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A Crioulidade Em José Eduardo Agualusa E a Identidade Cultural Angolana

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A Crioulidade Em José Eduardo Agualusa E a Identidade Cultural Angolana Danuza Américo Felipe de Lima A CRIOULIDADE EM JOSÉ EDUARDO AGUALUSA E A IDENTIDADE CULTURAL ANGOLANA VOLUME 1 Tese no âmbito do doutoramento em Literatura de Língua Portuguesa, orientada pelo Professor Doutor José Luís Pires Laranjeira e apresentada ao Departamento de Línguas, Literaturas e Culturas. Junho de 2020 Danuza Américo Felipe de Lima A CRIOULIDADE EM JOSÉ EDUARDO AGUALUSA E A IDENTIDADE CULTURAL ANGOLANA Tese de doutoramento Orientação científica Professor Doutor José Luís Pires Laranjeira Coimbra, 2020 Danuza Américo Felipe de Lima A CRIOULIDADE EM JOSÉ EDUARDO AGUALUSA E A IDENTIDADE CULTURAL ANGOLANA Tese de Doutoramento em Literatura de Língua Portuguesa apresentada à Faculdade de Letras na Universidade de Coimbra para a obtenção do grau de doutora. Orientação científica Prof. Dr. José Luís Pires Laranjeira Apoio CAPES/Brasil Coimbra Junho, 2020 Quando iniciamos um trabalho desse âmbito temos a errônea sensação de que a vida, em seu cotidiano e relações interpessoais, entrará numa espécie de suspensão à espera do nosso retorno, mas isso não acontece, porque afinal “a vida não para enquanto escrevemos a tese”. Por isso, dedico este trabalho aos mais novos que vieram à existência, aos pequenos que se tornaram adultos, aos adultos que se tornaram mais velhos e àqueles que partiram no decorrer desse período. Agradeço pelas presenças e me desculpo pelas constantes ausências. Agradecimentos Todo projeto concretizado resulta da união de várias forças que contribuíram para a sua realização. Nesse sentido, agradeço primeiramente a Deus pela oportunidade, pelo vigor, pela capacitação para realizar esse doutoramento e por tudo o que essa inigualável experiência me proporcionou. Ao professor Dr. José Luís Pires Laranjeira, pela singular acolhida, disposição, generosidade e por todos os ensinamentos durante os anos de convivência e orientação acadêmica. Ao professor Dr. Jorge Vicente Valentim, que, após orientar a minha dissertação de mestrado na Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) apoiou e impulsionou a minha decisão de atravessar o oceano em direção a Portugal para dar continuidade à caminhada pelos trilhos das literaturas africanas em língua portuguesa. Aos meus pais Maria Alice Felipe e Enéas Felipe, à minha sogra Rosemary Lima (in memoriam), à minha avó Alice Américo, à minha filha Alice Lima e aos demais familiares por todo o apoio manifestado. Aos professores da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra (FLUC) pelos conhecimentos ministrados e à professora Dra. Cristina Vieira, da Universidade da Beira Interior, pela leitura atenta e arguição sobre a primeira fase deste trabalho. Aos professores do curso de especialização Justiça entre saberes: as epistemologias do sul e os saberes nascidos nas lutas, realizado no Conselho Latino-Americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO), onde aprendi conceitos que foram fundamentais para o aprofundamento teórico desta tese. Aos professores Dr. Luís Kandjimbo, Dr. Julião Soares Sousa, Dr. Alberto de Oliveira Pinto, Dr. José Gandarilla Salgado e ao escritor Zetho Cunha, os quais, em ocasiões diversas como em cursos e apresentações realizadas em congressos e colóquios, colocaram-se à disposição para o diálogo e indicaram materiais que muito contribuíram para a pesquisa. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal (CAPES - Brasil) pela concessão e manutenção da bolsa de doutorado pleno no exterior. Ao Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP - Avaré) pela licença conferida, em especial, à Dra. Elaine Campidelli Hoyos e ao Dr. Sebastião Francelino da Cruz. Sinto-me honrada por fazer parte dessa equipe de trabalho! À Dra. Dilma Rousseff e ao Dr. Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, por ampliarem o número de vagas nas universidades públicas do Brasil e, por meio de medidas de ações afirmativas, terem rompido o ciclo de inacessibilidade de mulheres e homens negros das classes sociais mais baixas ao ensino público, gratuito e de qualidade. As sementes plantadas serão colhidas em seu devido tempo. Eis aqui uma delas! À Sara Jobard e Eduardo Brás, que me recepcionaram em Coimbra, oferecendo amizade e companhia. À Bianca Vogler, Maísa Medeiros, Marta Perpétua, Ana Rocha, Andreia Oliveira e Antónia Domingos, minhas companheiras do curso de doutoramento. À Bianca Serrão e Brian Macedo, meus amigos soterocoimbrenses. À Rosilda Alves, Vanessa Oliveira, Caroline Veloso, Fabíola Guimarães, Clariane Crippa, Hérica Pinheiro, Aline Ferreira, Audrey de Mattos, Sandra Fernandes, Carla Afonso, Ana Xambre, Cláudia Cambraia, Tonda Rene e a todos que participaram dessa trajetória. À Ingrid Favoretto, pelo apoio, amizade e revisão do texto. Aos funcionários da Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra, por cederem o espaço para a pesquisa e pela atenção, paciência e simpatia diária. Ao Douglas Lima, companheiro de todas as horas. A escrita desta tese e todas as experiências desse período estarão sempre vivas em nossas memórias. Resumo A literatura angolana teve o seu percurso marcado pelo processo de descolonização, por isso, boa parte das produções tem a história e a identidade como questões fulcrais. É o que se passa com José Eduardo Agualusa, que, no entanto, apresenta uma percepção a esse respeito que o particulariza entre os demais escritores da sua geração. Sua visão é amparada por padrões ligados a uma heterogeneidade que enfatiza a contribuição portuguesa na identidade cultural angolana, contíguo aos conceitos que sobrevalorizam os sincretismos, hibridações, mestiçagens, transposições de fronteiras, dualismo cultural, convivências e ambivalências nas relações entre Angola, Brasil e Portugal, propondo uma reflexão sob os termos do que designa como identidade crioula. A opção de Agualusa promove acentuada polêmica no circuito dos estudos literários sobre Angola, uma vez que reverbera a discussão sobre questões sociais como, por exemplo, as relações rácicas, políticas e os conflitos históricos em torno do colonialismo. Essas tensões aparecem constantemente figuradas em seus livros. A sua percepção se opõe a outra linha de pensamento, que contesta fortemente a teoria da crioulidade angolana, vendo-a como uma versão do lusotropicalismo de Gilberto Freyre, a qual não leva em consideração o caráter hegemônico dessa teoria e o processo de violência presente na hibridação das culturas, uma vez que ameniza e silencia todos esses momentos problemáticos e as posteriores refutações sobre eles. Ora, é exatamente esse o ponto crucial investigado na presente tese de doutoramento, que tem, como objetivo central, o estudo da crioulidade em José Eduardo Agualusa, tendo como corpus os livros A conjura, Estação das chuvas, Nação crioula: a correspondência secreta de Fradique Mendes e A rainha Ginga e de como os africanos inventaram o mundo. Selecionamos esses livros em razão de suas semelhanças temáticas e, no decorrer das análises, recorremos também a exemplos que abrangem ensaios, entrevistas e outros livros do autor. Essa investigação demandou uma abordagem teórica interdisciplinar, pois levantou discussões nas áreas da Literatura e das Ciências Sociais. Defendemos a tese de que, subjacente ao tema da crioulidade, há um conflito cultural e histórico, decorrente do processo colonial, ainda não superado em Angola, em Portugal e no Brasil, configurado nos romances de Agualusa. Desse modo, analisamos atentamente os embates sociais, discursivos e ideológicos subjacentes à ideia de uma sociedade angolana pretensamente crioula. Palavras-chave: literatura, Angola, José Eduardo Agualusa, crioulidade, identidade, cultura. Abstract Angolan literature had its path traced by the decolonization process. That is why a large part of the productions has a history and an identity as key issues. This is what happens with José Eduardo Agualusa, who, however, presents a perception that distinguishes him among the other writers of his generation. His vision is supported by a heterogeneity that emphasizes the Portuguese contribution of Angolan cultural identity, contiguous to the concepts of syncretism, hybridity, miscegenation, cross-border, cultural dualism, coexistences and ambivalences in the relations between Angola, Brazil and Portugal, proposing a reflection under the terms designed by him as a creole identity. The Agualusa’s option promotes a marked controversy in the circuit of literary studies about Angola, since it reverberates a discussion on social issues, for example, race relations, politics and historical conflicts around colonialism. These tensions are constantly figured in his books. Agualusa’s perception opposed a part of thought that strongly refutes the theory of the Angolan creoleness, by considering it as a version of Gilberto Freyre's lusotropicalism, that fails in taking into consideration the hegemonic character of this theory, such as the violence present in the hybridization of cultures, as it softens and silences those problematic moments and posterior refutations about this. Now, this is exactly the crucial point investigated in the present doctoral study, which has, as its central objective, the study of creoleness in José Eduardo Agualusa, having as corpus the books A conjura, Estação das chuvas, Nação crioula: a correspondência secreta de Fradique Mendes e A rainha Ginga e de como os africanos inventaram o mundo. We selected these books because of their thematic similarities and, into the analysis, we also used examples that include essays, interviews and other books by the author. This investigation requires an interdisciplinary theoretical approach, which involves discussions
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