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Femina Princeps Livia's Position in the Roman State BRÄNNSTEDT, LOVISA

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Femina Princeps Livia's Position in the Roman State BRÄNNSTEDT, LOVISA Femina princeps Livia's position in the Roman state BRÄNNSTEDT, LOVISA 2016 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): BRÄNNSTEDT, LOVISA. (2016). Femina princeps: Livia's position in the Roman state . (500 ed.). Lund University (Media-Tryck). 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 femina princeps Femina princeps Livia’s position in the Roman state lovisa brännstedt Classical Archaeology and Ancient History Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Published with support from Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology Folke Vestergaard och Emelie Jensens testamente Harald och Tonny Hagendahls minnesfond Herbert & Karin Jacobssons Stiftelse Ingenjören C.M Lericis stipendium Stiftelsen Fil. dr. Uno Otterstedts fond Stiftelsen Helge Ax:son Johnson Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist Byggmästare Stiftelsen Sven Kristenssons resestipendiefond Stiftelsen landshövding Per Westlings minnesfond © Lovisa Brännstedt Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Cover design and typesetting by Henning Cedmar Brandstedt Photo, The Great Cameo of France, © Carole Raddato flickr.com/carolemage Photo-license (cc by-sa 2.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund 2016 ISBN 978-91-87833-84-7 (print) ISBN 978-91-87833-85-4 (electronic) To my parents CONTENTS acknowledgements 9 i. introduction 15 Aim, sources and previous scholarship 16 Approaching Livia’s position in the Roman state 24 ii. mater and uxor 33 Early years and marriage to Octavian 33 The first public privileges 37 Sacrosanctitas 38 Tutela mulierum 40 Public statues 41 Imperial wife 44 Motherhood in public view 50 Augustus as pontifex maximus 50 TheAra Pacis Augustae 51 The death of Drusus 53 Female head of the domus Augusta 58 From Livia Drusilla to Julia Augusta 65 Divi filia 67 Augusta 72 Sacerdos 74 Mother of the state 75 Deified by Claudius 81 Conclusions 85 iii. patrona 91 Prerequisites of patronage 92 Slaves and freedmen 92 Property and legacies 95 Mediator and supporter 100 Individuals 100 Communities 109 Imperial patron 112 In the centre of a web of honours 125 Conclusions 134 iv. diva 139 A mortal being with divine aspects 140 Assimilated with divinity 145 Provided with divine accessories 148 Paired with an already existing goddess 153 A living goddess in her own right 161 A state goddess 165 Object of worship 170 Priests and priestesses 170 Temples 177 Rituals and sacrifices 180 Conclusions 185 v. conclusions: the position of the princeps femina 191 swedish summary 201 bibliography 207 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been some happy years in the making, and it is with great pleasure that I thank the numerous scholars whose generosity with their time and ideas has made my work better than it would have otherwise been. Most heartfelt thanks must first go to Eva Rystedt who has not only spent much time reading and commenting on every page of draft, but has carefully encouraged me in the clarifying and shaping of my thoughts on the subject of Livia Drusilla and the political culture of the early principate. Eva’s support has reached beyond the call of duty, as she has kept on shepherding this project even after her retirement. For this I am immensely grateful. My deepest gratitude goes also to my second supervisor, Gunhild Vidén, whose unfailing support and sound advice gave me the confidence needed to embark the project of working with a large body of epigraphic material. The members of the higher seminar of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, under the guidance of Anne-Marie Leander Touati, have been most generous in giving me the benefit of their comments and constructive criticism. I am grateful to Nicolo Dell’Unto, Anna-Stina Ekedahl, Carole Gillis, Fanny Kärfve, Karin Lundqvist, Hampus Olsson, Richard Olsson, and Johan Vekselius for stimulating discussions. Special recognition is owed to Örjan Wikander who read the whole manuscript and provided sharp-sighted comments, to Henrik Gerding for sharing his knowledge about ancient mausolea and to Renée Forsell for checking on my progress during the last weeks of finishing this book. I wish to extend my warmest thanks to everyone involved in the FocusRome network and Ida Östenberg in particular. Ida, together with Jonas Bjørnebye and Simon Malmberg, generously invited me to the Moving City conference in Rome and encouraged me to explore Livia’s 9 acknowledgements performative movement in the city. Thank you, Ida, for your support throughout, and for many stimulating talks. Thanks are also due to Anna Blennow and fellow epigraphists in Inscripta: our meetings have been among the highpoints of these years. I am thankful to Isak Hammar and Ulf Zander who invited me to write about fig fiction and Livia in popular culture, a topic not included in this thesis, but nevertheless fascinating. Towards the end of this project, Lewis Webb became an inspiring fellow- speaker on female public participation and status display in ancient Rome, and I look forward to future collaborations and discussions relating to feminae imperiosae. I thank Jenny Wallensten and Margaret Woodhull, who both generously let me consult their forthcoming articles, and Johanna Akujärvi for taking time to discuss Dio’s syntax with me. Finally, a big thank you to Elisabet Göransson, Fanni Faegersten, and Cajsa Sjöberg for cheerful support along the way. In September 2006, at the beginning of my undergraduate studies, Allan Klynne invited me to participate in the Prima Porta Garden Archaeological Project carried out by the Swedish Institute in Rome. Not only did I get the chance to spend time in Livia’s villa, but I also met dear friends and colleagues: Ragnar Hedlund and Erika Lindgren Liljenstolpe. Profound thank goes to Ragnar, who acted as a discussant on the penultimate draft of this dissertation and offered inestimable comments on the text. I have had the privilege of writing parts of this thesis at The Swedish Institute in Rome. I wish to thank the entire staff for their help and interest in my work, and the Ingenjören C.M. Lericis stipendium for the grant that enabled me to spend a term in Rome. Thank you also everyone that I have encountered at the institute for the many interdisciplinary discussions, both at seminars and in the kitchen. I would like to express my gratitude to Janet Fairweather for improving my English, and to Henning Cedmar Brandstedt for turning the digital files into an actual book. It has been a joy and a comfort to work with both of you. Needless to say, all existing faults are mine alone. Moa Ekbom deserves my profound thanks for not only reading and commenting upon a draft of this book, but for writing some very witty messages and being a constant source of cheer and inspiration. I would like to thank the staff at the Department of Archaeology and 10 acknowledgements Ancient History at Lund University collectively for creating such a warm and social environment. Thank you, all you great people, for enriching my daily life and always making me laugh over lunch! Thank you Katarina Botwid for being an excellent roommate and benefactress, Helene Willhelmsson for introducing me to the art of knitting, and Stella Macheridis for making the strongest coffee. An extra special thank you goes to Fredrik Ekengren for many fruitful discussions about all things Roman (and barbarian), for all the laughs, and for always bringing milk to the coffee. During the final stage of work, I sadly lost a dear friend and colleague, Ing-Marie Nilsson. Among my most cherished memories from the past years are our conversations on history, archaeology, sci-fi movies and everything in between. I miss you, Ing-Marie. The staff at the Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology deserves my warm gratitude for their unceasing help, among them the lovely librarians, and Marie Hoen in particular, for calmly locating any book or journal required for this work. I am thankful also to Susanne Gustafsson, Adèle Persson, and Jesper Olsson. I am particularly grateful for being entrusted to represent the Doctoral Union in the board of Lund University, the board of the Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology, and several other forums. Thank you everyone involved, the experience has been truly educative about academia, and great fun. Gratefully acknowledged for financial support are: Folke Vestergaard och Emelie Jensens testamente, Harald och Tonny Hagendahls minnesfond, Herbert & Karin Jacobssons Stiftelse, Stiftelsen Fil. dr. Uno Otterstedts fond, Stiftelsen Helge Ax:son Johnson, Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist Bygg- mästare, Stiftelsen Sven Kristenssons resestipendiefond, and Stiftelsen landshövding Per Westlings minnesfond. Thank you all. ❦ There is actually more to life than Livia, and on that note I would like to thank all the mermaids in my synchronised swimming team, Atlas Backstroke Babies, and my fellow knitters in Stickklubb Malmö, and Swedish Yarn Mafia.
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