Living and Working on the Peninsula
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Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2020 Living and Working on the Peninsula: A Study of Spatial Home and Work Location Relationships as Related to Occupations and Charleston's Historic Landscape at the Turn of the Twentieth Century Kayleigh Anne Defenbaugh Clemson University, k.a.defenbaugh@gmail.com Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Defenbaugh, Kayleigh Anne, "Living and Working on the Peninsula: A Study of Spatial Home and Work Location Relationships as Related to Occupations and Charleston's Historic Landscape at the Turn of the Twentieth Century" (2020). All Theses. 3352. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3352 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact kokeefe@clemson.edu. LIVING AND WORKING ON THE PENINSULA: A STUDY OF SPATIAL HOME AND WORK LOCATION RELATIONSHIPS AS RELATED TO OCCUPATIONS AND CHARLESTON’S HISTORIC LANDSCAPE AT THE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Schools of Clemson University and the College of Charleston In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Historic Preservation by Kayleigh Anne Defenbaugh May 2020 Accepted by: Jon Marcoux, Committee Chair Laurel Bartlett James Ward Katherine Pemberton ABSTRACT The spatial living and working patterns of Charleston’s grocers, dry goods store owners, attorneys, physicians, conductors, and teachers between 1890 and 1910 reflect the city’s historic land use and cultural norms. Tense race relations left their mark on every part of the city’s history – including work and educational opportunities. This, in turn, further added to the physical barriers enacted as a result of the divisive Jim Crow Laws of the era. This thesis uses GIS-mapped work and home addresses of grocers, dry goods store owners, attorneys, physicians, conductors, and teachers in 1890, 1900, and 1910 to both visually illustrate and geometrically calculate commutes and spatial residential patterns of these Charleston professionals. Correlations along the lines of occupation, sex, and race help to illuminate the historic differences between Charleston neighborhoods. A lack of representation of African Americans in occupations and city directories, however, indicates the larger, pervasive tone concerning race and segregation in America at this time. Changes in the demographics of the professions studied at the turn of the twentieth century in Charleston also mirror larger trends related to women’s rights and the standardization of many professional industries. Ultimately, this thesis helps to shed light on future opportunities for preservationists and planners to tell new, previously untold stories of Charleston’s past spatial relationships. Some of the occupations studied within this thesis have yet to be fully examined within the context of interaction with and movement about the Charleston peninsula. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’d first like to thank my thesis committee for their tireless support of my work and commitment to ensuring the success of this thesis. Thank you, Jon Marcoux, Laurel Bartlett, James Ward, and Katherine Pemberton. I’d also like to thank the following researchers, and historians, and archivists for their enthusiasm, encouragement, and knowledge. Thank you, Dale Rosengarten, Dee Dee Joyce, Harlan Greene, Karen Emmons, and Nic Butler. I am also thankful for the emotional support I received from my parents, Brad and Kristy Defenbaugh, friends, and fellow students. I would not have been able to do this without your confidence in my abilities and belief that I should pursue what fascinates me. Thank you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 7 Costly Real Estate, Dense Living, and Multi-Use Spaces ......................... 7 Charleston’s Evolving Commercial Corridor ............................................. 11 A City Dictated by the Desires of the Social Elite ..................................... 14 Disasters and Migration on the Peninsula .................................................. 19 The “Journey to Work” in Charleston Between 1860 and 1880 ........ 20 The Relationship Between Race, Ethnicity, Social Class and Occupation............................................................................................... 21 Single Working Women at the Turn of the Twentieth Century ......... 30 An Opportunity for Study – the Turn of the Twentieth Century ....... 31 III. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 32 Hypotheses to be Tested.................................................................................... 38 IV. DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 43 Grocers ...................................................................................................................... 45 Dry Goods Store Owners ................................................................................... 51 iv Table of Contents (Continued) Attorneys ................................................................................................................. 58 Physicians ................................................................................................................ 63 Conductors .............................................................................................................. 69 Teachers ................................................................................................................... 75 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE STUDY ..................... 81 VII. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 87 A: All GIS-Created Maps ............................................................................................ 87 B: 1890 Charleston City Directory Sample Data .......................................... 122 C: 1900 Charleston City Directory Sample Data ........................................... 164 D: 1910 Charleston City Directory Sample Data .......................................... 203 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 243 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 All Professions Studied - Demographic Data .................................................... 44 2 Grocers - Demographic Data ................................................................................... 48 3 Dry Goods Store Owners - Demographic Data ................................................. 55 4 Attorneys - Demographic Data ............................................................................... 60 5 Physicians - Demographic Data ............................................................................. 66 6 Conductors - Demographic Data............................................................................ 72 7 Teachers - Demographic Data ................................................................................ 78 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Charleston’s King Street corridor in 1910. Image from LOC.gov. ......................... 4 2 Horse-drawn streetcar in Charleston in 1897. Image from Charleston County Public Library. ........................................................................ 5 3 Electric trolley in Charleston in 1897. Image from Charleston County Public Library. ..................................................................................................... 6 4 1900, and 1910 Kernel Density maps of Charleston grocers’ residential locations made in GIS. ....................................................................... 49 5 1890, 1900, 1910 commute maps of Charleston grocers’ work and home locations made in GIS. ................................................................................. 50 6 1890, 1900, and 1910 Kernel Density maps of Charleston dry goods store owners' residential locations made in GIS. ............................................. 56 7 1890, 1900, 1910 commute maps of Charleston dry goods store owners’ work and home locations made in GIS ............................................... 57 8 1890, 1900, and 1910 Kernel Density maps of Charleston attorneys' residential locations made in GIS. ......................................................................