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Jetur )V$ Plant Resources of South-East Asia S°\°Y°\ ^^^^^^S^r^^i jEtur )v$ 5~/ '^i -j "~ ~~ & w Plant Resources ofSouth-Eas t Asia No 16 Stimulants H.A.M. van der Vossen and M.Wesse l (Editors) H Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 2000 s°\°y°\ DR H.A.M, VAN DER VOSSEN graduated from Wageningen University in 1964 with an Ir (MSc) degree in tropical agronomy and plant breeding. He was re­ search officer in charge of the Oil Palm Research Centre at Kade, Ghana from 1964 to 1971 and head of the Coffee Breeding Unit at the Coffee Research Sta­ tion near Ruiru, Kenya, from 1971 to 1981.H e obtained his doctorate from Wa­ geningen University in 1974 with a thesis on breeding and quantitative genet­ ics in the oil palm. After returning to the Netherlands with his family in 1981, he joined Sluis & Groot Seed Company at Enkhuizen as research manager and subsequently became director of the breeding programmes for vegetable and flower seed crops. After early retirement in 1993 he went overseas once more as seed industry adviser to the Ministry of Agriculture at Dhaka, Bangladesh until 1996. Since that time he has been active as freelance consultant in plant breeding, including assignments in vegetable seeds, cocoa, oil palm and coffee. He has published over 40 scientific papers, written a chapter on breeding in two handbooks on coffee, contributed as co-author and associate editor to Prosea 8 on Vegetables and has agreed to co-edit Prosea 14 on Vegetable oils and fats. PROFESSOR DR M. WESSEL graduated from Wageningen University in 1960, with a specialization in tropical crop science. He then worked as a research sci­ entist at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria. After obtaining his doctorate in soil science from Wageningen in 1971 he worked as a consultant in various tropical countries and as leader of a team of Dutch scientists in Indonesia. In 1977 he joined Wageningen University as a senior lecturer in tropical crop sci­ ence. From 1982 to 1987 he was director of the International Centre for devel­ opment-oriented Research in Agriculture (ICRA) and supervised studies on re­ search, extension and farming systems in Asia, Africa and Central America. In 1987 he was appointed professor of Tropical Crop Science and from 1994 to 1999 he was interim professor at the Department of Forestry. Throughout his career, Professor Wessel has retained a strong interest in perennial tropical crops, especially cocoa, and many of his publications deal with this crop. He has been a board member of various national and international organisations, in­ cluding the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). ISBN 90-5782-053-6 NUGI 835 Design: Frits Stoepman bNO. © Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 2000. No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print, photocopy, microfilm, electric or electromagnetic record without written permission from the copyright holder, Prosea Founda­ tion, c/o Publication Office, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Nether­ lands. Printed in the Netherlands by Veenman drukkers, Ede. Published and distributed for the Prosea Foundation by Backhuys Publishers, P.O. Box 321,230 0 AH Leiden, the Netherlands. Contents Editors and contributors 7 Prosea Board ofTrustee s and Personnel 10 Foreword ,12 ï Introduction 15 1.1 Defmitiori and species diversity 15 1.1.1 Choice of species 15 1.1.2 Origin and domestication 16 1.1.3 Geographic distribution 18 1.2 Role of stimulants 19 1.2.1 Social and cultural aspects 19 1.2.2 Nutritional and health aspects 20 1.2.3 Economic aspects 22 1.3 Botany 24 1.3.1 Taxonomy and morphology 24 1.3.2 Growth and development 26 1.4 Ecology 37 1.4.1 Climatic factors 27 1.4.2 Soils 28 1.5 Agronomy 29 1.5.1 Production systems 29 1.5.2 Propagation 31 1.5.3 Land preparation and field planting 31 1.5.4 Shading^ 1.5.5 Fertilizer use and mulching 33 1.5.6 Pruningl34 1.5.7 Crop projection 35 1.5.8 Trends ih crop production 37 1.6 Harvesting and processing 38 1.6.1 Harvesting 38 1.6.2 Post-harvest handling and processing 38 1.7 Genetic resources and breeding 41 1.7.1 Genetic resources 41 1.7.2 Breedings 1.8 Prospects 45 1.8.1 Supply and demand 45 1.8.2 Research 46 2 Alphabetical treatment of genera and species 49 Areca catechu areca palm 51 Camellia sinensis tea 55 Chloranthus erectus keras tulang 64 Coffea coffee 66 Coffea Uberica liberica coffee 74 Cola kola 78 Ilex paraguariensis maté 83 Matricaria recutita German chamomile 86 Mesona palustris black cincau 89 Nicotiana rustica nicotine tobacco 91 Nicotiana tabacum tobacco 93 Paullinia cupana guaranâ 99 Piper betle betel pepper 102 Piper methysticum kava 106 Poikilospermum mentawan 108 Senna occidentalis negro coffee 111 Theobroma cacao cocoa 113 3 Minor stimulants 122 4 Stimulant plants with other primary use 138 Literature 150 Acknowledgments 160 Acronyms of organizations 161 Glossary 163 Sources of illustrations 182 Index of scientific plant names 184 Index ofvernacula r plant names 194 The Prosea Foundation 197 Editors and contributors General editors of the Prosea Handbook P.C.M. Jansen, E. Westphal and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto Editorial staff of this volume - Editors: H.A.M. van der Vossen and M. Wessel - Associate editors: M. Brink, S. Brotonegoro, P.C.M. Jansen (botanical as­ pects), S. Mawardi, J.S. Siemonsma and M.S.M. Sosef (botanical aspects) - Illustrators: Iskak Syamsudin, Achmad Satiri Nurhaman and P. Verheij- Hayes - Language corrector: J. Burrough-Boenisch Contributors - N.O. Aguilar, Plant Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, Univer­ sity of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), College, Laguna 4031,th e Philip­ pines (Minor stimulants:Astilbe philippinensis, Solanum inaequilaterale) - R.A. Banka, Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute, P.O. 314, Lae, Papua New Guinea (Piper betle) - E. Boer, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Sciences, Wagenin­ gen University, P.O. Box 341,670 0 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands (Coffea liberica) - M. Brink, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Sciences, Wa­ geningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands (Areca catechu, associate editor) - S. Brotonegoro, Prosea Network Office, P.O. Box 332, Bogor 16122, Indone­ sia (Areca catechu, Ilex paraguariensis, Matricaria recutita, Minor stimu­ lants: Calyptrocalyx spicatus, Garcinia amboinensis, Garcinia pierorhiza, as­ sociate editor) - U.A. Dasuki, Department of Biology, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia (Mesona palustris) - M. del Campo Gigena, National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) - Tacuarembó, Ruta 5 - km. 396, CC. 78086 - C.P. 45000, Tacuarembó, Uruguay (Ilex paraguariensis) - G.C. Giberti, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botânicos (CEFYBO), Serrano 665, 1414 Buenos Aires, Argentina (Ilex paraguariensis) - Harini M. Sangat, Herbarium Bogoriense, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22, Bogor 16122, Indonesia (Chloranthus erectus) 8 STIMULANTS I. Hartana, Indonesian Planters' Association for Research and Development (IPARD), Jalan P.B. Sudirman 90, Jember 68118, Indonesia (Nicotiana tabacum) P.CM. Jansen, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Sciences, Wa­ geningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands (Minor stimulants: Piper siriboa, associate editor) R. Kiew, The Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Cluny Road, Singa­ pore 259569 (Minor stimulants: Fraxinus griffithii) Lean Teik Ng, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), Jalan FRIM, Kepong, Karung Berkunci 201, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Minor stim­ ulants:Acalypha siamensis) S. Mawardi, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jalan P.B. Sudirman 90, Jember 68118, Indonesia (Coffea, associate editor) B. Na Songkhla, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand (Minor stimulants:Acalypha siamensis) H.C. Ong, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Poikilospermum) I.C. Onwueme, Agriculture Department, PNG University of Technology, Pri­ vate Mail Bag, Lae, Papua New Guinea (Piper methysticum) G.T. Prance, The Old Vicarage, Silver Street, Lyme Regis, Dorset, DT7 3HS, United Kingdom (Paullinia cupana) E. Rahayu, Jalan Harapan 11/55, Pangkalan Jati, Kelurahan Cipinang Melayu, Jakarta 13620, Indonesia {Nicotiana rustica) Rina R.P. Irwanto, Department of Biology, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia (Minor stimulants: Diplospora, Discospermum singulare) Roemantyo, Herbarium Bogoriense, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22, Bogor 16122, In­ donesia (Cola) A.F. Schoorel (t), Wageningen, the Netherlands (Camellia sinensis) F.M. Setyowati, Herbarium Bogoriense, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22, Bogor 16122, Indonesia (Minor stimulants: Licuala pumila, Licuala rumphii) J.S. Siemonsma, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Nether­ lands (associate editor) Soenaryo (f) , Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jalan P.B. Sudirman 90, Jember 68118, Indonesia (Coffea) M.S.M. Sosef, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologi­ que, P.O. Box 010520, Libreville, Gabon (Coffea liberica, Minor stimulants, associate editor) Stephen P. Teo, Sarawak Forestry Department, Wisma Sumber Alam, Jalan Stadium, 93600 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (Piper betle) D. Sulistiarini, Herbarium Bogoriense, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22, Bogor 16122, Indonesia (Senna occidentalis) S. Sunarti, Herbarium Bogoriense, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 22, Bogor 16122, In­ donesia (Mesona palustris) H. Toxopeus, Nassauweg 14, 6703 CH Wageningen, the Netherlands (Theo- broma cacao) B.I. Utomo W., Department of Biology, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia (Nicotiana rustica) EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 9 - H.A.M. van der Vossen, Steenuil 18, 1606 CA Venhuizen, the Netherlands (Camellia sinensis, Coffea, editor) - C.L.M. van Eijnatten, Rosmolenstraat 148, 3833 KK Leusden, the Nether­ lands (Cola) - H. Vermeulen, Seer. Kuitstraat 12, 6861 BB Oosterbeek, the Netherlands (Nicotiana tabacum) - Wardah, Herbarium Bogoriense, Jalan Ir.
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