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Dissertação (FINAL) PDF Ricardo Gomes Ribeiro.Pdf INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA-INPA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA ESTUDO ETNOBOTÂNICO E FÍSICO-QUÍMICO DA BATATA-MAIRÁ (Casimirella spp. – ICACINACEAE) RICARDO GOMES RIBEIRO Manaus – Amazonas Junho/2018 RICARDO GOMES RIBEIRO ESTUDO ETNOBOTÂNICO E FÍSICO-QUÍMICO DA BATATA-MAIRÁ (Casimirella spp. – ICACINACEAE) Dr. Valdely Ferreira Kinupp Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas, área de concentração em Botânica. Manaus – Amazonas Junho/2018 R484 Ribeiro, Ricardo Gomes Estudo etnobotânico e físico-químico da batata-mairá (Casimirella spp. – ICACINACEAE) / Ricardo Gomes Ribeiro. - Manaus: [s.n.], 2018. 118 f. : il. color. Dissertação (Mestrado) - INPA, Manaus, 2018. Orientador : Valdely Ferreira Kinupp. Área de concentração : Botânica. 1. Raiz tuberosa. 2. Conhecimento tradicional. 3. Amido. 4. Composição química. I. Título. CDD 635.65 Sinopse: Estudou-se o conhecimento tradicional de diferentes etnias sobre a batata-mairá (Casimirella spp.), assim como, algumas características físico- químicas da raiz tuberosa. Palavras-chave: raiz tuberosa; conhecimento tradicional; amido; composição química. Agradecimentos Nesta jornada de um pouco mais de dois anos, (re)aprendo que quando decidimos e tomamos atitude em fazer algo, o universo se manifesta e se comunica permitindo encontros, ideias, desafios... E os caminhos se abrem para mais um ciclo de aprendizagens e trabalhos. Sou muito grato a todas as pessoas que de alguma forma contribuíram para este trabalho. Em especial: À professora Nara Oliveira e a Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade de Brasília por terem permitido meu afastamento para fazer o mestrado. Ao meu orientador, Valdely Kinupp, pelas conversas e incentivos no ínicio da jornada; pelo acesso que me proporcionou a diferentes pesquisadores, pelos estímulos em levar uma vida mais agroecológica, por todas correções da escrita deste e claro, pela grande força em coletar todas as batatas!! Muito grato. À Dra. Francisca Simas e à Dra. Lorisa Simas por terem me acolhido “abrindo as portas” do laboratório de micologia da UFAM onde fiz grande parte das análises. As trocas de ideias, correções e a disponibilidade em ajudar foram fundamentais para o êxito deste. Agradeço também aos diferentes estudantes do laboratório com quem tive pequenos encontros e aprendizados, foi muito especial conhecê-los. À técnica deste laboratório, Dra. Taciana de Amorim, que se tornou uma amiga para além do vínculo laborial. Aprendi demais contigo, além de ser uma grande profissional és uma pessoa profundamente Humana, muito grato. À Sasa, Clara Vignoli e à Lenôra por terem me recebido tão bem na minha primeira casa de Manaus. Ao agrônomo Eleano Rodrigues, pelo incentivo em continuar os estudos com a batata-mairá e pelas primeiras extrações da fécula. Ao antropólogo Gilton Mendes, por ter compartilhado, logo no início, de forma muito generosa, seus estudos entográficos a respeito da espécie, muito grato. Ao professor Fábio de Souza, pelo auxílio nas análises centesimais. Às estudantes de nutrição da Faculdade Uninorte, por terem me ajudado na extração da fécula da maior batata coletada, valeu demais. Uma pena que não deu certo a “coxinha-mairá”. Ao Dr. Charles Clement, pela ajuda em criar o questionário para o levantamento etnobotânico. À Dra. Dionisia Nagahama, por todo incentivo, conversas, e por ter me apresentado ao movimento “Slow Food”, aprendi muito contigo. Muito grato. Ao indigenista Daniel Cangussu, pelo apoio, entusiasmo e recepção em Lábrea. Você foi fundamental para minha ida a campo. Á Dra. Célia Franco e suas alunas, Flavia Villas Boas e Marillia Gato, por terem me recebido na Unesp de Rio Preto, ajundando a concluir as últimas análises. A todos pesquisadores contatados via e-mail que se propuseram a ajudar um desconhecido. Grato! Às amigas e aos amigos, Aline Ramos, Letícia Kirsten, Clarinha, Vivi e Carlos Demeterco, vocês foram essenciais na minha vida! Levarei essa amizade para todos os cantos. A todos indígenas entrevistados e muitos outros que conheci, em especial aos Paumari: Edilson, Joel e o cacique Timóteo. Aprendi muito com vocês. Foi muito especial poder conhecer um pouco da realidade Paumari. A vida em comunidade, que já perdemos há muito tempo; o respeito por todos e a forma correta de andar nos varadouros encharcados da floresta foram muito importantes vivenciar. Muito grato. À Flavinha, por todo amor trocado. Cresci muito contigo. À todas criaturas que passaram pela minha vida nesta “cidade dos encontros”. Foram muitas. Proporcionando aprendizados para além do mundo científico, claro. Afinal, somos ao tempo todo, seres físicos, emocionais, racionais e espirituais. Gratidão em conhecer vocês! Ao Wallas Felippe, pela grande força na formatação geral, muito grato! À Luciana Pereira, pelo auxílio no uso do microscópio eletrônico de varredura. À minha família, por todo apoio e todo amor. Vocês são a base que me estruturaram para estar aqui! Amos vocês! Jayita, essa revisão final que me ajudaste a fazer foi fundamental, valeu! À CAPES, através do Programa Pró-Amazônia – Projeto 052, pelo financiamento do projeto. Ao Sci-Hub, por possibilitar acesso ao conhecimento mais restrito. Ao INPA e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, por possibilitar o aprendizado, as trocas de conhecimentos e toda esta experiência. 0 Resumo A batata-mairá (Casimirella spp.) é uma liana endêmica da Amazônia, uma espécie amilácea que produz um órgão subterrâneo de reserva que se destaca pelo tamanho, podendo chegar a mais de 200 kg. Desta raiz tuberosa, diferentes etnias extraíam e ainda extraem a fécula e a farinha, obtendo da espécie uma importante fonte de carboidrato. Apesar do importante e amplo uso histórico, pouco se conhece sobre a espécie, tanto popular quanto cientificamente. O presente trabalho se propôs a fazer um levantamento etnobotânico e a caracterização físico-química da batata-mairá. Foram entrevistados, na cidade de Lábrea, região do médio Purus/AM, representantes de quatro etnias: Paumari, Apurinã, Jamamadi e Jarawara. Todos os colaboradores enfatizaram a importância da espécie na alimentação dos antepassados, a qual era consumida no dia a dia, além do uso como remédio para tratamento da diarreia e picadas de animais peçonhentos. A forma de extração da fécula relatada foi muito semelhante entre as diferentes etnias. Apenas os Apurinã informaram a existência de cultivo (propagação vegetativa) e manejo, onde a liana era mantida viva nos roçados podendo ter ocorrido, portanto, uma domesticação incipiente da espécie. Relataram ainda ser uma planta abundante na região. Os dados do estudo físico-químico indicam que a raiz tuberosa é fonte de amido (68,23% em base seca). O rendimento obtido da extração da fécula foi de até 15,4%, a qual possui concentrações minerais de cálcio, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco superiores à fécula da mandioca e batata- inglesa. O teste de toxidez revelou que a partir da quinta lavagem da fécula, o material extraído do sobrenadante é atóxico para Artemia salina. As propriedades funcionais do amido revelaram grânulos que possuem estabilidade à ação térmica e mecânica, e são relativamente grandes com o tamanho médio de 24,48 µm, possuindo alto teor de amilose (38%). Esses dois últimos fatores contribuem, segundo a literatura, para uma baixa digestibilidade, o que indica a batata-mairá como fonte de carboidratos mais saudáveis. Palavras-chave: raiz tuberosa; conhecimento tradicional; amido; composição química. 1 Abstract Batata-mairá (Casimirella spp.) is a liana species, endemic from the Amazon rain forest. This amylaceous species produces an underground reserve organ that stands out which could reach up to 200 kg. Different ethnic groups used to, and still extracting, the starch and the flour from this tuberous root. Despite the important historical use of batata-mairá as a source of carbohydrates, little is known about the species, popular and scientifically speaking. The present work proposed an ethnobotanical survey and a physical-chemical characterization of the batata-mairá. The ethnic groups Paumari, Apurinã, Jamamadi and Jarawara were the communities target for this survey. They are located at Lábrea city, on the center border of Purus River in Amazonas State at Northern Brazil. All interviewed expressed the importance of the species for the ancestors’ food habit as well as for medicine, for venomous snake bite, wounds, and diarrhea. All ethnies cited similar starch extraction procedures of batata-mairá. Only the Apurinã informed the existence of cultivation (vegetative propagation) and management. In this case, the liana was kept alive in the management areas, therefore, it could be an incipient domesticated species. They also reported an abundance of batata-mairá in the region. Regarding the physical-chemical study, it was observed that the tuberous root has a considerable concentration of starch, 68.23% on a dry basis. The yield obtained from the starch extraction was up to 15.4%, which has mineral concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc higher than cassava starch and potato. The toxicity test revealed that from the fifth wash of the starch, the material extracted from the supernatant is non-toxic to Artemia salina. The functional properties of the starch revealed granules that have stability to the thermal and mechanical action, are relatively large with a mean size of 24.48 μm and have a high amylose content (38%). These last two factors
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