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F. Cannabis:Overview Arcotics, “Afghani F. Cannabis: overview 39 Fig. 39. Cocaine consumption and purity- Fig. 40. Cocaine prevalence and purity- adjusted price in Western and Central adjusted price, United States, Europe, weighted by population of 2003-2012 countries, 2003-2012 200 3 300 2 180 2.5 160 250 140 2 200 120 100 1.5 150 1.5 80 1 100 60 40 0.5 50 20 Prevalence (percentage) Prevalence (percentage) Prevalence 0 1 0 0 Price per pure gram (United States dollars) Price per pure gram (United States dollars) States (United gram pure per Price 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010 2009-2011 2010-2012 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010 2009-2011 2010-2012 Prevalence of cocaine use in the past-year (age 15-64) Prevalence of cocaine use in the past-year (age 15-64) Purity-adjusted retail price (2012 dollars) Purity-adjusted retail price (2012 dollars) Source: UNODC annual report questionnaire, and Substance Source: UNODC annual report questionnaire. Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and price data Note: Prevalence figures displayed as moving average. from the System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE) database of the United States Drug Enforcement Agency. Note: Prevalence figures displayed as moving average tions, possibly including Asia; it is also likely that there is a link with South Africa.148 Lebanon appear to be destination countries for cocaine, The estimated prevalence of cocaine use in South Africa with Jordan and the Syrian Arab Republic serving as transit rose from 0.78 per cent of the general population in the countries.150 Annual seizures in China and India were 15-64 age bracket in 2008 to 1.02 per cent in 2011, con- below 100 kg in 2011; more significant, relative to the size firming the continued existence of a sizeable and appar- of the population, were the quantities (each in excess of ently expanding consumer market for cocaine. Owing to 25 kg) seized in Japan, Saudi Arabia and Thailand in 2011. the paucity of supply-side data, it was not possible to com- plete the picture of the situation in that country. F. CANNABIS: OVERVIEW Seizures of cocaine in East Africa, while still small on a global scale, have also increased in recent years, notably in Cultivation and production the United Republic of Tanzania. Cannabis cultivation remains widespread in most regions, The extent of cocaine use in Asia has always been limited, ranging from personal cultivation to large-scale farm and and the most recent available evidence does not give reason indoor warehouse operations, thus making it difficult to to change that assessment. Nevertheless, cocaine has made estimate the global levels of cannabis cultivation and pro- its first inroads in this continent, and as pockets of con- duction. While cannabis herb is grown in almost every 151 sumption, trafficking and trade in cocaine emerge, factors country in the world, the production of cannabis resin including affluence149 appear to play a role in determining is confined to only a few countries in North Africa, the which countries are affected first. In 2012, the largest Middle East and South-West Asia. In Afghanistan, on the aggregate quantities of cocaine seizures in Asia were those basis of available cultivation and production estimates, in seized in Hong Kong, China, followed by the United Arab 2012, the total area under cultivation of cannabis was Emirates and Israel (in that order). The United Arab Emir- 10,000 ha, down from 12,000 ha in 2011. But potential ates, a prominent stopover point for air passenger traffic, resin production, due to higher yields per hectare, was has been identified as a transit country by a disparate group estimated at 1,400 tons in 2012, compared with 1,300 of countries with a small, possibly emerging market for tons in 2011. The decline in the price of cannabis resin in cocaine, including countries in Asia and Africa. Israel and Afghanistan between December 2011 and December 2012 supports the assumption of a possible increase in availabil- ity over that period.152 148 Nigeria identified South Africa as being among the countries of prov- enance for seized cocaine every year from 2009 to 2012. However, among individual cocaine seizures made in West and Central Africa since 2006, a small number (14) of cocaine consignments (including 150 UNODC annual report questionnaire and other official data. 9 seized by Nigeria) were seized on their way to South Africa, but 151 World Drug Report 2013. none were seized entering the region from South Africa. 152 UNODC and Afghanistan, Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, “Afghani- 149 World Drug Report 2013, p. 40. stan opium price monitoring monthly report” (December 2012). See also the WORLD DRUG REPORT 2014 WORLD DRUG REPORT 40 1. RECENT STATISTICS AND TREND ANALYSIS OF THE ILLICIT DRUG MARKET Among countries reporting in 2012 through the annual South Asia (India and Sri Lanka) and most expensive in report questionnaire, Italy, the United States and Ukraine East and South-East Asia. reported eradication of a large number of plants and cul- As for eradication of outdoor sites and plants, the United tivation sites. States reported a major decrease in sites eradicated (6,470 Seizures sites eradicated in 2012 compared with 23,622 sites in Seizures of hashish (cannabis resin) Global cannabis herb seizures in 2012 were reported at Fig. 42. worldwideSeizures ofand cannabis in selected resin countries, worldwide 5,350 tons, down from the 6,260 tons reported in 2011. and in selected2003 -countries,2012 2003-2012 With the exception of the Caribbean and Europe, seizures 1,800 have declined slightly in most regions. The largest quanti- ties of cannabis herb were seized in North America, which 1,600 accounts for over 64 per cent of seizures worldwide. 1,400 In contrast to cannabis herb, cannabis resin seizures 1,200 increased in 2012, with 1,269 tons seized, compared with 1,000 Tons 1,058 tons in 2011. Resin seizures increased significantly 800 in Afghanistan, from 62 tons in 2011 to 160 tons in 2012, 600 and in North Africa (mainly due to increases reported in Algeria (rising from 53 tons to 157 tons) and, to a lesser 400 extent, in Morocco (rising from 126 tons to 137 tons). 200 Spain accounts for 26 per cent of global cannabis resin 0 seizures; although seizures in that country declined slightly from 2011 (356 tons) to 2012 (326 tons). 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Rest of the world Based on an analysis of supply indicators for cannabis herb North Africa at the retail level (see annex for details), availability remains Near and Middle East /South-West Asia high in the Americas and appears to be growing in the Western, Central and South-Eastern Europe subregion of Western and Central Europe and in South- Spain Eastern Europe. Despite reports of falling seizures, con- Pakistan sumer access to marijuana herb is likely increasing in North Morocco America, Oceania, Western and Central Europe and Afghanistan South-Eastern Europe. When retail prices are adjusted by Source: UNODC annual report questionnaire. taking into account purchasing power in order to compare prices worldwide, cannabis herb is found to be relatively Cannabis herb seizures worldwide and Fig. 43. Seizures of cannabis herb worldwide inexpensive in North America, cheapest in Africa and in selected countries, 2003-2012 and in selected countries, 2003-2012 7,000 Fig. 41. Production of cannabis resin in Afghanistan and seizures in neigh- 6,000 bouring countries, 2009-2012 5,000 4,000 450 400 4,000 3,500 Tons 350 3,000 3,000 s) 300 on 2,500 2,000 250 2,000 200 1,000 1,500 1,300 1,400 150 0 1,000 Afghanistan (t Afghanistan 100 (tons) seized Quantity 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 oduction in Afghanistan (tons) 500 50 Estimated range of resin powder powder Estimated range of resin pr 0 0 Oceania Potential resin powder production in production powderresin Potential 2009 2010 2011 2012 Europe Asia Tons ofof cannabiscannabis seizedseized (Afghanistan,(Afghanistan,… Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Iran) Central and South America and Caribbean Africa Estimated range of resin powder production in Afghanistan (tons) North America Point estimate (tons) United States of America Mexico Source: Afghanistan cannabis surveys (published by UNODC) and UNODC annual report questionnaires. Source: UNODC annual report questionnaire. F. Cannabis: overview 41 Table 6. Countries reporting eradication of cannabis plants and sites, 2012 Country (in order of area eradicated) Eradication (outdoors) Eradication (indoors) Plants Sites Plants Sites Italy 4,114,911 1,318 United States 302,377 2,596 United States 3,631,582 6,470 Switzerland 83,450 Ukraine 2,200,000 New Zealand 21,202 783 Tajikistan 2,180,121 Chile 18,526 1,377 Philippines 1,224,738 188 Australia 17,668 322 Costa Rica 965,320 129 Italy 7,706 458 Brazil 616,133 5 Latvia 3,796 4 Indonesia 341,395 Slovakia 2,927 Chile 216,902 291 Republic of Moldova 152,961 New Zealand 119,059 Source: UNODC annual report questionnaire and government data. Fig. 44. Lifetime, past-year, and past-month use 2011), but it is not known to what extent the decrease was of cannabis herb among people 12 years due to declining law enforcement activity in that area or and older, United States, 2008-2012 to increasing licit cultivation due to the new cannabis laws 45 in the States of Colorado and Washington. The other coun- 40 42.8 tries reporting high numbers of cannabis plants and cul- 41 41.5 41.9 41.9 tivation sites eradicated are given in the table below.
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