Zhodnocení Systémů Státní Pokladny Vybraných Západoevropských Zemí

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Zhodnocení Systémů Státní Pokladny Vybraných Západoevropských Zemí Masarykova univerzita Ekonomicko-správní fakulta Studijní obor: Veřejná ekonomika a správa ZHODNOCENÍ SYSTÉMŮ STÁTNÍ POKLADNY VYBRANÝCH ZÁPADOEVROPSKÝCH ZEMÍ Treasury systems evaluation of the selected Western European countries Diplomová práce Vedoucí diplomové práce: Autor: Ing. Michaela HORŇÁKOVÁ Bc. Nikola JIŘIKOVSKÁ Brno, 2014 Jméno a příjmení autora: Bc. Nikola Jiřikovská Název diplomové práce: Zhodnocení systémů státní pokladny vybraných západoevropských zemích Název práce v angličtině: Treasury systems evaluation of the selected Western European countries. Katedra: Veřejná ekonomie Vedoucí diplomové práce: Ing. Michaela Horňáková Rok obhajoby: 2014 Anotace Cílem diplomové práce „Zhodnocení systémů státní pokladny vybraných západoevropských zemích“ je zhodnotit výhody a nevýhody modelů státní pokladny, které jsou součástí systému řízení veřejných financí ve vybraných západoevropských zemí. Práce je rozdělena do čtyř kapitola. První kapitola se věnuje vymezení základních souvislostí státní pokladny. Druhá a třetí kapitola se věnují analýze systémů státních pokladen v Británii a Francii. Poslední kapitola se věnuje komparaci a zhodnocení výhod a nevýhod státních pokladen. Annotation The goal of the submitted thesis: “Treasury systems evaluation of the selected Western European countries“ is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of models of the state treasury systems, which are part of the public financial management systems in selected Western European countries. Thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter concerns the definition of fundamental aspects of the state treasury. Second and third chapters are devoted to the analysis of state treasury systems in Britain and France. The last chapter is focused on comparison and assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of state treasury systems. Klíčová slova Státní pokladna, modely státních pokladen, řízení dluhu, informační systém státní pokladny, státní cenné papíry Keywords State treasury, models of state treasury, debt management, information system of the state treasury, government securities Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci Zhodnocení systémů státní pokladny vybraných západoevropských zemích vypracovala samostatně pod vedením Ing. Michaely Horňákové a uvedla v ní všechny použité literární a jiné odborné zdroje v souladu s právními předpisy, vnitřními předpisy Masarykovy univerzity a vnitřními akty řízení Masarykovy univerzity a Ekonomicko-správní fakulty MU. V Brně dne 10. května 2014 vlast noruč ní podpis autora Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala Ing. Michaele Horňákové, za cenné připomínky a odborné rady, kterými přispěla k vypracování této diplomové práce. Dále děkuji své rodině za trpělivost a podporu v průběhu studia. OBSAH ÚVOD.........................................................................................................................................9 1. VYMEZENÍ ZÁKLADNÍCH SOUVISLOSTÍ STÁTNÍ POKLADNY .............................11 1. 1. Funkce státní pokladny .................................................................................................12 1. 2. Modely státní pokladny ................................................................................................15 1. 3. Dílčí shrnutí kapitoly ....................................................................................................21 2. STÁTNÍ POKLADNA VELKÉ BRITÁNIE .......................................................................22 2. 1. Historie státní pokladny................................................................................................22 2. 2. Státní pokladna v současnosti.......................................................................................26 2. 3. Organizační struktura....................................................................................................28 2. 4. Funkce státní pokladny .................................................................................................30 2. 5. Dílčí shrnutí kapitoly ....................................................................................................39 3. STÁTNÍ POKLADNA FRANCIE .......................................................................................40 3. 1. Historie státní pokladny................................................................................................40 3. 2. Státní pokladna v současnosti.......................................................................................41 3. 3. Organizační struktura....................................................................................................41 3. 4. Funkce státní pokladny .................................................................................................43 3. 5. Dílčí shrnutí kapitoly ....................................................................................................50 4. ZHODNOCENÍ SYSTÉMŮ STÁTNÍCH POKLADEN .....................................................52 4. 1. Komparace jednotlivých funkcí státních pokladen.......................................................52 4. 2. Výhody a nevýhody modelů státních pokladen............................................................56 4. 2. 1. SWOT analýza britské státní pokladny ................................................................56 4. 2. 2. SWOT analýza francouzské státní pokladny........................................................59 4. 3. Přínosy jednotlivých modelů státních pokladen ...........................................................61 4. 3. 1. Přínosy státní pokladny Británie...........................................................................61 4. 3. 2. Přínosy státní pokladny Francie............................................................................63 4. 4. Zhodnocení plnění cílů státních pokladen ....................................................................63 4. 4. 1. Cíle státní pokladny Británie ................................................................................64 4. 4. 2. Cíle státní pokladny Francie .................................................................................69 4. 5. Dílčí shrnutí kapitoly ...................................................................................................71 ZÁVĚR .....................................................................................................................................72 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZDROJŮ..........................................................................................74 SEZNAM TABULEK ..............................................................................................................79 SEZNAM GRAFŮ A SCHÉMAT ...........................................................................................80 SEZNAM ZKRATEK ..............................................................................................................81 ÚVOD Státní pokladna již dávno není truhla s penězi, jak tomu bývalo v dávné historii. S hospodářským rozvojem a velkým rozvojem informačních technologií, v posledních letech, se značně změnila i úloha státní pokladny. Hlavním účelem už není řídit příjmy a výdaje státu, ale nová státní pokladna získala mnoho dalších funkcí od řízení veřejného dluhu, řízení aktiv, centralizaci příjmů až po účetnictví, výkaznictví, řízení vládních bankovních účtu a mnoho dalších. Všechny tyto funkce pak spojuje informační systém, na kterém jsou nové systémy založeny. Státní pokladna se tak stává významným nástrojem řízení veřejných financí, který státní finanční prostředky řídí efektivněji a činí je transparentnějšími pro občany i organizace. Téma nových státních pokladen je aktuální již řadu let. Pokud se zaměříme na Evropu, první moderní systémy zde byly zavedeny již před více než deseti lety. Od té doby nové systémy zavedla již většina států v Evropě. V České republice byl systém plně spuštěn teprve minulý rok a ve Slovenské republice to bylo v roce 2003. Podoba státních pokladen se v jednotlivých zemích značně liší. Existuje celá řada modelů, z nichž každý má jinou podobu, jiné institucionální uspořádání, jiné pravomoce a rozdílné funkce. Každá země, která se rozhodne pro zavedení nového systému, si může zvolit takový model, který bude vyhovovat podmínkám dané země a může si zcela libovolně vybrat funkce, které jejich státní pokladna bude plnit. Právě z tohoto důvodu jsou ve státních pokladnách velké rozdíly. Pro svoji práci jsem si zvolila systémy státních pokladen Británie a Francie. Tyto dvě země jsem si zvolilo proto, že mají nové systémy zavedeny nejdéle ze všech zemí Evropy. Cílem této diplomové práce bude zanalyzovat systémy státních pokladen těchto zemí a z analýzy vyvodit výhody a nevýhody odlišných modelů státních pokladen a zformulovat doporučení pro státní pokladnu ČR. Mezi metody, které budu při zpracování práce využívat, patří deskripce, obsahová analýza literatury a jiných zdrojů. V druhé polovině práce využiji komparaci a syntézu zjištěných poznatků pro vyvození závěrů, SWOT analýzu pro zhodnocení silných a slabých stránek a příležitostí, či hrozeb státních pokladen a dále jednu z více kriteriálních metod hodnocení a to metodu ordinální bodovací stupnice s definovanými váhami, pro zhodnocení plnění cílů státních pokladen. 9 Práce je rozdělena do čtyř kapitol. V první kapitole definuji pojem státní pokladna a jeho význam. Budu se zabývat jednotlivými funkcemi státních pokladen a rozdílnými modely systémů, ať už z pohledu zavádění nového systému, či institucionálního uspořádání. Druhá a třetí kapitola bude zaměřena nejdříve
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