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HIF-1Α-Induced RIT1 Promotes Liver Cancer Growth and Metastasis And

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HIF-1Α-Induced RIT1 Promotes Liver Cancer Growth and Metastasis And Cancer Letters 460 (2019) 96–107 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cancer Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/canlet Original Articles HIF-1α-induced RIT1 promotes liver cancer growth and metastasis and its T deficiency increases sensitivity to sorafenib Zhen Songa,1, Tengfei Liua,1, Jing Chena, Chao Gea, Fangyu Zhaoa, Miaoxin Zhua, Taoyang Chenb, ∗ Ying Cuic, Hua Tiana, Ming Yaoa, Jinjun Lia, Hong Lia, a State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China b Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200, China c Cancer Institute of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Ras-like-without-CAAX-1 (RIT1) belongs to the RAS superfamily of small GTPases, which plays critical roles in Ras-like-without-CAAX-1 tumor progression. However, little is known about the roles of RIT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we HIF-1α found that RIT1 expression was positively associated with the presence of intrahepatic metastasis and the his- Progression tological grade of HCC and higher RIT1 expression indicated shorter overall survival in HCC patients. In vitro and Sorafenib in vivo studies revealed that RIT1 functioned as an oncogene, as overexpression of RIT1 enhanced HCC cell Liver cancer proliferation and aggressive behavior, whereas silencing RIT1 expression repressed the malignant behaviors. Furthermore, RIT1 deficiency increased drug sensitivity to sorafenib treatment. We further demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) directly transcriptionally upregulated RIT1, and its stableness was posi- tively correlated with RIT1 expression in HCC tissues. Knockdown of RIT1 attenuated the invasion and migration induced by hypoxia. Collectively, our data highlight the significance of HIF-1α/RIT1 axis in driving HCC pro- gression and sorafenib resistance. 1. Introduction inactivated by Q79L mutation, at the glutamine homologous to Q61 in RAS [8]. When overexpressed, RIT1 Q79L mutant is alone sufficient to Liver cancer is predicted to be the sixth most commonly diagnosed transform NIH 3T3 cells through activating MKK3/MKK6-p38γ cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide in 2018, pathway [9]. In PC6 cells, the activity of RIT1 is induced by stimulation with about 841,000 new cases and 782,000 deaths annually [1,2]. with EGF or NGF and further activates MEK/ERK through direct Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominate type of primary binding with BRAF [10]. Recently, somatic mutations of RIT1 in ∼2% liver cancer, comprising 75%–85% of cases [1]. HCC is highly resistant of lung adenocarcinoma cases that cluster in a hotspot near the switch II to current therapy and 82.4% of patients die within 5 years [3]. Al- domain of the protein are reported and ectopic expression of mutated though our understanding of the genetic landscape of HCC has im- RIT1 robustly induces cellular transformation in vitro and in vivo [6]. proved significantly through large-scale sequencing studies, the me- RIT1 is overexpressed and correlates with poor prognosis in en- chanisms that govern HCC progression remains to be explored. dometrial cancer [11]. Moreover, RIT1 abnormalities, including acti- RIT1 (Ras-like-without-CAAX-1) belongs to the RAS superfamily of vating mutations and locus amplifications, are significantly more fre- low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins with significant domain quent in CMML than other myeloid neoplasms and indicate shorter and sequence homology to KRAS, HRAS and NRAS [4–6]. RIT1 contains median overall survival [12]. a well-conserved GTPase core and functions as a guanine nucleotide- Although RIT1 possesses intrinsic GTP hydrolysis activity and is regulated molecular switch in the cell by changing between an active most highly homologous with members of Ras subfamily, it displays GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state [4,5,7]. RIT1 is ubiqui- diverse and complicated biological functions because of its some unique tously expressed and its intrinsic GTP hydrolysis activity can be biochemical properties [8]. It has been reported that RIT1 transforms ∗ Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 25/Ln 2200 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Li). 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.06.016 Received 19 January 2019; Received in revised form 21 June 2019; Accepted 21 June 2019 0304-3835/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Z. Song, et al. Cancer Letters 460 (2019) 96–107 NIH3T3 cells in part via RalGDS family proteins, but not the usual ki- 2.3. Vector constructs nase cascades of Raf/Mek/MAPK, JNK, p38 or PI3K/AKT [13]. More interestingly, recent study has shown that RIT1 is downregulated in The ORF (open reading frame) sequence of RIT1 isoform 1 (Q11), ESCC and significantly associated with poorer prognosis [14]. Further RIT1 isoform 1 (E11) and isoform 2 was PCR amplified using specific investigation suggests that RIT1 displays tumor-suppressing functions primers and cloned into the lentiviral expression vector pWPXL through inhibiting MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, EMT, and (Addgene, USA). The shRNAs targeting RIT1, HIF-1α and HIF-2α as downregulating cancer stemness of ESCC cells [14]. well as a negative control (NC) were purchased from GeneChem In HCC, the E81Q somatic RIT1 mutation has been described in 1 of (Shanghai, China). The RIT1 promoter and deletion mutants were 50 cases [15]. The amplification of RIT1 gene is frequently found in generated by PCR and cloned into pGL3-BASIC (Promega, Madison, HCC (∼25%) and might be associated with HCC carcinogenesis and WI). The fidelities of the constructs were confirmed by sequencing. The progression [15,16]. However, the biological function of RIT1 in HCC is information of primers and target sequences is listed in Supplementary still unclear. Investigation into the roles of RIT1 and how RIT1 is de- Table 2 and Supplementary Table 3. regulated in HCC is important for understanding of its molecular me- chanism and future development of anti-cancer strategies. In the pre- 2.4. Cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay sent study, we demonstrate that RIT1 is associated with HCC progression and promotes HCC cell growth, metastasis and sorafenib Equal numbers of HCC cells were seeded into 96-well culture plates resistance. In addition, hypoxia significantly upregulates RIT1 expres- and incubated for 7 days. CCK-8 (Biomake, China) was added to each sion in HCC cells via HIF-1α and RIT1 is an important mediator of well and incubated at 37 °C according to the manufacturer's instructions hypoxia induced migration and invasion. (Biomake, China). After 2 h, the absorbance value was measured at 450 nm. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. 2. Materials and methods 2.5. In vitro plate colony formation assay 2.1. Patients samples, tissue microarrays (TMAs) and Equal numbers of HCC cells were seeded into 6-well culture plates immunohistochemical analysis and cultured for 2 weeks. Then cells were fixed in 10% neutral phos- phate-buffered formalin and stained with Giemsa (Sigma-Aldrich, St Two hundred and thirty-six human HCC tissue samples were ob- Louis, MO). Each experiment was performed in triplicate. tained from patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Qidong Liver Cancer Institute (Qidong, China) and the Guangxi Cancer Institute 2.6. In vitro migration and invasion assays (Nanning, China) between March 2001 and May 2009. The 236 HCC patients included 190 males and 46 females (mean age: 50.86 years, In vitro migration and invasion assays were performed as previously ranging from 21 to 83 years). No patient received preoperative che- [17]: Equal numbers of HCC cells were seeded into the upper chamber motherapy or radiotherapy. All procedures were approved by the of a transwell (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) in serum-free Research Ethics Committee of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong media. DMEM containing 10% FBS was added to the bottom chambers. University School of Medicine, and informed consent was obtained After 24 h or 48 h incubation at 37 °C, cells that had migrated from the from each patient. TMAs that included 236 HCC tissues were con- upper chamber to the lower chamber were fixed and stained with structed, and IHC staining, signal evaluation, and statistical data ana- crystal violet. Cells in five randomly chosen visual fields were counted. lysis were performed as previously [17]. For signal evaluation of RIT1 and HIF-1α, both the percentage of positive cells (0, ≤10%; 1, 11–25%; 2.7. Tumor xenograft models 2, 26–50%; 3, 51–75%; 4, > 75%) and intensity of staining (0, no color; 1, light yellow; 2, brownish yellow; 3, brownish black) were considered For the in vivo tumorigenicity and metastasis assay, 1 × 106 HCC and the results of IHC staining for RIT1 and HIF-1α were scored 0 to 4 cells stably expressing RIT1Q11 or pWPXL-control were suspended in by two independent investigators. The tissues with score of 3 or 4 were 40 μl of a mixture of serum-free DMEM/Matrigel (1:1 vol) for each 6- to defined as high expression and those with score of 0, 1 or 2werede- 8-week-old male BALB/c nude mouse and orthotopically injected into fined as low expression. Antibody information is listed in the left hepatic lobe. After 6 weeks, all animals were sacrificed. The Supplementary Table 1. liver and lung tissues were excised and fixed in 10% neutral phosphate- buffered formalin for at least 72 h. H&E staining was performed to 2.2. Cell lines and reagents detect metastases. For the experiment to determine the anti-tumor effect of combined Hep3B, HepG2, PLC/PRF/5 and HEK 293T cells were purchased treatment with shRIT1 and Sorafenib, NC or shRIT1 expressing HCC- from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA); Huh7 LY10 cells were injected subcutaneously in the right flank of nude mice.
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