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Pavement Smoothness ASTMASTM DefinitionDefinition ofof RoughnessRoughness

“The deviations of a pavement from a true planar surface with characteristic dimensions that affect vehicle dynamics……” PavementPavement SmoothnessSmoothness isis aa lacklack ofof roughnessroughness NationalNational CustomerCustomer SurveySurvey n Pavement Condition (smoothness) 36% n Safety 22% n Traffic Flow 16% n Visual Appeal 11% n Bridge Condition 6% n Maintenance Response Time 6% n Travel Amenities 3% NHI Model (1993 AASHTO Pave.) PSR= Constant x e (-0.0041*IRI)

5 4 3 PSR 2 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

IRI PurposesPurposes forfor SmoothnessSmoothness MeasurementsMeasurements n Maintain construction quality n Locating abnormal changes in the highway – subsurface problems, drainage,construction deficiencies n Allocation of road maintenance resources n Pavement serviceability performance and design SmoothnessSmoothness MeasurementsMeasurements

History MethodsMethods n Rolling Straightedge n Ride Number (AASHO Road Test) n BPR Roughometers n Mays Ride Meter n California Type Profiler (), La Specs since early eighties n Inertial type Profilers (RN,PI, IRI)

CaliforniaCalifornia TypeType ProfilographProfilograph Setting up Calibration Site w/ Walking Profiler ICC laser profiler measures pavement profile (IRI), rutting, and PCC joint faulting at normal highway speeds. CurrentCurrent LALA DOTDDOTD PayPay AdjustmentAdjustment

Payment Adjustment (%) 100 95 80 50 or Current Specifications Based Remove on PI2 Multi-lift new construction # 3.0 3.1 – 4.0 4.1 – 6.0 > 6.0 and overlays more than two lifts Single-lift construction over # 5 5.1 – 6 6.1 – 10 > 10 cold planed surfaces and two lift overlays Single-lift overlays over #8 8.1 – 10 10.1 – 15 > 15 existing surfaces )

I 400 R I ( x e d n

I 300 s s e n h g u 200 o Linear R l a Exponential n i t a n

r 100 e t Hyperbolic n I

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Profile Index, PI2 350 I

R 300 I

, x e d 250 n I s s e

n 200 h g u o

R 150 Field data l a

n Linear o i t 100 a Polynomial function n r e t Power function n

I 50

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Profile Index with 0.2 in Blanking Bandwidth, PI2 200

m (IRI) + s (IRI)

2 180 Linear function: IRI = 52.8+5.51(PI2) (R = 0.94)

I 2 2 Polynomial function: IRI =61.18+2.61(PI2)+ 0.151(PI2) (R = 0.96) R I

0.0531(PI ) 2 , 160 Exponential function: IRI = 60.19 e 2 (R = 0.96) x e d n I

s 140 s e n h g 120 u o R l a

n 100 o i t a n r

e 80 t n I 60

40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Profile Index with 0.2 in Blanking Bandwidth, PI2 ExistingExisting SmoothnessSmoothness SpecificationsSpecifications

n Profile Index n 0.2” Blanking Band DeficienciesDeficiencies withwith CurrentCurrent PIPI SystemSystem (Manual)(Manual) n Labor Intensive, Slow, Safety? n Blanking Band Filtering out Roughness n PI does not represent the “ride” of the Roadway AnalysisAnalysis ofof VarianceVariance n Well-defined relationship between IRI and PI values of < 20 n For PI values > 20 , high degree of variability AMES “LISA” Lightweight Inertial Profiler

Lightweight profilers measure pavement profile (IRI), Profile index, (PI), rutting, and PCC joint faulting at 10-15 mph. SurfaceSurface ToleranceTolerance RequirementsRequirements n Inertial profilers approved by Materials Engineer n Annual certification and site calibration n Measurement of both wheel paths n Average every 0.05 mile intervals n Individual wearing course wheel path readings <89 for A&B, <110 for C – Binder Course <110 (<105 for category A) RequirementsRequirements (Cont)(Cont)

n diamond grind wearing course to meet specs n Binder course corrected (optional methods) to meet specs n Contractor Profile may be used for acceptance 1 Percent of Contract Unit Price/in/mile/sublot %of Unit 103% 100% 90% 80% 50% or Price Remove Cat. A Interstate and <55 <65 65-75 NA >75 multi-lifts Cat. B 2-Lift Overlay <55 <75 75-89 NA >89 Cat. C Single-Lift <55 <85 85-95 95-110 >110 Overlay

Incentive < 45; Final Completion, Average of Pay, All Travel Lanes (with no lot less than 100% pay); +5% of the value of the wearing course (plan quantities) EBLA28.P01 - B (24.000) - 1 of 1 - Seg 1 of 1 - PI 2: 0.00 (in/mi) 1.00

IRI = 97 in./mile PI = 0.0 in./mile

0.00 Track 2 (in)

-1.00 48650 48675 48700 48725 48750 48775 48800 48825 48850 48875 (ft) Page 1

Old Spec (PI) vs. New Spec (IRI) Track 2 (in) Track 1 (in) Sublot -1.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 27075 05007SBO.P01 -B(24.000)Section1ofSeg64102PI1:39.00(in/mi)2:15.00

Example of LouisianaBump Specification 0.05 IRI =60In./ Mile 27050

0.45 1.10 27025

0.30 0.75 27000 26975 (ft)Page1 26950 26925 IRI =100In./Mile IRI =195In./Mile Project IRI=53In./Mile 26900 0.05 26875 26850 26825 LaLa ProposedProposed Specs,Specs,

Flexible Pavements Flexible Pavements

Percent of 100% 95% 90% 80% 50% or Contract Unit Remove Price

Category A PI 3.0 3.1-4.0 NA 4.1-6.0 >6.0 IRI <65 NA NA NA >65

Category B PI <5 5.1-6.0 NA 6.1-10 >10 IRI 75 NA 75-89 NA >89 Category C PI < 8 8.1-10 NA 10.1-15 >15 IRI 85 NA 86-110 NA >110

Incentive 105 % of the value of the binder and the Final Draft

Percent of Contract Unit Price/Lot1 Percent of Contract 100% 90% 80% 50%2 Unit Price (by Sublot) or Remove Category A (in/mile) Multi-Lift New <65 65-75 NA >75 Construction and Overlays of More than two Lifts Category B (in/mile) One or Two Lift <75 75-89 NA >89 Overlay Construction Over Cold Planed Surfaces and Two- Lift Overlays Category C (in/mile) Single-Lift Overlays <85 85-95 95-110 >110 Over Existing Surfaces Shoulders <110 NA NA >110 Pay 70% or Remove Incentive Pay, Final < 45 Completion, Average of All Travel Lanes +10% of the value of the wearing course (plan quantities) (with no lot less than 100% pay) (1) or Portion of lot placed on the project. (2) At the option of the engineer. DevelopmentDevelopment ofof IRIIRI SpecificationsSpecifications forfor PCCPPCCP

LTRC Pavement MethodologyMethodology n Collection of Profile Data on Selected PCCP jobs using LTRC ICC’s High Speed Profiler n Developing PI and IRI data from the selected Sites n Using Linear Regression to Establish IRI values based on the Existing PI specifications ( similar to what was done for flexible pavements) DataData SampleSample

IRI-PI COMPARISON ON NEW JCP, 0.05 MILE SEGMENTS

NORTHLINE ROAD (ALF RD) EB-IWP EB-OWP WB-IWP WB-OWP IRI PI IRI PI IRI PI IRI PI 67 4.4 57 1.8 78 11.2 72 8.2 77 3.0 52 0.8 60 1.2 55 0.0 90 6.8 62 5.4 57 1.2 48 2.8 73 5.8 61 2.2 71 7.0 65 3.0 84 7.2 78 6.6 76 4.8 74 1.6 99 4.6 74 2.4 66 5.8 58 2.6 90 8.0 67 4.2 62 3.0 60 0.6 66 0.6 80 10.2 62 5.2 51 2.4 87 8.2 96 11.2 65 2.8 56 1.6 83 8.8 85 10.0 76 5.8 64 2.0 98 16.4 60 5.6 65 5.4 57 1.4 85 9.0 57 3.0 72 3.2 60 3.0 68 0.0 43 0.0 74 7.2 69 4.2 79 3.2 57 6.4 83 9.8 80 9.0 86 9.2 75 6.8 62 4.4 80 6.8 78 3.0 53 2.6 88 10.4 78 7.0 79 7.2 58 3.6 75 1.6 57 0.0 IRIIRI && PIPI (each(each 0.050.05 mi.mi. segseg))

IRI & PI

200 180 160 140 y = 2.5104x + 64.124 120 100 IRI (in/mile) 80 60 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PI ( in/mile) InitialInitial JCPJCP IRI;IRI; In/mileIn/mile

350 38% 300 250 24% 200 20% 150 12% 100 5% 50 1% 0% Freq. (0.05 mi. seg.) 0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 IRI Payment ( Percent of Contract Unit Price/lot) 98 95 80 50% or Correct PCC 100 remove and Pavements replace or Remove P Category I I 6.0 6.1-7.0 7.1-8.0 ------> 45 mph > 8.0 I R 76-80 80-85 ------I 75 >85

Cat. II, P 12 ------Urban Areas I 12.1-13.0 13.1-14.0 >14.0 < 45 mph I R 91-95 96-99 ------I 90 >99

P Cat. III I 20.1-22.0 22.1-24.0 24.1-26.0 ------>26 non-continuous 20 operations I R ------< 45mph I 100 101-110 110-120 120-129 >129 IRIIRI CalibrationCalibration RequirementsRequirements n Five runs over each of two test locations n Report mean and standard deviation n The mean shall be within 5% of DOTD reference value for each test location. n The standard deviation must be less than 3% of the mean IRI value in inches per mile n DOTD to affix tag to certified unit with necessary computer settings TheThe BottomBottom LineLine isis aa StraightStraight LineLine n Every phase of construction is a new opportunity to achieve a smoother road n Roadway maintenance will decline n Our customers get what they asked for, a smooth ride.