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1 May Mo' Chahk, 181 Acanceh, 78 Accession, 92, 133, 140, 142–144
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-66006-8 — The Classic Maya Stephen D. Houston , Takeshi Inomata Index More Information INDEX 1 May Mo’ Chahk, 181 Altun Ha, 107, 286, 310 Andrews, Anthony, 317 Acanceh, 78 Andrews, Wyllys, 75, 84 accession, 92, 133, 140, 142–144, 174, 198, 203, Aoyama, Kazuo, 122, 260, 262, 281 262, 303, 307 Arroyo de Piedra, 41 Adams, R. E. W., 107, 243 artist, 154, 257, 260, 263–266, 268–270, 276, agriculture, xiii, 3, 10, 15, 71, 74, 99, 103, 104, 278, 283. See also scribe 230, 233–239, 248, 288 atol, 219, 241 aguada, 245 axis mundi, 22 Aguateca, 3, 24, 25, 111, 114, 115, 123, 134, 137, 141, 143, 145, 158, 159, 178, 200, Bahlaj Chan K’awiil, 110, 137 204–206, 225, 231, 236, 239, 246, 247, bajos, 10, 74, 94, 96, 233, 235, 236, 243 260–263, 265, 266, 268, 275, 277, 283, bak’tun, 289, 300, 304 285, 295, 299–302, 306 bakab, 134, 141 abandonment of, 115, 295, 296, 298, 300–302, Balakbal, 106 305, 309 Balberta, 251 defensive walls at, 24, 25 balche, 222 floor assemblages at, 143, 204, 262, 266, 270, Ball, Joseph, 276 272, 285 ballcourt, 70, 94, 116, 134, 189, 214, 259 palace of, 256 ballgame, 72, 259 rulers of, 137, 261, 296 Barton Ramie, 68, 76, 310 scribe-artists at, 265 bean, 219, 229, 242, 248 Structure L8–8 at, 114, 115 Becan, 24, 96, 102, 114, 287 ajaw, 91, 102, 132, 135, 136, 140, 144, 146, 161, Bilbao, 100 169, 172, 174, 188 Bird Jaguar, 111. -
Lista De Registros Aprobados Por La Comisión Nacional De
LISTA DE REGISTROS APROBADOS POR LA COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ELECCIONES PARA DIPUTADAS Y DIPUTADOS LOCALES DEL ESTADO DE YUCATÁN POR EL PRINCIPIO DE REPRESENTACIÓN PROPORCIONAL Y PARA REGIDORES México DF., a 8 de marzo de 2015 De conformidad con lo establecido en el Estatuto de Morena y la convocatoria, para la selección de candidaturas para diputadas y diputados del congreso del Estado por el principio de representación proporcional y regidores, cuya integración será conforme a la Ley, para el proceso electoral 2015 en el Estado de Yucatán; la Comisión Nacional de Elecciones de Morena da a conocer la relación de solicitudes de registro aprobadas derivadas del proceso de insaculación realizado el 26 de febrero de 2015, conforme al orden de prelación para la integración de las planillas respectivas: REGIDURIAS LUGAR DE MUNICIPIO LA A PATERNO A MATERNO NOMBRE PLANILLA MUNICIPIO 3 ORDAZ CARRILLO MANUEL JESUS ACANCEH MUNICIPIO 4 SEL DZUL MARIA LUCIA ACANCEH MUNICIPIO 5 EXTERNO ACANCEH MUNICIPIO 6 CUTZ PECH NAOMY ESTEFANY ACANCEH MUNICIPIO 7 COB CANCHE JOSE FAUSTINO ACANCEH MUNICIPIO 8 EXTERNA ACANCEH MUNICIPIO 9 HOMBRE ACANCEH MUNICIPIO 10 MUJER ACANCEH MUNICIPIO 11 EXTERNO ACANCEH MUNICIPIO ESTRELL 3 Y UC YGNACIO BACA A MUNICIPIO MARTHA 4 GOMEZ MATU BACA MERCEDES MUNICIPIO 5 EXTERNO BACA MUNICIPIO 6 ALONZO CHAN EDDY MARIA BACA MUNICIPIO 7 RAMIREZ PACHECO AARÓN DE JESUS BACA MUNICIPIO 8 EXTERNA BACA MUNICIPIO 3 LIZAMA BAEZA MIGUEL ANGEL BUCTZOTZ MUNICIPIO 4 RIVERO ALCOCER MARIA VICTORIA BUCTZOTZ MUNICIPIO 5 EXTERNO BUCTZOTZ MUNICIPIO 6 MENDEZ -
RESOLUTIVO DE LA COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ELECCIONES SOBRE EL PROCESO INTERNO LOCAL DEL ESTADO DE YUCATÁN México DF., a 15 De
RESOLUTIVO DE LA COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ELECCIONES SOBRE EL PROCESO INTERNO LOCAL DEL ESTADO DE YUCATÁN México DF., a 15 de enero de 2015 De conformidad con lo establecido en el Estatuto de Morena y la convocatoria para la selección de candidaturas para diputadas y diputados al Congreso del estado por el principio de mayoría relativa, así como de presidentes municipales y síndicos para el proceso electoral 2015 en el estado de Yucatán; y tomando en consideración el acuerdo emitido por el Comité Ejecutivo Nacional de Morena con fecha 14 de enero de 2015, la Comisión Nacional de Elecciones de Morena da a conocer la relación de solicitudes de registro aprobadas: Presidentes Municipales y Síndicos: CARGO MUNICIPIO NOMBRE PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL ACANCEH NARVAEZ MEDINA FRANCISCO RAFAEL PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL BACA POOL Y POOL MANUEL JESUS PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL BUCTZOTZ LARA LIZAMA FERNANDO ALBERTO PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL CELESTUN GARRIDO MONTERO ALFONSO ARIEL PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL CHANKOM CEN DZUL LUIS FLORES PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL CHEMAX BALAM TEC SECUNDINO PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL CHUMAYEL SOSA CHAY SILVINA PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL CONKAL QUIJANO MONTES MARIO PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL CUNCUNUL GUTIERREZ SALAZAR MANUEL DE JESUS PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL DZIDZANTUN VIVAS MANRIQUE ARTURO PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL DZILAM GONZALEZ REYES TREJO MELQUISEDEC PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL DZONCAUICH HUAN PECH ANTONIO ARISTEO PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL HALACHO CAN COUOH MANUEL JESUS PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL HOCABA CANCHE MEX MARITZA ALEJANDRA PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL HOCTUN UC MAY JORGE ABRAHAM PRESIDENTE MUNICIPAL -
Entidad Municipio Localidad Long
Entidad Municipio Localidad Long Lat Campeche Calkiní BÉCAL 900139 202629 Campeche Calkiní EL GRAN PODER 900150 202530 Campeche Calkiní LAS CAROLINAS 900156 202527 Campeche Calkiní LOS PINOS 900158 202522 Campeche Calkiní NINGUNO 900152 202527 Campeche Calkiní TANCHÍ 895839 202645 Yucatán Abalá ABALÁ 894047 203848 Yucatán Abalá CACAO 894447 204134 Yucatán Abalá CACAO 894447 204134 Yucatán Abalá MUCUYCHÉ 893615 203720 Yucatán Abalá MUCUYCHÉ 893615 203720 Yucatán Abalá PEBA 894108 204321 Yucatán Abalá PEBA 894108 204321 Yucatán Abalá SAN JUAN TEHBACAL 893749 204308 Yucatán Abalá SAN JUAN TEHBACAL 893749 204308 Yucatán Abalá SIHUNCHÉN 894053 204131 Yucatán Abalá SIHUNCHÉN 894053 204131 Yucatán Abalá TEMOZÓN 893908 204123 Yucatán Abalá TEMOZÓN 893908 204123 Yucatán Abalá UAYALCEH 893538 204140 Yucatán Abalá VÍCTOR 894054 203938 Yucatán Abalá VÍCTOR 894054 203938 Yucatán Acanceh ACANCEH 892713 204846 Yucatán Acanceh ACANCEH 892713 204846 Yucatán Acanceh CANICAB 892553 205137 Yucatán Acanceh CANICAB 892553 205137 Yucatán Acanceh CHAKAHIL 892803 205435 Yucatán Acanceh CHAKAHIL 892803 205435 Yucatán Acanceh CIBCEH 892915 204912 Yucatán Acanceh CIBCEH 892915 204912 Yucatán Acanceh DZITINÁ 892402 204703 Yucatán Acanceh DZITINÁ 892402 204703 Yucatán Acanceh GUADALUPANO 892604 205023 Yucatán Acanceh GUADALUPANO 892604 205023 Yucatán Acanceh LAS CONCORDIAS 892603 205020 Yucatán Acanceh LAS CONCORDIAS 892603 205020 Yucatán Acanceh LAS MARGARITAS 892527 205118 Yucatán Acanceh LAS MARGARITAS 892527 205118 Yucatán Acanceh NINGUNO 892745 204927 Yucatán -
Southern Lowland Maya Archaeology and Human Skeletal Remains
2 SouthernLowland Maya Archaeologyand Human SkeletalRemains: Interpretations from Caracol (Belize),Santa Rita Corozal (Belize),and Diane Z. Chase Tayasal(Guatemala) One classof data that is crucial to archaeologi- oretical difficulties involved in making intersite cal interpretations of prehistoric populations, comparisons. 1 their health, status,and demographicpatterns, is that derived from human burials. These are recoveredin what, at first glance,appear to be Caracol, Santa Rita Corozal, sizeablequantities in most excavationsat most and Tayasal: Temporal and Maya sites (Chase1994; Saul and Saul 1991, Skeletal Samples Tourtellot 1990a;Welsh 1988). Yet. how much Caracol, the largestof the three sites,is located do we know about the actual remains of the in the Vaca Plateauof Belizein the foothills of ancient Maya and how can excavatedsamples beused to defineancient populations? . the Maya Mountains at an elevation of over' 500 m. Long-term large-scaleexcavation was The sitesof Caracol,Santa Rita Cocozal,and started at Caracci in 1985 and hastaken place Tayasal are all Maya sites '° the southern every year since then (Chaseand Chase1987; lowlands. Each of these sites, however, is lo- D. Chase and A. Chase 1994). The earliest cated within a distinctive geographicarea and maintains a different history of human occu- pation. Investigationsat each site have.added I The author acknowledgesthe problems in comparing important information to our views of the health among archaeological populations as identified ancient Maya and, when taken together, pro- by Wood et al. (1992}. This discussion, however, will vide greater insight into both a broader in- place greater emphasis on an equally important phe- nomenon: determination of sampling problems through terpretation of the nature of ancient Maya correlation of osteological remains with other archaeo- populations and the methodological and the- logical information. -
Af092e00.Pdf
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico - UNAM Wood Energy Programme – FAO Forestry Department FUELWOOD “HOT SPOTS” IN MEXICO: A CASE STUDY USING WISDOM – Woodfuel Integrated Supply-Demand Overview Mapping Omar R. Masera, Gabriela Guerrero, Adrián Ghilardi Centro de Investigationes en Ecosistemas CIECO - UNAM Alejandro Velázquez, Jean F. Mas Instituto de Geografía- UNAM María de Jesús Ordóñez CRIM- UNAM Rudi Drigo Wood Energy Planning and Policy Development - FAO-EC Partnership Programme and Miguel A. Trossero Wood Energy Programme, Forest Products and Economics Division - FAO FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2004 5IFEFTJHOBUJPOTFNQMPZFEBOEUIFQSFTFOUBUJPOPGNBUFSJBM JOUIJTJOGPSNBUJPOQSPEVDUEPOPUJNQMZUIFFYQSFTTJPOPGBOZ PQJOJPOXIBUTPFWFSPOUIFQBSUPGUIF'PPEBOE"HSJDVMUVSF 0SHBOJ[BUJPO PG UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT DPODFSOJOH UIF MFHBM PS EFWFMPQNFOUTUBUVTPGBOZDPVOUSZ UFSSJUPSZ DJUZPSBSFBPSPG JUTBVUIPSJUJFT PSDPODFSOJOHUIFEFMJNJUBUJPOPGJUTGSPOUJFST PSCPVOEBSJFT "MM SJHIUT SFTFSWFE 3FQSPEVDUJPO BOE EJTTFNJOBUJPO PG NBUFSJBM JO UIJT JOGPSNBUJPOQSPEVDUGPSFEVDBUJPOBMPSPUIFSOPODPNNFSDJBMQVSQPTFTBSF BVUIPSJ[FEXJUIPVUBOZQSJPSXSJUUFOQFSNJTTJPOGSPNUIFDPQZSJHIUIPMEFST QSPWJEFEUIFTPVSDFJTGVMMZBDLOPXMFEHFE3FQSPEVDUJPOPGNBUFSJBMJOUIJT JOGPSNBUJPOQSPEVDUGPSSFTBMFPSPUIFSDPNNFSDJBMQVSQPTFTJTQSPIJCJUFE XJUIPVUXSJUUFOQFSNJTTJPOPGUIFDPQZSJHIUIPMEFST"QQMJDBUJPOTGPSTVDI QFSNJTTJPOTIPVMECFBEESFTTFEUPUIF$IJFG 1VCMJTIJOH.BOBHFNFOU4FSWJDF *OGPSNBUJPO%JWJTJPO '"0 7JBMFEFMMF5FSNFEJ$BSBDBMMB 3PNF *UBMZ PSCZFNBJMUPDPQZSJHIU!GBPPSH ª '"0 Fuelwood “hot -
Alfred Kidder II in the Development of American Archaeology: a Biographical and Contextual View Karen L
Andean Past Volume 7 Article 14 2005 Alfred Kidder II in the Development of American Archaeology: A Biographical and Contextual View Karen L. Mohr Chavez deceased Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Mohr Chavez, Karen L. (2005) "Alfred Kidder II in the Development of American Archaeology: A Biographical and Contextual View," Andean Past: Vol. 7 , Article 14. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol7/iss1/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALFRED KIDDER II IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY: A BIOGRAPHICAL AND CONTEXTUAL VIEW KAREN L. MOHR CHÁVEZ late of Central Michigan University (died August 25, 2001) Dedicated with love to my parents, Clifford F. L. Mohr and Grace R. Mohr, and to my mother-in-law, Martha Farfán de Chávez, and to the memory of my father-in-law, Manuel Chávez Ballón. INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY SERGIO J. CHÁVEZ1 corroborate crucial information with Karen’s notes and Kidder’s archive. Karen’s initial motivation to write this biography stemmed from the fact that she was one of Alfred INTRODUCTION Kidder II’s closest students at the University of Pennsylvania. He served as her main M.A. thesis This article is a biography of archaeologist Alfred and Ph.D. dissertation advisor and provided all Kidder II (1911-1984; Figure 1), a prominent necessary assistance, support, and guidance. -
Of American Ethnology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution
25 Dr. William C. Sturtevant Curator of American Ethnology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Dr. Donald Tuzin, Director Melanesian Archives University of California-San Diego Dr. John van Willigen Department of Anthropology University of Kentucky Dr. Joan Warnow-Blewett. Associate Director-Center of the History of Physics American Institute of Physics Dr. Annette B. Weiner, President American Anthropological Association Washington D.C. Dr. Thomas H. Wilson, Director Center for African Art New York, New York Ms. Nathalie F.S. Woodbury Shutesbury,Massachusetts Ms. Bonnie Wright. Chair ALA!Anthro and Soc. Sec of ACRL, 1989: "Anthropological Field Notes" Dr. John E. Yellen. Director Anthropology Program National Science Foundation VII. Announcements/Sources for the History of Archaeology The Robert F. HeizerPapers are accessible althoughthe registeris not totallyfinished. Researchers need to contact Sheila O'Neil at the BancroftLibrary. University of California Berkeley. The Society for Industrial Archaeology and the Historic American Engineering Record of the National Park Service sponsored a fellowship (closing date 28 February 1992) for those preparing monographs or books on AmeIican industrial engineering history using material culture (structures. machines, and other artifacts) as as basis for the study. For more information write David L. Salay, Department of History, Montana State University. Boseman, Montana 59717. 26 James Kenworthy(Archaeology, Nottingham University) is editing a volume titled "Histories of Archaeology". He is currently soliciting papers for the volume. Papers of a historiographic nature will look at how archaeology hasbeen written now and in the past Papers can be biographical, thematic(science, gender, nationalism), of any periodor place. Closing date: September 1992. -
Catálogo De Las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas De México Con Sus Autodenominaciones Y Referencias Geoestadísticas
Lunes 14 de enero de 2008 DIARIO OFICIAL (Primera Sección) 31 INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE LENGUAS INDIGENAS CATALOGO de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. Al margen un logotipo, que dice: Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas. CATÁLOGO DE LAS LENGUAS INDÍGENAS NACIONALES: VARIANTES LINGÜÍSTICAS DE MÉXICO CON SUS AUTODENOMINACIONES Y REFERENCIAS GEOESTADÍSTICAS. El Consejo Nacional del Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas, con fundamento en lo dispuesto por los artículos 2o. de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos; 15, 16, 20 y tercero transitorio de la Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas; 1o., 3o. y 45 de la Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal; 1o., 2o. y 11 de la Ley Federal de las Entidades Paraestatales; y los artículos 1o. y 10 fracción II del Estatuto Orgánico del Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas; y CONSIDERANDO Que por decreto publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 14 de agosto de 2001, se reformó y adicionó la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, determinando el carácter único e indivisible de la Nación Mexicana y su composición pluricultural sustentada en sus pueblos indígenas. Que con esta reforma constitucional nuestra Carta Magna reafirma su carácter social, al dedicar un artículo específico al reconocimiento de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. Que el artículo 2o. constitucional establece que “los pueblos indígenas son aquellos que descienden de poblaciones que habitaban en el territorio actual del país al iniciarse la colonización y que conservan sus propias instituciones sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas, o parte de ellas.” Que uno de los derechos de los pueblos y las comunidades indígenas que reconoce el apartado “A” del artículo 2o. -
The PARI Journal Vol. XII, No. 3
ThePARIJournal A quarterly publication of the Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Volume XII, No. 3, Winter 2012 Excavations of Nakum Structure 15: Discoveryof Royal Burials and In This Issue: Accompanying Offerings JAROSŁAW ŹRAŁKA Excavations of Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University NakumStructure15: WIESŁAW KOSZKUL Discovery of Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University Royal Burials and BERNARD HERMES Accompanying Proyecto Arqueológico Nakum, Guatemala Offerings SIMON MARTIN by University of Pennsylvania Museum Jarosław Źrałka Introduction the Triangulo Project of the Guatemalan Wiesław Koszkul Institute of Anthropology and History Bernard Hermes Two royal burials along with many at- (IDAEH). As a result of this research, the and tendant offerings were recently found epicenter and periphery of the site have Simon Martin in a pyramid located in the Acropolis been studied in detail and many structures complex at the Maya site of Nakum. These excavated and subsequently restored PAGES 1-20 discoveries were made during research (Calderón et al. 2008; Hermes et al. 2005; conducted under the aegis of the Nakum Hermes and Źrałka 2008). In 2006, thanks Archaeological Project, which has been to permission granted from IDAEH, a excavating the site since 2006. Artefacts new archaeological project was started Joel Skidmore discovered in the burials and the pyramid Editor at Nakum (The Nakum Archaeological [email protected] significantly enrich our understanding of Project) directed by Wiesław Koszkul the history of Nakum and throw new light and Jarosław Źrałka from the Jagiellonian Marc Zender on its relationship with neighboring sites. University, Cracow, Poland. Recently our Associate Editor Nakum is one of the most important excavations have focused on investigating [email protected] Maya sites located in the northeastern two untouched pyramids located in the Peten, Guatemala, in the area of the Southern Sector of the site, in the area of The PARI Journal Triangulo Park (a “cultural triangle” com- the so-called Acropolis. -
Ctenosaura Defensor (Cope, 1866)
Ctenosaura defensor (Cope, 1866). The Yucatecan Spiny-tailed Iguana, a regional endemic in the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula, is distributed in the Tabascan Plains and Marshes, Karstic Hills and Plains of Campeche, and Yucatecan Karstic Plains regions in the states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán (Lee, 1996; Calderón-Mandujano and Mora-Tembre, 2004), at elevations from near “sea level to 100 m” (Köhler, 2008). In the original description by Cope (1866), the type locality was given as “Yucatán,” but Smith and Taylor (1950: 352) restricted it to “Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico.” This lizard has been reported to live on trees with hollow limbs, into which they retreat when approached (Lee, 1996), and individuals also can be found in holes in limestone rocks (Köhler, 2002). Lee (1996: 204) indicated that this species lives “mainly in the xeric thorn forests of the northwestern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula, although they are also found in the tropical evergreen forests of northern Campeche.” This colorful individual was found in low thorn forest 5 km N of Sinanché, in the municipality of Sinanché, in northern coastal Yucatán. Wilson et al. (2013a) determined its EVS as 15, placing it in the lower portion of the high vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been assessed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, and as endangered (P) by SEMARNAT. ' © Javier A. Ortiz-Medina 263 www.mesoamericanherpetology.com www.eaglemountainpublishing.com The Herpetofauna of the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula: composition, distribution, and conservation status VÍCTOR HUGO GONZÁLEZ-SÁNCHEZ1, JERRY D. JOHNSON2, ELÍ GARCÍA-PADILLA3, VICENTE MATA-SILVA2, DOMINIC L. DESANTIS2, AND LARRY DAVID WILSON4 1El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico. -
Who Were the Maya? by Robert Sharer
Who Were the Maya? BY ROBERT SHARER he ancient maya created one of the Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador until the Spanish Conquest. world’s most brilliant and successful The brutal subjugation of the Maya people by the Spanish ca. 1470 CE civilizations. But 500 years ago, after the extinguished a series of independent Maya states with roots The Kaqchikel Maya establish a new Spaniards “discovered” the Maya, many as far back as 1000 BCE. Over the following 2,500 years scores highland kingdom with a capital at Iximche. could not believe that Native Americans of Maya polities rose and fell, some larger and more powerful had developed cities, writing, art, and than others. Most of these kingdoms existed for hundreds of ca. 1185–1204 CE otherT hallmarks of civilization. Consequently, 16th century years; a few endured for a thousand years or more. K’atun 8 Ajaw Europeans readily accepted the myth that the Maya and other To understand and follow this long development, Maya Founding of the city of Mayapan. indigenous civilizations were transplanted to the Americas by civilization is divided into three periods: the Preclassic, the “lost” Old World migrations before 1492. Of course archaeol- Classic, and the Postclassic. The Preclassic includes the ori- ogy has found no evidence to suggest that Old World intru- gins and apogee of the first Maya kingdoms from about 1000 sions brought civilization to the Maya or to any other Pre- BCE to 250 CE. The Early Preclassic (ca. 2000–1000 BCE) Columbian society. In fact, the evidence clearly shows that pre-dates the rise of the first kingdoms, so the span that civilization evolved in the Americas due to the efforts of the began by ca.