The PARI Journal Vol. XII, No. 3
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
ThePARIJournal A quarterly publication of the Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Volume XII, No. 3, Winter 2012 Excavations of Nakum Structure 15: Discoveryof Royal Burials and In This Issue: Accompanying Offerings JAROSŁAW ŹRAŁKA Excavations of Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University NakumStructure15: WIESŁAW KOSZKUL Discovery of Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University Royal Burials and BERNARD HERMES Accompanying Proyecto Arqueológico Nakum, Guatemala Offerings SIMON MARTIN by University of Pennsylvania Museum Jarosław Źrałka Introduction the Triangulo Project of the Guatemalan Wiesław Koszkul Institute of Anthropology and History Bernard Hermes Two royal burials along with many at- (IDAEH). As a result of this research, the and tendant offerings were recently found epicenter and periphery of the site have Simon Martin in a pyramid located in the Acropolis been studied in detail and many structures complex at the Maya site of Nakum. These excavated and subsequently restored PAGES 1-20 discoveries were made during research (Calderón et al. 2008; Hermes et al. 2005; conducted under the aegis of the Nakum Hermes and Źrałka 2008). In 2006, thanks Archaeological Project, which has been to permission granted from IDAEH, a excavating the site since 2006. Artefacts new archaeological project was started Joel Skidmore discovered in the burials and the pyramid Editor at Nakum (The Nakum Archaeological [email protected] significantly enrich our understanding of Project) directed by Wiesław Koszkul the history of Nakum and throw new light and Jarosław Źrałka from the Jagiellonian Marc Zender on its relationship with neighboring sites. University, Cracow, Poland. Recently our Associate Editor Nakum is one of the most important excavations have focused on investigating [email protected] Maya sites located in the northeastern two untouched pyramids located in the Peten, Guatemala, in the area of the Southern Sector of the site, in the area of The PARI Journal Triangulo Park (a “cultural triangle” com- the so-called Acropolis. The Acropolis is 202 Edgewood Avenue prised of Yaxha, Naranjo, and Nakum) San Francisco, CA 94117 the largest and most impressive complex 415-664-8889 (Figure 1). It was discovered at the of the site, consisting of a platform sur- [email protected] beginning of the twentieth century by mounted by more than thirty structures, the French count Maurice de Périgny mainly palace residences, that surround Electronic version (1908, 1911). Later the site was visited and available at: twelve patios or courtyards (Tobar and www.mesoweb.com/ cursorily investigated by Alfred Tozzer González 2007) (Figure 2). The largest pari/journal/1203 and Raymond Merwin from the Peabody of them is Patio 1. During prior research Museum of Harvard University (Tozzer by the Triangulo Project, the buildings ISSN 1531-5398 1913), followed by Sylvanus Morley enclosing Patio 1 from the north, south, (1937-1938). The ruins were forgotten and west were intensively excavated and in the ensuing decades until they were subsequently restored. Only two low twice visited by Nicholas Hellmuth in the mounds (Structures 14 and 15) located on 1970s (Hellmuth 1975, 1978:93-95, 1992). the eastern side of Patio 1 were left intact But it was only in 1994 that Nakum was due to their poor state of preservation. subjected to intensive investigation by Our research has shown that one of the The PARI Journal 12(3):1-20. 1 Źrałka et al. Uaxactun Holmul Tikal Nakum Naranjo Yaxha 0 5 10 15km Caracol Figure 1. Nakum in its regional context (map courtesy of Precolumbia Mesoweb Press). excavated pyramids (Structure 15) held two important Thus the easterly direction was symbolically linked to burials, among them a very rich tomb (Burial 1) which in concepts of rebirth and resurrection. The discovery in all probability belonged to one of the local kings. Below eastern shrines of tombs and caches associated with the we present results of our investigation of Structure 15 symbolism of the underworld at Caracol and elsewhere and the discoveries we made. shows that these buildings were connected to the ven- eration of ancestors, as well as the Maya belief in the Structure 15 and the Discovery of Burial 1 afterlife and rebirth (Chase and Chase 1994:54-56). It The main aim of excavating Structure 15 was to study seems that the importance of the eastern direction in its architectural development through time as well as Mesoamerican belief systems and its association with test the hypothesis that it might be part of a so-called ancestors and rulership may have very deep roots going “eastern shrine complex,” an architectural pattern also back to Olmec times. One of the first eastern shrines con- known as “Plaza Plan 2” (Becker 1971). Excavations structed to venerate and honor a deceased king has been in sites such as Tikal, Caracol, and a number of others identified at San Lorenzo (see Cyphers et al. 2006:27). have shown a distinct and characteristic pattern of set- The excavation of Structure 15, which is situated ting the burials of founders and other important family on the eastern side of Patio 1, resulted in the discovery members, along with abundant associated offerings, in of a large royal tomb (designated as Burial 1) in a test shrines or temples situated on the eastern side of plazas pit opened on the summit of this structure (Figure 3). (Becker 1971, 1999, 2003; Chase and Chase 1994, 1998; Large capstones were found 1.75 m below the summit Jones 1999). The east was extremely auspicious in Maya of the pyramid. Beneath these lay a large tomb chamber. belief, as the direction from which the sun is born every In the course of the investigation we found evidence of day after a nightly journey through the Underworld. looting in Structure 15, and two illicit trenches dug on 2 Excavations of Nakum Structure 15 Figure 2. Southern Sector of Nakum with the Acropolis complex and Structure 15 where Burials 1 and 2 have been excavated (map by Proyecto Triángulo, IDAEH). 3 Źrałka et al. WESTERN CHAMBER (15-1) EASTERN CHAMBER (15-1) E 15-1 OFFERING 3 BURIAL 1 OFFERING 12 15- SUB-4 15- SUB-1 BURIAL 2 PATIO 1 0 1 2 m Figure 3. Cross-section of Structure 15 showing major architectural stages and location of Burials 1 and 2 and associated offerings (Offerings 3 and 12 are indicated). Drawing by Wiesław Koszkul, Bogumił Pilarski, and Katarzyna Radnicka. its eastern facade were documented. Fortunately the in the fact that it represents the so-called Tikal Dancer looters failed to find the tomb, though they managed to style (see Reents-Budet 1994:197-198) (Figure 6). It is severely damage the building. a tripod plate with a basal flange; its diameter is 38.2 The tomb chamber of Burial 1 has a north–south cm. The vessel’s flange was cut into a step-fret motif orientation and is 4.5 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 2.2 m high. and covered with blue pigment. The background of the In the northern end of the tomb were discovered the re- interior of the plate was painted in orange and red with mains of a skeleton laid in a supine position (Figure 4). It several circular black bands. In the center of the vessel a had been heavily damaged by small animals, probably dancing maize god was painted. The importance of this rats that entered the tomb and ate various bones while find lies in the fact that only a few completely preserved scattering others around the chamber. An analysis of vessels of this type have been discovered in such good what remained by our physical anthropologist Varinia archaeological context; most of these plates (numbering Matute showed that the individual from Burial 1 might ca. 30 completely preserved pieces) come from private have been between 35 and 45 years of age at the time of or public collections and their provenance is unknown death, but it was not possible to establish the sex of the (Boot 2003; Looper 2008; Looper et al. 2009:122-131). All body (Matute 2006). known examples with an archaeological context were The individual buried in the tomb was furnished found in tombs at Tikal and Uaxactun, as well as in the with many offerings, including three ceramic vessels, Dolores region of southeastern Peten (Culbert 1993:Figs. four jade earspools, a jade pectoral, and almost 500 jade 43a, 48c, 51a, 78a1; Mayer 2010; Smith 1955:2:Fig. 73a1). and shell beads of different shapes from a main necklace Although the provenance of the majority of the Tikal (Concentration 1; see “C.1” in Figure 4) and perhaps a Dancer Plates is not known, both archaeological data dozen other necklaces and chains (Concentrations 2 and and chemical analysis indicate that this ceramic type 3; “C.2” and “C.3”). Moreover, four spindle whorls were was typical for the greater Tikal region (Looper 2008; found together with dozens of very small shells. During Reents-Budet 1994:197-198; Reents-Budet and Bishop excavations the tomb was divided into 215 sectors for 2003; Reents-Budet et al. 2008). artefacts and 20 sectors for bones in order to achieve The richest offerings were deposited in the northern accurate documentation of the fine beads and pieces of part of the tomb, on the deceased person’s chest and bones. These lay in a thin layer formed by dirt and small head. Almost all of the 179 jade artefacts documented fragments of plaster which fell out of the walls and the in the tomb were found here. Among them there were a vault of the burial chamber. jade pectoral, several earspools, and other jewels form- Ceramic vessels were discovered in the southern ing rich earrings (Figure 7).