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The Development of Geophysics in the Early Period of the People's Hist. Geo Space Sci., 12, 21–41, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-21-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The development of geophysics in the early period of the People’s Republic of China based on the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1950–1966) Zhihui Zhang1,2 and Rui Wang1,3 1Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China 2Post-doctoral research station, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, 100038, PR China 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China Correspondence: Zhihui Zhang ([email protected]) Received: 17 February 2020 – Revised: 8 November 2020 – Accepted: 14 December 2020 – Published: 3 February 2021 Abstract. From the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper reviewed the development of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGCAS), rather than focusing on its scientific achievements. Before the 1950s, the discipline of geophysics in China, except for the branch of meteorology, had a very weak foundation, and few researchers were engaged in it. The systematic development of geophysics began with the establishment of IGCAS. In this paper, the early development of IGCAS was re- searched thoroughly. At first, we briefly reviewed the establishment process for IGCAS. After being promoted by the desire of scientists to develop big geophysics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) integrated scat- tered academic forces, which included geomagnetism and geophysical exploration, to establish the IGCAS. The IGCAS was based on the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica in the Republic of China era. After that, we summarized work done by IGCAS in the development of geophysics from the 1950s to 1966, the year in which the Cultural Revolution began. We focused on policy support, adjustment of organizational structure, and scientific capacity building, when China was facing an isolated international diplomatic environment, continuous domestic political movements, and an austere social economy. Then, to bolster the development of geophysics in China, the slogan of “Missions Drive Disciplines”, which was instilled and implemented by the Chinese scientific community, was introduced briefly. The scientific development of the IGCAS and typical examples in several branches of geophysics, which included atmospheric science, seismology, space physics, and other fields, were systematically summarized and benchmarked to the international academic level. We then summarized the basic research on geophysics carried out by the institute in economic construction and national defense. Finally, the experience and lessons in the development of this institute and its effect on geophysics in China were explored. 1 Introduction rapidly, just a month later, the Communist Party of China es- tablished the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) that fol- After the Second Sino–Japanese War (1937–1945) and the lowed the Russian example and tried to build it into a loco- long-term civil war between the Kuomintang and the Com- motive of national scientific and technological strength. The munist Party (1945–1949), China’s national economy be- Korean War began in 1950, which caused the new regime came very weak, and its scientific and technological foun- to face economic sanctions and a blockade of scientific and dation was on an awkward footing. The Communist Party of technological exchanges. From the very beginning, China’s China took over in October 1949 and established the People’s science and technology community was entrusted with the Republic of China (PRC). To develop science and technology mission of promoting the development of the national econ- Published by Copernicus Publications. 22 Z. Zhang and R. Wang: The development of geophysics in the early period of the People’s Republic of China omy. This was especially true of the CAS and its research of Physics of the National Academy of Peiping were estab- institutes. lished, did geophysics become a research direction and a for- The institutes under CAS were entrusted by the state mal discipline and begin to receive the attention of physi- with the mission of serving national economic construction cists. On 1 January 1929, the National Research Institute of and military needs. The Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Meteorology of Academia Sinica (hereinafter referred to as Academy of Sciences (hereinafter IGCAS) was the home for the Institute of Meteorology) was established; Chinese me- geophysics in contemporary China. teorologist Kezhen Zhu assumed the position of the direc- Between the 1950s and 1970s, “missions drive disciplines; tor. Very quickly, the institute became a famous meteorolog- discipline promotes mission” was the slogan put forward to ical observation and scientific research base in China, and deal with the relationship between missions and disciplines. different divisions, such as the weather group, meteorolog- Scientific research was expected to follow the law, but at that ical observatory, meteorology group, instrument room, ge- time, a large number of scientists had to engage in a great omagnetic station, and seismology office, were developed. deal of applied work, which included national economic con- However, except for meteorology, which had an established struction and national defense missions. In a difficult sit- foundation, the other branches of geophysics were extremely uation during several political movements, the institute at- weak or even nonexistent. Work in seismology and geomag- tempted to provide significant support for the development of netism was attached to the meteorological observatory or the geophysics (e.g., technical capacity, talent reserve, and pol- astronomical observatory; research work in geophysics was icy support). However, in the early years of the PRC, even limited to academic institutions and was rarely combined though geophysics was still dominated by observational and with production, and the business sector also did not attach qualitative research, IGCAS made some scientific achieve- importance to it. The excavation of natural resources, which ments. included physical prospecting, was led by the Ministry of Ge- Most of the existing literature on the early development ology and related production sectors (Jaw, 1957a, pp. 1–8). of the institute was found in the memoirs of scientists; how- Hardware facilities, such as observation stations, which ever, there was still a lack of in-depth research on the features was the technical support for geophysical observation, were of the development of geophysics in China and its scientific developed piecemeal during the Republic of China period. achievement in different subdisciplines of geophysics. Our In 1930, under the direction of Shanbang Li, the geophysics focus in this paper was based on original archives, the mem- laboratory at the Geological Survey Institute of the Min- oirs of scientists, and secondary sources in order to explore istry of Industry and Commerce established the first inde- the development of geophysics in China. pendently constructed seismic station in China in the west- Compared with their western counterparts, in the first ern suburbs of Peiping, which was named the Jiufeng Seis- 20 years of socialist PRC, Chinese geophysicists did not mic Station, and it was world class at the time. In 1931, the achieve many world-class results due to complex historical Institute of Meteorology purchased a pair of Wiechert seis- reasons that included the Cold War, the neglect of basic sci- mographs from Germany, added weather stations, and helped ence, and eagerness for rapid success in economic develop- each province or municipality set up weather-monitoring sta- ment. However, this paper will be a window into the history tions to study the various types of weather in China. Xilin of the development of geophysics in modern China. Ding, who directed the Institute of Physics at Academia Sinica, set up the Nanjing Zijinshan Geomagnetic Station in the 1930s, which was the first self-built geomagnetic station 2 Origin, establishment, and particular details of in China. IGCAS After World War II, the discipline of geophysics developed rapidly internationally. Jeou-jang Jaw and geomagnetic sci- Geophysics, which is a borderline science between geo- entist Zongqi Chen actively integrated the scientific and tech- science and physics, was introduced to China in the late Qing nological strength of geophysics in China after the Second dynasty during the early days of the Republic of China when Sino–Japanese War. However, because the Chinese nation- Jesuits controlled the country or controlled science. It was alist government did not attach importance to science, work the earliest natural science discipline introduced to China. could only be launched on a small scale. In 1947, the geo- Modern Western meteorological observation technology was magnetic station at the Institute of Physics belonged to the also introduced at the same time by the missionaries. Being Institute of Meteorology at Academia Sinica and was reor- located near Shanghai,the Sheshan geomagnetic station was ganized as the geomagnetic group, and Hong’e Chen estab- first established by the French in Shanghai and began to col- lished a geomagnetic station in Nanjing to quickly resume lect data officially in 1887. It was the earliest geomagnetic observational work. The Institute of Meteorology separately station in China and one of
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