DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Yeak Laom Community Development, Cambodia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Yeak Laom Community Development, Cambodia Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Community-based Ecotourism and Empowerment of Indigenous People: the Case of Yeak Laom Community Development, Cambodia A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Tourism Management at Lincoln University by Bunly Bith Lincoln University 2011 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Tourism Management. Abstract Community-based Ecotourism and Empowerment of Indigenous People: the Case of Yeak Laom Community Development, Cambodia by Bunly Bith Ecotourism, with its potential to generate income and employment and its promise to protect natural environment for local communities, has been considered an important agent for indigenous community development since the growth in demand for cultural tourism began in the early 1990s. It has been argued that, as a result of ecotourism, indigenous populations’ living standards and quality of life can be enhanced, and indigenous resources can be protected. In contrast, without community control, more often than not, ecotourism has contributed to unfair distribution of tourism benefits and deterioration of cultural and natural resources in indigenous communities. As a result, empowering indigenous communities to control ecotourism has been advocated as an integral component of sustainable tourism. In this sense, community-based ecotourism is often promoted as an effective mechanism for the empowerment of indigenous communities, allowing them to participate in decision making about, and control over, tourism development. This study evaluated the potential of the Yeak Laom Community-based Ecotourism development for empowering the indigenous Tampuan people who live adjacent to the Yeak Laom Protected Area, Ratanakiri, Cambodia. Key informant interviews, secondary data and survey questionnaires were used as research tools to examine collaborative efforts of key stakeholders to empower the Tampuan community to have control over, and assess the level of community participation in, the Yeak Laom Community-based Ecotourism development. This analysis also includes the evaluation of the perceptions of the Tampuan with regard to the impacts of the development on the economic, psychological, social and political lives of their people. The study results reveal that power re-distribution among the stakeholders involved in a collaborative process in Yeak Laom Community-based Ecotourism planning and implementation had the potential to be a crucial component in facilitating empowerment ii of the Tampuan community. The findings indicate that the Yeak Laom Community-based Ecotourism initiative was perceived as an important tool for enhancing the psychological, social and political empowerment of the Tampuan community, although the capacity of the project to contribute direct economic benefits to the community is limited. The thesis concludes that community-based ecotourism has the potential to contribute to a form of sustainable tourism for people living adjacent to protected natural areas when there is an effective collaboration with indigenous people. This is most effectively achieved when indigenous people have the ability to have control over, and make decisions about, the development based on their own interests. Keywords: Ecotourism, empowerment, stakeholder collaboration, community participation, tourism impacts, indigenous people, Yeak Laom, Cambodia. iii Acknowledgements The support and contributions of many people have made this study possible. First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Grant Cushman and Dr. Stephen Espiner, for their guidance and assistance in keeping me on the right track. Their considerable help and encouragment were significant in enabling me to continue the writing process, especially during the disruption from the Canterbury earthquakes (Sep. 2010- Feb. 2011). Their professional approach and positive attitude have positively transformed my academic status. I am indebted to the Government of New Zealand, especially the New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID), for fully supporting me in my goal to achieve a degree in Tourism Management at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. This support is highly appreciated. Also, Angel Parry, the NZAID administrater, deserves a special mention for her active facilitation between me and NZAID during my study in New Zealand. I would like to sincerely thank all the key informants and survey participants who contributed significantly to the outcome of this study. Without their cooperation, the study would not have been possible. At this point, I am also grateful to Mr. Piseth Chey for helping with the facilitation and for providing contact information for the key informants. Many thanks to Janette Busch for copy-editing this thesis. I wish to extend my gratitude to my parents for unfailingly supporting and encouraging me throughout the process. Many thanks also go to my parents–in- law for their kind support and committment to look after my daughter during my study in New Zealand. In particular, my sincere gratitude goes to my husband for his company, patience and encouragement. I am also grateful to many people who helped me on the path to completing this research and who are too numerous to single out; please be aware that your contribution is highly appreciated. iv Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ x Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background to the study.................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research purposes and objectives ..................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research questions ............................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Research significance ........................................................................................................ 5 1.5 Thesis outline .................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Indigenous community development ................................................................................ 8 2.1.1 What is community? .............................................................................................. 9 2.1.2 Sustainable indigenous community development ............................................... 10 2.2 Tourism and indigenous community development ......................................................... 11 2.2.1 Tourism impacts .................................................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Sustainable tourism ............................................................................................. 13 2.3 Ecotourism ...................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Ecotourism and indigenous community development ........................................ 16 2.3.2 Community control in ecotourism....................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Community-based ecotourism ............................................................................. 19 2.4 Empowerment ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4.1 Empowerment as a process (means) ................................................................... 21 2.4.1.1 Stakeholder collaboration...................................................................... 22 2.4.1.2 Power redistribution .............................................................................. 25 2.4.2 Empowerment as a ‘goal’ (an end) ..................................................................... 26 2.4.2.1 Degree of community participation ...................................................... 26 2.4.2.2 Empowerment dimensions .................................................................... 33 2.5 Summary
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 41
    Mon-Khmer Studies VOLUME 42 The journal of Austroasiatic languages and cultures Established 1964 Copyright for these papers vested in the authors Released under Creative Commons Attribution License Volume 42 Editors: Paul Sidwell Brian Migliazza ISSN: 0147-5207 Website: http://mksjournal.org Published in 2013 by: Mahidol University (Thailand) SIL International (USA) Contents Papers (Peer reviewed) K. S. NAGARAJA, Paul SIDWELL, Simon GREENHILL A Lexicostatistical Study of the Khasian Languages: Khasi, Pnar, Lyngngam, and War 1-11 Michelle MILLER A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography 12-25 Elizabeth HALL A phonological description of Muak Sa-aak 26-39 YANIN Sawanakunanon Segment timing in certain Austroasiatic languages: implications for typological classification 40-53 Narinthorn Sombatnan BEHR A comparison between the vowel systems and the acoustic characteristics of vowels in Thai Mon and BurmeseMon: a tendency towards different language types 54-80 P. K. CHOUDHARY Tense, Aspect and Modals in Ho 81-88 NGUYỄN Anh-Thư T. and John C. L. INGRAM Perception of prominence patterns in Vietnamese disyllabic words 89-101 Peter NORQUEST A revised inventory of Proto Austronesian consonants: Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic Evidence 102-126 Charles Thomas TEBOW II and Sigrid LEW A phonological description of Western Bru, Sakon Nakhorn variety, Thailand 127-139 Notes, Reviews, Data-Papers Jonathan SCHMUTZ The Ta’oi Language and People i-xiii Darren C. GORDON A selective Palaungic linguistic bibliography xiv-xxxiii Nathaniel CHEESEMAN, Jennifer
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodian Journal of Natural History
    Cambodian Journal of Natural History Rediscovery of the Bokor horned frog Four more Cambodian bats How to monitor a marine reserve The need for community conservation areas Eleven new Masters of Science December 2013 Vol 2013 No. 2 Cambodian Journal of Natural History ISSN 2226–969X Editors Email: [email protected] • Dr Jenny C. Daltry, Senior Conservation Biologist, Fauna & Flora International. • Dr Neil M. Furey, Research Associate, Fauna & Flora International: Cambodia Programme. • Hang Chanthon, Former Vice-Rector, Royal University of Phnom Penh. • Dr Nicholas J. Souter, Project Manager, University Capacity Building Project, Fauna & Flora International: Cambodia Programme. International Editorial Board • Dr Stephen J. Browne, Fauna & Flora International, • Dr Sovanmoly Hul, Muséum National d’Histoire Singapore. Naturelle, Paris, France. • Dr Martin Fisher, Editor of Oryx—The International • Dr Andy L. Maxwell, World Wide Fund for Nature, Journal of Conservation, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Cambodia. • Dr L. Lee Grismer, La Sierra University, California, • Dr Jörg Menzel, University of Bonn, Germany. USA. • Dr Brad Pett itt , Murdoch University, Australia. • Dr Knud E. Heller, Nykøbing Falster Zoo, Denmark. • Dr Campbell O. Webb, Harvard University Herbaria, USA. Other peer reviewers for this volume • Dr Judith Eger, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, • Berry Mulligan, Fauna & Flora International, Phnom Canada. Penh, Cambodia. • Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, Siam Insect Zoo & Museum, • Prof. Dr. Annemarie Ohler, Muséum national Chiang Mai, Thailand. d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. • Dr James Guest, University of New South Wales, • Dr Jodi Rowley, Australian Museum, Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Australia. • Dr Kristofer M. Helgen, Smithsonian Institute, • Dr Manuel Ruedi, Natural History Museum of Washington DC, USA. Geneva, Geneva, Switz erland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silent Emergency
    Master Thesis The silent emergency: ”You are what you eat!‘ (The perceptions of Tampuan mothers about a healthy well nourished body in relationship to their daily food patterns and food habits) Ratanakiri province Cambodia Margriet G. Muurling-Wilbrink Amsterdam Master‘s in Medical Anthropology Faculty of Social & Behavioural Sciences Universiteit van Amsterdam Supervisor: Pieter Streefland, Ph.D. Barneveld 2005 The silent emergency: ”You are what you eat!‘ 1 Preface ”I am old, my skin is dark because of the sun, my face is wrinkled and I am tired of my life. You are young, beautiful and fat, but I am old, ugly and skinny! What can I do, all the days of my life are the same and I do not have good food to eat like others, like Khmer people or Lao, or ”Barang‘ (literally French man, but used as a word for every foreigner), I am just Tampuan. I am small and our people will get smaller and smaller until we will disappear. Before we were happy to be smaller, because it was easier to climb into the tree to get the fruit from the tree, but nowadays we feel ourselves as very small people. We can not read and write and we do not have the alphabet, because it got eaten by the dog and we lost it. What should we do?‘ ”We do not have the energy and we don‘t have the power to change our lives. Other people are better than us. My husband is still alive, he is working in the field and he is a good husband, because he works hard on the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodian-German Forestry Project Phnom Penh Cambodia
    Cambodian-German Forestry Project Phnom Penh DEPARTMENT OF Cambodia German Technical Cooperation FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE An Assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia - Implications for the Development of a Forestry Extension Strategy - Jürgen Fichtenau Ly Chou Beang Nup Sothea Dy Sophy Phnom Penh, November 2002 DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE #40 Norodom Boulevard X Road 144, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel.: +(855) 23-213937 (Team Leader ) Tel/Fax.: +(855) 23- 210 340 ( Project Office ) E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected] - An assessment of ongoing Community Forestry Initiatives in Cambodia – - Fichtenau, Beang, Nup, Dy - November 2002 Table of Contents Page Executive summary 4 List of abbreviations 7 Acknowledgements 9 1 Introduction 10 2 Methodology of survey 12 2.1 General considerations 12 2.2 Selection of field sites to be visited 15 2.3 GIS generated Information 16 2.3.1 Determination of Extension Categories and Locations of CF Initiatives 16 2.3.2 Determination of 10 km buffer zones 18 2.4 Strengths and weaknesses of the study 19 3 Overview of Community Forestry Initiatives 21 3.1 General figures for 57 Community Forestry Initiatives 23 3.2 Summary data for 57 Community Forestry Initiatives and their 24 significance in the context of Cambodia's forest situation 4 Findings on selected details 25 4.1 CF Initiatives and their environment 25 4.1.1 Forest abundance and population 25 4.1.2 Forest condition and development goals 27 4.1.3 Summary of findings on environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Bulletin
    CONFERENCE BULLETIN International Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization and Multilingual Education in Ethnolinguistic Communities 1-3 July, 2008 Bangkok, Thailand -1- CONFERENCE BULLETIN International Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization and Multilingual Education in Ethnolinguistic Communities 1-3 July 2008 Bangkok, Thailand Printed by: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development Mahidol University ISBN: 978-974-8349-47-3 Printed at: Threelada Limited Partnership, Bangkok Tel. (662)462 0303 -2- PREFACE Since the 1st International Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization and Multilingual Education in 2003,1 increasing numbers of ethnolinguistic communities, NGOs, universities and governments in Asia and the Pacific have expressed interest in and /or begun implementing mother tongue-based multilingual education (MT-based MLE) programs for children and adults who do not speak or understand the language used in mainstream education. That trend now seems to be growing in Africa as well. Also during that time, there as been an increase in the number of efforts in many parts of the world to document, revitalize and sustain the heritage languages and cultures of non-dominant language communities through language development (LD) and language revitalization (LR) programs. In spite of these efforts, the purposes and benefits of language development, language revitalization and multilingual education are still not widely understood or accepted. Many LD, LR and MT-based MLE efforts remain quite weak and do not build on what has been learned through research and practice around the world. Clearly, more awareness-raising and advocacy are still needed. Also needed is more information about what works and what does not work in planning, implementing and sustaining strong LD, LR and MT-based MLE programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Music Mediation with Urban Khmer: Tampuan Adaptation and Survival
    Indigenous Music Mediation with Urban Khmer: Tampuan Adaptation and Survival Todd Saurman+ (U.S.A.) Abstract This paper describes some lowland/highland Khmer points of interconnection for indigenous Tampuan communities from the highland Northeast, Cambodia. Tam- puan community musicians respond constructively to a Siem Reap tourist cultural show that depicts their indigenous ethnolinguistic group. Tampuan musicians make trips to the urban center of Phnom Penh to represent themselves in a CD recording, a concert, and a TV program. I contend that some community members are expressing strong cultural values as they mediate with the national and urban culture in spite of a history of Khmerization efforts by lowland Khmer. A strong value of mediation reinforces highland desires to communicate with outsiders perceived as having great effect on highland everyday life. Meanwhile some urban Khmer who may mourn the loss of Khmer traditional culture and support its revival have demonstrated interest in the traditional cultures of Khmer highland communities as they possibly empathize with others perceived to be experiencing levels of alienation and marginalization similar to their own. Keywords: Cambodia, Indigenous, Music, Revitalization, Cultural Change, Mediation + Dr. Todd Saurman, Asia Area Coordinator for Ethnomusicology, SIL International. email: [email protected]. Indigenous Music Mediation with Urban Khmer – Tampuan Adaptation and Survival | 27 Introduction The Cambodian highland indigenous people are quite possibly the least likely group to come to mind when considering urban issues. Even though migration to Cambodia’s largest city, Phnom Penh, is rare, they do connect in some surprising ways. As Anna Tsing demonstrates in “In the Realm of the Diamond Queen”, so called marginalized indigenous groups, their marginalized subgroups (women in Tsing’s study), and apparent marginalized individuals (a “crazy” woman/ shaman) can be keenly aware of issues related to the national and international worlds of urbanites (Tsing, 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Providing Quality Education for Children with Disabilities in Developing Countries: Possibilities and Limitations of Inclusive Education in Cambodia
    Providing Quality Education for Children with Disabilities in Developing Countries: Possibilities and Limitations of Inclusive Education in Cambodia 発展途上国における障害児教育の提供 －カンボジアにおけるインクルーシブ教育の可能性と限界― DIANA KARTIKA Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Studies Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies Waseda University © 2017 Diana Kartika All Rights Reserved SUMMARY Located within the two fields of disability studies and education development, this empirical study sheds light on the forces facilitating and hindering the education and development of children with disabilities (CwDs) in a developing country context and seeks to provide a universal framework for examining the complexities of inclusive education. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory, this study analyses the influence of actors and processes in Cambodia at the bio-, micro-, meso-, exo-, and chrono-levels, on access and quality of education for CwDs. It then identifies ecological niches of possibilities that capitalise on the strengths of local communities, for effective and sustainable intervention in Cambodia. This study was conducted in Battambang, Kampot, Kandal, Phnom Penh, and Ratanakiri in February and July 2015. A total of 88 interviews were conducted with 119 respondents: 50 individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents at their homes, 19 focus group interviews were conducted with 50 teachers, and 19 individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with school directors in schools. Participatory observations were also carried out at 50 homes, 6 classes, and 19 schools. Secondary empirical quantitative data and findings from Kuroda, Kartika, and Kitamura (2017) were also used to lend greater validity to this study. Findings revealed that CwDs can act as active social agents influencing their own education; developmental dispositions have a direct relationship on this influence.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf IWGIA Book Land Alienation 2006 EN
    Land Alienation in Indigenous Minority Communities - Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia Readers of this report are also directed toward the enclosed video documentary made on this topic in October 2005: “CRISIS – Indigenous Land Crisis in Ratanakiri”. Also relevant is the Report “Workshop to Seek Strategies to Prevent Indigenous Land Alienation” published by NGO Forum in collaboration with CARE Cambodia, 28-20 March 2005. - Final Draft- August 2006 Land Alienation in Indigenous Minority Communities - Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia Table of Contents Contents............................................................................................................................. 3 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 4 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 5 Executive Summary – November 2004................................................................................. 6 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 8 Methodology...................................................................................................................... 10 The Legal Situation.............................................................................................................. 11 The Situation in January 2006 ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Evaluation of the Multilingual Education National
    INDEPENDENT EVALUATION OF THE MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION NATIONAL ACTION PLAN IN CAMBODIA ANNEXES – VOLUME II July 2018 – February 2019 Cambodia EVALUATION REPORT MAY 2019 Photo: Indigenous children mapping their experiences in multilingual education Photo Credit ©UNICEF Cambodia/2018/Jessica Ball EVALUATION REPORT Independent Evaluation of the Multilingual Education National Action Plan in Cambodia July 2018 – February 2019 Cambodia Authors: Jessica Ball and Mariam Smith, with support from Srom Bunthy, Srey Mao, Ka Nom, Thuk Bun, Cheun Kham Phin, Chab A and Pim Kheav Submitted to UNICEF Cambodia Country Office on 18 February 2019. Edited by Deirdre Smith in April-May 2019. MAY 2019 Independent Evaluation of the Multilingual Education National Action Plan in Cambodia INDEPENDENT EVALUATION OF THE MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION NATIONAL ACTION PLAN IN CAMBODIA (Volume II) © United Nations Children’s Fund, Phnom Penh, 2019 United Nations Children’s Fund P.O. Box 176 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 12201 [email protected] May 2019 The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Cambodia produces and publishes evaluation reports to fulfil a corporate commitment to transparency. These reports are designed to stimulate the free exchange of ideas among those interested in the study topic and to assure those supporting UNICEF’s work that it rigorously examines its strategies, results and overall effectiveness. The Evaluation of the Multilingual Education National Action Plan in Cambodia was prepared by Jessica Ball and Mariam Smith. Deirdre Smith edited the report. The evaluation was commissioned by UNICEF Cambodia on behalf of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. It was managed by a team led by Erica Mattellone (Evaluation Specialist, UNICEF) with support provided by Phaloeuk Kong and Saky Lim (Monitoring and Evaluation Officers, UNICEF), Nhonh Sophea (Education Specialist, UNICEF), Katheryn Bennett (Chief, Education, UNICEF), Tyler Henry (UNICEF Intern) and Elizabeth Fisher (Research and Evaluation Associate, UNICEF).
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia
    UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (76TH SESSION 2010) Submitted by Indigenous People NGO Network (IPNN) Coordinated by NGO Forum on Cambodia In cooperation with Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) February 2010 UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (76TH SESSION 2010) THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN CAMBODIA Submitted by Indigenous People NGO Network (IPNN) Coordinated by NGO Forum on Cambodia In cooperation with Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................2 2 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN CAMBODIA ..........................................................................................2 3 OVERALL LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................3 4 EDUCATION ...........................................................................................................................................4 5 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT...........................................................................................4 5.1 Forest Issues ...........................................................................................................................................5ry 5.2 Protected Areas..........................................................................................................................................6 5.3 LAND...............................................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia
    The NGO Forum on Cambodia is a membership organisation for local and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) working in Cambodia. It exists for information sharing, debate and advocacy on priority issues affecting Cambodia’s development. All NGO Forum projects seek to build NGO cooperation for advocacy by facilitating the activities of an NGO network. The Cambodian Human Rights Action Committee (CHRAC) is a coalition of 21 NGO members. It was created in Phnom Penh in 1994 by a group of local NGOs and associations working for the promotion and the respect of human rights, democracy and rule of law in Cambodia. Housing Rights Task Force (HRFT) is a coalition of 13 NGO members. It was created in Phnom Penh in 2003 by a group of International and National NGOs and associations working to prevent forced evictions and promote the housing rights in Cambodia. Contact: [email protected] February 2010 Photos Front Cover: Indigenous community scene in Ratanakiri, in the north east of Cambodia. The way of life and self-determination of indigenous peoples is seen to be serious threatened by land alienation. Back Cover: The upland farms of indigenous peoples in Ratanakiri. It would appear that land issues particularly impact indigenous women. Preface Subsequent to our government playing a pivotal with regard to natural resources. They are reporting role in ending civil war in Cambodia, the country that their lands are being removed, often with little has seen rapid development. NGO Forum, CHRAC or no consultation, that the forest resources they de- and HRTF are well aware of the difficultly in bringing pend on are being removed and the water resources about this amazing change – and also the problems they live by and rely on are being dammed or other- our nation still faces.
    [Show full text]
  • Socioeconomic Information Report: Populations Living in and Near Virachey National Park, Northeast Cambodia
    Page 1 of 39 Cambodia Proposed Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management Project Socioeconomic Information Report: Populations Living in and near Virachey National Park, Northeast Cambodia Submitted by Kara Page in cooperation with Chou Sophiak CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Population Figures for the Park and Surrounding Areas Figure 1. Food Production and Collection Calendar: Stages of Activity and Availability Table 2. Natural Resource-based Food Products in Swidden-Forest Systems Table 3. Non-food Subsistence Products I. Introduction I.A. Purpose of the Report I.B. Objectives of the Report I.C. Methods of Information Collection I.D. Issues in Information Collection for Virachey Area II. Socioeconomic Conditions of the People in the Virachey National Park (VNP) area II.A. Summary II.B. Demography Table 1. Population Figures for the Park and Surrounding Areas II.C. Subsistence Practices and Land Use II.D. Economy Table 3. Non-food Subsistence Products II.E. Cultural Issues and Conservation II.F. Land Tenure Page 2 of 39 II.G. Health II.H. Education II.I. Gender Issues II.J. Institutional Context III. Pressures on Local People and Park Natural Resources III.A. The Potential Impacts of Effective Park Management on Local Livelihoods III.B. External Pressures on Local Livelihoods and Park resources III.C. Social and Economic Factors that can Affect the ability (positively or negatively) of local groups to effectively participate in park and buffer zone management activities IV. Ethnic Minorities Development Plan IV.A. Legal Framework IV.B. Strategy for Local Participation IV.C. Development/Mitigation Activities IV.D.
    [Show full text]