of urban equality as highlighted in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and UN-Habitat New Urban Agenda. cities across Latin America, Asia and Africa. With such a wide-reaching project, KNOW is structured around six streams of transformative research and capacity building – or Work Packages (WPs) – to Achieving sustainable development requires putting a stop to the growing rates of address these three core objectives. This will span across our partner cities in inequality around the world. KNOW asks how citizens can be involved in delivering Latin America (Barranquilla, Havana, Lima and San José), Asia (Da Nang, Jaipur, equality in the cities of the future. With over half of the world’s populations living Nakhon Sawan, Yangon and Yogyakarta), and Africa (Dar es Salaam, Kampala and in urban areas, according to UN-Habitat 2016 fgures, improving living conditions Freetown). KNOW will tackle the challenges and opportunities of vulnerable urban around the world depends on humanity’s capacity to address urban challenges communities in these cities through what we call ‘partnerships with equivalence’ to what we are witnessing as growing urban inequality on a global scale. between networks and organisations of the poor, government, the private sector, and academia. KNOW is a research and capacity building programme that seeks to address and promote pathways to urban equality by working closely with a diverse range of In WP1, KNOW partners have identifed a range of research priorities of signifcance cities in Latin America, Asia and Africa. Led by The Bartlett Development Planning to the urban inequality that exists within each of their cities, recognising that urban Unit, KNOW brings together a global consortium of researchers and partners across equality is understood differently, both among different groups within cities and also 13 institutions and 12 cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Supported by the across different urban places. WP2 compares and contrast these fndings. It links Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF), KNOW represents one of The Bartlett’s city-based research with contemporary debates on global urbanism through the largest grant-based programmes to date with funding secured over four years to themes of prosperity, resilience and extreme poverty, and contributes to the newly the end of 2021. emerging reporting process being set up to monitor global targets like the UN SDGs.

Urban (in)equality is a multi-dimensional experience for urban dwellers, refecting Our other four WPs build on the results of WP1 and WP2, to shape an different wellbeing aspirations and urban conditions. For that reason, KNOW focuses understanding of pathways to urban equality. It does this through deepening on equality and its relation to three key challenges: delivering prosperity, tackling understandings of the ethical challenges that pervade research on urban equality extreme poverty, and building resilient cities. To respond to these challenges, KNOW (WP3), the possibilities to accelerate equality gains through recommendations for aims to shape pathways to urban equality through three core objectives: policy and practice (WP4), the development of new programmes of learning in higher education (WP5), and the development of existing capacity to respond to 1. Transformative research for urban equality – focuses on co-producing the challenges of the changing context of Offcial Development Assistance research knowledge with our partner cities, specifcally addressing aspects of capacity in the UK (WP6). prosperity, resilience, and extreme poverty in each location. KNOW will take this opportunity to contribute to the planning of the city of the future 2. Building research capacity – aims to build and strengthen research capacity – and to ensure that it is a city that delivers quality of life and prosperity for all. for countries within the Global South and the UK. The Bartlett Review 2018 ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/review