- Bedrock Geology and Mineral Resources of Putnam County Indiana

By JOHN R. HILL, MICHAEL C. MOORE, and JOHN C. MACKEY

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SPECIAL REPORT 26

PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF INDIANA BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA: 1982 STATE OF INDIANA r Robert D. Orr, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES James M. Ridenour, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY John B. Patton, State Geologiat

For sale by Geological Survey. Bloomington, Ind. 47405 Price $2.00 Contents - Page Abstract .... . 1 Introduction ...... 1 Character of the landscape . 1 Physiography .2 Drainage ... .2 Glacial geology . .5 Bedrock geology .7 Structure .7 Stratigraphy . .8 Borden Group and Edwardsville Formation .8 Sanders Group ...... 8 Ramp Creek Formation .9 Harrodsburg Limestone 11 Salem Limestone • . 11 Blue River Group ...... 12 St. Louis Limestone .. 12 Ste. Genevieve Limestone 12 Paoli Limestone 13 West Baden Group 14 Bethel Formation 14 Beaver Bend Limestone 14 Sample Formation . 14 Reelsville Limestone . . 14 Elwren Formatio~ ... 14 Raccoon Creek Group and Mansfield Formation 15 Industrial minerals . . . . . 15 Limestone resources . . . 15 Beaver Bend Limestone 17 Paoli Limestone .... 17 Ste. Genevieve Limestone 17 St. Louis Limestone 18 Salem Limestone .. . 18 Harrodsburg Limestone 18 Production potential . 19 Sand and gravel resources 21 Clay and shale resources 24 Coal resources ...... 26 Literature cited ...... 27 Appendix - Measured sections 31

------~----..-----.-.--.- --­ Illustra tions Page r Figure 1 Map of Putnam County showing physiographic units .2 2 Map of Putnam County showing general distribution of Wisconsinan and IDinoian glacial deposits ...... 2 3 Map of Putnam County showing drainage network . . . . . 3 4 Map of Putnam County showing bedrock topography . 4 5 Map of Putnam County showing unconsolidated deposits . 6 6 Map of Indiana showing the eastern part of the IDinois Basin . 7 7 Columnar section of bedrock stratigraphic units exposed in Putnam County . 9 8 Map of Putnam County showing areal distribution of bedrock units . . . . 10 9 Photograph of the Ste. Genevieve Limestone at a large road cut east of Little Walnut Creek ...... 13 10 Map of Putnam County showing active (1982) and abandoned limestone and shale quarries ...... 16 11 Map of Putnam County showing subcrop and outcrop boundaries of the Blue River Group ...... 20 12 Map of Putnam County showing active (1982) and abandoned gravel pits and areas of relatively high potential for sand and gravel production 22 Tables Page Table 1 Chemical analyses in percent of thick units of high-calcium limestone in the Paoli and Ste. Genevieve Limestones of Putnam County ...... 18 2 Chemical analyses in percent of high-calcium limestone in the undiffer­ entiated Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones of Putnam County . . . . . 19 3 Mineralogic, textural, and ceramic analyses of clay and shale samples from Putnam County ...... 24-25

---...... ~~- - Bedrock Geology and Mineral Resources of Putnam County, Indiana

By JOHN R. HILL. MICHAEL C. MOORE, and JOHN C. MACKEY

Abstract growth are available industrial minerals: Bedrock units from the Mansfield Formation limestone, sand and gravel, and clay, which (Pennsylvanian) to the Edwardsville Forma­ provide such commodities as aggregate, tion (Mississippian) crop out throughout animal-feed additives, agricultural soil condi­ Putnam County. Their present distribution is tioner, high-calcium limestone, limestone and largely due to erosion and nondeposition. clay for cement raw material, roadway ballast. These rocks are on the northeast edge of the and fill. Rocks of Mississippian and Pennsyl­ lllinois Basin and dip westward about 25 feet vanian age, cropping out where the glacial per mile. Local structural anomalies, such as drift is thin, provide most of the potential small-scale monoclinal and synclinal features, industrial minerals in the county. Clays and punctuate the otherwise flat-lying strata in limestones come mainly from Mississippian some places. The Mississippian-Pennsylvanian rocks. Minor coal deposits are in the area of unconformity is evident in areas where the Pennsylvanian outcrop, and sand and gravel Mansfield Formation (Pennsylvanian) overlies are in the glacial drift. rocks as old as the Edwardsville Formation Field mapping of the bedrock was the basis (lower Middle Mississippian) and as young as of this study. Geologic contacts. at the group the Elwren Formation (lower Upper Missis.­ level. were first compiled on 71h-minute U.S. sippian). Geological Survey topographic quadrangle The minerals industry of Putnam County is maps. The demarcation of buried contacts based almost entirely on limestone. Five was verified wherever possible by information quarries produce limestone raw materials for from water-well drilling. seismic study. and Class A through C aggregate, pulverized petroleum-exploration drilling. Although the limestone, agricultural limestone, and cement. stratigraphic nomenclature applicable to this Sand and gravel from valley-train deposits of region was not changed. previous bedrock Wisconsinan age are the only other geologic mapping was considerably refined, especially commodities currently produced (1982). The along the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian contact. once-healthy clay-shale industry is now The discussion of the surficial and bedrock dormant, though moderately extensive depos­ geology that follows emphasizes identification its of both raw materials remain throughout and description of the bedrock units. The rest the county. Minor shows of fair-quality to of this report discusses the available industrial poor-quality coal are exposed along the minerals and their production potential. Pennsylvanian outcrop, but these deposits are not considered to be commercially valu~ble. Character of the Landscape The surface of the county is agreeably diversified, Introduction combining in a high degree the useful and agreeable, Putnam County is about midway between as rocky scenery, with romantic views of plain and Indianapolis and Terre Haute, two large woodland, rich in interest to the economist, all metropolitan communities that are expanding uniting to tell a long story, recorded on rock and into adjacent rural areas. Interstate 70 and plain, of the earth's past, laden with promises of the U.S. Highway 40 are critical in making this futUre. (Collett, 1880, p. 398) expansion possible. Essential to this rural 1

----... ~-... --­ 2 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA 1"--­

T 1 ~I I

T T· 15 15 N N

T T 14 14 N .., N

I T T 13 ) 13 N N

T T 12 12 N N R5W R4W R3W R5W R4W R3W

Figure 1. Map of Putnam County showing physio­ Figure 2. Map of Putnam County showing general graphic units. From Malott, 1922. distribution of Wisconsinan and Dlinoian glacial de­ posits. Modified from Malott, 1922.

PHYSIOGRAPHY Most of Putnam County is covered by glacial subdivision of the lllinoian drift sheet, called drift ranging in thickness from 0 to nearly the Crawford Upland (fig. 1), is characterized 200 feet where preglacial drainageways have by great diversity of surface form and relief. been filled. Bedrock outcrops, mostly along East of the Crawford Upland, Mississippian the major streams and their tributaries, are rocks form the westward-sloping Mitchell common, especially in the southern half of Plain (fig. 1). Although this limestone the county where the glacial drift thins. contains abundant solution features, sinkholes Three major physiographic areas (fig. 1) are and caves are uncommon in Putnam County. recognizable. Each of these areas is character­ ized by its typical landforms and general DRAINAGE surface topography. More than half of the Putnam County is drained by four major county, essentially from the Wisconsinan streams and their tributaries that belong to glacial margin (fig. 2) northward and east­ the Wabash River drainage basin. They are: ward, consists of gently rolling till plain, (1) Big Raccoon Creek in the northwestern which has major topographic relief due to part of the county and its tributaries covering postglacial stream erosion. Known as the Russell and Franklin Townships; (2) Big Tipton Till Plain (fig. 1), this area is typical of Walnut Creek, which, with its tributaries, is the landscape throughout most of central the major drainage system of the county; it Indiana. South and west of the Wisconsinan enters in Jackson Township and joins Mill margin lies the relatively thin Illinoian drift Creek in Washington Township to form the sheet (fig. 2). The bedrock topography has Eel River; (3) Deer Creek, which drains considerable surface extent in this area Marion and Warren Townships and part of because of the thin drift cover. The western Washington Township and debouches into CHARACTER OF THE LANDSCAPE 3

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------~~" OWE N 0 o 5 Miles 1~~~I'I-'I~I~~lrl--~--~1 o 5Km Figure 3. Map of Putnam County showing drainage network. 4 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA r

1 0 5 Miles ! ! ! t II I 1 0 3 4 5Km HI!!! I! I

Figure 4 • .Map of Putnam County showing bedrock topography. Contour interval is 50 feet. GLACIAL GEOLOGY 5 Mill Creek just above the confluence with Big terminal moraine (Qte, fig. 5). The till texture Walnut Creek; and (4) Mill Creek in Jefferson, is sandy loam to silty clay but is most Ooverdale, and Washington Townships; it typically loam. Intratill sand lenses occur - forms Cagles Mill Lake (a manmade reservoir) within both the ground moraine and end before it is joined by Deer Creek just above its moraine but are most common in the end merger with Big Walnut Creek. moraine. Present drainage approximates the pregla­ Sand and gravel deposits of valley-train cial drainage as illustrated in figures 3 and 4. origin in Wisconsinan outwash (Qgv, fig. 5) In the northwest corner of the county, where are found along parts of all major streams. drift is thickest, the present course of Big They provide the major source of sand and Raccoon Creek partly follows the buried gravel in the county. A discontinuous channel of its precursor. The valleys of Big northeast-southwestward-trending ice-channel Walnut Creek and its main tributary, Little fill (Qgk, fig. 5) traverses two and a half Walnut Creek, deviate only in minor detail sections in Floyd Township 31;2 miles from their preglacial counterparts. northwest of Coatesville. Man's alteration of the natural surface The lliinoian till (Qti, fig. 5) has been drainage includes damming Clear Creek in .assigned to the Jessup Formation (Wayne, floyd Township to produce Heritage Lake, 1963). Deeply weathered, the lliinoian till, constructing Cataract Lake on Mill Creek in like its Wisconsinan counterpart, came from a Ooverdale and Washington Townships, and northeastern source. Postdepositional erosion extensively rechanneling Mill Creek in Clover­ during both the Sangamonian interglacial dale Township where topography is subdued. interval and the Wisconsinan glacial interval Although there are no natural lakes in the reduced any exposed evidence of end-morain­ county, numerous artificial farm ponds and al features and thinned and subdued the flooded gravel pits dot the landscape. ground moraine. The few samples analyzed suggest that the Jessup Formation is textur­ Glacial Geology ally a loam. As stated above, two distinct glacial stages are Lacustrine deposits of lliinoian age (QsI, represented by till and other glacial (drift) fig. 5), covering several square miles in deposits: the Wisconsinan and the Dlinoian southern Cloverdale Township. are the rem­ Stages. By such till analyses as mineral nant of glacial Lake Quincy. These sediments provenance, magnetic susceptibility, and tex­ are predominantly silt, even well beneath the ture, the most recent Wisconsinan drift is loess cap. known to have been deposited by the Loess of varying thickness, where not Ontario-Erie Lobe of the Wisconsinan glacier. stripped by erosion, mantles the entire Wayne (1963) classified the Wisconsinan till county. It is thickest on the lliinoian drift and as the Center Grove Till Member of the thins abruptly to the northeast on the Trafalgar Formation. The Center Grove most younger Wisconsinan drift. The maximum commonly forms rolling ground moraine (Qt. thickness of loess is not expected to exceed 6 fig. 5), but in west-central Putnam County, it feet anywhere in the county, and the becomes the more prominent Shelbyville probable average thickness is less than 2 feet. 6 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA

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Figure 5. Map of Putnam County showing unconsolidated deposits. Modified from Gray and others, 1979. BEDROCK GEOLOGY 7

EXPLANATION f¥&ZF ------1 - Made and mOdified land

Silt, sand, and gravel Deposited by streams

M;Wif!Wl Gravel. sand, and silt Deposited as valley-train o Indianapolis

Gravel. sand. and some silt Deposited as ice-channel filf

Dune sand

Till Mostly loam tilf deposited as ground 50 Miles 1---,--'-...-----.-'\I moraine (at) and end moraine (ate) 75Km

Figure 6. Map of Indiana showing the eastern part Silt. clay. and fine sand of the Dlinois Basin. Deposited in lakes reversals are common (Gray, 1962). For example, Hutchison (1976) found that Till Pennsylvanian rocks in the Catlin-Mansfield Loam tilf deposited a8 ground moraine (at!) area dip to the southwest at an average of 35 and till-outwash complex (Otg) to 45 feet per mile and that local irregularities, such as anticlines, synclines, monoclines, basins, and domes, are super­ Bedrock imposed on the regional dip. Examples of these local structural anomalies are scattered throughout the county_ In a gully behind the Bedrock Geology Reelsville Methodist Church (NW%SE%NE% STRUCTURE NW% sec. 21, T. 13 N., R. 5 W., Reelsville Putnam County is on the northeast edge of Quadrangle), the Beaver Bend Limestone the Illinois Basin (fig. 6). The bedrock units forms a small waterfall in the creekbed. On that crop out in this part of Indiana dip the west side of the creek, the Beaver Bend westward about 25 feet per mile. But dips westward at about 20°. Just upstream, variations in steepness of dip and even dip the Beaver Bend floors the creek and dips 8 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA roughly southeastward. Though poorly ex­ Formation, and the Edwardsville Formation posed, the Sample Formation and the (Shaver and others, 1970, and Nicoll and Reelsville Limestone lie above the Beaver Rexroad, 1975). In Putnam County the oldest Bend in a similar manner. The structure is exposed rocks belong to the Edwardsville r apparently a small syncline with a northeast- Formation. Exposed Borden rocks attain southwestward-trending axis. thicknesses of 90 feet or more in Putnam Along the west side of Peter's Creek 1.6 County. miles southeast of Fincastle (SW1ANWIANE1A This report uses the stratigraphic definition NW1A sec. 36, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., Russellville of the Edwardsville given by Nicoll and Quadrangle), a large section of the Salem Rexroad (1975, p. 3). Those interested in Limestone crops out; it strikes N. 74.5° E. more information about the origin and and dips from 8° to 12° to the southeast. A evolution of the term Edwardsville Formation few hundred feet up the gully, near the are referred to Stockdale (1931, p. 220) and contact between the Salem and St. Louis Shaver and others (1970). Limestones, is a well-exposed zone of gray The Edwardsville of Putnam County is breccia composed of clasts of micrite and dominantly siltstones, shales, and sandstones chert cemented by sparry calcite. Similar (Appendix, Section 9). The siltstones are breccia zones resulting from anhydrite solu­ bluish gray to gray and thin bedded, contain tion and later collapse of overlying beds have fine-grained muscovite, and are generally been observed in the lower St. Louis. Whether noncalcareous. The shale units are gray and this is an example of collapse breccia is thin bedded. The sandstone units are conjectural, however, as anhydrite deposits generally brown, fine grained, massive, non- are not known in Putnam County. calcareous, and in places contain fossil molds. Also, in the NW1ANE1ASW1A sec. 29, T. 16 At some localities, the sandstone sequences N., R. 5 W., Russellville Quadrangle, large show crossbedding and current ripples, which limestone blocks of the St. Louis have been indicates, along with the overall sand-body tilted from the flat-lying beds beneath. The geometry. that the deposits are channel fills. cause of the tilting is unknown. A channellike deposit of coarse crinoid fragments in a sparry-calcite cement is in the STRATIGRAPHY SE1ANE1ASE1A sec. 1, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., The stratigraphic·interval discussed in this Russellville Quadrangle. The feature is pos­ report consists of all bedrock units that crop sibly biohermal. out in the county (iIg. 7) from the The Edwardsville Formation is at least 90 Edwardsville Formation of the Borden Group feet thick in Putnam County and possibly to the Mansfield Formation of the Raccoon much thicker. Where present, the Ramp Creek Creek Group. Descriptions of these units at Formation (Sanders Group) conformably their type localities, subordinate nomencla­ overlies the Edwardsville. Otherwise the ture, and correlation information are provided Edwardsville is unconformably overlain by in Shaver and others (1970), Hutchison the Mansfield Formation (for example, in the (1976), Gray (1962), Nicoll and Rexroad SE1ASE1ANE1A sec. 10, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., (1975), and Carr and others (1978). Although Russellville Quadrangle). There are excellent each formation encountered during field exposures of the Edwardsville Formation in reconnaissance of this study is discussed small stream valleys on the west side of Big separately, final mapping was done by groups Walnut Creek in sec. 6, T. 15 N., R. 3 W., (fig. 8). Roachdale Quadrangle.

BORDEN GROUP AND EDWARDSVILLE SANDERS GROUP FORMATION The Sanders Group (M2' fig. 8) originally As currently understood in Indiana, the included the Harrodsburg and Salem Lime­ Borden Group (M., fig. 8) comprises (in stones (Smith, 1965). In our report, however, ascending order) the New Providence Shale, the Ramp Creek Formation is considered to the Locust Point Formation, the Carwood be the base of the Sanders Group in accord

. --~-.... ----~ BEDROCK GEOLOGY 9

j:: TIME LLJ ROCK UNIT UNIT LLJ Lt... > != ~ - ~ ! Z III 0 :::> III ...J I 0- LLJ 0 0 J: « Z J: SIGNIFICANT 0 U ~ ~ f- FORMATION GROUP i.i: 0 ~ :J MEMBER LLJ 0­ LLJ J: 0- f­

:z - « '==----':;;;;;;;= :z r::. __ -:z « « 3:; 5 > 0 I'::.I'::':::.::~ -== ....J !P, to Mansfield Fm. Raccoon Creek >- ex: 1::.::==-= (I) ex: 130 :z 0 :z :::;: UJ a.. JIG... .. I :z Elwren Fm. « ~-:-:~7:~ I -ex: 0 Reelsville ls. UJ M. to ~::.:: Sample Fm. f- t:::::::-~'::::: West Baden (I) 70 Beaver Bend ls. :z UJ t:::-=-:_­ :r: f-­ Bethel Fm. ,_Iu « Paoli Ls. levias Spar Mountain - ~::;~"':':€5= A • A • Ste. Genevieve Ls. a.. 0 M3 to Fredonia Blue River 150 a.. :::r~•• :z .. I A: ~__ L St. Louis Ls. - «

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UJ (I) Salem Ls. >- I UJ M2 too~ • Sanders :::;: 120~r:: Harrodsburg Ls. (I) ....J ...... Ramp Creek Fm. C/) « .. > P.:="""":::"::::=:: - ~-:..:.;.::':== ~c-= ::::-:-:-.:.:..:.:.::-::::;::: :::;: 90 M, ~~.:-::::: Edwardsville Fm. Borden + :::-:=~:..::.:: ... ~~~. t-= .:-::=: ~=. Figure 7. Columnar section of bedrock stratigraphic units exposed in Putnam County. Modified from Gray and others, 1979. Map units refer to figure 8.

with Nicoll and Rexroad (1975). The Sanders RAMP CREEK FORMATION Group now consists (in ascending order) of The Ramp Creek Formation as used in this the Ramp Creek Formation, the Harrodsburg report follows the discussion of Nicoll and Limestone, and the Salem Limestone. The Rexroad (1975, p. 5). The early definition maximum thickness of the Sanders in this and regional correlations of the Ramp Creek area is about 120 feet. were provided by Stockdale (1929) and Shaver and others (1970). 10 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA

MONTGOMERY CO r

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Figure 8. Map of Putnam County showing areal distribution of bedrock units. Modified from Gray and others, 1979. BEDROCK GEOLOGY 11 is in the NE1,4NW1,4SE1,4 sec. 31, T. 16 N., R. 3 EXPLANATION W., Roachdale Quadrangle.

HARRODSBURG LIMESTONE - The Harrodsburg is recognized as defined by Raccoon Creek Group Nicoll and Rexroad (1975) for rocks between Shale. sandstone. limestone. clay, and coal the Salem Limestone and the Ramp Creek Formation. The term Harrodsburg was origi­ nally used in Indiana by Hopkins and West Baden Group Siebenthal (1897). Shale. sandstone.- and limestone The Harrodsburg of Putnam County is generally bluish-gray to gray thick-bedded bioclastic calcarenite or calcirudite. The upper z « beds are somewhat less coarse grained and a:: Blue River Group lighter in color than the lower beds, which a.. Mostly micritic. skeletal. and oolitic limestone US tend to be darker and coarser grained and (f) US contain variable amounts of chert. The upper (f) part of the formation contains thick beds.of ~ Sanders Group fenestrate-bryozoan coquina. In some locali­ Mostly coarse-grained limestone ties, the upper 15 feet of the Harrodsburg lithology appears identical to that of the Salem, which makes formational boundaries difficult to define. Borden Group The Harrodsburg Limestone is 30 to 40 Siltstone. shale. sandstone. and thin limestone feet thick in Putnam County and thickens slightly toward the southeast. Where the Harrodsburg is overlain by the Salem In Putnam County the Ramp Creek Limestone, the boundary is gradational. The Formation consists of interbedded dolosiltite unconformity between the Mansfield and the and limestone (Appendix, Section 9). The Harrodsburg can be seen in the NW1,4NE1,4 dolosiltite is blue gray to gray and thin NW1,4 sec. 25, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., Russellville bedded and contains finely divided muscovite. Quadrangle. An excellent exposure of the Scattered geodes are present but are less Harrodsburg Limestone is in an abandoned common than at the type section of the quarry in the NW1,4SE1,4 sec. 13, T. 14 N., R. 3 Ramp Creek in Monroe County. The lime­ W., Coatesville Quadrangle. stone units are dark gray with common ferruginous staining, coarse grained, and thin SALEM LIMESTONE bedded near the base but become thicker Use of the term Salem Limestone in Putnam bedded higher in the section. Some limestone County follows the commonly accepted beds are highly fossiliferous and contain definition of the Salem as those rocks that lie chert, glauconite, and commonly pyrite. The between the St. Louis Limestone .and the clasts are primarily crinoid columnals with Harrodsburg Limestone as originally proposed sparry calcite as the cementing agent. by Cumings (1901). Locally, the Ramp Creek is 20 to 30 feet Locally, the Salem is gray to light-gray thick. Individual units are traceable over a coarse-grained massive calcarenite composed limited areal extent, and in some places the of fossil fragments cemented by sparry calcite entire Ramp Creek Formation consists only (Appendix, Section 10). Other units in the of dolosiltite. Salem contain beds that are composed of The Ramp Creek is conformably overlain poorly sorted calcirudite, large whole macro­ by the Harrodsburg Limestone or unconform­ fossils, and, near the Salem-St. Louis bound­ ably by the Mansfield Formation. An example ary, intercalated beds of calcarenite, dismi­ of Ramp Creek lithologies in Putnam County crite, and some black chert (for example, in

..-~..-~~-.--.~-.-~--...--.-~..-~.--- 12 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA the NE1,4NW1,4NW1,4 sec. 20, T. 14 N., R. 4 W., bed is well exposed in the SlhNW1,4SE1,4NE1,4 Clinton Falls Quadrangle). sec. 21, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., Clinton Falls The Salem Limestone thins rapidly north- Quadrangle. ward in Putnam County, possibly as a result The St. Louis is between 80 and 90 feet of pre-St. Louis erosion or nondeposition. thick in the county and is overlain by the Ste. r The formation averages 50 feet in thickness in Genevieve Limestone or by the Mansfield the central part of the county, but it is only Formation. An example of St. Louis lime­ 13 feet thick at the Russellville Quarry near stone in Putnam County is at Vermillion Falls the Putnam-Montgomery county line. The in the NEIASWlj4NE1,4 sec. 36, T. 15 N., R. 5 contact between the Salem and St. Louis W., Clinton Falls Quadrangle (privately owned Limestones appears to be conformable, but land). the Mansfield-Salem contact is unconform­ able. STE. GENEVIEVE LIMESTONE The currently accepted description and BLUE RIVER GROUP stratigraphic position of the Ste. Genevieve As defined by Gray and others (1960), the Limestone, as discussed by Gray and others Blue River Group consists (in ascending (1960), Shaver and others (1970), and Carr order) of the St. Louis Limestone, the Ste. and others (1978), is used in this report. Genevieve Limestone, and the Paoli Lime­ In Putnam County the Ste. Genevieve stone. The Blue River Group is about 150 feet contains three recognizable members, which thick in Putnam County. are (in ascending order) the Fredonia Member, the Spar Mountain Member, and the ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE Levias Member (Appendix, Sections 5, 6, and The St. Louis Limestone as used in this report 8). The Fredonia Member is light-gray to follows the description by Pinsak (1957). white medium-bedded to massive biomicrite Discussions of the definition and correlation that also contains scattered beds of biosparite. of the St. Louis Limestone can be found in Throughout most of the outcrop belt of the Engelmann (1847), Ulrich (1904), and Shaver Blue River in Indiana, the Lost River Chert and others (1970). Bed marks the base of the Fredonia. In In Putnam County the St. Louis can be Putnam County. however. numerous chert divided into an upper part and a lower part beds within the underlying St. Louis Lime­ (Appendix, Sections 5 and 6). The upper part stone make differentiation by chert bed is gray thin-bedded micrite or biomicrite difficult. The Fredonia is between 9 and 14 containing much dark-gray chert in nodules or feet thick in Putnam County. beds. Parts of the upper unit are fossiliferous The dominant lithology of the Spar and contain many chert-replaced fossils (for Mountain Member· is crossbedded calcarenite example, in the NW1,4SW1,4NE1,4 sec. 28, T. 15 in which the allochems are oolites, quartz N., R. 5 W., Clinton Falls Quadrangle). grains, or rounded carbonate detritus. The Pelmicrite beds are also common and can framework is in a matrix of silt-sized calcite easily be confused with oolite beds of the grains and sparry calcite. The Spar Mountain overlying Ste. Genevieve Limestone. ranges from 4 to 7 feet in thickness in this The lower part of the St. Louis is gray to part of Indiana. tan and brown thin-bedded micrite. Beds of The Levias Member consists of gray thin- to dolomite, argillaceous limestone, and greenish medium-bedded micrite or biomicrite and calcareous shales are common; but the thin beds of shale. The top of the Levias is deposits of gypsum or anhydrite, which are marked by the BryantSville Breccia Bed, common in southwestern Indiana, are absent which is typically composed of 1 to 3 feet of from this area. A marker bed of orange angular to subangular clasts of micrite or macro crystalline porous dolomitic limestone chert in a calcite or silica matrix. The beds persists throughout the lower St. Louis in thin northward and are in only a few places Putnam County and is a key bed for north of T. 14 N. in Putnam County. Where it identifying stratigraphic position. This marker is not eroded, the unit is 16 to 29 feet thick. BEDROCK GEOLOGY 13 -

Figure 9. Photograph of the Ste. Genevieve Limestone at a large road cut east of Little Walnut Creek in the NE% sec. 27, T. 14 N., R. 5 W. Note the crossbed­ ding in the Spar Mountain Member (upper third of photograph).

The overall thickness of the Ste. Genevieve PAOLI LIMESTONE Limestone ranges from 28 to 48 feet on The Paoli Limestone as used in this report exposure; in the subsurface near Cloverdale, follows the definition of Shaver and others however, the Ste. Genevieve is more than 80 (1970). The term was originally applied to feet thick. A well-exposed section showing all Indiana rocks by Elrod (1899). three members (fig. 9) is in the SW%NW% Locally, the Paoli Limestone consists of an NE% sec. 27, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., Clinton Falls upper unit of white or light-gray medium­ Quadrangle, at a large road cut east of Little grained thin-bedded oosparite; a middle unit Walnut Creek. The Ste. Genevieve is para­ of calcareous thin-bedded white shale; and a conformably overlain by the Paoli Limestone lower unit of gray thin-bedded micrite or unconformably by the Mansfield For­ underlain by green calcareous shale (Appen­ mation. dix, Sections'l-3, 7, and 8). The formation is

---.--~---- 14 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA generally less than 15 feet thick and is absent Locally. the Beaver Bend is gray coarse­ in some places. The Paoli is conformably grained biosparite, oosparite, or biomicrite overlain by the Bethel Formation or uncon­ exposed in massive beds (Appendix, Sections formably by the Mansfield Formation. A 1-3), and it displays much superficial representative section is exposed in a gully in ferruginous red staining. The Beaver Bend r the N1hSE14NW14NW14 sec. 32, T. 13 N., R. 4 averages 7 to 12 feet in thickness but has been W., Reelsville Quadrangle. recognized in outcrops as thin as 1 foot. It is conformably overlain by the Sample Forma­ WEST BADEN GROUP tion or unconformably by the Mansfield Although the West Baden Group was fIrSt Formation. A typical exposure is in the defined by Cumings (1922), the usage of Gray SE14NW14SE14SW14 sec. 2, T. 12 N., R. 5 W., and others (1960) is followed here. The West Reelsville Quadrangle. Baden Group (M4' fig. 8) comprises (in ascending order) the Bethel Formation, the SAMPLE FORMATION Beaver Bend Limestone, the Sample Forma­ The Sample Formation as described by Gray tion, the Reelsville Limestone, and the Elwren and Perry (1956) has been adopted for this Formation. The outcrop of the West Baden report. The original definition of the Sample Group is as much as 70 feet thick in Putnam and later modifications can be found in Butts County. (1917), Cumings (1922), Gray and Perry (1956), and Shaver and others (1970). BETHEL FORMATION In Putnam County the Sample Formation The current usage ,of the Bethel is that of is dominated by dark-gray thin-bedded shale Shaver and others (1970) and applies to (Appendix, Sections 1-3). It is 4 to 16 feet Putnam County as well as other areas of thick and is overlain either conformably by outcrop in Indiana. The original definition the Reelsville Limestone or unconformably and correlation of the Bethel with other rocks by the Mansfield Formation. An example of can be found in Butts (1917) and Shaver and the Sample is exposed in the NE14SE14SW14 others (1970). NW14 sec. 2, T. 12 N., R. 5 W., Reelsville Dominantly dark-gray thin-bedded shale, Quadrangle. the Bethel Formation of Putnam County is capped by about 2. feet of hard fine-grained REELSVILLE LIMESTONE brown sandstone (Appendix, Sections 1 and The Reelsville Limestone was named by 2). Locally. beds of coal and micritic Malott (1919), and a type section was limestone nodules are intercalated with the designated in the WlhSE14NE14 sec. 21, T. 13 gray shale. N., R. 5 W., Reelsville Quadrangle, Putnam Formational thicknesses range between 5.5 County. At the type section, the Reelsville is and 18.0 feet. The Bethel is overlain either gray biomicritic ferruginous limestone. In conformably by the Beaver Bend Limestone many places it is sandy and thin bedded, and or unconformably by the Mansfield Forma­ in others it is a calcarenite (Appendix, tion. A typical exposure of the Bethel Sections 1-3). It is 1 to 5 feet thick and is Formation in Putnam County is in the overlain conformably by the Elwren Forma­ NE14NE14SE14NW14 sec. 2, T. 12 N., R. 5 W., tion or unconformably by the Mansfield Reelsville Quadrangle. Formation.

BEAVER BEND LIMESTONE ELWREN FORMATION The definition of the Beaver Bend Limestone The Elwren Formation as defined by Gray as introduced by Malott (1919) and modified and Perry (1956) applies to the youngest by Gray and others (1960) has been adopted Mississippian rocks exposed in Putnam for . this report. Putnam County is the County. The original definition of the Elwren northernmost area of outcrop of the Beaver can be found in Malott (1919) and Shaver and Bend in Indiana. others (1970).

------~ ..... -.~.--.-.~.~~ ...... ~ -~~...... -.~~...... ------­ INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 15 In Putnam County the Elwren is dominant­ Mississippian) and as young as the Elwren ly brown thin-bedded sandstone containing Formation (lower Upper Mississippian), relief scattered macrofossil molds (Appendix, Sec­ along the basal Mansfield contact with older tions 1 and 2). Thickness ranges from a foot rocks can be measured in tens of feet in a - or less to as much as 25 feet. The formation is square-mile area. In places the unconformity unconformably overlain by the Mansfield is marked by a quartz-pebble and chert Formation, but the contact is difficult to conglomerate (for example, in the NE1,4NW1,4 recognize because the two lithologies are NW1ANW1,4 sec. 4, T. 12 N., R. 5 W., similar. The Elwren is well exposed in the Russellville Quadrangle). SE1,4NW1,4NE1,4NW1,4 sec. 21, T. 13 N., R. 5 W., Reelsville Quadrangle. Industrial Minerals The geologic materials of potential economic RACCOON CREEK GROUP AND MANSFIELD value in Putnam County are industrial FORMATION minerals that are relatively abundant and The term Raccoon Creek Group (PI' fig. 8) widespread in their distribution. Local min­ was introduced by Wier and Gray (1961) as eral production includes limestone, clay, and part of the terminology used in the bedrock sand and gravel. The commercial value of mapping for the original Indianapolis 10 X 20 these deposits ranges from poor to excellent Regional Geologic Map. The group comprises and depends on such factors as lithologic (in ascending order) the Mansfield Formation, composition, lateral and vertical uniformity the Brazil Formation, and the Staunton of the geologic unit, water-table elevation, Formation. In Putnam County only rocks of thickness of overburden, and economic the Mansfield Formation are present; younger variables related to market demand and Pennsylvanian rocks are absent because of transportation costs. nondeposition and erosion. The combined output of six quarries and The definition of the Mansfield of Kottlow­ two gravel pits that comprised all industrial ski (1959) has been adopted for this report. minerals in Putnam County in 1977 was more The first designation of the name and its than 2,876,000 tons of limestone, shale, and correlation with other rocks can be found in sand and gravel at a market value in excess of Hopkins (1896) and Shaver and others $6,700,000. Ninety percent of that produc­ (1970). tion was from the limestone industry, and the The Mansfield of Putnam County is remaining 10 percent was from the clay and characteristically brownish-orange (on out­ sand and gravel industries. crop) coarse-grained massive quartz sandstone containing variable amounts of muscovite LIMESTONE RESOURCES (Appendix, Sections 1 and 2). The next most Limestone raw materials for such commodi­ abundant lithology is dark-gray to black ties as Class A through C aggregate, pulverized thin-bedded shale that in places is also limestone, agricultural limestone, and cement carbonaceous and contains muscovite. Lesser are produced at five quarries in the county amounts of siltstone, underclay, and coal and (fig. 10). Stone passing the state requirements siderite beds are also found. Limestones and of abrasion and soundness loss and deleteri­ dolomites characteristic of the Mansfield in ous-material content for Class A aggregate is other parts of Indiana are not found in quarried at four localities. Pulverized lime­ Putnam County. . stone, which is used mostly in preparing The Mansfield is a few feet to as much as animal feeds, is manufactured by the France 130 feet thick in southwestern Putnam Stone Co. at Greencastle. Agricultural lime, a County. This range in thickness results from byproduct of nearly all limestone-preparation local relief along the unconformity and from plants, is common to each of the five postdepositional erosion. Because the Mans­ currently active plants. Lone Star Industries is field unconformably overlies rocks as old as one of four remaining cement producers in the Edwardsville Formation (lower Middle Indiana and is the only one in Putnam

---_.-_... --._.. _--.. _. __... __.-­ 16 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY,INDIANA

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10 II 12

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27 26 2.

34 3. 36

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Figure 10. Map of Putnam County showing active (1982) and abandoned limestone and shale quarries. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 17 calcium limestone could make subsurface EXPLANATION mining a profitable addition to or a substitute Quarry for the open quarry, especially in areas where problems of the environment and of quarry­ - Abandoned quarry ing efficiency exist.

Area where drift thickness is BEAVER BEND LIMESTONE 50 feet or less. Dashed lines ind icate inferred boundaries. The Beaver Bend Limestone averages between 7 and 12 feet in thickness but can be as thin as 1 foot and pinches out north of o 5 Miles ~... I,-----,-_--,-_-,----,I Greencastle. Although the unit is suitable as a 5 Km source of Class A aggregate, it is not commonly quarried because it is too thin and is bounded above and below by shales of the Sample and Bethel Formations. County. For the reader interested in more background information concerning the PAOLI LIMESTONE cement, clay and shale, crushed-stone, and From 0 to 15 feet thick, the Paoli Limestone high-calcium limestone industries, the follow­ is similar in appearance and composition to ing publications can be obtained from the part of the underlying Ste. Genevieve Publications Section, Indiana Geological Sur­ Limestone, and north of U.S. Highway 40, vey, 611 North Walnut Grove, Bloomington, the two formations cannot be readily IN 47405: "Cement Raw Material Resources distinguished from one another..The Paoli of Indiana" (Bulletin 42-K) by L. F. Rooney Limestone is considered a potential source of and D. D. Carr; "Clay and Shale Resources of high-calcium limestone (Carr and others, Indiana" (Bulletin 42-L) by G. S. Austin; 1978) as well as Class A aggregate. A "Crushed Stone Aggregate Resources of thin-bedded shale occurs within the Paoli, and Indiana" (Bulletin 42-H) by D. D. Carr, R. R. a greenish calcareous shale is at the base of French, and C. H. Ault; and "High-Calcium the formation on outcrop. The Paoli is not Limestone and High-Magnesium Dolomite quarried separately from the Ste. Genevieve Resources of Indiana'~ (Bulletin 42-B) by anywhere in Putnam County at present, nor is L. F. Rooney. it likely to be unless limited quantities of Limestone is produced (1982) from several aggregate are needed in an area where the Mississippian stratigraphic levels ranging from Paoli is at or near the surface. the Beaver Bend Limestone through the Harrodsburg Limestone. Although a thin STE. GENEVIEVE LIMESTONE section of Beaver Bend (about 10 feet) is The Ste. Genevieve Limestone ranges from 28 being removed at two of the quarries (France to 48 feet in thickness on outcrop but attains Stone Co. and Lone Star Industries) and the thicknesses of nearly 70 feet in the subsurface Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones (about 22 (Appendix, Section 10) and where it is feet) are being quarried at the Russellville exposed in the quarry of the France Stone Stone Co., most of the limestone is being Co. at Cloverdale and in quarries of Lone Star removed from the Blue River Group, Industries and Martin Marietta Aggregates. particularly the Paoli and Ste. GenEwieve Three distinct members are recognized in the Limestones. Ste. Genevieve. (See p. 12.) From the top the Future production of limestone will, of Ste. Genevieve ranges from medium-bedded course, depend heavily on market demand to massive biomicrite through coarse-bedded and production and shipping costs. Accessi­ oolitic limestone to thin- to medium-bedded bility, chemical and lithblogic purity of micrite or biomicrite containing numerous reserves, and efficiency of future mining and shale beds. Deleterious chert is in both the quarrying techniques will also determine later upper and lower parts of the formation. trends in the local limestone industry. New Except for the cherty zones, the Ste. markets for such a commodity as high- Genevieve is suitable as Class A aggregate.

------.. ~-~~.~------_....._- - --­ 18 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA Thble 1. Chemical analyses in percent of thick units of high-calcium limestone in the Paoli and Ste. Genevieve Limestones of Putnam Countyl 2 Location Thickness CaC03 (ft) + Caco3 MgC03 Si02 Al20 3 Fe203 r Sec. T. R. MgC03 20 14N 4W 16 95.9 95.0 .88 2.98 .42 .28 14 13N 4W 14 96.4 95.5 .90 2.64 .88 .19 17 13N 4W 14 97.2 96.5 .67 2.19 .17 .21 17 IaN 4W 34 95.8 95.1 .68 8.25 .82 .22 21 13N 5W 11 96.1 95.5 .62 2.58 .46 .57 24 13N 5W 18 96.2 95.6 .58 2.85 .89 .81 24 18N 5W 13 95.6 95.0 .63 8.14 .53 .26 1 12N 4W 21 96.4 95.5 .94 2.38 .49 .28

lModified from Carr and others, 1978, p. 25. ~ickness refers to the total interval of stone in the exposure that is 95 percent or more calcium carbonate.

Laboratory tests of eight samples reported by in the northwestern part, the Salem lime­ Carr and others (1978) indicate that the Ste. stone is typically coarse-grained calcarenite Genevieve (along with the Paoli) is a potential composed of fossil fragments that are source of high-calcium limestone (table 1), cemented by sparry calcite. The Salem is a especially the oolitic Fredonia Member. good source of high-calcium limestone as Cement is also manufactured from Ste. illustrated by two samples of the unit that Genevieve rocks at the Lone Star Industries were chemically analyzed (table 2) by the plant. At the France Stone Co. near Indiana Geological Survey (Rooney, 1970, p. Greencastle, rocks including the Ste. Gene­ 10). The results, though certainly not vieve are trucked in from elsewhere in the representative of the entire Salem in the county and pulverized, mostly for animal county, indicate that the calcium carbonate feeds. content should run at least 95 percent. As elsewhere in the state, most of the Salem ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE Limestone is not well suited as a source of The St. Louis Limestone, which is as much as Class A aggregate because it fails the abrasion 90 feet thick in Putnam County, is composed and soundness-loss tests. An exception, dominantly of upper and lower thin-bedded however, is the Salem facies quarried at the micrites. The upper micrite is also character­ Russellville Stone Co. At that location the ized by much chert and the lower micrite by Salem is fine-grained calcarenite that is dense dolomite, argillaceous limestone, and shale. and hard and therefore is a good source of Because of the extensive ball and bedded Class A aggregate. Because this localized facies chert in the upper St. Louis and the shale in of the Salem also takes an excellent polish, the lower part, the formation is npt suitable these rocks are a potential source of such as Class A aggregate, nor is it considered to be decorative-stone products as window sills and a source of high-calcium limestone. Also, the small ornamental objects. chert damages crushing equipment. Possible uses for the St. Louis include subbase fill and HARRODSBURG LIMESTONE riprap materials. The Harrodsburg Limestone averages between 30 and 40 feet in thickness. It is typically SALEM LIMESTONE thick-bedded bioclastic calcarenite. The upper Ranging in thickness from nearly 60 feet in part tends to be finer grained than the the central part of Putnam County to 13 feet underlying part. The lower part also contains INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 19 Table 2. Chemical analyses in percent of high-calcium limestone in the undifferentiated Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones of Putnam County!

Thick­ Caco Location 2 3 Measured section ness + Caco 3 MgC03 SiOz Ah 0 3 Fe203 S P20 S - Sec. T. R. (ft) MgC03 Ohio and Indiana Stone Co. quarry floor NWl,4 (core) 29 14N 4W 57 97.8 96.5 1.38 1.47 0.12 0.19 0.09 0.032

Keeney (Spencer, Grimes) SE1.4 quarry face 28 16N 5W 18 96.7 95.7 0.96 2.55 0.27 0.25 0.05 0.033

lModified from Rooney, 1970, p. 10. ~ickness refers to the total interval of stone in the exposure that is 95 percent or more calcium carbonate.

chert. Like the Salem, most of the Harrods­ north along strike, the best quarry sites for burg of Putnam County is unsuitable as Class depositional thickness are most likely in the A aggregate, partly because of the low density southern third of the county. The thickest of the formation and its later susceptibility to known section of the Paoli and the Ste. high abrasion losses. Chert further contributes Genevieve is in the subsurface near Ooverdale to its unsuitability as Class A aggregate. The (Appendix, Section 10), where these forma­ Harrodsburg is, however, a potential source of tions are nearly 100 feet thick. Much of the chemically pure high-calcium limestone and variation in thickness of Blue River rocks is could be quarried or mined along with the due, however, to erosion along the Mississip­ Salem for that purpose (table 2). pian-Pennsylvanian unconformity. At the Harris Stone Service quarry (sec. 15, T. 15 N., PRODUCTION POTENTIAL R. 4 W.), for example, the Paoli Limestone is The best prospects for limestone production absent and the Ste. Genevieve is only 11 feet are those areas where rocks of the Blue River thick. And so prediction of Blue River Group are at or near the surface. Accessibility thickness (or that of any of the Mississippian of the Paoli and Ste. Genevieve Limestones formations down to the Edwardsville) is not depends, besides overburden thickness, largely reliable without subsurface control. on local and regional dip of the strata and the Regional dip and surface topography are extent of erosion along the Mississippian­ the major factors that determine the depth at Pennsylvanian unconformity. At some locali­ which a given formation is encountered. While ties, subsurface mining of the Blue River surface topography is an extremely variable Group and possibly the Sanders Group may factor, the effect of regional dip on the be practical and even preferable to conven­ elevation of the St. Louis-Ste. Genevieve tional quarrying techniques. contact, for example, is clearly illustrated The area of subcrop (and isolated outcrop) when the regional dip between the quarries of of the Blue River Group covers about 40 the Manhattan Stone Co. and the Ohio and percent of Putnam County. Only a quarter of Indiana Stone Corp. is compared. The this area is overlain by less than 50 feet of distance between these two quarries (meas­ glacial drift (fig. 11). Most of the readily ured normal to the regional strike) is 4.25 exploitable reserves are in Madison, Green­ miles. At a regional dip of 25 feet per mile castle, Washington, Warren, Jefferson, and (see p. 7) to the west-southwest, a bedrock Ooverdale Townships. As notable thinning of contact should be 106 feet lower .at the the Paoli and the Ste. Genevieve occurs to the Manhattan quarry than at the Ohio and 20 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA

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~~~- ...... -_...... ~~~~~~~~~------INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 21 Indiana quarry. Actual measurement of the tors inherent in quarry operations are largely elevation of the Ste. Genevieve-St. Louis overcome in underground mining, and the contact at the two quarries indicates that this resulting excavation may afford a variety of contact is 99 feet lower at the Manhattan valuable uses, such as storage facilities, office - quarry, a figure that is reasonably close to the space, and air-raid shelters. predicted value. (6) Drift mines in the sides of quarries According to Rooney and Carr (1971, p. require little extra expenditure of capital. 8), "the most important fact about under­ Some disadvantages to underground mining ground mining of limestone is that it is done. to are: Numerous factors are influential in deciding (1) Unstable, structurally weak roof rock. whether limestone will be mined or quarried. Joints, solution ways, shale partings, and low All of these factors may be reduced to the rock strength contribute to potential roof major one of cost-effective production of the failure. commodity. (2) Flooding by ground water. If the mine Whether underground mining of limestone is at or below the water table, expensive will ever be undertaken in Putnam County is measures to ensure safe and dry working highly conjectural, especially considering the conditions must be undertaken. Excavation of ever-rising costs of such operations, the in-mine sumps, drainage-conduit placement, abundant supply of quarried stone in the and the use of high-volume pumps could run county, and increasingly restrictive federal an expensive operation into the red. regulations on mining procedures. Some (3) Present mining laws require room~to­ potential advantages, however, could make pillar ratio of 1:1 throughout the mine. This subsurface mining an attractive alternative to requirement results in an effective loss of 40 quarrying. These include: percent of the reserves. But where reserves are (1) In areas where'the Paoli-Ste. Genevieve nearly unlimited, this is a small factor. section is covered by sufficiently thick (4) Shaft mines require large initial bedrock that is considered largely waste and expenditures of capital before the removal of would have to be stripped and discarded in a any rock. quarry operation, tunneling beneath such bedrock to the desired formation could be SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES advantageous. This also- applies in areas where Active sand and gravel production and high-calcium limestone of the Salem Lime­ development potential in Putnam County are stone is overlain by the chert-laden St. Louis modest. Only three gravel pits are operating Limestone. Using the St. Louis is expensive (fig. 12) in the county (1982). The combined because it damages crushing equipment. annual production for two of them is less Therefore, mining the Salem and maintaining than 120,000 tons (1977 figures). Future a roof of the St. Louis could solve the sand and gravel production is likely to be near problem. a clearly defined market and will probably be (2) Underground mining, particularly of in valley-train or reworked outwash deposits chemically pure limestone, avoids contamina­ along major streams and their tributaries. tion of the product common to surface­ Deposits of sand and gravel are primarily removal techniques. on and beneath the flood plains of Big (3) Underground mining permits. year­ Raccoon, Big Walnut, and Mill Creeks and the round production with uniform temperature Eel River. These deposits are chiefly valley­ and moisture. (Temperatures generally range train sequences emplaced by meltwaters of between 55° and 59°F.) the waning Wisconsinan ice sheet. The (4) Selective removal of specific beds and valley-train sediments have been reworked by zones of high-purity rocks or particularly recent drainage, which now occupies flood­ durable stone within a given unit is possible in ways established by the glacial meltwaters. In subsurface mining, but in quarry operations a1) but a few isolated localities, the valley­ such selectivity may not be practical. train sand and gravel is covered with varying (5) The objectionable environmental fac­ thicknesses of Holocene alluvium. Other sand

~-----­ ---~--­ ---- COUNTY, INDIANA 22 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM

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14 13

20 21 22

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OWEN CO gravel pits and areas of relatively high potential Figure 12. Map of Putnam County showing active (1982) and abandoned for sand and gravel production. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 23" Sampling of the gravel deposits at this locality EXPLANATION is not possible because aggregate is being x Gravel pit removed from a section that is under water. Four grab samples were taken from the pit - X Abandoned gravel pit face of the Bainbridge Sand and Gravel pit and analyzed for grain-size distribution and Area of relatively high mineralogy. It is apparent from these analyses potentia I for sand and and a general inspection of sediment distribu­ gravel production tion in the pit that the exposed part of the valley train at this locality is dominantly a o 5 Miles ! I quartz-rich sand of coarse to medium texture. o 5Km Coarse gravel and some cobbles are in poorly I I sorted layers that also contain abundant coarse sand but account for about a tenth or less of the total deposit. The mineralogy of and gravel bodies of possible valley-train the gravel is primarily limestone and dolo­ origin and of probable lllinoian age are along mite. Metamorphic and igneous rocks are next the valley walls of Eel River and Big Walnut in abundance. Chert, which is potentially Creek in Washington Township. These depos­ deleterious, is in both the gravel and the its are patchy in areal distribution, but they coarse sand. also are locally extensive as illustrated by an Sampling and inspection of an lllinoian exposure in the abandoned gravel pit in the outwash deposit exposed at an inactive gravel SEIANEIASWIA sec. 34, T. 13 N., R. 5 W., pit in the SEIANEIASWIA sec. 34, T. 13 N., R. where a 40- to 50-foot face of weakly 5 W. (fig. 12), indicate that the pit-face cemented graded sand and fine-grained gravel materials at this locality are mostly a medium was worked recently (before 1980). The quartz sand and account for 70 to 80 percent lllinoian valley train, deposits which occupy of the exposed sediments. Fine gravel, in elevated terraces, has an advantage to minor amounts, is composed mainly of producers over lower lying Wisconsinan sand quartz, chert, limestone, and dolomite. Nearly and gravel units. The valley-train deposits are all sediments in the pit face are in well-sorted above the water table ~nd therefore afford a layers that are moderately to strongly relatively dry product with year-round acces­ cemented with secondary calcium carbonate. sibility. The secondary calcareous cement that The outwash at this locality appears to be a is commonly present, however, is not a terrace remnant of lllinoian valley-train origin desirable property of these sediments, because that escaped postdepositional late Wiscon­ in some places disaggregation and screening sinan and Holocene erosion. Other similar operations can be hindered. lllinoian outwash deposits are at isolated A ridge of sand and gravel that trends localities along Eel River and the southern northeast-southwestward across secs. 27 and reaches of Big Walnut Creek, but the exposure 34, T. 15 N., R. 3 W., has provided a source discussed above is the largest and best of aggregate from nearly a dozen gravel pits example of pre-Wisconsinan outwash known (fig. 12), although no pits are currently in Putnam County. (1982) being operated in the area. This Future exploitation of sand and gravel is feature is probably an esker or other fill of a possible along parts of Raccoon, Big Walnut, subice channel. and Mill Creeks (see fig. 12), but the most All three currently active sand and gravel extensive deposits are in secs. 28, 29, 33, and pits in Putnam County, two of which are A 34, T. 12 N., R. 5 W., and secs. 4 and 9, T. 12 and C Enterprises, Inc. (NEIASEIA sec. 29, T. N., R. 5 W. In northern Putnam County, the 13 N., R. 5 W.) and Bainbridge Sand and valley train along Raccoon Creek in sees. 22 Gravel (NEIASEIA sec. 7, T. 15 N., R. 3 W.), and 23, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., appears to offer the are mining Wisconsinan valley-train deposits best potential sand and gravel production. (fig. 12) along Big Walnut Creek. Removal The esker in secs. 27 and 34, T. 15 N., R. 3 operations at A and C Enterprises consist of a W., has provided aggregate from nearly a single dredge operating in Big Walnut Creek. . dozen small pits. Consisting mostly of poorly

----...--..--...~-~...... --.. ------..-~~--.~-. ------..--...- ..~..---~ -- ---­ 24 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA Table 3. Mineralogic, textural, and ceramic analyse;

Location Mineralogic analysis (pct) Sample Thickness No. (ft) Sec. T. R. nUte Chlorite Montmorillonite Kaolinite Mixed laye! r S11 W1hSWVtSEVt 22 14N 5W 1 53 11 -_..- 34 2

S2 W1hSWVtSEVt 22 14N 5W ? 33 --- -...... 59 8

S3 WlhSWVtSEl,4 22 14N 5W 1 45 8 Trace 33 14

S4 NWVtSEl,4NWVt 21 13N 5W 2 36 8 1.0 37 18

S5 NWVtSEl,4NWVt 21 13N 5W 5 36 11 Trace 32 21

S6 SEVtSEVtNWl,4 13 12N 5W 3.5 40 13 1.0 27 19

S7 SEl,4SEVtNWVt 13 12N 5W 2 27 0 1.0 63 9

W_12 SEl,4SWVt 14 12N 5W 2 _...... ------­ ...... W-2 NWVtSWVt 13 12N 5W 2 ------_......

W-3 SEVtSWVt 11 12N 5W -..... _...... - --- -­

W-4 NWl,4SWVt 13 12N 5W 3 ---.. --- ....,..... ------­

W·5 NWVtSWVt 13 12N 5W ...... ---- ...... _-- --- ......

W-6 11 13N 4W ------...... ------­

3 HM_1 SEl,4 18 13N 4W 20 30 5 -- 5 HM-2 SEVt 18 13N 4W 35 20 5 ---- Trace

lSamples collected by Nelson R. Shaffer of the Indiana Geological Survey. 2Samples taken by Whitlatch (1929).. 3Samples taken by Harrison and Murray (1964).

sorted sand and gravel, this deposit may still currently (1982) limited to the Bethel be a limited source of aggregate. Formation that is providing the clay and shale needed by· Lone Star Industries, Inc_, for CLAY AND SHALE RESOURCES manufacturing cement. As of mid-1982, there Use of clay and shale in Putnam County is were no known producers of brick and INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 25 of clay and shale samples from Putnam County

Texture (pet) Firing Volatile Fired i shrinkage loss porosity Fired color Remarks - Sand Silt Clay (pct) (pct) (pct)

13 23 64 .._...... -- ...­...... -----...... Light-gray weathered underclay just below Mans- field coalbed. 21 38 41 -----­ ...... _-_.. _.. _-­ --­ Grab sample of highly weathered shale; covered interval above Mansfield coal. 18 44 38 ...... -_.._-­ ----­ --­ Highly weathered gray to brown shale atop sandstone cliffs above streambed.

23 26 51 ...... _...... ­ _..._...... Dark-gray shale of Reelsville Fm. or Sample Fm. on west side of ravine below drainage entry.

6 49 45 ...... ­ ...... --­ Green-gray shale above Beaver Bend Ls. in ravine behind Reelsville Church. 16 43 41 .._...... _...... --.. ----­ ...... Underclay below Mansfield coal at northwest side of Cagles Mill spillway.

34 19 47 ----...... -...... _...... _.....­ ...... ­ Shale below Mansfield coal at northwest side of eagles Mill spillway. -­ --­ --­ 2.08 5.30 14.0 Light gray Medium-quality bisque; moderate refractoriness. ---­ -­ --­ 2.08 5.70 18.3 Near white Excellent hard strong ware of beautiful appear­ ance.

...... --­ .....-­ 8.33 5.80 1.0 High shrinkage requires use of grog if clay is used for ceramics. --­ --­ -_.... 2.08 8.00 15.2 Red Sample taken at confluence with Mill Creek; fair to poor quality; suited for bricks only.

...... --­ --­ 2.08 6.40 19.3 Light gray; Sample taken 1,000 ft downstream from W-2 on speckled same outcrop; good-quality yellowware obtain­ able from this clay. ------_e .... 4.16 6.10 11.1 Tannish gray From State Farm; results in fired product of good quality and free from defects.

------...... - 9.4 27.50 23.4 Brown Fair plasticity, softer than steel...... _...... --...... ------...... ""...... --­

ceramic products in Putnam County. Modest Whitlatch (1929, p. 72) stated more than supplies of good-quality to fair-quality Penn­ 50 years ago: "The available clay deposits of sylvanian shales and underclays and thin shale commercial importance are few in Putnam formations of Mississippian age have limited County, as such clays do not occur in potential for making clay products. abundance in a limestone area." Perhaps the 26 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PlITNAM COUNTY, INDIANA best known, and certainly the most exten- County (Whitlatch, 1929). Laboratory analy­ sively exploited, clay-shale deposit in the ses of Whitlatch's samples (table 3) included county is that exposed on the Indiana State general ceramic properties, such as color. Farm at Putnamville. In 1917 the State shrinkage, cone tests, loss of volatiles, Geologist, W. N. Logan, made a survey of the porosity, and specific gravity. In 1964, in a farm to determine if there were industrial report on clay and shale in Indiana, Harrison minerals on the property (Whitlatch, 1933). and Murray included detailed laboratory Because of his findings and later recommenda- analyses of two samples from a shale unit in tions, a quarry was opened on the farm, and the Mansfield Formation in Putnam County clay and shale were removed and processed by (table 3). Samples of underclays and shales the inmates into brick, draintile, building tile, collected during mapping for our study were and floor tile. Other rock products unrelated analyzed for clay mineralogy and texture. to ceramic manufacture also came from the Ceramic properties were not analyzed because quarry. The State Farm continued to produce the only known deposit of sufficient quality these commodities until 1972, when the brick and size to be a suitable source for clay and ceramic works stopped operation. This products was on state-owned land at Cagles ended an era of unique service both to the Mill Spillway (table 3). inmates of the farm and to local residents Results of the various sample tests and who used the products made by them. field-mapping information show that the Although there may have been other small Pennsylvanian underclays apparently are the brick and ceramic plants in the county, the best sources of clay. One of the more operation at Putnamville is the only one of promising clay-shale exposures reportedly record. crops out in the NW%SW% sec. 13, T. 12 N., Not all users of clay and shale are R. 5 W., along the valley wall of a stream concerned with the ceramic properties of below an abandoned coal mine (Whitlatch, these commodities. Lone Star Industries, for 1929, p. 74-75). The underclay from this example, uses the shale in the Bethel particular outcrop is capable of producing Formation to supply silica and alumina, strong ware of fine quality (Whitlatch, 1929, compounds essential to manufacturing p. 75). In general, the clay-shale deposits in cement. About 20 percent of Lone Star's and under the Mansfield Formation, especial- required clay comes from the Bethel Forma- ly in the areas just west and north of Cataract tion; the rest is brought into the county. Lake, have the greatest potential as commer- Potential sources for clay and shale are dally exploitable sources of raw material for Pennsylvanian underclays and shales of both manufacturing bricks and ceramics. The most Pennsylvanian and Mississippian age (for likely sources of shale are in the Bethel and example, the Mansfield, Sample, and Bethel Sample Formations, which crop out in some Formations). Local glacial deposits, some areas mapped as the West Baden Group. (See moderately rich in clay, are generally not fig. 8.) It should be remembered that erosion considered suitable raw material for ceramic of Mississippian rocks before the Mansfield products or brick because of relatively high Formation was deposited has left only a concentrations of calcium carbonate through- relatively small part of the lower Chesterian out the clay. The lacustrine sequence of sequence, which includes the West Baden IDinoian age that covers part of Cloverdale Group. Township (for example, NE% sec. 33, T. 12 N., R. 4 W.) may be a limited potential source COAL RESOURCES of low-grade ceramic material because the Lenses and pods of coal occur throughout upper' parts of these sediments are likely to much of the Mansfield Formation, but coal have been leached' of carbonates since they deposits in Putnam County are too limited to were deposited. be of much commercial value. Coal is not In 1928 George Whitlatch conducted a currently (1982) being mined in the county, clay-shale sampling program of various locali­ although small private mines may be operated ties in Indiana, including six in Putnam sporadically for home-heating fuel. LITERATURE CITED 27 Most of the coals in Putnam County are The limited thickness, lack of areal discontinuous lenses dispersed throughout the continuity, and generally poor quality of the Mansfield Formation, and most of these coals indicate that there are no reserves - lenses are underlain by thin clay deposits. The suitable for large-scale mining in the county. geometry and distribution of these coals Coal will probably be used only as a heating suggest coalification of small isolated swamp fuel. deposits as the likely form of origin. Few of the coalbeds are more than 2 feet thick, and Literature Cited fewer still can be traced more than a few Austin, G. S. hundred feet along any given horizon. 1975 . Uay and shale resources of Indiana: Chemical analyses of five samples from Indiana Geol. Survey, Bull. 42-L, 40 p., some of the more extensive coals (Hill, 1980) 2 pis., 13 figs. indicate sulfur content as high as 9.8 percent Butts, Charles at one locality in the SWlJ4SElJ4 sec. 22, T. 14 1917 - Descriptions and correlations of the Missis­ N., R. 5 W., and as low as 1.51 percent in the sippian formations of western Kentucky: coal at the Cagles Mill Spill way dam. The Kentucky Geol. Survey, 119 p., 28 pIs. average sulfur content for the five samples is Carr, D. D., French, R. R., and Ault, C. H. 4.67 percent, well within the range of 1971 - Crushed stone aggregate resources of high-sulfur coals. Heat values of the coal Indiana: Indiana Geol. Survey BUll. 42-H, samples range from a low of 8,885 Btu for the 38 p., 2 pis., 7 figs., 3 tables. coal at the shale pit on the Indiana State Carr, D. D., Leininger, R. K., and Golde, M. V. Farm to a high of 10,798 Btu for a 1978· Crushed stone resources of the Blue River half-foot-thick coal seam that crops out in a Group (Mississippian) of Indiana: Indiana road cut along U.S. Highway 40 in the Geol. Survey Bull. 52, 225 p., 1 pl., 11 NElJ4SW1A sec. 16, T. 13 N., R. 5 W. The figs., 12 tables. average heat value for the five samples is Collett, John 10,056 Btu. Extremely low-heat and sulfur 1880 - Geology of Putnam County: Indiana Dept. values may be the result of sampling from the Statistics and Geology Ann. Rept. 2, weathered zone. Chemical weathering of coal p. 397-422, 1 map. results in the leaching of some compounds, Cumings, E. R. such as iron pyrite, and the oxidation of 1901 - The use of Bedford as a formational name: others, mainly the organic compounds. This Jour. Geology, v. 9, p. 232-233. results in anomalously low sulfur and heat 1922 - Nomenclature and description of the values. geological formations of Indiana, in Production of the coals in Putnam County, Logan, W. N., and others, Handbook of except for the coal mined at the Indiana State Indiana geology: Indiana Dept. Conserv. Farm, has been limited to small-scale mining Pub. 21, pt. 4, p. 403·570, 31 figs. operations for the needs of blacksmiths or for Elrod, M. N. local heating fuel. Ironically, the rising costs 1899 . The geologic relations of some St. Louis of conventional heating fuels, such as oil and Group caves and sinkholes: Indiana Acad. natural gas, may cause some residents of the Sci. Proc. for 1898, p. 258·267. county to return to wood and coal to Engelmann, George augment the more expensive fuels used in 1847· Remarks on the St. Louis Limestone: Am. heating their homes. Individuals interested in Jour. Sci., ser. 2, v. 3, p. 119-120. determining if there is coal on their property Gray, H. H. are referred to Preliminary Coal Map 16, 1962· Outcrop features of the Mansfield Forma­ available from the Publications Section, tion in southwestern Indiana: Indiana Indiana Geological Survey, 611 North Walnut Geol. Survey Rept. Prog. 26, 40 p., Grove, Bloomington, IN 47405. This map 8 figs., 3 tables. shows, among other things, all known localities where coals crop out in Putnam County.

------~------~ .... --~.... ------~------28 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA Gray, H. H., meuer, N. K., mn, J. R., Malott, C. A. Lineback, J. A. 1919 - The "American Bottoms" region of eastern 1979 . Geologic map of the Indianapolis l O X 20 Greene County, Indiana - A type unit in Quadrangle, Indiana and lllinois, showing southern Indiana physiography: Indiana bedrock and unconsolidated deposits: Univ. Studies, v. 6, no. 40, 61 p., 2 pis., r Indiana Geol. Survey Regional Geol. 10 figs. Map 1. 1922 - The physiography of Indiana, in Logan, Gray, H. H., Jenkins, R. D., and Weidman, R. M. W. N., and others, Handbook of Indiana 1960 . Geology of the Huron area, south-central geology: Indiana Dept. Conserv. Pub. 21, Indiana: Indiana Geol. Survey Bull. 20, pt. 2, p. 59-256, 3 pls., 51 figs. 78 p., 3 pls., 4 figs., 7 tahles. Nicoll, R. S., and Rexroad, C. B. Gray, H. H., and Perry, T. G. 1975 - Stratigraphy and conodont paleontology of 1956· Local lithologic discontinuities in Reelsville the Sanders Group (Mississippian) in (lower Chester) Limestone of Indiana: Indiana and adjacent Kentucky: Indiana Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., Geol. Survey BUll. 51, 36 p., 6 pls., v. 40, p. 1005·1009, 3 figs. 2 figs., 1 table. Harrison, J. L., and Murray, H. H. Pinsak, A. P. 1964·0ays and shales of Indiana: Indiana Geol. 1957 - Subsurface stratigraphy of the Salem Survey BuD. 31, 40 p., 2 pls., 5 figs., Limestone and associated formations in 6 tables. Indiana: Indiana Geol. Survey Bull. 11, Hill, J. R. 62 p., 5 pis., 8 figs., 2 tables. 1980 • Outcrop and mined areas of coals in Rooney, L. F. Putnam County, Indiana: Indiana Geo1. 1970· mgh-calcium limestone and high-magne­ Survey Prelim. Coal Map 16. sium dolomite resources of Indiana: Hopkins, T. C. Indiana Geol. Survey Bull. 42-B, 20 p., 1896 . The Carboniferous sandstones of western 1 pl., 1 fig., 5 tables. Indiana; an economic report on the Rooney, L. F., and Carr, D. D. sandstones of a portion of western 1971 • Applied geology of industrial limestone and Indiana, accompanied by two atlas sheets dolomite: Indiana Geol. Survey Bull. 46, showing the outcrops and distribution of 59 p., 16 figs., 12 tables. the sandstpne: Indiana Dept. Geology 1975 - Cement raw material resources of Indiana: and Nat. Resources Ann. Rept. 20, Indiana Geol. Survey Bun. 42-K, 29 p., p. 186-327, 9 pis., 7 figs., 2 maps. 1 pl., 11 figs., 8 tables. Hopkins, T. C., and Siebenthal, C. E. Shaver, R. H., and others 1897 . The Bedford oolitic limestone: Indiana 1970 - Compendium of rock-unit stratigraphy in Dept. Geology and Nat. Resources Ann. Indiana: Indiana Geol. Survey Bull. 43, Rept. 21, p. 289427, 21 pls., 13 figs., 229 p., 1 pI., 8 tables. 4 maps. Smith, N. M. Hutchison, H. C. 1965 • The Sanders Group and subjacent Mul­ 1976· Geology of the Catlin·Mansfield area, Parke draugh Formation (Mississippian) in Indi· and Putnam Counties, Indiana: Indiana ana: Indiana Geol. Survey Rept. Prog. 29, Geo1. Survey Bull. 54, 57 p., 4 pis., 20 p., 2 figs., 1 table. 5 figs., 2 tables. Stockdale, P. B. Kottlowski, F. E. 1929 . Stratigraphic units of the Harrodsburg 1959 - Geology and coal deposits of the Coal City Limestone: Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. for Quadrangle, .Greene, Oay, and Owen 1928, v. 38, p. 233-242, 3 figs. Counties, Indiana: U.S. Geo!. Survey Coal 1931 • The Borden (Knobstone) rocks of southern Inv. Map C-28. Indiana: Indiana Dept. Conserv. Pub. 98, 330 p., 7 pIs., 72 figs.

---- .....-- ...... __...... IJTERATURE CITED 29 Ulrich, E. O. Whitlatch, G. I. 1904 . Determination and correlation of forma· 1933 - The clay resources of Indiana: Indiana tions (of northern Arkansas): U.S. Geol. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 123, 298 p., 40 figs. - Survey Prof. Paper 24, p. 90·113. Wier, C. E., and Gray, H. H. Wayne, W. J. 1961 • Geologic map of the Indianapolis 1 () X 2() 1963· Pleistocene formations of Indiana: Indiana Quadrangle, Indiana and lllinois, showing Geol. Survey Bull. 25, 85 p., 4 pis., bedrock and unconsolidated deposits: 8 figs., 2 tables. Indiana Geol. Survey Regional Geol. Whitlatch, G. I. Map [1]. 1929 - A report on field and laboratory investiga­ tions of some clays and shales from Brown, Owen, Morgan, Putnam, Monroe, Oay, and Greene Counties, introduced by a review of the technology of ceramics [unpub. A.M. thesis]: Bloomington, Indiana Univ., 135 p., 8 pis. BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA 31 Appendix - Measured Sections

Section 1. Exposure in a gully about 0.5 mile west of the junction of Indiana Highway 243 and Interstate 70 in - the E%NW%NW14NW% sec. 32, T. 13 N., R. 4 W., Reelsville Quadrangle. Pennsylvanian System, 10.0 ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness Raccoon Creek Group, 10.0 ft measured top in feet in feet Mansfield Formation, 10.0 ft measured: 1. Sandstone, brown, medium-grained, massive 781.0 10.0 Mississippian System, 56.0 ft measured: West Baden Group, 41.0 ft measured: Elwren Formation, 3.0 ft: 2. Sandstone, bright-orange, medium-grained, calcareous, massive 771.0 3.0 Reelsville Limestone, 2.0 ft: 3. Limestone, light-gray with yellow-orange mottles, coarse-grained; unit for~ massive beds composed of fossil-fragmental to oolitic biospari te ...... •...... 768.0 2.0 Sample Formation, 11.0 ft: 4. Shale, dark-gray, silty, thin-bedded ...... 766.0 11.0 Beaver Bend Limestone, 12.0 ft: 5. Limestone, dark-gray to pinkish-gray, coarse-grained, oolitic, fossiliferous; unit is massive oosparite or biosparite ...... 755.0 12.0 Bethel Limestone, 13.0 ft: 6. Shale, gray with orange mottling, silty, thin-bedded ...... 743.0 13.0 Blue River Group, 15.0 ft measured: Paoli Limestone, 15.0 ft measured: 7. Limestone, dark-gray, medium-grained; unit is thin bedded with well-developed oolites in a sparry-calcite cement; an oosparite .. 730.0 15.0

Section 2. Exposure in a ravine 0.25 mile northeast of the confluence of Mill and Deer Creeks in the WlhSE%SW14 sec. 2, T. 12 N., R .. 5 W., Reelsville Quadrangle.

Pennsylvanian System, 40.0 ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness Raccoon Creek Group, 40.0 ft measured: top in feet in feet Mansfield Formation, 40.0 ft measured: L Sandstone, dark-orange, fine-grained; unit is cliff forming and in massive beds ...... 700.0 20.0 2. Shale, gray, silty, argillaceous; unit is thin bedded and in some places crops out as a massive underclay .•...... 680.0 5.0 3. Sandstone, brown, medium-grained, massive, crossbedded ...... 675.0 15.0 Mississippian System, 45.0 ft measured: West Baden Group, 25.0 ft measured: Beaver Bend Limestone, 7.0 ft: . 4. Limestone, dark-gray, coarse-grained, fossiliferous; unit forms massive beds of fossil fragments cemented by sparry calcite to form calcirudite or biosparite ...... 660.0 7.0 Bethel Formation, 18.0 ft: 5. Shale, bluish-gray with orange mottling, silty; unit is thin bedded, and lower beds contain gray micrite nodules ...... 653.0 18.0 Blue River Group, 20.0 ft measured: Paoli Limestone, 20.0 ft measured: 6. Limestone, light-gray, medium-grained; unit forms massive beds of oolite framework in calcareous muddy matrix ...... 635.0 20.0

------~.-----~-...---...--...--...--.-_..._--­ 32 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA Section 3. Exposure in a ravine just north of Interstate 70, 0.25 mile southwest of Deer Creek in the SEl.4SE%NW% sec. 2, T. 12 N., R. 5 W., Reelsville Quadrangle.

Mississippian System, 28.0 ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness West Baden Group, 17.7 ft measured: top in feet in feet r Reelsville Limestone, 2.7 ft: 1. Limestone, grayish-brown to black; unit is medium bedded and composed of fossil fragments cemented by sparry calcite to form a calcirudite or biosparite ...... 667.7 2.7 Sample Formation, 4.0 ft: 2. Shale, gray, finely silty, thin-bedded ...... 665.0 4.0 Beaver Bend Limestone, 5.7 ft: 3. Limestone, orangish-gray, finely crystalline; some crinoid frag· ments; unit is a massive biomicrite ...... 661.0 5.7 Bethel Formation, 5.3 ft: 4. Shale, grayish-blue, mottled; unit is thin bedded with scattered orange mottles ...... 655.3 5.3 Blue River Group, 10.3 ft measured: Paoli Limestone, 10.3 ft measured: 5. Shale, white, calcareous, thin-bedded ...... •...... 650.0 2.0 6. Limestone, yellow to black, brecciated; unit consists of one medium bed containing much angular chert and limestone fragments in a microcrystalline calcareous matrix ...... 648.0 1.8 7. Limestone, light·gray, oolitic; unit is massive and coarse grained .. 646.2 6.5

Section 4. Exposure at a waterfall just south of Interstate 70 on Higgins Branch in the SEl.4NE% sec. 28, T. 13 N., R. 3 W., Eminence Quadrangle.

Mississippian System, 38.6 ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness Blue River Group, 38.6 ft measured: top in feet in feet St. Louis Limestone, 38.6 ft measured: 1. Limestone, gray, argillaceous, micritic ...... 792.5 30.0 2. Limestone, gray, medium-grained, fossiliferous; unit is medium­ bedded calcarenite with fossil-fragmental framework cemented by calcite ...... 762.5 1.8 3. Limestone, medium-gray, finely crystalline; single massive bed; micrite ...... 760.7 0.5 4. Dolomite, yellow-tan, finely crystalline, medium-bedded; stylolites near base ...... 760.2 2.0 5. Limestone, dark-gray, finely crystalline, thin-bedded, micritic .. . 758.2 1.0 6. Limestone, medium-gray, coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental; unit is medium bedded and muddy and exhibits some graded bedding 757.2 1.0 7. Limestone, gray, massive, biomicritic; fine allochems in muddy matrix ...... ', ...... , .. 756.2 0.5 8. Limestone, gray, medium-grained, fossil-fragmental, stylolitic; fossil fragments are bound in calcareous muddy matrix; biomicrite 755.7 1.3 9. Limestone, grayish·brown, coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental; allo­ chems cemented by sparry calcite or lime mud ...... 754.4 0.5 APPENDIX 33 Section 5. Exposure in a valley wall in the SWIANE% sec. 21, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., Clinton Falls Quadrangle.

Mississippian System, 53.0 ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness - Blue River Group, 53.0 ft measured: top in feet in feet Ste. Genevieve Limestone, 28.0 ft measured: Levias Member, 13.0 ft: 1. Limestone, light-gray, microcrystalline, thin-bedded; unit interbedded with light-gray coarse-grained muddy massive limestone ...... 742.0 13.0 Spar Mountain Member, 5.5 ft: 2. Limestone, white, medium-grained, oolitic; unit forms thin beds composed of an oolitic or fossil-fragmental limestone with sparry-calcite cement ...... •.... 729.0 5.5 Fredonia Member, 9.5 ft: 3. Limestone, olive-gray, microcrystalline, thin-bedded, fossilif­ erous; unit is predominantly a bryozoan biomicrite with isolated patches of oolites ...... 723.5 2.0 4. Limestone, ,light-gray, microcrystalline, medium-bedded; unit is interbedded with medium-gray coarse-grained fossiliferous limestone ...... 721.5 7.5 St. Louis Limestone, 25.0 ft measured: 5. Limestone, white, microcrystalline, fossiliferous; unit has thin beds of dark chert ...... •. 714.0 8.0 6. Limestone, white, fine-grained, argillaceous, thin-bedded 706.0 11.0 7. Limestone, burnt-orange, fine-grained to crystalline, porous, vuggy, massive ...... 695.0 6.0

Section 6. Exposure along a streambed on the Jordan Farm in the W~W1A sec. 22, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., Clinton Falls Quadrangle.

Mississippian System, 50.0 ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness Blue River Group, 50.0 ft measured: top in feet in feet Ste. Genevieve Limestone, 50.0 ft measured: Levias Member, 16.0 ft: 1. Sandstone, white, calcareous, coarse-grained; quartz and chert grains in milky-white calcite matrix ...... 730.0 1.0 2. Covered interval ...... • 729.0 4.0 3. Limestone, medium-gray, microcrystalline, massive ...... • 725.0 5.0 4. Limestone, light-yellowish·tan, coarse-grained, thin-bedded; allochems are generally coated fossil fragments; local lenses or small beds of biomicrite common ...... 720.0 4.0 5. Limestone, gray, finely crystalline, fossiliferous; one thin bed 716.0 0.5 6. Limestone, medium-gray, finely crystalline, massive ...... 715.5 1.5 Spar Mountain Member, 4.0 ft: 7. Limestone, white, fine- to medium-grained, massive; allochems are oolites or rounded and coated grains cemented by sparry calcite; steep crossbeds ...... 714.0 4.0 Fredonia Member, 15.0 ft: 8. Limestone, gray, microcrystalline, medium-bedded ., ...... 710.0 6.5 9. Limestone, gray to reddish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, medium-bedded; unit is crossbedded calcarenite composed of coated fossil fragments ...... 703.5 2.0

------_.... _----­ 34 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA Mississippian System-COntinued Elevation of unit Thickness Blue River Group-continued top in feet in feet Ste. Genevieve limestone-continued FredQnia Member-continued r 10. Limestone, gray, argillaceous, finely crystalline; single bed 701.5 1.5 11. Limestone, white, coarse-grained, thin-bedded; unit is a fossil-fragmental limestone with a muddy calcareous matrix 700.0 5.0 St. Louis limestone, 15.0 ft measured: 12. Limestone, gray, microcrystalline, thin-bedded; unit is fossilif­ erous and contains much black-ehert in beds and balls 695.0 15.0

Section 7. Exposure along a streambed east of Bald Hill in the W1hSWl4SE% sec. 22, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., Clinton Falls Quadrangle.

Pennsylvanian System, SO.O ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness Raccoon Creek Group, 80.0 ft measured: top in feet in feet Mansfield Formation, 80.0 ft measured: 1. Sandstone, burnt-orange, medium-grained, crossbedded, cliff- forming ...... 820.0 50.0 2. Shale, gunpowder-gray, carbonaceous, thin-bedded ...... 770.0 10.0 3. Coal, black, blocky, pyrite-bearing ...... 760.0 2.0 4. Underclay, white with orange mottling, thin-bedded .•...... 758.0 5.0 5. Shale, gunpowder-gray, thin-bedded ...... 753.0 3.0 6. Covered interval •.••.•...... •....•.... 750.0 5.0 7. Sandstone, gray, medium-grained, weakly cemented, carbonaceous locally, massive ...... , 745.0 5.0 Mississippian System, 8.0 ft measured: Blue River Group, 8.0 ft measured: Paoli limestone, 8.0 ft measured: 8. Limestone, light·gray, coarse-grained, massive; unit has well­ developed oolites with chert and (or) quartz nuclei cemented by sparry calcite ...... • 740.0 8.0

Section 8. Exposure in a streambed south of Clinton Falls in the SWl4NE%SE% sec. 28, T. 15 N., R. 5 W., Clinton Falls Quadrangle.

Pennsylvanian System, 25.0 ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness Raccoon Creek Group, 25.0 ft measured: top in feet in feet Mansfield Sandstone, 25.0 ft measured: 1. Sandstone, orange, medium-grained, massive, cliff-forming; quartz arenite ...... 805.0 25.0 Mississippian System, 56.0 ft measured: Blue River Group, 56.0 ft measured: . Paoli limestone, 25.0 ft measured: 2. Limestone, white, medium-grained, massive; unit contains oolites in a sparry-calcite matrix ...... 780.0 4.0 3. Limestone, gray, microcrystalline, medium-bedded ...... 776.0 2.0

------"""-'" APPENDIX 35 Mississippian System-COntinued Elevation of unit Thickness Blue River Group-Q)ntinued top in feet in feet Paoli limestone-continued 4. Limestone, greenish-gray, shaly, calcareous, thin ·bedded 774.0 2.0 - 5. Limestone, blue-gray, microcrystalline, argillaceous, thin·bedded 772.0 1.0 6. Limestone, white, medium-grained, thin-bedded, oolitic .•... 771.0 2.0 7. Limestone, light-gray, microcrystalline, thin-bedded ...... 769.0 1.0 8. Limestone, light-gray, microcrystalline, thin-bedded ...... 768.0 2.0 Ste. Genevieve Limestone, 31.0 ft measured: Levias Member, 16.0 ft: 9. Limestone, gray, brecciated, cherty, microcrystalline; clasts made of angular pieces of micrite; chert is black and bedded; Bryantsville Breccia Bed •...... 766.0 1.0 10. Limestone, dark-gray, finely crystalline, argillaceous, medium- bedded ...... •..•...... 765.0 5.0 11. Limestone, gray, microcrystalline, cherty, fossiliferous ...•.. 760.0 3.0 12. Limestone, light·gray, finely crystalline, slightly fossiliferous, slabby ...... •...... 757.0 7.0 Spar Mountain Member, 6.0 ft: 13. Limestone, light-gray, medium-grained, crossbedded, slabby; allochems are poorly defined oolites or pellets ..•...... 750.0 6.0 Fredonia Member, 9.0 ft: 14. Limestone, olive·gray, microcrystalline, massive ...... 744.0 4.0 15. Chert, light-brown to yellow-gray, microcrystalline; three beds; Lost River Chert Bed? ...... •...... 740.0 3.0 16. Limestone, olive-gray, microcrystalline, medium-bedded, fossil­ iferous; fossils are mostly gastropods and brachiopods ..... 737.0 2.0

Section 9. Exposure in the valley wall of a tributary to Big Walnut Creek in the NEIANWlASElA sec. 31, T. 16 N., R. 3 W., Roachdale Quadrangle.

Mississippian System, 92.0 ft measured: Elevation of unit Thickness SandelS Group, 29.0 ft measured: top in feet in feet Ramp Creek Formation, 29.0 ft measured: 1. limestone, white with orange stains, come·grained, fossiliferous; unit is in medium beds that contain brachiopod and bryozoan fragments cemented by calcite; biosparite ...... 872.0 7.0 2. Siltstone, dark·gray, calcareous, thin·bedded ...... •. 865.0 18.5 3. Limestone, dark-gray, come·grained, fossiliferous; unit is thin bedded and contains pyrite and chert; biosparite .•...... 846.5 3.5 Borden Group, 63.0 ft measured: Edwardsville Formation, 63.0 ft measured: 4. Siltstone, bluish-gray, massive; some muscovite ...... 843.0 47.5 5. Shale, gray, calcareous, thin-bedde'd ...... 795.5 0.5 6. Siltstone, bluish-green, thin-bedded; some muscovite; local lens of crinoid fragments .....•....•...... 795.0 15.0 36 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA Section 10. Core from Indiana Geological Survey drill hole 199 on the Ohio and Indiana Stone Corp. property in the NWIJ.NWIJ.SW14 sec. 1, T. 12 N., R. 4 W., Cloverdale Quadrangle.

Surface elevation: 826 ft (altimeter survey) Total depth: 1,060.8 ft r Electric logs: self-potential and resistivity (not included in this report) Core begins at 20.0 ft. Mississippian System, 1,040.8 ft cored: Depth West Baden Group, 2.0 ft cored: (ft) Bethel Formation, 2.0 ft cored: 1. Siltstone and shale, gray and black, interbedded, platy ...... • . . • ...... 22.0 Blue River Group, 188.6 ft cored: Paoli Limestone, 13.5 ft: 2. Limestone, brown-gray and dark·brown·gray, mottled, detrital and micritic; upper 0.8 ft contains fractures and contorted laminae of green·gray siltstone; lower 0.5 ft grades to oolitic micrite ...... • ...... 23.4 3. Limestone, brown·gray, oolitic·pelletal, fine-grained; grades to very coarse grained at base . 24.5 4. Dolomite, green·gray, silty, soft; few scattered clasts of detrital limestone .••.•.••. 25.6 5. Limestone, brown-gray and dark·brown-gray, mottled, brecciated and conglomeratic, oolitic with clasts of dark micritic contorted bands, possibly algal in origin; few scattered fractures filled with green.gray siltstone ...... 27.0 6. Limestone, light-brown-gray, oolitic, medium'grained; few scattered fractures filled with green-gray siltstone ...... • 32.0 (Loss 3.5 ft; driller reported green shale) ...... •...... 35.5 Ste. Genevieve Limestone, 81.5 ft: 7. Limestone, light-brown·gray, oolitic, medium.grained, grading to oolitic·micritic near base of unit ...... 38.5 8. Limestone, brown-gray, micritic; scattered laminae of green-gray shale mostly concentrated at base of unit ...... •.•..••. 40.0 9. Limestone, light-brown·gray, pelletal and micritic, very fine grained •..•...... 44.5 10. Limestone, light-brown·gray and green-gray; interbedded with calcareous siltstone 45.8 11. Limestone, light·brown-gray, oolitic and skeletal, fine- to coarse·grained; few scattered thin laminae of gray shale ..••...•...... ••.•••••...... 55.5 12. Limestone, brown-gray, micritic and pelletal; numerous scattered thin laminae of gray shale in upper half of unit; few dark-brown contorted laminae in lower half of unit, possibly algal in origin ...... •....•..•. 62.6 13. Limestone, green·gray, silty, detrital; scattered medium quartz sand; one chert nodule (0.1 ft long) ...... •...... 63.1 14. Limestone, light-brown-gray, skeletal and skeletal-micritic; several scattered sets of green-gray clay laminae (0.2 ft thick); 7% in. removed at 65 ft for testing ...... 73.1 15. Limestone, light-brown-gray, micritic·skeletal; few scattered thin laminae of green·gray shale ...... ••...... •...... 80.1 16. Limestone, light-brown-gray, skeletal; few scattered thin clay laminae ...... 84.0 17. Limestone, brown-gray, skeletal·micritic; grades to micritic at base of unit; 0.3-ft band of green·gray argillaceous laminae at 84.6 ft; light- and dark.gray mottled dense chert nodules (0.2 ft long) at 86.5 ft; thin elongate chert pebbles at base of unit; scattered pyrite and calcite crystals fill small fractures in lower half of unit ...... 87.1 18. Limestone, brown-gray, micritic, dense; argillaceous laminae at base of unit ...... 89.3 19. Limestone, brown·gray, pelletal and micritic; pellet-size chert nodules in upper 0.5 ft of unit; argillaceous laminae at 89.3 and 90.0 ft ...... •...... 96.2 APPENDIX 37 Mississippian System-COntinued Depth Blue River Group-continued (ft) Ste. Genevieve Limestone-continued 20. Limestone, light-brown-gray, skeletal, very coarse grained; thin laminae of green-gray clay - at 0.2-ft intervals; a lamina and a thin bed of light- and dark-gray chert at top of unit (Lost River Chert Bed); thin chert nodule at 97.7 ft; chert contains abundant skeletal debris, largely bryozoans; few scattered sand- and pebble-size grains of chert near base of unit •...... •...... 100.0 21. Limestone and chert (ratio: 90/10); light-gray-brown skeletal· micritic limestone; few scattered argillaceous laminae; few scattered inclusions of pyrite crystals; mottled light-gray and dark· gray chert; skeletal debris not as abundant as in unit 20 ...... 107.5 22. Limestone, light·brown-gray, skeletal with thin beds of pellets; few scattered laminae of brown-gray argillaceous clay •...... 109.7 23. Dolomite, brown-gray, very finely crystalline, silty ...... '.... 110.8 24. Limestone, as unit 22; one small chert nodule near top; thin bed of oolitic limestone near middle ...... •...... •.... 115.5 25. Limestone, light·green-gray, detrital, fine· to medium-grained; green·gray calcareous shale . 116.4 26. Dolomite, dark-gray-brown, microcrystalline; green-gray argillaceous laminae near middle of unit ...... 117.0 St. Louis Limestone, 93.6 ft: 27. Limestone, gray, pelletal·micritic, slightly argillaceous 117.5 28. Dolomite, very light brown, silty, moderately soft; few laminae and thin beds of brown and dark·brown silty dolomite; few scattered green clay laminae; few fractures filled with calcite crystals in lower quarter of unit ...... 129.8 29. Dolomite, dark·brown·gray, silty; grades to light·gray dolomitic siltstone from 132.0 to 134.5 ft ...... 137.2 30. Limestone, gray-brown, micritic; few thin green clay laminae ...... 137.7 31. Dolomite, green·gray, silty; mottled light and dark green gray near base of unit 139.8 32. Dolomite, light-brown, silty; burrow structure in upper part ...... 140.8 33. Limestone, light·brown-gray, micritic, dense; few scattered clay laminae 145.0 34. Dolomite, light·prown grading to green·gray in middle part; silty, argillaceous 146.9 35. Limestone, brown-gray, micritic; grades to argillaceous dolomite 151.5 36. Dolomite, light·gray and green·gray, mottled, calcareous in places .. 154.6 37. Limestone, dark·brown·gray, micritic, dense .. , ...... •... 156.3 38. Dolomite, light·gray and green-gray, silty; in part a dolomitic siltstone 159.8 39. Limestone, brown·gray, micritic; few scattered sets of argillaceous laminae 162.6 40. Shale, green·gray, calcareous; grades to argillaceous detrital limestone near base of unit 163.0 41. Limestone, as unit 39; few smalilight·gray porous chert nodules at 166.0 ft 167.6 42. Limestone, brown·gray, skeletal·micritic, fine-grained ...... 169.9 43. DolOmite, light-brown·gray and green-gray, mottled, silty ...... •...... • 177.5 44. Limestone, light-brown·gray, oolitic, skeletal; oolites mainly superficial; several thin beds of pelletal·micritic material; stylolites every 0.5 ft ...... • 189.2 45. Limestone, as unit 44; medium to coarse grained; numerous inclined beds 201.5 46. Limestone, light-brown·gray, skeleiaI.micritic, slightly silty 206.2 47. Dolomite, light-gray, silty; gradational with unit 48 206.4 48. Limestone, light·brown·gray, skeletal, medium.grained 210.6 Sanders Group, 100.2 ft cored: Salem Limestone, 38.2 ft (core not described in detail below): 49. Shale, black, calcareous, with interlaminations of fine· to medium.grained detrital limestone; stylolite at base of unit ...... 210.7 50. Limestone, light-brown.gray, skeletal; grains calcite coated; numerous inclined beds 240.5 51. Limestone, light·green·gray, skeletal-micritic, slightly argillaceous; grades into unit 52 245.1 52. Limestone, green·gray, detrital, argillaceous ...•.....•...... •..•. 248.8 38 BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA Mississippian System-COntinued Depth Sanders Group-COntinued (ft) Harrodsburg Limestone, 32.0 ft Ramp Creek Formation, 30.0 ft Borden Group, 720.0 ft cored: Carwood and Locust Point Formations, 572.0 ft New Providence Shale, 148.0 ft Unassigned to group, 30.0 ft cored: Rockford Limestone, 4.0 ft New Albany Shale, 26.0 ft Total depth ...... 1,060.8