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Cambridge University Press 0521592240 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information Index Abaj Takalik (Guatemala) 64, 67, 69, 72, animals 76, 78, 84, 102 association with kings and priests 184, aboriculture 144–145 185 acropoli see epicenters and bird life, rain forests 123–126 agriculture 117–118 and rulers 229 animal husbandry 145 apiculture 145 Classic period 90, 146–147 archaeology effects of the collapse, Petexbatun 254 and chronology 17, 26 operations in relation to the role of elites and cultural evolution 22–23, 26, 27 and rulers 213 history 31 post-Spanish Conquest 290 genesis of scientific archaeology 37–41 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 multidisciplinary archaeology 41–43 in relation to kingship 206 nineteenth century 34–37 specialization 166 Spanish Conquest 31–33 and trade 150 processual archaeology 23, 26 see also farming practices; gardens; rain settlement pattern archaeology 50, 52 forests architecture 99 Aguateca 230, 251, 252, 259, 261 corbeled vault architecture 90, 94, 95 craft production 164 northern lowlands, Late Classic period destruction 253 235–236 specialist craft production 168 Puuc area, Late Classic period 236 Ajaw complex 16 roof combs 95 ajaws, cult 103 talud-tablero architectural facades alliances, and vassalages 209 (Teotihuacan) 105, 108 Alm´endariz, Ricardo 33 Arroyo de Piedras (western Pet´en)259 alphabet 46, 48 astronomy 201 Alta Vista 79 and astrology 192–193 Altar de Sacrificios (Petexbatun) 38, 49, Atlantis (lost continent) 33, 35 81, 256, 261 autosacrifices 158, 176, 183 collapse 267, 275 family cults 189, 190 and the obsidian trade 163 Aztecs political developments and trade, Late and the chocolate trade 153 Classic period 229 ideologies, effects on cultural evolution altars 90, 91 29 and stelae 96, 98 trading practices 152 Alvarado, Pedro de 287 Anales de los Kaqchikeles 284 Bakabs (gods) 181, 182 ancestor worship 96, 117, 176–177, 178, Balberta 67, 76, 78 191, 296 balche 144, 145, 192 Postclassic period, Yucatan 279 bands 57 see also burials Becan 82 364 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521592240 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information Index 365 Becan (Campeche), political development and the obsidian trade 163 222 political dominance by Calakmul 225 Belize and trade routes 162 collapse 266–268 Late Classic period 228–229, 230 hard stone trade 156 capitals, relocation, links with K’atun and the obsidian trade 163 endings 279, 283 political fortunes 111 Caracol (Belize) 100, 265, 268 Postclassic period 283 agricultural activities 117, 147 Pulltrouser Swamp, raised field farming terracing 133, 135 methods 135 collapse 267 salt trade 152 epicenter 107 Belize River Valley, terracing 133, 138 evidence of Tikal’s political dominance Berlin, Heinrich 45, 47, 209 106 Bernasconi, Antonio 33 political development 223–224, 226 bird and animal life, rain forests 123–126 Late Classic period 235 Bonampak, murals 230, 231 population 120, 214 Bowditch, C. P. 36 regional power 217 Brasseur de Bourbourg 36 royal palaces 116 Buena Vista 67, 78 state control 213 Bullard, William 49 and trade 151, 173 burials 116, 176–177, 191 Carnegie Institute (Washington) 41, 42, see also ancestor worship 43 Casta˜neda,Jose 33, 34 Caana (Caracol), temple 224 Catherwood, Frederick 4, 31, 32, 33, 34, cacao industry 144, 166 37, 282 Cahal Pech (Belize), political development, caves, sacred nature 202–204, 205 Late Classic period 235 Cays, trading importance 282 Calakmul (Campeche) 83, 100, 103, ceramics 40, 42 229 ‘Chicanel’ pottery 42 agricultural systems 147 Classic period 90 canal systems 142, 143 as evidence of the development of Maya collapse 264 civilization 58–60 and the collapse of Dos Pilas 249 Mamom ceramics 42, 81 political development 108 northern lowlands, Late Classic period and interregional alliances 222, 235 223–226 Puuc area, Late Classic period 236 and interregional conflicts 244 ruler with ‘Tlaloc’ eye treatment, population 120, 214 Teotihuacan 109 regional power 215, 217 Seibal, collapse of western Pet´en261, state control 213 262 and trade 151, 173 slab-tripod vessels, Teotihuacan 105, calendars 32, 36, 44, 183 108 Calendar Round and almanacs 190, Tzakol ceramics 101, 103 192, 193–196 use for dating purposes 101–102, 103 see also time see also crafts; trade Campeche (R´ıoBec region) ceramics industry 166 irrigation systems 235 and trade 148, 169, 170 terraced farming methods 138, 142 Cerros (Belize) 83, 87, 103 canal systems 141, 143 agricultural activities 117 Cancuen 104, 220, 230 canal systems 141 alliance with Dos Pilas 250 cosmogram of Preclassic temple 182 burial site 178 Chaaks (rain deities) 179, 181, 182 control of trade routes 173 Chaccob (Yucatan), fortifications 271 farming methods 139 Chachuapa 85 hard stone trade 154 Chalcatzingo (Morelos) 64 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521592240 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information 366 Index Chalchuapa 102 Copan Valley Charnay, D´esir´e34 demography and the collapse of Maya “check” dams, use for farming 137 civilization 246 chert (flint) 149, 155, 158, 166, 173 farming methods 139 Chiapas, salt trade 152 Cortez, Hern´an287 Chichen Itza (Yucatan) 38, 39, 42 cotton industry 154, 155, 166 collapse 268, 270, 271–274 couvade 188 destruction 280 Cozumel, trading importance 282 epicenter 201, 202 crafts chiefdoms 57 production and specialization 163–164, evolution in Maya civilization 60 171 Kaminaljuyu 74 attached to elite groups 167–171 Chilam Balam 42 community production 166–167 Chitinamit (Tzutuhil capital) 285, household production 165–166 287 see also ceramics; trade Churchward, James 34, 35 Cuca (Yucatan), fortifications 271, 272 cities 51 Cuello 81, 82, 83 abandonment 5–6 cultural evolution 21–23, 25–27 see also epicenters and ideologies 25, 28–30 Ciudad Real, Antonio de 33, 37 and the Maya 24–25, 27–28, 30 civilizations decline 240–242 deer, hunting 145–146 development 4–5, 6 del Rio, Antonio 33 climate, and the collapse of Petexbatun demography, effects on infrastructure, and region 256 the collapse of Maya civilization 245 Coapexco (central Mexico) 64 diet 8 Coba (Yucatan) Dos Pilas (Pet´en)97, 229, 230 architecture, Late Classic period 236 Murcielagos palace in relation to cave collapse 268, 269, 270–271 systems 204 political fortunes 110 and the obsidian trade 157, 158 Cocom lineage 280 political dominance by Calakmul 224, Coe, William 50 225, 226 Colha (Belize) royal palaces 116 chert industry 166, 173 trading role 149 collapse 267 Dos Pilas (Petexbatun), collapse 249–252, Colha Pech (Belize), political 257 development, Late Classic period Dupaix, Guillermo 33 235 Dzibilchaltun (northern Yucatan) 49, 81, Conquistadors 286–287 82, 103 Copan 42, 104 trading role 220 autosacrifices 189 Dzonot Ake (Yucatan), fortifications 271 collapse 263, 265, 269, 275 epicenter 94, 107 eccentrics 157 evidence of Tikal’s political dominance ecology 106 and the collapse of Petexbatun region Mexican influence upon through 256 Teotihuacan 105 effects on Mayan cultural evolution 28, and the obsidian trade 158, 160 30 political development 218 effects on population settlements 99 and interregional conflicts 244 see also rain forests Late Classic period 231–235 economics 148–149 regional power 215 operations in relation to the role of elites ritual function as reflected in and rulers 213 architecture 205 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 stelae 98 see also trade © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521592240 - Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization Arthur Demarest Index More information Index 367 Edzna slash-and-burn practices 44, 51, agricultural systems 146 130–132 canal systems 141, 142 terracing 132–133, 134, 135, 142 ceramics 236 see also agriculture irrigation systems 236 F¨orstmann, Ernst 36 state control 213, 221 Fried, Morton, on political complexities in egalitarian societies 57 human societies 57 Egypt, political dynamics 238 Ek Balam (Yucatan), fortifications 271 Galindo, Juan (governor of Pet´enprovince) El Duende (Petexbatun) 252 33, 37 El Mesak (Guatemala) 64 gardens Olmec were-jaguar figure 65 rejolladas gardens El Mirador (Pet´en)83–84, 85, 87, 103 cacao cultivation 144, 153 agricultural systems 146 use for farming 137 regional power 215 stone box gardens 138, 139 and trade 148, 151, 161, 162 see also agriculture use of bajos for farming 138 glyphs, emblem glyphs, role in determining water supplies 141 Maya political dynamics 209–211, El Peru (Pet´en)2 212, 214 elites gods accommodation 93 and cosmology 177–183 as affected by warfare and the payment glyphic and iconographic symbols for of tribute 172 deities 181 control of specialist craft production see also ideologies 167, 168 Goodman, Joseph 36 control of trade in high-status goods Gordon, George 38 160–162 government, post-Spanish Conquest 290 culture 175 Guatemala, salt trade 152 inter-elite rivalry, effects 295 Mexican influence upon 284 Haab 193, 194, 195, 196 and the obsidian trade 158–160 hegemonies 285–286 polygamy, effects on decline of states 245 Hewett, Edgar 40 Postclassic period, Yucatan 278 hieroglyphics, decipherment 48 role in the collapse 257, 259 Homul (Guatemala) 40 trading benefits 150, 155 households see also rulers as basis of Maya society 113–116 epicenters 107 craft production 165–166 architecture in relation to use of sizes and distribution 118–120 astronomy
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  • Understanding the Archaeology of a Maya Capital City Diane Z

    Understanding the Archaeology of a Maya Capital City Diane Z

    Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology Volume 5 Archaeological Investigations in the Eastern Maya Lowlands: Papers of the 2007 Belize Archaeology Symposium Edited by John Morris, Sherilyne Jones, Jaime Awe and Christophe Helmke Institute of Archaeology National Institute of Culture and History Belmopan, Belize 2008 Editorial Board of the Institute of Archaeology, NICH John Morris, Sherilyne Jones, George Thompson, Jaime Awe and Christophe G.B. Helmke The Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize Jaime Awe, Director John Morris, Associate Director, Research and Education Brian Woodye, Associate Director, Parks Management George Thompson, Associate Director, Planning & Policy Management Sherilyne Jones, Research and Education Officer Cover design: Christophe Helmke Frontispiece: Postclassic Cao Modeled Diving God Figure from Santa Rita, Corozal Back cover: Postclassic Effigy Vessel from Lamanai (Photograph by Christophe Helmke). Layout and Graphic Design: Sherilyne Jones (Institute of Archaeology, Belize) George Thompson (Institute of Archaeology, Belize) Christophe G.B. Helmke (Københavns Universitet, Denmark) ISBN 978-976-8197-21-4 Copyright © 2008 Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belize. All rights reserved. Printed by Print Belize Limited. ii J. Morris et al. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to express our sincerest thanks to every individual who contributed to the success of our fifth symposium, and to the subsequent publication of the scientific contributions that are contained in the fifth volume of the Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology. A special thanks to Print Belize and the staff for their efforts to have the Symposium Volume printed on time despite receiving the documents on very short notice. We extend a special thank you to all our 2007 sponsors: Belize Communication Services Limited, The Protected Areas Conservation Trust (PACT), Galen University and Belize Electric Company Limited (BECOL) for their financial support.