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Cognitive Neuropsychology NOTICE WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS The copyright law of the United States [Title 17, United States Code] governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that use may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgement, fullfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. No further reproduction and distribution of this copy is permitted by transmission or any other means. Cognitive Neuropsychology ISSN: 0264-3294 (Print) 1464-0627 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pcgn20 Pure alexia and covert reading: Evidence from Stroop tasks Thomas J. McKeeff & Marlene Behrmann To cite this article: Thomas J. McKeeff & Marlene Behrmann (2004) Pure alexia and covert reading: Evidence from Stroop tasks, Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21:2-4, 443-458 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290342000429 Published online: 28 Nov 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 69 View related articles Citing articles: 10 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=pcgn20 Download by: [St Lawrence University] Date: 20 May 2016, At: 12:01 COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 2004,21(2/3/4) 443-458 PUREALEXIA AND COVERT READING: EVIDENCEFROM STROOPTASKS ThomasJ. McKeeff and Marlene Behrrnann Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Patients with pure alexia (also referred to as letter-by-letter readers) show a marked word-length effect when naming visually presented words, evidenced by a monotonic increase in response time (or decrease in accuracy) as a function of the number of letters in the string. Interestingly, despite the difficulty in overtly reporting the identity of some words, many patients exhibit fast and above-chance access to lexical and/or semantic information for the same words. To explore the extent of this covert reading, we examined the degree of interference afforded by the inconsistent (word identity and colour label do not match) versus neutral condition in a Stroop task in a pure alexic patient, EL. EL shows evidence of covert reading on a semantic categorisation task and a lexical decision task. She also demonstrates covert reading by exhibiting Stroop interference of the same magnitude as a matched control subject, when naming the colour of the ink in which a word is printed. When the word shares some but not all letters with the colour name (BLOW instead of BLUE), neither subject shows interference. In contrast with the control subject, EL does not show Stroop interference when various orthographic changes (degraded visual input, cursive font) or phonological or semantic changes are made to the word. These findings indicate that although some implicit processing of words may be possible, this processing is rather rudimentary. Not surprising, this implicit activation may be insufficient to support overt word identification. We explain these findings in the context of a single, integrated account of pure alexia. INTRODUCTION fibers in the splenium of the corpus callosum or forceps major (Black & Behrmann, 1994; Damasio Pure alexia is a neuropsychological disorder in & Damasio, 1983). The lesion site is also compat- which premorbidly literate adults exhibit severe ible with recent functional imaging data, which reading impairments in the absence of other point to these regions as implicated in reading (for obvious language deficits (for a recent review, see recent paper, see L. Cohen, Lehericy, Chochon, & & Lemer, Rivaud, & Dehaene, 2002; Hasson, Levy, Downloaded by [St Lawrence University] at 12:01 20 May 2016 Behrmann, Plaut, Nelson, 1998b; Coslett Saffran, 2001). The disorder is a consequence of Behrmann, Hendler, & Malach, 2002). Patients brain damage typically located in the left occipital with this disorder are also termed letter-by-letter lobe but can also result from damage to callosal (LBL) readers because they appear to process Correspondence should be addressed to Thomas J. McKeeff, Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA (Email: [email protected]). This paper is submitted as a special tribute to Dr Eleanor Saffran whose contribution to the field of Cognitive Neuropsychology was immeasurable. She was a true inspiration to us. This work was supported by funding from the National Institute of Mental Health to MB (MH47566 and MH54246). We thank Matt Lambon Ralph, Rachel Mycroft, and Marie Montant for their useful suggestions. 02004 Psychology Press Ltd 443 http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pp02643294.html DO1:lO. 1080/02643290342000429 MCKEEFF AND BEHRMANN letters sequentially when attempting to read a identify five- and six-letter words at an exposure word. This LBL reading behaviour may manifest duration of 2 s. However, ML was able to make a in the overt articulation of individual letters but, lexical decision to similar five- and six-letter words more often, is evident in measures of the accuracy and nonwords at above-chance levels. This ability or reaction time of their word processing (for was also mediated by the frequency of the words, in example, in naming or lexical decision tasks). that ML was more accurate at classifying high- as Whereas normal readers require minimal, if any, opposed to low-frequency words. ML was also able extra time to read a word as the length increases to make semantic classifications (e.g., does the (up until approximately nine letters; Frederiksen, word represent a living or nonliving thing?) of 1976; Weekes, 1997), suggesting parallel process- briefly presented words at levels much higher than ing of the letters, LBL readers show a linear would be expected by guessing, even though he still increase in their reading time and eye movements could not explicitly identify the target word. (Behrmann et al., 2001) as a function of the Another surprising finding that is apparent in number of letters in the string. This monotonic several LBL readers is the presence of the word relationship between word length and naming superiority effect. The word superiority effect, latency is assumed to reflect the sequential pro- defined as the increase in accuracy and decrease in cessing of the individual letters in the string response time to detect an individual letter within (Warrington & Shallice, 1980). a word as opposed to a nonword, is thought to arise from the activation of the entire letter string, with greater activation for words than for nonwords. The presence of the word superiority effect in LBL Covert processing in readers LBL readers is counterintuitive. If LBL reading is Despite the apparent failure to process letters in accomplished purely in a bottom-up sequential parallel with normal efficiency and the subsequent fashion through activating individual letters, there adoption of the serial processing of letters, some is no obvious reason that lexical status would exert patients with pure alexia demonstrate covert or any influence on performance. However, there are unconscious processing of words. Although they now many reports of individuals in whom a word may not be able to identify a word overtly, they superiority effect has been documented (Bub, appear to have available to them both lexical and Black, & Howell, 1989; Reuter-Lorenz & Brunn, semantic information about the word even when it 1990; for the same finding using a different is presented at exposure durations too brief to paradigm, see Behrmann & Shallice, 1995). support explicit identification. Additionally per- Although reports of covert processing in LBL plexing is that, when assessed in these covert are fairly common nowadays, many LBL readers processing conditions, the word length effect is do not show implicit reading, performing at often absent (Bub & Arguin, 1995; Coslett & Downloaded by [St Lawrence University] at 12:01 20 May 2016 chance levels on lexical and semantic decision tasks Saffran, 1989). (see Arguin et al., 1998, for discussion of this An early demonstration of this implicit reading point). It has been suggested that the absence of phenomenon comes from work by Landis, Redard, these covert effects occurs because the individual and Serrat (1980) in a description of a LBL reader attempts to read sequentially (even when who, when shown a word for 30 ms, could not instructed not to) and that this serial strategy identify it and sometimes denied even seeing the inhibits the output of the covert processing system. word. Yet, when instructed to match the presented According to Coslett and colleagues (Coslett & word to an object displayed amidst an array of Saffran, 1994; Coslett, Saffran, Greenbaum, & several objects, he was accurate a significant pro- Schwartz, 1993), there is a fundamental opposition portion of the time. Shallice and Saffran (1986), in between the strategies involved in covert word a more systematic study of covert word reading, processing and those for overt word recognition. described a patient ML who could not explicitly The implication is that covert processing is more 444 COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 2OO4,21(2/3/4) PURE ALEXIA AND COVERT READING reliably revealed when the patient is not simultane- Covert processing and representational ously attempting to identify the stimulus explicitly. precision The use of a paradigm that does not engage explicit reading is therefore advantageous in uncovering Even if one can demonstrate the presence of covert covert word processing. One technique that has processing using this Stroop paradigm, an open proven fairly profitable in a number of recent question concerns the extent and precision of the studies is the use of a priming paradigm in which representations activated during implicit reading.
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