The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment THE BARTLETT REVIEW 2018 REVIEWBARTLETT THE THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE The difference between rules for transport on In April 2018, the International Maritime land and sea means that shipping’s share of Organisation (IMO) agreed to limit GHG GHG emissions could rise from 2.5% to more emissions from international shipping by 2050 than 20% by 2050. That would put it ahead to at most 50% of 2008’s output, while pursuing of any single nation as a polluter. Find out efforts to phase them out in line with the Paris how UCL Energy Institute has been working Climate Agreement temperature goals. See the to make sure that doesn’t happen on p.48. steps it took to get there on p.54. WELCOME We’re The Bartlett, UCL’s faculty of the built environment. We’re here to build a better future. Combining architecture and planning with disciplines such as energy and construction, heritage and public policy, we explore human spaces. Not just physical structures like homes, office blocks and cities, but the invisible structures that govern them. By sharing our research with leading thinkers 1 from industry, government and beyond, achieving true diversity of perspective and expertise, we can understand how these structures affect the way we live. And we can create a vision of a fairer and more prosperous society. The Bartlett Review, published once a year, is 100–plus pages of groundbreaking thinking and research to have emerged from The Bartlett in 2018 and its impact on the world. LETTER FROM THE DEAN ANATOMY 04 Professor Alan Penn, in his last letter as Dean of The Bartlett, says that the built environment professions’ primary responsibility must be to the public at large and to future generations. SHORT STORIES 08 14 School of Architecture School of Planning ULTRA-MODERNISM CIRCULAR CITIES 10 16 Real Estate Institute School of Construction and Project Management TAKING A STAND BALANCING ACT 11 18 72 78 Institute for Sustainable Resources Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis Bartlett Materialisation Grants Urban Lab THE GREEN PARADOX STATE OF PLAY AGENTS OF CHANGE IMMERSED IN THE CITY 12 20 Development Planning Unit Institute for Environmental Design & Engineering GO TO THE POLLS THE SOUNDMAN LONG STORIES 24 32 40 84 90 School of Architecture Institute for Global Prosperity School of Construction & Project Management Here East The Bartlett STOKED CITY ON THE MOVE DECONSTRUCTED BRAVE NEW WORLD THE BARTLETT IN NUMBERS 2018 ESSAYS X 8 SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT Enjoy 20 pages of radical thinking from across Sophia Psarra considers how the evolution of The Bartlett, inlcuding: Rainer Kattel on why Venice offers lessons for the cities of tomorrow; entrepreneurial states need innovative bureau- Josep Grau-Bove wants to tackle unequal access to cracies; Maria Kamargianni on the demise of scientific culture; Josh Ryan-Collins makes the 48 56 64 car ownership and the rise of Mobility as a Ser- case for rethinking capitalism; Peter McLen- Energy Institute School of Planning Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose vice; Caren Levy on one of The Bartlett’s largest nan unpacks the benefits of PhDs sponsored by THE CARBON DESIGN BY A THE LANGUAGE grant-based programmes to date – Knowledge in the service sector; and Claire McAndrew and LEVIATHAN THOUSAND CUTS OF CHANGE Action for Urban Inequality. colleagues reflect on the future of practice. AL AN HUMAN SOCIETY AND TECHNOLOGY ARE NOW ENTANGLED Today, social structures are not only formed And The Bartlett Real Estate Institute is bring- WITH THE WHOLE PLANETARY ECOSYSTEM. OUR CLIMATE by the way people meet and interact in real ing analysis of intangible public goods to the IS IN TRANSITION FROM THE HOLOCENE TO THE space, but also in the virtual space of social valuation of property investment. ANTHROPOCENE, CREATED BY THE PAST 10,000 YEARS networks and communications infrastructure. My view has always been that you cannot have OF HUMAN PROGRESS. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL These structures are transforming and devel- an excellent education without a diverse cohort. CATASTROPHE ARE ALL TOO POSSIBLE. IF WE ARE TO oping more rapidly than was ever possible for Diversity in every sense of the word is not just AVOID IT, OUR PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY, AS BUILT the physical and spatial environment. In this something we ought to do, it is a necessary con- ENVIRONMENT EDUCATORS AND RESEARCHERS, MUST situation, it is more or less impossible to rely on dition of living up to our responsibility to future BE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS AND THE PUBLIC AT LARGE. past history to predict whether some interven- generations. From 2019, we are announcing The tion will work as planned. We need to be able to Bartlett Promise. This is a commitment to waive imagine radical new futures. fees and grant a living stipend to a percentage Achieving this requires not just an education of all our students across all our UG, PGT and in new technologies, but also the capacity to PGR programmes. This is a pilot study of how think oneself into a future scenario. This relies to provide a university education open to all 5 THE BARTLETT REVIEWBARTLETT2018 THE LETTERDEANTHEFROM Over the past 10 years at The Bartlett, we have humans first started to build dense settlements, on intuition, emotion, sentiment and new regardless of means, and a challenge to ourselves been preparing for this transition. It would be which presaged a series of social and techno- perspectives that can only be achieved by bring- to provide a higher quality of student experience disingenuous to say that every move we’ve made logical developments. In the space of just a few ing together people and disciplines. and service for all. Yes, it is about funding – but has been deliberately strategic; some have been thousand years, writing, money, agriculture and Our new base at Here East does this. Archi- it’s also about putting in place the infrastructure opportunistic, others because they felt like the communal infrastructure for storage and irriga- tects, computer scientists, medical engineers, for widening participation schemes. By diversi- right thing to do. But our growth – our expan- tion had all been developed. Sophisticated polit- civil engineers, surveyors, geomatic engineers, fying our student body, our long-term goal is to sion to accommodate 12 schools, institutes and ical structures and laws had been framed and the fabricators, dancers, acousticians and artists are diversify the built environment professions. centres, covering everything from architecture to elements of the earliest states had been formed. exploring the benefits new technology creates We have chosen to announce The Bartlett economics – has been driven by a guiding ques- I have argued that one way human social for human society and the environment, from Promise in The Bartlett’s centenary year. 2019 tion: what is the built environment’s role in the progress was created was the effect of the con- the macro to the micro. And we are venturing will mark 100 years since Henry Herbert Bart- world and how can it play a part in shaping a figuration of built space on the construction of beyond the built form – developing new policy lett, a civil engineer and building contractor, fairer, more prosperous society? social interfaces. By configuring dense urban research units aimed at applying this thinking whose donation of £30,000 funded a new That the buildings and infrastructure we settlements with buildings, streets and places, to institutional structures of government and building to house the School of Architecture, design, build and manage should exert such we constructed a mixing mechanism through markets, through which society develops. consented to the department being renamed a force on society is not such a radical prem- which new social relationships were generated. The Institute for Global Prosperity takes ‘The Bartlett’. We will be using 2019 to explore ise. The step change in human development The built form directed behaviours and the rules anthropological methods and applies them to the radical thinking and projects that have char- occurred in about 10,000 BCE, when it is imposed on its use by codes of social behaviour sustainable development. The Institute for Inno- acterised The Bartlett for a century. However, believed that the climate changes from the Pleis- gave rise to new forms. This feedback loop in vation and Public Purpose uses insights from our intention is not to dwell too long on where tocene that gave way to the Holocene first made the built environment, then, is responsible for institutional economics to redefine the policy we have come from, but to set a precedent for settled agriculture possible. At the same time, shaping the emergent pathway of future society. debate on the role of public-sector innovation. where we are going. PE NN IN THIS SECTION, WE INTERVIEW EIGHT BARTLETT ACADEMICS WHO HAVE BEEN FORGING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND HOW IT AFFECTS THE WAY WE LIVE IN 2018. SHORT SHORT SHORT SHORT SHORT School of Architecture ULTRA- “THE JAPANESE referring to the 100 or so towns and cities built SAW MANCHUKUO in Manchuria – known then as Manchukuo. MODERNISM AS THE FUTURE” He contrasts this development and invest- ment with that of cities in India and, in particu- lar, Africa, that were under the rule of European colonists, who he says saw their role more as a civilising force. “The Japanese saw Manchukuo as the future – for example, there were faster An interview with Dr Edward Denison on trains and more radio listeners per capita than in a little-known period in Modernist history: Japan.” The sheer scale of ambition in planning 1930s Manchuria. Words: Debika Ray Manchukuo’s capital Hsinking – now Chang- chun – makes it today one of the the least “We have entered the anthropocene – an epoch densely populated cities in China.