Charleston (SC) wiki book 1 Contents

1 Charleston, South Carolina 1 1.1 History ...... 2 1.1.1 Colonial era (1670–1786) ...... 2 1.1.2 American Revolution (1776–1783) ...... 3 1.1.3 Antebellum era (1785–1861) ...... 4 1.1.4 Civil War (1861–1865) ...... 5 1.1.5 Postbellum era (1865–1945) ...... 5 1.1.6 Contemporary era (1944–present) ...... 6 1.2 Culture ...... 7 1.2.1 Dialect ...... 7 1.2.2 Religion ...... 7 1.2.3 Annual cultural events and fairs ...... 7 1.2.4 Music ...... 8 1.2.5 Live theatre ...... 8 1.2.6 Museums, historical sites and other attractions ...... 8 1.2.7 Sports ...... 10 1.2.8 Fiction ...... 10 1.3 Geography ...... 11 1.3.1 Topography ...... 11 1.3.2 Climate ...... 12 1.3.3 Metropolitan Statistical Area ...... 12 1.4 Demographics ...... 12 1.5 Government ...... 12 1.6 Emergency services ...... 13 1.6.1 Fire department ...... 13 1.6.2 Police department ...... 13 1.6.3 EMS and medical centers ...... 13 1.6.4 Coast Guard Sector Charleston ...... 13 1.7 Crime ...... 13 1.8 Infrastructure and economy ...... 14 1.8.1 Economic sectors and major employers ...... 14 1.9 Transportation ...... 14

i ii CONTENTS

1.9.1 Airport ...... 14 1.9.2 Interstates and highways ...... 14 1.9.3 Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority ...... 15 1.9.4 Port ...... 15 1.10 Nearby cities and towns ...... 16 1.10.1 Other outlying areas ...... 16 1.11 Parks ...... 16 1.12 Schools, colleges and universities ...... 16 1.13 Armed Forces ...... 16 1.13.1 Coast Guard ...... 17 1.13.2 Army ...... 17 1.14 Media ...... 17 1.14.1 Broadcast television ...... 17 1.14.2 Radio stations ...... 17 1.15 Sister cities ...... 17 1.16 See also ...... 18 1.17 Notes ...... 18 1.18 Further reading ...... 20 1.18.1 General ...... 20 1.18.2 Art, architecture, literature, science ...... 20 1.18.3 Race ...... 21 1.19 External links ...... 22

2 St. Michael’s Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina) 23 2.1 History ...... 23 2.2 Clock and bells ...... 23 2.3 See also ...... 23 2.4 References ...... 23 2.5 Further reading ...... 23 2.6 External links ...... 24

3 The Battery (Charleston) 25 3.1 See also ...... 26 3.2 References ...... 26

4 Pink House (Charleston, South Carolina) 27 4.1 See also ...... 27 4.2 References ...... 27 4.3 External links ...... 27

5 Old Slave Mart 28 5.1 Design ...... 28 5.2 History ...... 28 CONTENTS iii

5.3 References ...... 29 5.4 See also ...... 29 5.5 External links ...... 29

6 United Daughters of the Confederacy 30 6.1 History ...... 30 6.2 Children of the Confederacy ...... 30 6.3 See also ...... 31 6.4 Notes ...... 31 6.5 References ...... 31 6.6 Further reading ...... 31

7 Fort Sumter 32 7.1 Construction ...... 32 7.2 Civil War ...... 32 7.2.1 First Battle of Fort Sumter ...... 33 7.2.2 Union siege of Fort Sumter ...... 33 7.3 After the war ...... 35 7.4 Fort Sumter National Monument ...... 35 7.5 Notes ...... 36 7.6 References ...... 37 7.6.1 Primary sources ...... 37 7.7 External links ...... 37

8 Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Charleston, South Carolina) 38 8.1 History ...... 38 8.2 Cathedral Clergy ...... 38 8.2.1 Bishops ...... 38 8.2.2 Rectors of the Cathedral ...... 38 8.2.3 Priests ...... 38 8.3 100th Anniversary Renovations ...... 38 8.4 Chapels ...... 39 8.5 Spire & Belltower ...... 39 8.5.1 Bells ...... 39 8.6 Windows ...... 40 8.6.1 Upper Church ...... 40 8.6.2 Lower Church ...... 40 8.7 Cathedral Music ...... 40 8.7.1 Director of Music ...... 40 8.7.2 Choirs ...... 40 8.7.3 Organs ...... 41 8.8 See also ...... 41 iv CONTENTS

8.9 References ...... 41 8.10 External links ...... 41

9 Charleston Historic District 42 9.1 References ...... 42 9.2 External links ...... 42

10 French Quarter (Charleston, South Carolina) 44 10.1 See also ...... 44 10.2 References ...... 44

11 Cypress Gardens (South Carolina) 45 11.1 History ...... 45 11.2 Description ...... 45 11.3 Movies and Television ...... 45 11.4 Gallery ...... 46 11.5 External links ...... 46 11.6 References ...... 46 11.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses ...... 47 11.7.1 Text ...... 47 11.7.2 Images ...... 49 11.7.3 Content license ...... 53 Chapter 1

Charleston, South Carolina

Not to be confused with Charleston, West Virginia. Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the

Residential gardens such as this one at the Calhoun Mansion abound in Charleston.

The downtown Charleston waterfront on The Battery

Waterfront Park overlooks Charleston Harbor and offers views of Fort Sumter and the Ravenel Bridge.

Charleston has scores of historic buildings and homes downtown Founded in 1670 as Charles Town, no “e” on the end [5] in State of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted County,[3] and the principal city in the Charleston– its present name in 1783. It moved to its present loca- North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical tion on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west Area.[4] The city lies just south of the geographical mid- bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By point of South Carolina’s coastline and is located on 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed America,[6] and it remained among the ten largest cities in by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, or, the United States through the 1840 census.[7] With a 2010 as is locally expressed, “where the Cooper and Ashley census population of 120,083 [8] (and a 2013 estimate Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean”. of 127,999), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-

1 2 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston Metropolitan area, comprising Berke- ley, Charleston and Dorchester counties, was counted by the 2013 estimate at 712,220 – the third largest in the state – and the 76th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States. Known for its rich history, well-preserved architec- ture, distinguished restaurants, and mannerly people, Charleston has received a large number of accolades, in- cluding “America’s Most Friendly [City]" by Travel + Leisure in 2011 and in 2013 and 2014 by Condé Nast Traveler,[9][10] and also “the most polite and hospitable city in America” by Southern Living magazine.

A 1733 map of Charles Towne, published by Herman Moll, 1.1 History shows the city’s defensive walls.

Main article: History of Charleston, South Carolina See also: Timeline of Charleston, South Carolina

1.1.1 Colonial era (1670–1786)

After Charles II of England (1630–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Car- olina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years be- fore the group arranged for settlement expeditions. The first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670. The com- munity was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due East of South Carolina, al- though at 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of gover- nor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It was soon predicted by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a “great port towne,” a destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680 the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula be- tween the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Not only was this location more defensible, but it offered access to a fine natural harbor. As the capital of the Carolina colony, The Pink House, the oldest stone building in Charleston, was built Charles Town was a center for inland expansion, but re- of Bermudian limestone at 17 Chalmers Street, at some time be- mained the southernmost point of English settlement on tween 1694 and 1712. the American mainland until the Georgia colony was es- tablished in 1732. The first settlers primarily came from England, its The early settlement was often subject to attack from Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born France (both of whom contested England’s claims to the in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Africans and English, when color lines were looser among Native Americans, who violently resisted further expan- the working class in the early colonial years, and some sion of the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines.[11] according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely re- groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated moved during the 1720s. to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous 1.1. HISTORY 3

Protestant denominations. Because of the battles be- riod, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 tween English royalty and the Roman Catholic Church, pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the pro- practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South duction of men’s fashionable and practical buckskin pan- Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were taloons, gloves, and book bindings. allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish com- brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation munity in North America—a status it held until about owners cultivated and developed as a successful commod- 1830.[12] ity crop by 1700.[15] With the help of African slaves from Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner Passage, first as servants, then as slaves. Ethnic George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in groups transported here included especially Wolof, the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other peoples of the Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750.[16] Those Windward Coast.[13] An estimated 40 percent of the to- and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable tal 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into shipping industry. North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan’s As Charles Town grew, so did the community’s cultural Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described and social opportunities, especially for the elite mer- as a “hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing com- chants and planters. The first theatre building in Amer- memorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established [14] ica was built in 1736 on the site of today’s Dock Street by the author Toni Morrison using private funds.” Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different By the mid-18th century Charles Town had become a ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthi- Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men est and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth- the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne and Philadelphia; with a population of 11,000—slightly in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its more than half of them slaves. By 1708 the majority of transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest the colony’s population were slaves, and the future state municipally supported college in the United States. would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century. 1.1.2 American Revolution (1776–1783)

As the relationship between the colonists and Britain de- teriorated, Charles Town became a focal point in the en- suing American Revolution. It was twice the target of British attacks. At every stage the British strategy as- sumed the existence of a large base of Loyalist supporters who would rally to the king’s forces given some military support.[17] In late March 1776, South Carolina President and Com- mander in Chief, John Rutledge, learned that a large British naval force was moving toward Charles Town. To defend the city, he ordered the construction of Fort Sulli- van (now Ft. Moultrie), on Sullivan’s Island overlooking the main shipping channel into Charleston Harbor. He Rainbow Row’s 13 houses along East Bay Street were—from the placed Col. William Moultrie in charge of the construc- Colonial period until the early 20th century—a commercial cen- tion and subsequently made him the fort’s commanding ter of the town. officer. Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis On June 28, 1776 General Sir Henry Clinton along with of Charles Town’s early economy. Trade alliances with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists ex- South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they ported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Eu- failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan’s unfinished, yet thick, rope through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same pe- would do. Col. Moultrie’s men returned fire and inflicted 4 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander.

Former German Fire Co. Engine House & Old Slave Mart Mu- Fort Moultrie in 1861 seum, 8 & 6 Chalmers St. resp.

This battle kept Charles Town safe from conquest for four years. It was considered so symbolic of the revolution short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in that it inspired some key icons of South Carolina and the the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Car- revolution: olina’s major export commodity. The Piedmont was de- veloped into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also • During the battle, the flag Moultrie had flown in the the primary labor force within the city, working as do- battle (which he had designed, himself) was shot mestics, artisans, market workers and laborers. down. It was hoisted into the air again by Sergeant William Jasper and kept aloft, rallying the troops, The city also had a large class of free people of color. By until it could be remounted. This Liberty Flag was 1860, there were 3,785 free people of color in Charleston, seen as so important that it became the Flag of South nearly 18% of the city’s black population, and 8% of Carolina, with the addition of the palmetto tree, the the total population. Free people of color were far more logs of which had been used to make the fort so im- likely to be of mixed racial background than were slaves. penetrable. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some even owned substantial property, including slaves.[11][19] • The day of that battle, June 28, is now a state holiday In 1790 they established the Brown Fellowship Society known as Carolina Day. for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued until 1945. Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American By 1820 Charleston’s population had grown to 23,000, General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with in- war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined tense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribu- up with other militias, including those of Francis Mar- tion of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolu- ion, the 'Swampfox'; and Andrew Pickens. The British tion and its many deaths. Soon after, Vesey was tried and retained control of the city until December 1782. After executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another the British left, the city’s name was officially changed to [18] 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature Charleston in 1783. passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for When the city was freed from the British, General manumission (the freeing of slaves) and regulating activ- Nathanael Greene presented its leaders with the Moul- ities of free blacks and slaves.[20] trie Flag, describing it as the first “American” flag flown As Charleston’s government, society, and industry grew, in the South. commercial institutions were established to support the community’s aspirations. The Bank of South Carolina, 1.1.3 Antebellum era (1785–1861) the second-oldest building in the nation to be constructed as a bank, was established in 1798. Branches of the First Although the city lost the status of state capital to and Second Bank of the United States were also located Columbia, Charleston became even more prosperous in Charleston in 1800 and 1817. in the plantation-dominated economy of the post- In 1832 South Carolina passed an ordinance of Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in nullification, a procedure by which a state could in ef- 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making fect repeal a Federal law; it was directed against the most 1.1. HISTORY 5

recent tariff acts. Soon Federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston’s forts; and five United States Coast Guard Cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor “to take pos- session of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and de- fend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with.” This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state’s politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington, DC to grad- ually reduce the tariffs.[21] By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of com- mercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. Although the international Cannon on display at The Battery in downtown Charleston African slave trade had ended in 1808, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were trans- ported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years as cotton plantations were widely de- veloped through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

1.1.4 Civil War (1861–1865)

Main article: Charleston, South Carolina in the Ameri- can Civil War On December 20, 1860, following the election of

Daughters of the Confederacy monument (dedicated Oct. 1932) in the White Point Garden section of The Battery honors the sol- diers of Fort Sumter.

blockade runners got through.[22] In a failed effort to break the blockade on February 17, 1864, an early sub- marine, the H.L. Hunley made a night attack on the USS Housatonic.[23] In 1865, Union troops moved into the city and took con- trol of many sites, including the United States Arsenal, which the Confederate Army had seized at the outbreak Meeting street and Queen, at the end of the Civil War. The Mill’s of the war. The War Department also confiscated the House Hotel is center. The ruins in this image are of buildings grounds and buildings of the Citadel Military Academy, destroyed in the fire of 1861, unrelated to the War. (1865). and used them as a federal garrison for over seventeen years. The facilities were finally returned to the state and Abraham Lincoln, the South Carolina General Assem- reopened as a military college in 1882 under the direction bly voted to secede from the Union. On January 9, 1861, of Lawrence E. Marichak. Citadel cadets opened fire on the Union ship Star of the West entering Charleston’s harbor. On April 12, 1861, shore batteries under the command of General Pierre G. 1.1.5 Postbellum era (1865–1945) T. Beauregard opened fire on Union-held Fort Sumter in the harbor. After a 34-hour bombardment, Major Robert After the defeat of the Confederacy, Federal forces re- Anderson surrendered the fort, thus starting the war. mained in Charleston during the city’s reconstruction. On December 11 of 1861, an enormous fire burned over The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum 500 acres of the city. Union forces repeatedly bombarded city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimi- the city, causing vast damage, and kept up a blockade nation, but a large community of free people of color had that shut down most commercial traffic, although some been well-established in the city before the war and be- 6 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA came the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas legislators. Men who had been free people of color be- in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as gover- fore the war comprised 26% of those elected to state and nor, and taking back control of the state legislature. An- federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.[24][25] other riot occurred in Charleston the day after the elec- tion, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly In Charleston, the African-American population in- [27] creased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the ma- reported killed. jor city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880.[26] On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale. It was relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to oper- felt as far away as Boston, Massachusetts to the north; ate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, Chicago, Illinois and Milwaukee, Wisconsin to the north- most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, set- west; as far west as New Orleans, Louisiana; as far south ting up their own black Baptist congregations or join- as Cuba; and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000 ing new AME and AME Zion churches, both indepen- buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of dent black denominations first established in the North. damage ($133 million in 2006 US$), at a time when all Freedmen “acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to the city’s buildings were valued at approximately $24 mil- them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to lion ($531 million in 2006 US$). [26] whites.” Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back Home, a planned community for the city’s aged and in- to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. firm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the As the city’s commerce improved, residents worked to United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed restore or create community institutions. In 1865 the by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. Avery Normal Institute was established by the American But the Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a Missionary Association as the first free secondary school new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effec- for Charleston’s African-American population. General tively excluding them entirely from the political process, William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion a second-class status that was maintained for more than of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military six decades in a state that was majority black until about Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and 1930. boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Mili- tary Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a prep school, Porter-Gaud School. 1.1.6 Contemporary era (1944–present) In 1875 blacks made up 57% of the city’s population, and 73% of Charleston County.[27] With leadership by Charleston languished economically for several decades leaders from the antebellum free black community, his- in the 20th century, though the large federal military pres- torian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the commu- ence in the region helped to shore up the city’s economy. nity as “unique” in being able to defend themselves with- The Charleston Hospital Strike of 1969, in which mostly out provoking “massive white retaliation,” as occurred in black workers protested discrimination and low wages, numerous other areas during Reconstruction.[27] In the was one of the last major events of the civil rights move- 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Re- ment. It attracted Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, publicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in Andrew Young and other prominent figures to march with September and the day after the election in November, as the local leader, Mary Moultrie. Its story is recounted in well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint Tom Dent's book Southern Journey (1996). discussion meeting.[27] Joseph P. Riley, Jr. was elected mayor in the 1970s, and There were violent incidents throughout the Piedmont helped advance several cultural aspects of the city. Riley of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain worked to revive Charleston’s economic and cultural her- white supremacy in the face of social changes after the itage. The last thirty years of the 20th century saw major war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal new reinvestment in the city, with a number of municipal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates improvements and a commitment to historic preservation were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 to restore the unique fabric of the city. on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, These commitments were not slowed down by Hurricane known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Hugo and continue to this day. The eye of Hurricane Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Hugo came ashore at Charleston Harbor in 1989, and Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political though the worst damage was in nearby McClellanville, meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident three-quarters of the homes in Charleston’s historic dis- was the only one statewide in which more whites were trict sustained damage of varying degree. The hurricane killed than blacks.[28] The Red Shirts were instrumental caused over $2.8 billion in damage. The city was able to rebound fairly quickly after the hurricane and has grown 1.2. CULTURE 7 in population, reaching an estimated 124,593 residents in that developed on the Sea Islands and in the Low Coun- 2009.[29] try, the local speech patterns were also influenced by this community. Today, the Gullah language is still spoken among many African-American locals. However, rapid 1.2 Culture development, especially on the surrounding Sea Islands, has attracted residents from outside the area and led to a decline in its prominence. Charleston is famous for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula is well 1.2.2 Religion known for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has Charleston is known as The Holy City,[31] perhaps by become one of the world’s major performing arts festi- virtue of the prominence of churches on the low-rise vals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning cityscape, perhaps because, like Mecca, its devotees hold composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a it so dear,[32] and perhaps for the fact that Carolina was counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of among the few original colonies to tolerate all Protestant Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy. religions, though it was not open to Roman Catholics.[33] Charleston’s oldest community theater group, the Foot- The Anglican church was prominent in the colonial era light Players, has provided theatrical productions since and the Cathedral of St Luke and St Paul is the seat of 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina. Many French historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Huguenot refugees settled in Charleston in the early 18th [34] Fashion Week held each Spring in Marion Square brings century. in designers, journalists, and clients from across the na- Carolina allowed Jews to practice their faith without re- tion. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which striction. Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, founded in 1749 plays a key role in the city’s renowned cuisine, compris- by Sephardic Jews from London, is the fourth-oldest Jew- ing staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oys- ish congregation in the continental United States.[35] Brith ters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and Sholom Beth Israel is the oldest Orthodox synagogue in shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, re- the South, founded by Ashkenazi German and a Central flecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine European Jew, by the name Sam Berlin, in the mid-19th in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and century.[36] French elements. The city’s oldest Roman Catholic parish, Saint Mary of the Annunciation Roman Catholic Church, is the mother 1.2.1 Dialect church of Roman Catholicism to North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. In 1820, Charleston was estab- lished as the see city of the Roman Catholic Diocese of The traditional accent of white Charleston speakers has Charleston, which at the time comprised the Carolinas long been noted in the South. It has ingliding or monoph- and Georgia and presently encompasses the state of South thongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain en- Carolina. vironments, and is non-rhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the lo- cal dialect in his late 19th-century works: “Charleston 1.2.3 Annual cultural events and fairs Provincialisms” (1887) [30] and “The Huguenot Element in Charleston’s Provincialisms”, published in a German Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded journal. He believed the accent was based on the English by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived over 100 performances by individual artists in a vari- from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifica- ety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internation- tions by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing ally recognized as America’s premier performing arts “Charleston accent” is still noted in the local pronuncia- festival.[37] The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes tion of the city’s name. Some elderly (and usually upper- place at the same time and features local performers and class) Charleston natives ignore the r and elongate the artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the first vowel, pronouncing the name as “Chah-l-ston.” Some city. Other notable festivals and events include Historic observers attribute these unique features of Charleston’s Charleston Foundation’s Festival of Houses and Gardens speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River from London), both of whom played influential roles in Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Charleston’s early development and history. Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Given Charleston’s high concentration of African Amer- Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Fes- icans who spoke the Gullah language, a creole language tival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island 8 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

County Park), and the Charleston International Film Fes- Charleston....from gospel to Gershwin”, is staged at the tival. historic Circular Congregational Church.[43]

1.2.4 Music 1.2.5 Live theatre

Main article: Music in Charleston Charleston has a vibrant theater scene and is home to America’s first theater. In 2010 Charleston was listed as one of the country’s top 10 cities for theater, and one of As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah the top two in the South.[44] Most of the theaters are part community has had a tremendous influence on music in of the League of Charleston Theatres, better known as Charleston, especially when it comes to the early develop- Theatre Charleston . Some of the city’s theaters include: ment of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The • geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock The Dock Street Theatre, opened in the 1930s on the workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired site of America’s first purpose-built theater building. Eubie Blake's “Charleston Rag” and later James P. John- Home of the Charleston Stage Company, South Car- son's "The Charleston", as well as the dance craze that olina’s largest professional theater company. defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which • The Woolfe Street Playhouse – A nationally recog- was a popular dance in the years before “The Charleston”, nized professional theater company and home to the [38] was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith. Village Repertory Company. The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the • The Footlight Players – One of the leading commu- Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphan- nity theaters in the South.[45] age accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery In- • Theatre 99 – An improvisational theater company. stitute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a re- • sult, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety Pure Theatre – A small professional theater that pro- of instruments and were able to read music expertly.[39] duces contemporary plays. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land • Sottile Theater – on the campus of The College of some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington Charleston and Count Basie. William “Cat” Anderson, Jabbo Smith and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the • The Black Fedora Comedy Mystery Theatre – Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musi- Clean comedy whodunits with volunteer audience cians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages participation.[46] around the country began to develop brass bands in the • Threshold Repertory Theatre wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band’s success. At the Colored Waif’s Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for • Creative Spark example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention.[40] 1.2.6 Museums, historical sites and other As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural attractions parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe.[41] The band also See also: Charleston Historic District played on Broadway for the play “Porgy” by DuBose and Charleston has many historic buildings, art and historical Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the museums, and other attractions, including: same title. The story was based in Charleston and fea- tured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on • Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum located in hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray them- the nearby town of Mount Pleasant. It includes the selves on stage.[40] Only a few years later, DuBose Hey- aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10), destroyer ward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn USS Laffey (DD-724), submarine USS Clamagore his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess. (SS-343), Cold War Submarine Memorial (SSBN George Gershwin spent the summer of 1934 at Folly and SSN), Vietnam Support Base and Experience Beach outside of Charleston writing this “folk opera”. Exhibit, and Medal of Honor Museum. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera • [42] The Calhoun Mansion, a 24,000 square foot, 1876 and is widely performed. Victorian home at 16 Meeting Street, named for a To this day Charleston is home to many musicians in grandson of John C. Calhoun who lived there with all genres. A unique showcase of Charleston’s mu- his wife, the builder’s daughter. The private house sical heritage is presented weekly. “The Sound of is periodically open for tours. 1.2. CULTURE 9

• The Fireproof Building houses the South Carolina Historical Society, a membership-based reference library open to the public.

• The Nathaniel Russell House is an important Fed- eral style house. It is owned by the Historic Charleston Foundation and open to the public as a house museum.

• The Gov. William Aiken House, also known as the Aiken-Rhett House, is a home built in 1820 for William Aiken, Jr.

• The Heyward-Washington House is a historic house The Gibbes Art Gallery includes local art, including many works museum owned and operated by the Charleston Mu- from the early 20th century Charleston Renaissance. seum. Furnished for the late 18th century, the house includes a collection of Charleston-made furniture.

• The Joseph Manigault House is a historic house mu- seum owned and operated by the Charleston Mu- seum. The house was designed by Gabriel Manigault and is significant for its Adam style architecture.

• The Market Hall and Sheds, also known as the City Market or simply the Market, stretch several blocks behind 188 Meeting Street. Market Hall was built in the 1841 and houses the Daughters of the Confed- eracy Museum. The sheds house some permanent stores but are mainly occupied by open-air vendors.

• The Avery Research Center for African Ameri- can History and Culture was established to col- The Calhoun Mansion at 16 Meeting Street was built in 1876 by George Williams but derives its name from a later occupant, his lect, preserve, and make public the unique histor- grandson-in-law Patrick Calhoun. ical and cultural heritage of African Americans in Charleston and the South Carolina Lowcountry. Av- ery’s archival collections, museum exhibitions, and • The Charleston Museum, America’s first museum, public programming reflect these diverse popula- founded in 1773. Its mission is to preserve and in- tions as well as the wider African Diaspora. terpret the cultural and natural history of Charleston and the South Carolina Lowcountry. • South Carolina Aquarium

• The Exchange and Provost was built in 1767. The • Fort Sumter, site of the first shots fired in the Civil building, located on Broad Street, has served as War, is located in Charleston Harbor. The Na- a customhouse, mercantile exchange and military tional Park Service maintains a visitor center for prison and barracks. During the American Revo- Fort Sumter at Liberty Square (near the South Car- lution, it was used as a prison by both the British olina Aquarium), and boat tours including the fort and Continental Armies; later it hosted events for depart from nearby. George Washington in 1791 and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1788. It is operated as a • The Battery is an historic defensive seawall and museum by the Daughters of the American Revolu- promenade located at the tip of the peninsula along tion. with White Point Garden, a park featuring several memorials and Civil-War-era artillery pieces. • The Powder Magazine is a 1713 gunpowder maga- zine and museum. It is the oldest surviving public • Rainbow Row is an iconic strip of homes along building in South Carolina. the harbor that date back to the mid-18th century. Though the homes themselves are not open to the • The Gibbes Museum of Art opened in 1905 and public, they are one of the most photographed at- houses a premier collection of principally American tractions in the city and are featured heavily in local works with a Charleston or Southern connection. art.[47] 10 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

hurling and Gaelic football. The club competes in the Southeastern Division of the North American County Board of the GAA. The club hosts other di- vision clubs in the Holy City Cup each spring.

Other notable sports venues in Charleston include Johnson Hagood Stadium (home of The Citadel Bull- dogs football team) and Toronto Dominion Bank Arena at the College of Charleston, which seats 5,700 people who view the school’s basketball and volleyball teams.

1.2.8 Fiction

Charleston is a popular filming location for movies and television, both in its own right and as a stand-in for south- Rainbow Row, Charleston ern and/or historic settings. For a list of both, see here. In addition, many novels, plays, and other works of fiction have been set in Charleston, including the following:

• The Gullah opera Porgy and Bess, set in the early 1920s

Film and television

• In the Netflix original series House of Cards main character Congressman Frank Underwood Kevin Spacey is an alumnus of The Sentinel, a fictional school based on the local Citadel, and returns to its campus in one episode upon the occasion of a new library building there being named for him. 2013– present Blackbaud Stadium, home of the Charleston Battery • The Notebook, 2004, starring Rachel McAdams, Ryan Gosling, and James Garner was filmed in 1.2.7 Sports Charleston. The American Theatre on King Street was Allie and Noah’s first date spot. (set in 1940-'46 Charleston is home to a number of professional, minor on Seabrook Island) league, and amateur sports teams: • The 2010 film, Dear John. filmed on Sullivans Is- • The Charleston Battery, a professional soccer land team, plays in the USL Professional Division. • The College of Charleston’s Randolph Hall is fea- The Charleston Battery play on Daniel Island at tured in the 2000 Mel Gibson and Heath Ledger Blackbaud Stadium. movie The Patriot. It serves as the meeting house • The Charleston RiverDogs, a Minor League Base- where the South Carolinians decide to join the fight ball team, play in the South Atlantic League and are against the British. (set in 1776-1781) an affiliate of the New York Yankees. The River- • The hit TNT television show Falling Skies is set Dogs play at Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park. predominately in post-apocalyptic Charleston in the • The Charleston Outlaws RFC is a rugby union club second season onwards. in the Palmetto Rugby Union, USA Rugby South, • and USA Rugby. It competes in Men’s Division II The Lifetime television show Army Wives is set at a against the Cape Fear, Columbia, Greenville, and fictional Army post in Charleston and mostly filmed Charlotte “B” clubs. The club also hosts a rugby sev- on location in the City of Charleston and in the ens tournament during Memorial Day weekend. City of North Charleston. They built a sound stage near the intersection of Dorchester Rd and Mon- • The Charleston Gaelic Athletic Association is a tague Ave in North Charleston and a small town at Gaelic athletic club focusing on the sports of the old Naval Base in North Charleston and shot 1.3. GEOGRAPHY 11

many scenes at the U.S. Air Force Base in North 1.3 Geography Charleston. (2007-2013) • The Bravo reality series titled Southern Charm fol- lows the lives of a group of wealthy friends and so- cialites from Charleston. (2014–present) • The CBS television show Reckless was filmed and set in Charleston. 2014 • The WE Network television show South of Hell is filmed and takes place in Charleston. 2014/2015 • Gullah Gullah Island (children’s TV series) on Nick- elodeon (1994-'98)

Literature

• Several books by Citadel alumnus and novelist Pat Conroy, such as The Lords of Discipline set from 1963-'67, and (based on Conroy’s experiences as a cadet at The Citadel) and South of Broad 2009. • Clive Barker's novel Galilee Map showing the major rivers of Charleston and the Charleston • Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series, an alter- Harbor watershed nate history series about a Confederacy that won the Civil War The city proper consists of six distinct areas: the Penin- • Rafael Sabatini's novel The Carolinian sula/Downtown, West Ashley, Johns Island, James Island, • The 1991 bestseller Scarlett, sequel to Gone with the Daniel Island, and the Cainhoy Peninsula. Wind. In fact, Alexandra Ripley, the author of Scar- lett, derived inspiration from the city for her novel Charleston and its sequel On Leaving Charleston. • The novel, Werewolf Smackdown by Mario Acevedo 1.3.1 Topography is set in Charleston[48] • According to the United States Census Bureau, the city The novels Dreams of Sleep, Rich in Love and 2 The Fireman’s Fair were written by Josephine has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km ), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 Humphreys, a native of Charleston. All are set in 2 [8] Charleston and the Charleston area. See the film square miles (47.9 km ) is water. The old city is lo- entry for Rich in Love, which was filmed on Mount cated on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlesto- Pleasant and in Charleston. nians say, “The Ashley and the Cooper Rivers come to- gether to form the Atlantic Ocean.” The entire peninsula • Virals and Seizure by Kathy Reichs. The book’s is very low, some is landfill material, and as such, fre- venue is Charleston. quently floods during heavy rains, storm surges and un- usually high tides. The city limits have expanded across • Rich in Love, a novel by author Josephine the Ashley River from the peninsula, encompassing the Humphreys published in 1987, was set in the majority of West Ashley as well as James Island and some Charleston suburb of Mount Pleasant, South [49] of Johns Island. The city limits also have expanded across Carolina. the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the • Celia Garth, a Revolutionary era novel by Gwen Cainhoy area. North Charleston blocks any expansion up Bristow the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land di- rectly east of the Cooper River. • Rick Riordan's hit teen book Mark of Athena has several scenes set in Charleston. The tidal rivers (Wando, Cooper, Stono, and Ashley) are evidence of a submergent or drowned coastline. There is • Sue Monk Kidd's 2014 novel The Invention of a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor, and Wings. The book’s story is partially situated in the Cooper River is deep, affording a good location for a Charleston, the birthplace of Sarah Grimké, who port. The rising of the ocean may be due to melting of also inspired the main characters of the novel.[50] glacial ice during the end of the Ice Age. 12 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas surrounding the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010.[56] The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with a 2000 population of 9,123). The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed. Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. The city of Charleston which was originally defined by the limits Damage left from Hurricane Hugo in 1989 of the Parish of St. Philip & St. Michael, now also includes parts of St. James’ Parish, St. George’s Parish, St. Andrew’s Parish, and St. John’s Parish, although the 1.3.2 Climate last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.

Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and sig- nificant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest sea- 1.4 Demographics son; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains The racial/ethnic makeup of Charleston is 70.2% White, relatively warm through November. Winter is short and 25.4% African American, 1.6% Asian, 1.5% Two or mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measur- more races, and 2.9% are Hispanic and Latinos of any able snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times race.[58] per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010.[51] However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day 1.5 Government fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.[51] The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985 and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, al- though at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985.[51] Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area – most no- tably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a Category 4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 °F (20 °C) to 71.4 °F (22 °C).[51] Charleston was hit by a large tornado in 1761, which tem- porarily emptied the Ashley River, and sank five offshore warships.[52] Charleston City Hall is open to tourists for free historical tours.

1.3.3 Metropolitan Statistical Area Charleston has a strong mayor-council government, with the mayor acting as the chief administrator and the execu- The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville tive officer of the municipality. The mayor also presides Metropolitan Statistical Area currently consists of over city council meetings and has a vote, the same as three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. other council members. The current mayor, since 1975, As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical is Joseph P. Riley, Jr. The council has twelve members area had a total population of 712,239 people. North who are elected from one of twelve districts. Charleston is the second largest city in the Charleston- Charleston voters are among the most liberal in South North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Carolina. In 2006, Charleston’s residents voted against Area and ranks as the third largest city in the state; Mount Amendment 1, which sought to ban same-sex marriage in Pleasant and Summerville are the next largest cities. South Carolina. Statewide, the measure passed by 78% 1.7. CRIME 13 to 22% but the voters of Charleston rejected it by 3,563 1.6.3 EMS and medical centers (52%) to 3,353 votes (48%).[59] Emergency medical services (EMS) for the city are pro- vided by Charleston County Emergency Medical Services (CCEMS) & Berkeley County Emergency Medical Ser- 1.6 Emergency services vices (BCEMS). The city is served by the EMS and 911 services of both Charleston and Berkeley counties since the city is part of both counties. 1.6.1 Fire department Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospi- tals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. John- son VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state’s first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley por- tion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital. The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City Fire Department station houses for Engines 2 and 3 of the of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Charleston Fire Department Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston. The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of nineteen companies located throughout the city: 1.6.4 Coast Guard Sector Charleston sixteen engine companies, two tower companies, and one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Op- Coast Guard Station Charleston responds to search & res- erations, and Administration are the divisions of the cue emergencies, conducts maritime law enforcement ac- department.[60] The department operates on a 24/48 tivities, and Ports, Waterways & Coastal Security mis- schedule and had a Class 1 ISO rating until late 2008, sions. Personnel from Station Charleston are highly when ISO officially lowered it to Class 3.[61] Russell trained professionals, composed of federal law enforce- (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and ment officers, boat crewmen, and coxswains who are ca- was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008. pable of completing a wide range of missions.

1.6.2 Police department 1.7 Crime

The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina’s largest police department.[62] Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same. According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Re- ports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national average in almost every major category.[63] Greg Mullen, the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach, Virginia Police Department, serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department. The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg who resigned August 12, 2005. Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept police brutality well in check, even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reduction in crime rates.[64] Charleston Police Department police transporter 14 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

The following table shows Charleston’s crime rate for six 1.9 Transportation crimes that Morgan Quitno uses to calculate the ranking of “America’s most dangerous cities”, in comparison to 1.9.1 Airport the national average. The statistics shown are not for the actual number of crimes committed, but for the number Charleston is served by the Charleston International Air- of crimes committed per 100,000 people.[65] port, which is located in the city of North Charleston Since 1999, the overall crime rate of Charleston has be- (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS) and is the busiest passenger gun to decline. The total crime index rate for Charleston airport in the state of South Carolina. The airport shares in 1999 was 597.1 crimes committed per 100,000 peo- runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base. ple, while in 2011 the total crime index rate was 236.4 Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located per 100,000. (The United States average is 320.9 per in the John’s Island section of the city of Charleston and 100,000.) is used by non-commercial aircraft. Both airports are According to the Congressional Quarterly Press 2008 owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation City Crime Rankings: Crime in Metropolitan Amer- Authority. ica, Charleston, South Carolina ranks as the 124th most dangerous city of cities with more than 75,000 1.9.2 Interstates and highways inhabitants.[66] However, the entire Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area had a much higher overall crime rate, ranking as 221st.

1.8 Infrastructure and economy

1.8.1 Economic sectors and major employ- ers

Charleston is a major tourist destination, with a consid- erable number of luxury hotels, hotel chains, inns, and bed and breakfasts and a large number of award-winning restaurants and quality shopping. The city has two ship- ping terminals, owned and operated by the South Car- Near the exit from I-26 onto Meeting Street in Charleston, South Carolina. Intersection of Meeting Street and Line Street visible in olina Ports Authority, which are part of the fourth largest photo. container seaport on the East Coast and the thirteenth [67] largest container seaport in North America. Interstate 26 enters the city from the northwest and con- In 2009, Boeing selected the City of North Charleston for nects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston In- their southeast commercial aircraft assembly facility. The ternational Airport, Interstate 95, and Columbia, South assembly facility began operations in 2011. Also, Boeing Carolina. It ends in downtown Charleston with exits is constructing an Engineering Design Center in the City to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel, of North Charleston. Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. The Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of U.S. Charleston is becoming a prime location for information Highway 17, which travels east-west through the cities technology jobs and corporations and has experienced the of Charleston and Mount Pleasant. The Mark Clark Ex- highest growth in this sector between 2011 and 2012 due pressway, or Interstate 526, is the bypass around the city in large part to the Charleston Digital Corridor. and begins at U.S. Highway 17 North/South. U.S. High- In 2013, the Milken Institute ranked the Charleston re- way 52 is Meeting Street and its spur is East Bay Street, gion the ninth best performing economy in the US due in which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the East- large part to the growing IT sector. Notable companies side. This highway merges with King Street in the city’s include Blackbaud, SPARC, BoomTown,CSS and Bene- Neck area (Industrial District). U.S. Highway 78 is King fitfocus. Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with Higher education is also an important sector in the local Meeting Street. economy, with institutions such as the Medical University of South Carolina, College of Charleston, The Citadel, Major highways The Military College of South Carolina, and Charleston School of Law. Charleston is also an important art desti- • I‑26 (eastern terminus is in Charleston) nation, named a top 25 arts destination by AmericanStyle magazine.[68] • I‑526 1.9. TRANSPORTATION 15

• I‑526 Bus. Rural parts of the city and metropolitan area are served by a different bus system, operated by Berkeley-Charleston- • US 17 Dorchester Rural Transportation Management Associa- • US 52 (eastern terminus is in Charleston) tion (BCD-RTMA). The system is also commonly called the TriCounty Link.[69] • US 52 Spur • US 78 (Eastern terminus is in Charleston) 1.9.4 Port • SC 7 (Sam Rittenberg Boulevard) • SC 30 (James Island Expressway) • SC 61 (St. Andrews Boulevard/Ashley River Road) • SC 171 (Old Towne Road/Folly Road) • SC 461 (Paul Cantrell Boulevard/Glenn McConnell Parkway) • SC 700 (Maybank Highway)

Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge

The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was the second longest Columbus Street Terminal viewed from the southwest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its con- struction. The bridge links Mount Pleasant with down- The Port of Charleston, owned and operated by the South town Charleston, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane Carolina Ports Authority, is one of the largest ports in shared by pedestrians and bicycles. It replaced the Grace the U.S. The Port of Charleston consists of five termi- Memorial Bridge (built in 1929) and the Silas N. Pearman nals, and a sixth terminal to open in 2018. Despite oc- Bridge (built in 1966). They were considered two of the casional labor disputes, the port is ranked number one more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished in customer satisfaction across North America by supply after the Ravenel Bridge opened. chain executives.[70] Port activity at the two terminals lo- cated in the city of Charleston is one of the city’s leading sources of revenue, behind tourism. Today the Port of Charleston boasts the deepest water in the southeast region and regularly handles ships too big to transit through the Panama Canal. A next-generation harbor deepening project is currently underway to take the Port of Charleston’s entrance channel to 54 feet and The new Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge, constructed in 2005 and harbor channel to 52 feet at mean low tide. named for former U.S. Representative Arthur Ravenel, Jr., who pushed the project to fruition, was at the time of its construc- Union Pier, in the city of Charleston, is a cruise ship pas- tion the second longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemi- senger terminal which hosts numerous cruise departures sphere. annually. In May 2010, the Carnival Fantasy was per- manently stationed in Charleston, offering weekly cruises to the Bahamas and Key West, eventually to include 1.9.3 Charleston Area Regional Trans- Bermuda. With the addition of the weekly Carnival Fan- portation Authority tasy sailings, Union Terminal hosted 67 embarkations and ports of call in 2010. The city is also served by a bus system, operated by the Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority Terminals (CARTA). Most of the urban area is served by regional fixed route buses, which are equipped with bike racks • Wando Welch Terminal – used for container cargo, as part of the system’s Rack & Ride program. CARTA located in the town of Mount Pleasant. offers connectivity to historic downtown attractions and accommodations with DASH (Downtown Area Shuttle) • Columbus Street Terminal – used for project cargo, trolley buses, and it offers curbside pickup for disabled breakbulk and roll-on/roll-off cargo. Located in the passengers with its Tel-A-Ride buses. city of Charleston. 16 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

• Union Pier Terminal – used for cruise ship opera- the city, such as the Cainhoy Industrial District, Cainhoy tions, located in Charleston. Historical District and Daniel Island. • North Charleston Terminal – used for container Charleston is also served by a large number of in- cargo, located in the city of North Charleston. dependent schools, including Porter-Gaud School (K- 12), Charleston Collegiate School (K-12), Ashley Hall • Veterans Terminal – used for project cargo, break- (Pre K-12), Charleston Day School (1-8), First Bap- bulk and roll-on/roll-off cargo. Located in the City tist Church School (K-12), Palmetto Christian Academy of North Charleston. (K-12), Coastal Christian Preparatory School (K-12), Mason Preparatory School (K-8), and Addlestone He- • Naval Base Terminal - 280 acre facility opening in brew Academy (K-8). 2018, to be used for container cargo. The facility will increase port capacity by 50%. Located in the The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Ed- City of North Charleston. ucation also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Na- Shipyard tivity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are “feeder” schools into Bishop England High School, With the closure of the Naval Base and Charleston Naval a diocesan high school within the city. Bishop England, Shipyard in 1996, Detyens, Inc. signed a long term lease. Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city’s old- With three dry docks, one floating dock, and six piers, est and most prominent private schools, and are in them- Detyens Shipyards, Inc. is the largest commercial facility selves a significant part of Charleston history, dating back on the East Coast. Projects include military, commercial, some 150 years. and cruise ships. Public institutions of higher education in Charleston in- clude the College of Charleston (the nation’s 13th oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South 1.10 Nearby cities and towns Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including 1.10.1 Other outlying areas the Charleston School of Law. Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and • Cross the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region’s technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston • Dewees Island is also the location for the only college in the country that • Edisto Island offers bachelor’s degrees in the building arts, The Amer- ican College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of • James Island Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street, opened in 2007. • Johns Island • Ladson • Morris Island 1.13 Armed Forces • Wadmalaw Island Portions of The Charleston, South Carolina metropoli- • Yonges Island tan area, (The City of Charleston, The City of North Charleston, The City of Goose Creek, and The City of Hanahan) are home to branches of the United States Mil- 1.11 Parks itary. During the Cold War, the Naval Base (1902-1996) became the third largest U.S. homeport serving over 80 ships and submarines. In addition, the Charleston Naval 1.12 Schools, colleges and universi- Shipyard repaired frigates, destroyers, cruisers, sub ten- ders, and submarines. Also during this period, the Ship- ties yard conducted refueling of nuclear subs. During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic See also: List of schools in Charleston, South Carolina Fleet’s load out base for all nuclear ballistic missile sub- marines. Two SSBN “Boomer” squadrons and a sub ten- Because most of the city of Charleston is located in der were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one Charleston County, it is served by the Charleston County SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a sub School District. Part of the city, however, is served by the tender were homeported at the Naval Base. At the 1996 Berkeley County School District in northern portions of closure of the Station’s Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic 1.15. SISTER CITIES 17

(POMFLANT), over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their • WCBD-TV (2, NBC) & (14, CW): licensed in UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, and UGM-96 Tri- Charleston, owned by Media General, broadcast stu- dent I delivery missiles (SLBM) were stored and main- dios are located in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina tained, guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps Security Force Company. • WCIV-TV (4, ABC, Me TV): licensed in Charleston, (Allbritton Communications), broad- In 2010, the Air Force Base (3,877 acres) and Naval cast studios are located in Mount Pleasant, South Weapons Station (>17,000 acres) merged to form Joint Carolina Base Charleston. Today, Joint Base Charleston, encom- passing over 20,877 acres and supporting 53 Military • WCSC-TV (5, CBS, Ind., Bounce TV): licensed in Commands and Federal Agencies, provides service to Charleston, owned by Raycom, broadcast studios over 79,000 Airmen, Sailors, Soldiers, Marines, Coast are located in Charleston, South Carolina Guardsmen, DOD civilians, dependents, and retirees. • WITV-TV (7, PBS): licensed in Charleston, owned In supporting Joint Base Charleston, the former by South Carolina Educational Television, transmit- Charleston Naval Base has been transformed into a ter in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina multi-use Federal Complex (231 acres) with 17 Gov- ernment and Military tenants, as well as homeport for 6 • WLCN-CD (18, RTV) licensed in Charleston, RO-RO Military Sealift Command Ships, 2 Coast Guard owned by Faith Assembly of God, broadcast studios National Security Cutters, and 2 NOAA Research Ships. are located in Summerville, South Carolina

• WTAT-TV (24, Fox): licensed in Charleston, 1.13.1 Coast Guard owned by Cunningham Broadcasting Company, broadcast studios are located in North Charleston, • Coast Guard Sector Charleston (District 7) South Carolina

• Coast Guard Station Charleston • WAZS-CD (29, Azteca America Independent) li- censed in Charleston, owned by Jabar Commu- • Coast Guard Helicopter Air Facility, Johns Island nications, broadcast studios are located in North Charleston, South Carolina • Coast Guard Reserves, Charleston • WJNI-CD (31, America One Independent) licensed • USCGC Tarpon, Marine Protector-class coastal pa- in Charleston, owned by Jabar Communications, trol boat, Tybee Island broadcast studios are located in North Charleston, South Carolina • USCGC Yellowfin, Marine Protector-class coastal patrol boat, Charleston • WMMP-TV (36, My Network Television, TheCoolTV): licensed in Charleston, owned • USCGC Anvil, Charleston by Sinclair Broadcasting Company, broadcast studios are located in North Charleston, South Carolina 1.13.2 Army

• United States Army Corps of Engineers, Charleston 1.14.2 Radio stations District Main article: Media in Charleston, South Carolina 1.14 Media

Main article: Media in Charleston, South Carolina 1.15 Sister cities

Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy.[74] The relationship between the two cities began 1.14.1 Broadcast television when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the Amer- Charleston is the nation’s 98th largest Designated mar- ican version of Spoleto’s annual Festival of Two Worlds. ket area (DMA), with 312,770 households and 0.27% of “Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spo- the U.S. TV population.[72] The following stations are li- leto as well as its wealth of theaters, churches and other censed in Charleston and have significant operations or performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Car- viewers in the city:[73] olina as the ideal location. The historic city provided a 18 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would capti- [7] “Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840”. vate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure.”[37] [8] “Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Charleston city, South Carolina”. U.S. Census Charleston is also twinned with Speightstown, St. Pe- Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ter, Barbados.[75] The original parts of Charlestown were based on the plans of Barbados’s capital city [9] “Which are the world’s friendliest and unfriendliest Bridgetown.[76] Many dispossessed indigo, tobacco and cities?". CNN. Retrieved 2013-08-07. cotton planters departed from Speightstown, along with [10] “What are the world’s friendliest/unfriendliest cities?". their slaves, and helped found Charleston after there was CNN. a wholesale move to adopt sugar cane cultivation in Bar- bados, a land and labor-intensive enterprise that helped [11] Michael P. Johnson, James L. Roark. Black Masters: A usher in the era of trans-Atlantic slave trade in the for- Free Family of Color in the Old South (Google eBook). mer British West Indies.[77] Books.google.com. Retrieved September 17, 2014. [12] “A “portion of the People"". Harvardmagazine.com. Re- trieved September 17, 2014. 1.16 See also [13] Joseph A. Opala ; The Gullah People and Their African Heritage by William S. Pollizer, pp. 32–33 • 1886 Charleston earthquake [14] Douglas Egerton, Opinion: “Abolitionist or Terrorist?", • Charleston Sofa Super Store fire New York Times, 25 February 2014, accessed 5 November 2014 • French Quarter (Charleston, South Carolina) • [15] “Joseph A. Opala”. Yale.edu. Retrieved September 17, Hampton Park Terrace 2014. • John Henry Devereux [16] The Gullah People and Their African Heritage, by William • Hurricane Hugo S. Pollitzer; pp. 91–92. • List of people from Charleston, South Carolina [17] Mark Urban. Fusiliers. • List of tallest buildings in Charleston, South Car- [18] “Profile for Charleston, South Carolina”. ePodunk. Re- trieved 2010-05-20. olina [19] Kroger, Larry Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Mas- • List of television shows and films in Charleston, ters in South Carolina, 1790-1860. University of South South Carolina Carolina Press 1995. • National Register of Historic Places listings in [20] “Bernews: “Row Over Statue to Bermudian’s Slave"". Charleston, South Carolina Bernews.com. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

• Old Slave Mart [21] Willoughby, Malcolm F. (1957). The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval • Riverland Terrace Institute. p. 4.

[22] Between August 1863 and March 1864, not a single block- 1.17 Notes ade runner made it in or out of the harbor. Craig L. Symonds, The Civil War at Sea (2009) p. 57

[1] “American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. [23] “H. L. Hunley, Confederate Submarine”. His- Retrieved 2015-02-17. tory.navy.mil. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

[2] “Population Estimates”. United States Census Bureau. [24] E. Horace Fitchett, “The Traditions of the Free Negro Retrieved 2015-02-17. in Charleston, South Carolina”, Journal of Negro History, XXV (April 1940), p. 139 [3] “Find a County”. National Association of Counties. Re- trieved 2011-06-07. [25] Thomas Holt, Black Over White: Negro Political Leader- [4] As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, ship in South Carolina During Reconstruction, University for use by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes of Illinois Press, 1979, p.43 only. [26] Jeffrey G. Strickland, Ethnicity And Race In The Ur- [5] http://statelibrary.sc.libguides.com/sc-information/ ban South: German Immigrants And African-Americans In sc-counties#Charleston Charleston, South Carolina During Reconstruction, 2003, p. 11, Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations. Pa- [6] “Charleston Time Line”. Retrieved 2007-07-09. per 1541 1.17. NOTES 19

[27] Melinda Meeks Hennessy, “Racial Violence During Re- [46] “Welcome - The Black Fedora”. The Black Fedora. Re- construction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cain- trieved September 17, 2014. hoy”, South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104-106 (subscription required) [47] Jinkins, Shirley (February 23, 1997). “Charleston S.C. has had a long and turbulent history, but a remarkable [28] Reconstruction as Armed Insurgency: Cainhoy, South number of its buildings have survived”. The Baltimore Carolina during Reconstruction, 2010-2012, accessed 27 Sun. Retrieved 2012-05-30. October 2014 [48] “Richard Marcus. Book Review: Werewolf Smackdown [29] “Century V City of Charleston Population 2010 Esti- by Mario Acevedo. Seattle PI. Posted: March 23, 2010”. mates” (PDF). seattlepi.com. Retrieved September 17, 2014. [49] Rich in Love [30] “Charleston Provincialisms” (1887), Pub. Modern Lan- guage Association of America, Vol. iii, Internet Archive [50] http://www.amazon.com/ and Early Journal Content on JSTOR, accessed 5 Novem- The-Invention-Wings-A-Novel/dp/product-description/ ber 2014 0670024783/ref=dp_proddesc_0?ie=UTF8&n= 283155&s=books [31] “Charleston Harbor Tours of Historic Charleston, SC, Boat Tours”. Charlestonharbortours.com. Retrieved [51] “NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data”. National September 17, 2014. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-02-27. [32] Perry, Lee Davis; McLaughlin, J. Michael (2007) [1999]. Insiders Guide to Charleston (google books) (Eleventh [52] Lane, F.W. The Elements Rage (David & Charles 1966), ed.). Guilford, CT: Morris Book Publishing. p. 374. p. 49 ISBN 978-0-7627-4403-9. Retrieved 2012-01-25. [53] “Station Name: SC CHARLESTON INTL AP”. Na- [33] Rosen, Robert N. (1992) [1982]. A Short History of tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Re- Charleston (Google books) (Second ed.). charleston, SC: trieved 2014-05-09. Peninsula Press. p. 92. ISBN 1-57003-197-5. Retrieved [54] “WMO Climate Normals for 2012-01-25. CHARLESTON/MUNICIPAL, SC 1961–1990”. [34] “History of the Huguenot Society”. Huguenotsociety.org. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-09-17. Retrieved 2014-03-10. [55] “Station Name: SC CHARLESTON CITY”. National [35] “Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim”. Kkbe.org. Retrieved Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-09-17. 2014-05-09.

[36] “Brith Sholom Beth Israel”. Bsbisynagogue.com. Re- [56] “List of Populations of Urbanized Areas”. U.S. Census trieved 2014-09-17. Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-06-13. Re- trieved 2012-06-13. [37] [57] “U.S. Decennial Census”. Census.gov. Retrieved June 5, [38] Jack McCray (June 6, 2007). Charleston Jazz. Arcadia 2013. Publishing. pp. 11, 12. ISBN 978-0-7385-4350-5. [58] “Quick Facts: Charleston, SC”, US Census Bureau, 2010 [39] Jack McCray (June 6, 2007). Charleston Jazz. Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7385-4350-5. [59] “Charleston County election results by precinct: 2006 general election”. [40] Hubbert, Julie. “Jenkins Orphanage”. Retrieved 2013- 02-18. [60] “Investigation examining Charleston firefighters’ handling of deadly blaze,”. Ksla.com. June 19, 2007. Retrieved [41] Edgar, Walter. South Carolina Encyclopedia (2006) pp. September 17, 2014. 590-591, ISBN 1-57003-598-9 [61] [42] Erb, Jane. “Porgy and Bess (1934)". Retrieved 2013-02- [62] 19. [63] “2005 FBI Crime Reports”. [43] “Welcome - The Sound Of Charleston”. sound- Charlestonsc.areaconnect.com. Retrieved 2009-02- ofcharleston. Retrieved September 17, 2014. 25.

[44] “America’s Favorite Cities 2010 - Culture - The- [64] Michael Ledeen, “Hail to the Chief,” National Review On- ater/performance art - Travel + Leisure”. Travel + line, August 18, 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-18. Leisure. Retrieved September 17, 2014. [65] “Charleston, South Carolina (SC) Detailed Profile – relo- [45] “Footlight Players – Community Theater at its Best. cation, real estate, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, Charleston, SC”. Footlightplayers.net. Retrieved move, moving, houses news, sex offenders”. City- September 17, 2014. data.com. Retrieved 2009-02-25. 20 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

[66] “CQ Press: City Crime Rankings 2012”. Os.cqpress.com. • Gillespie, Joanna Bowen. The Life and Times of Retrieved 2013-06-05. Martha Laurens Ramsay, 1759–1811. U. of South Carolina Press, 2001. 315 pp. [67] • Hagy, James William. This Happy Land: The Jews [68] of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston. U. of Al- [69] “TriCounty Link rural bus service with flagstop system abama Press, 1993. 450 pp. serving Berkeley, Charleston and Dorchester counties • of South Carolina”. Ridetricountylink.com. Retrieved Jaher, Frederic Cople. The Urban Establishment: September 17, 2014. Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles. U. of Illinois Press, 1982. [70] 777 pp.

[71] “Charles Towne Landing”. Charlestowne.org. Retrieved • McInnis, Maurie D. The Politics of Taste in Antebel- September 17, 2014. lum Charleston. U. of North Carolina Press, 2005. [72] “Charleston drops in TV market pecking order”. 395 pp.

[73] “Television station listings in Charleston, South Carolina • Pease, William H. and Pease, Jane H. The Web of – Total station FCC filings found”. Progress: Private Values and Public Styles in Boston and Charleston, 1828–1843. Oxford U. Press, [74] 1985. 352 pp.

[75] “Cultural Heritage Programme – The Barbados Carolina • Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H. A Family of Connection”. Tourism.gov.bb. Retrieved September 17, Women: The Carolina Petigrus in Peace and War. 2014. U. of North Carolina Press, 1999. 328 pp. [76] • Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H. Ladies, [77] “Barbados: South Carolina’s Mother Colony”. Sci- Women, and Wenches: Choice and Constraint in An- way.net. Retrieved September 17, 2014. tebellum Charleston and Boston. U. of North Car- olina Press, 1990. 218 pp.

• Phelps, W. Chris. The Bombardment of Charleston, 1.18 Further reading 1863–1865. Gretna, La.: Pelican, 2002. 175 pp.

1.18.1 General • Rosen, Robert N. Confederate Charleston: An Illus- trated History of the City and the People during the • Borick, Carl P. A Gallant Defense: The Siege of Civil War. U. of South Carolina Press, 1994. 181 Charleston, 1780. U. of South Carolina Press, 2003. pp. 332 pp. • Rosen, Robert. A Short History of Charleston. Uni- • Bull, Kinloch, Jr. The Oligarchs in Colonial versity of South Carolina Press, (1997). ISBN 1- and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor 57003-197-5, scholarly survey William Bull II and His Family. U. of South Carolina • Spence, E. Lee. Spence’s Guide to South Carolina: Press, 1991. 415 pp. diving, 639 shipwrecks (1520–1813), saltwater sport • Clarke, Peter. A Free Church in a Free Society. The fishing, recreational shrimping, crabbing, oystering, Ecclesiology of John England, Bishop of Charleston, clamming, saltwater aquarium, 136 campgrounds, 1820–1842, a Nineteenth Century Missionary Bishop 281 boat landings (Nelson Southern Printing, Sul- in the Southern United States. Charleston, South livan’s Island, South Carolina: Spence, ©1976) Carolina: Bagpipe, 1982. 561 pp. OCLC: 2846435 • • Coker, P. C., III. Charleston’s Maritime Heritage, Spence, E. Lee. Treasures of the Confederate Coast: 1670–1865: An Illustrated History. Charleston, the “real Rhett Butler” & Other Revelations (Narwhal South Carolina: Coker-Craft, 1987. 314 pp. Press, Charleston/Miami, ©1995)[ISBN 1-886391- 01-7][ISBN 1-886391-00-9], OCLC: 32431590 • Doyle, Don H. New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860–1910. U. of North Carolina Press, 1990. 369 pp. 1.18.2 Art, architecture, literature, science

• Fraser, Walter J., Jr. Charleston! Charleston! The • Coles, John R.; Tiedj, Mark C. (June 4, 2009). History of a Southern City. U. of South Carolina, Movie Theaters of Charleston (Paperback). p. 97. 1990. 542 pp. the standard scholarly history ISBN 1-4414-9355-7. 1.18. FURTHER READING 21

• Cothran, James R. Gardens of Historic Charleston. • Stockton, Robert, et. al (1985). Information U. of South Carolina Press, 1995. 177 pp. for Guides of Historic Charleston, South Carolina. Charleston, South Carolina: City of Charleston • Gadsden Cultural Center; Macmurphy, Make; Tourism Commission. Williams, Sullivan (October 4, 2004). Sullivan’s Island/Images of America. Charleston, South Car- • Waddell, Gene (2003). Charleston Architecture, olina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-0- 1670–1860 (hardback) 2. Charleston: Wyrick & 7385-1678-3. Company. p. 992. ISBN 978-0-941711-68-5. ISBN 0-941711-68-4 • Greene, Harlan. Mr. Skylark: John Bennett and the Charleston Renaissance. U. of Georgia Press, 2001. • Weyeneth, Robert R. (2000). Historic Preservation 372 pp. for a Living City: Historic Charleston Foundation, 1947–1997. Historic Charleston Foundation Studies • Hudgins; Carter L., ed (1994). The Vernacu- in History and Culture series (University of South lar Architecture of Charleston and the Lowcountry, Carolina Press). p. 256. ISBN 1-57003-353-6. 1670 – 1990. Charleston, South Carolina: Historic ISBN 978-1-57003-353-7. Charleston Foundation. • Yuhl, Stephanie E. A Golden Haze of Memory: The • Hutchisson, James M. and Greene, Harlan, ed. Re- Making of Historic Charleston. U. of North Carolina naissance in Charleston: Art and Life in the Carolina Press, 2005. 285 pp. Low Country, 1900–1940. U. of Georgia Press, 2003. 259 pp. • Zola, Gary Phillip. Isaac Harby of Charleston, 1788–1828: Jewish Reformer and Intellectual. U. • Hutchisson, James M. DuBose Heyward: A of Alabama Press, 1994. 284 pp. Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess. U. Press of Mississippi, 2000. 225 pp. • Susan Harbage Page and Juan Logan. “Prop Master • Jacoby, Mary Moore, ed (1994). The Churches at Charleston’s Gibbes Museum of Art”, Southern of Charleston and the Lowcountry (hardback). Spaces, September 21, 2009. Columbia South Carolina: University of South Car- • Nelson, Emily The Locket, 2010, 207 pp. The Angel olina Press. ISBN 0-87249-888-3. ISBN 978-0- Oak tree at Johns Island near Charleston is featured 87249-888-4. prominently in the book, The Locket by Emily Nel- • McNeil, Jim. Charleston’s Navy Yard: A Picture son. History. Charleston, South Carolina: Coker Craft, 1985. 217 pp. 1.18.3 Race • Moore, Margaret H (1997). Complete Charleston: A Guide to the Architecture, History, and Gardens of • Bellows, Barbara L. Benevolence among Slavehold- Charleston. Charleston, South Carolina: TM Pho- ers: Assisting the Poor in Charleston, 1670–1860. tography. ISBN 0-9660144-0-5. Louisiana State U. Press, 1993. 217 pp. • O'Brien, Michael and Moltke-Hansen, David, ed. • Drago, Edmund L. Initiative, Paternalism, and Race Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston. U. of Relations: Charleston’s Avery Normal Institute. U. Tennessee Press, 1986. 468 pp. of Georgia Press, 1990. 402 pp. • Poston, Jonathan H. The Buildings of Charleston: A • Egerton, Douglas R. He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives Guide to the City’s Architecture. U. of South Carolina of Denmark Vesey. Madison House, 1999. 248 pp. Press, 1997. 717 pp. online review • Severens, Kenneth (1988). Charleston Antebel- • Greene, Harlan; Hutchins, Harry S., Jr.; and lum Architecture and Civic Destiny (hardback). Hutchins, Brian E. Slave Badges and the Slave-Hire Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 315. System in Charleston, South Carolina, 1783–1865. ISBN 0-87049-555-0. ISBN 978-0-87049-555-7 McFarland, 2004. 194 pp. • Smith, Alice R. Huger; Smith, D.E. Huger (1917). • Jenkins, Wilbert L. Seizing the New Day: African Dwelling Houses of Charleston, South Carolina. Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston. Indiana U. New York: Diadem Books. Press, 1998. 256 pp. • Stephens, Lester D. Science, Race, and Religion • Johnson, Michael P. and Roark, James L. No Char- in the American South: John Bachman and the iot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on Charleston Circle of Naturalists, 1815–1895. U. of the Eve of the Civil War. U. of North Carolina North Carolina Press, 2000. 338 pp. Press, 1984. 174 pp. 22 CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

• Kennedy, Cynthia M. Braided Relations, Entwined Lives: The Women of Charleston’s Urban Slave So- ciety. Indiana U. Press, 2005. 311 pp.

• Powers, Bernard E., Jr. Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822–1885. U. of Arkansas Press, 1994. 377 pp.

1.19 External links

• City of Charleston official website • Charleston Tourism Website

• Map showing boundaries of City of Charleston • Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum

• Congressional Medal of Honor Museum • USS Yorktown CV10 Association Chapter 2

St. Michael’s Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)

St. Michael’s Church is an historic church and the old- in North America. The bells are one of four sets (Grace est surviving religious structure in Charleston, South Car- Episcopal, The Cathedral of Saint Luke and Saint Paul olina. It is located at Broad and Meeting streets on one and Stella Maris Catholic church) in the Charleston area. of the Four Corners of Law, and represents ecclesiastical law. It was built in the 1750s by order of the South Car- olina Assembly. It is listed on the National Register of 2.3 See also Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark. • List of Registered Historic Places in South Carolina 2.1 History • List of National Historic Landmarks in South Car- olina St. Michael’s Church was built between 1751 and 1761 • St. Michael’s Churchyard at the corner of Broad and Meeting streets on the site of the original wooden church built in 1681 by St. Philip’s Church, It had been damaged in a hurricane in 1710 and a 2.4 References new St. Philip’s Church was built several blocks away on Church Street. In 1727, what was left of the old wooden [1] “National Register Information System”. National Regis- [3][4] church was demolished. ter of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23.

It is not known who designed St. Michael’s, but it shows [2] “St. Michael’s Church”. National Historic Landmark sum- the influence of St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, de- mary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-03- signed in the 1720s by James Gibbs. Samuel Cardy was 07. the builder. The walls are of brick that was stuccoed over [3] “St. Michael’s: An Historical Overview”. St. Michael’s and painted white. The two-story portico facing Broad Church. Retrieved March 9, 2014. Street was the first of its size in colonial America and fea- tures Tuscan columns.[5] [4] “A Brief History of St. Philip’s Church, The Mother Church of The Diocese of South Carolina, Est. 1680”. An organ by John Snetzler was fitted in 1768 but only the St. Philip’s Church. Retrieved March 9, 2014. case remains; new organ 1994 by Kenneth Jones of Bray, Ireland. [5] South Carolina Department of Archives and History list- ing for Saint Michael’s Episcopal Church It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960,[2][6] and it was included in the first promulgation [6] James Dillon (1978). “National Register of Historic of the National Register in 1966.[1] Places Inventory-Nomination: St. Michael’s Church” (pdf). National Park Service. and Accompanying two pho- St. Michael’s Churchyard, adjacent to the church is the tos, exterior, from 1969 PDF (32 KB) resting place of some famous historical figures, including two signers of the Constitution of the United States. 2.5 Further reading

2.2 Clock and bells • Beesley, Charles Norbury (1908). Beesley’s Illus- trated Guide to St. Michael’s Church, Charleston, So. The church houses a clock and change ringing bells dating Ca. Charleston, S.C.: Walker, Evans & Cogswell from colonial times,[3] The clock is the oldest tower clock Co. OCLC 9168211.

23 24 CHAPTER 2. ST. MICHAEL’S EPISCOPAL CHURCH (CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA)

2.6 External links

• Media related to St. Michael’s Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina) at Wikimedia Com- mons

• Official website

• Saint Michael’s Episcopal Church, Charleston County (80 Meeting St., Charleston), including four photos, at South Carolina Department of Archives and History

• Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. SC-62, "St. Michael’s Church, 80 Meeting Street, Charleston, Charleston County, SC", 41 photos, 4 color transparencies, 11 measured drawings, 16 data pages, 5 photo caption pages • site history

• National Historic Landmarks Program listing for Saint Michael’s Episcopal Church

• National Register listings for Charleston County • Historic Charleston’s Religious and Community Buildings, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Chapter 3

The Battery (Charleston)

nade, paralleling East Battery, as the street is known south of Water Street, to the intersection of Murray Boulevard, is known as High Battery. Fort Sumter is visible from the Cooper River side (High Battery) and from the point, as are Castle Pinckney, the World War II aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10), Fort Moultrie, and Sullivan’s Is- land. Two ten-inch Columbiads at the South Battery guard Charleston As a tourist destination, the Battery is famous for its Harbor (1863) stately, mainly antebellum homes. Included among the grand houses are the Louis DeSaussure House (1 East Battery), the Roper House (9 East Battery), the William Ravenel House (13 East Battery), the Charles Drayton House (25 East Battery), the Villa Margherita (4 South Battery), the William Washington House (8 South Bat- tery), the Col. John A.S. Ashe House (26 South Battery), and the James Spear House (30 South Battery). Fort Broughton (ca. 1735) and Fort Wilkins (during the American Revolution and War of 1812) occupied White or Oyster Point, so named because of the piles of bleached oyster shells on the point at the tip of the penin- sula. In the 18th century, rocks and heavy materials were used to fortify the shore of the Cooper River on the east- ern side of the peninsula. In 1838, this area along the seawall became a promenade. First used as a public park in 1837, the area now known as White Point Garden be- came a place for artillery during the American Civil War. In popular speech and in a number of unofficial guide- books and Web sites, The Battery and White Point Gar- den are sometimes referred to as “Battery Park,” but the park and seawall promenade are not regarded by the City of Charleston as a single entity, and the term “Battery Park” is not an official designation. Closeup of a Columbiad at South Battery (1863) In 2004, a structural report by the City of Charleston showed that the Battery was suffering serious problems The Battery is a landmark defensive seawall and prom- and could fail to protect the southeastern portion of the enade in Charleston, South Carolina. Named for a civil- city during hurricanes. In 2012, the City announced that war coastal defense artillery battery at the site, it stretches a $3.2 million restoration project would soon commence along the lower shores of the Charleston peninsula, bor- at the juncture of High Battery (along East Battery) and dered by the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, which meet here Low Battery (along Murray Blvd.).[1] to form Charleston harbor. Historically, it has been un- derstood to extend from the beginning of the seawall at the site of the former Omar Shrine Temple (40-44 East Bay Street) to the intersection of what is now Murray Boulevard and King Street. The higher part of the prome-

25 26 CHAPTER 3. THE BATTERY (CHARLESTON)

The Battery in ruins from shellfire, April, 1865

A historic home on the Battery.

3.1 See also

Media related to Battery Park (Charleston) at Wikimedia Commons

• Charleston Battery, a professional men’s soccer team in the Charleston area.

3.2 References

[1] “Finally a fix for the Battery”. Charleston Post & Courier. Retrieved Dec 26, 2012.

Coordinates: 32°46′09″N 79°55′44″W / 32.7692°N 79.9288°W Chapter 4

Pink House (Charleston, South Carolina)

4.1 See also

• List of the oldest buildings in South Carolina

4.2 References

[1] Stockton, Robert (Sep 8, 1975). “Bermuda Stone Trans- planted”. Charleston News & Courier. pp. B–1. Retrieved November 3, 2013.

[2] “Pink House Used For Many Purposes”. Charleston News & Courier. Sep 4, 1967. Retrieved November 3, 2013.

[3] The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City’s Ar- chitecture By Jonathan H. Poston (Univ of South Carolina Press, 1997)

4.3 External links

• Gallery website

Coordinates: 32°46′39″N 79°55′44″W / 32.7775°N 79.9289°W

Pink House

Pink House is a historic house and art gallery at 17 Chalmers Street in Charleston, South Carolina that is one of the oldest buildings in South Carolina and the oldest building in Charleston. The house was built between 1694 and 1712 of pinkish Bermuda stone by John Breton in the city’s French Quar- ter. The date of the building has been the subject of dis- pute. Two local historians fixed the date as 1712,[1] but a construction date as late as 1745 has been suggested.[2] The tile gambrel roof dates to the eighteenth century. The building was a tavern in the 1750s. James Gordon was the owner of the house by the 1780s. The artist Alice R. Huger Smith used the house as a studio in the early twentieth century. In the 1930s the house was restored by Mr. and Mrs. Victor Morawetz. Currently, the house features an art gallery.[3]

27 Chapter 5

Old Slave Mart

The Old Slave Mart is a building located at 6 Chalmers Street in Charleston, South Carolina that once housed an antebellum slave auction gallery.[3] Constructed in 1859, the building is believed to be the last extant slave auction facility in South Carolina. In 1975, the Old Slave Mart was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its role in Charleston’s African-American history. Today, the building houses the Old Slave Mart Museum.[1][4] The Old Slave Mart was originally part of a slave market known as Ryan’s Mart, which covered a large enclosed lot between Chalmers and Queen streets. The market was established in 1856 by Charleston sheriff Thomas Ryan, after a citywide ban on public slave auctions made private facilities necessary. Slave auctions were held at the site until approximately 1863; in 1865, the Union Army oc- cupied Charleston and closed Ryan’s Mart. The Old Slave Mart Museum has operated on and off since 1938.[4]

The layout of Ryan’s Mart, circa 1860 5.1 Design on the north side of the Exchange and Provost building.[1] The Old Slave Mart is a 67-foot (20 m) by 19-foot (5.8 m) After the city prohibited public slave auctions in 1856, brick structure with a stuccoed façade. The front (south enclosed slave markets sprang up along Chalmers, State, side) faces the cobblestone-paved Chalmers Street. The and Queen streets. One such market was Ryan’s Mart, building originally measured 44 feet (13 m) by 20 feet established by Charleston sheriff and alderman Thomas (6.1 m), but an extension in 1922 gave it its current di- Ryan and his business partner, James Marsh. Ryan’s Mart mensions. The unique façade of the Old Slave Mart con- originally consisted of a closed lot with three structures— sists of 20-foot (6.1 m) octagonal pillars at each end, with a four-story barracoon or slave jail, a kitchen, and a a central elliptical arch comprising the entrance.[4] morgue or “dead house.”[4] The building originally contained one large room with In 1859, an auction master named Z. B. Oakes pur- a 20-foot (6.1 m) ceiling. In 1878, a second floor was chased Ryan’s Mart, and built what is now the Old Slave added, and the roof was overhauled. The arched entry- Mart building for use as an auction gallery. The build- way originally held an iron gate; in the late 1870s it was ing’s auction table was 3 feet (0.91 m) high and 10 feet filled in with simple doors. Interior partitions were added (3.0 m) long and stood just inside the arched doorway.[1] in subsequent decades, dividing the first floor into three In addition to slaves, the market sold real estate and rooms.[4] Today, there is an iron gate in the archway once stock.[4] Slave auctions at Ryan’s Mart were advertised again. in broadsheets throughout the 1850s, some appearing as far away as Galveston, Texas. When Union forces occupied Charleston beginning in 5.2 History February 1865, the slaves still imprisoned at Ryan’s Mart were freed.[5] Throughout the first half of the 19th century, slaves In 1878, the Old Slave Mart was converted into a tene- brought into Charleston were sold at public auctions held ment dwelling, with a second floor added.[1] A car dealer-

28 5.5. EXTERNAL LINKS 29 ship and showroom operated in the building in the 1920s, necessitating the expansion of the rear of the building.[4] In 1938, Miriam B. Wilson purchased the building and established the Old Slave Mart Museum, which initially displayed African and African-American art.[1] The City of Charleston and the South Carolina African American Heritage Commission restored the Old Slave Mart in the late 1990s.[6] The museum now interprets the history of the city’s slave trade. The area behind the build- ing, which once contained the barracoon and kitchen, is now a parking lot.

5.3 References

[1] National Conference of State Historic Preservation Offi- cers, Old Slave Mart. Retrieved: 27 May 2010.

[2] “National Register Information System”. National Regis- ter of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.

[3] “Old Slave Mart, Charleston County (6 Chalmers St., Charleston)". National Register Properties in South Car- olina. South Carolina Department of Archives and His- tory. Retrieved 23 June 2012.

[4] Nenie Dixon and Elias Bull, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Old Slave Mart, 12 February 1975. Retrieved: 27 May 2010.

[5] Information obtained from a display in the Old Slave Mart Museum, 2010.

[6] Jonathan H. Poston, The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City’s Architecture (University of South Carolina Press 1997), pp. 64-65.

5.4 See also

• Antebellum South Carolina

5.5 External links

• Old Slave Mart Museum - official website

• Historic Charleston’s Religious and Community Buildings, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary • Museum Grand Opening Press Release, October 2007 Chapter 6

United Daughters of the Confederacy

This article is about the lineage society. For the United By the turn of the twentieth century, a dozen memoirs Daughters of the Confederacy Memorial Building, see by southern women were published. They constituted Memorial to Women of the Confederacy. part of the growing public memory about the antebellum years and the Lost Cause, as they vigorously defended the Confederacy.[6] The United Daughters of the Confederacy, Inc. is an association of female descendants of Confederate veter- After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization ans. It was founded on September 10, 1894.[1] coordinating local memorial groups.[7] The goal was to It was especially influential in the early twentieth century foster and shape public memory across the South by pro- across South, where its main role was to preserve and up- moting visibility and a positive image of Confederate vet- hold the memory of the Confederate veterans, especially erans. The UDC women specialized in sponsoring lo- those husbands, sons, fathers and brothers who died in the cal monuments to anonymous soldiers. After 1945, they were active in placing historical markers along Southern war. Its long-term impact was to promote the Lost Cause [8] image of the antebellum plantation South as an idealized highways. society crushed by the forces of Yankee modernization.[2] The UDC has also been active in national causes dur- ing wartime. According to the organization, during World War I, it funded 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital on the Western front and contributed 6.1 History $82,000 for French and Belgian war orphans. Home- front campaign raised $24 million for war bonds and sav- Across the Southern United States, associations were ings stamps. Members donated over $800,000 to the Red founded after the Civil War, chiefly by women, to orga- Cross. During World War II, the U.D.C. gave financial nize burials of Confederate soldiers, establish and care aid to student nurses. for permanent cemeteries for Confederate soldiers, or- ganize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor impres- sive monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate cause and tradition.[3] They were “strikingly 6.2 Children of the Confederacy successful at raising money to build Confederate monu- ments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial The UDC has a youth auxiliary called the Children of the of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of [4] Confederacy (CoC). The UDC is open to both males and history textbooks.” They also raised money to care for females “from birth” to the CoC convention after their the widows and children of the Confederate dead. Most 18th birthday, who can trace their lineage to a Confeder- of these memorial associations eventually merged into the ate ancestor, or to a member of the UDC. The group has United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from historically held meetings with veterans, widows and his- 17,000 members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 women by [5] torians of the Civil War, observed Confederate Memorial World War I. Days, decorated graves, sponsored scholarships and pub- The organization encouraged women to publish their ex- lished pamphlets and catechisms presenting the “South- periences in the war, beginning with biographies of ma- ern version” of the Civil War.[9] Today they also engage jor southern figures, such as Varina Davis' of her husband in activities such as book drives for Beauvoir, fundraising Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy. Later, for the Ronald McDonald House, canned food drives as women began adding more of their own experiences to well as veterans causes.[10][11] The first CoC chapter was the “public discourse about the war”, in the form of organized by the Mary Custis Lee Chapter of the UDC memoirs, such as those published in the early 1900s by in Alexandria, Virginia in 1896. It was formally incorpo- Sara Pryor, Virginia Clopton and Louise Wright and oth- rated on May 6, 1897. New chapters were established in ers. They also recommended structures for the memoirs. Virginia and Alabama by 1898.[12]

30 6.6. FURTHER READING 31

6.3 See also • Faust, Drew (2008). This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Al- • Confederate Memorial Day fred A. Knopf. • Confederate monuments • Gardner, Sarah (2006). Blood And Irony: Southern White Women’s Narratives of the Civil War, 1861- • Confederate Museum 1937. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of • Jefferson Davis Highway North Carolina Press. • Ladies Memorial Association • Gulley, H. E. “Women and the Lost Cause: Preserv- ing A Confederate Identity in the American Deep • Southern Cross of Honor South.” Journal of Historical Geography (1993) • United Confederate Veterans 19#2 pp 125–141. • Janney, Caroline E. Burying the Dead but Not the Past: Ladies’ Memorial Associations and the Lost 6.4 Notes Cause (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2012); shows the UDC worked closely with local memorial asso- [1] UDC Handbook 2013, pp. 3, 11. ciations [2] Karen L. Cox, Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters • Mills, Cynthia and Pamela H. Simpson, eds. Mon- of the Confederacy and preservation of Southern Culture uments To The Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the (University Press of Florida, 2003) pp. 1-7 Landscapes of Southern Memory (2003) [3] Cynthia Mills and Pamela H. Simpson, eds., Monuments • Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1916). What the South To The Lost Cause: Women, Art, And The Landscapes Of Southern Memory (2003) May Claim. Athens, Georgia: M'Gregor Co. Re- trieved June 15, 2014. [4] Faust 2008, pp. 237–247. • United Daughters of the Confederacy, Business Of- [5] Blight 2001, pp. 272–273. fice (2013). U.D.C. Handbook (6th ed.). Richmond, [6] Gardner 2006, pp. 128–130. Virginia.

[7] Janney, 2012 [8] H. E. Gulley, “Women and the Lost Cause: Preserving A 6.6 Further reading Confederate Identity in the American Deep South.” Jour- nal of Historical Geography (1993) 19#2 pp 125-141 • Foster, Gaines M. (1987). Ghosts of the Confeder- [9] Free Speech and the Lost Cause in the Old Dominion Fred acy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of Arthur Bailey The Virginia Magazine of History and Biog- the New South. New York: Oxford University Press. raphy , Vol. 103, No. 2, “Play the Bitter Loser’s Game": • Reconstruction and the Lost Cause in the Old Dominion Parrott, Angie (1991). "'Love Makes Memory Eter- (Apr., 1995), pp. 2350-1 nal': The United Daughters of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia, 1897–1920,” in Edward Ay- [10] “Children of Confederacy Active in Community Service”. ers and John C. Willis, eds. The Edge of the South: Timesexaminer.com. 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2013-02- Life in Nineteenth-Century Virginia, Charlottesville: 11. University Press of Virginia. [11] “Children of Confederacy, DAR bring gifts to vets”. Sp- • times.com. Retrieved 2013-02-11. United Daughters of the Confederacy, Business Of- fice (2013). Minutes of the One Hundred and Nine- [12] Rutherford 1916, p. 28. teenth Annual General Convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy held in Richmond, Va. November 1-5, 2012. Richmond, Virginia: Author. 6.5 References • United Daughters of the Confederacy, History Committee (ed.) (1988). The History of the United • Blight, David (2001). Race and Reunion: The Daughters of the Confederacy (Vol. III). Raleigh, Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, Mas- North Carolina: Edwards & Broughton. sachusetts: Harvard University Press. • Cox, Karen L. Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (University Press of Florida, 2003) Chapter 7

Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter is a Third System masonry sea fort lo- cated in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots that started the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.[4][5] In 1966, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[3]

7.1 Construction

Named after General Thomas Sumter, Revolutionary War hero, Fort Sumter was built following the War of 1812, as one of a series of fortifications on the south- ern U.S. coast to protect the harbors. Construction be- gan in 1829,[6] and the structure was still unfinished in 1861, when the Civil War began. Seventy thousand tons of granite were imported from New England to build up a sand bar in the entrance to Charleston Harbor, which the site dominates. The fort was a five-sided brick struc- ture, 170 to 190 feet (52 to 58 m) long, with walls 5 feet (1.5 m) thick, standing 50 feet (15.2 m) over the low tide mark. It was designed to house 650 men and 135 guns in three tiers of gun emplacements, although it was never filled near its full capacity.

7.2 Civil War Letter from William H. Seward advising President Lincoln on the obstacles in resupplying Fort Sumter, March 1861 On December 26, 1860, six days after South Carolina declared its secession, U.S. Army Major Robert An- derson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie, spik- he surrender Fort Sumter because,” I regard that posses- ing its large guns, burning its gun carriages, and tak- sion is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the ing its smaller cannon with him to be trained on the [13] [7] State of South Carolina.” Over the next few months re- city. He secretly relocated companies E and H (127 peated calls for evacuation of Fort Sumter[14][15] from the men, 13 of them musicians) of the 1st U.S. Artillery to government of South Carolina and then from Confederate Fort Sumter on his own initiative, without orders from [8][9][10][11][12] Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard were ignored. his superiors. He thought that providing a Union attempts to resupply and reinforce the garrison stronger defense would delay an attack by South Carolina were repulsed on January 9, 1861 when the first shots militia. The fort was not yet complete at the time and of the war, fired by cadets from the Citadel, prevented fewer than half of the cannon that should have been avail- the steamer Star of the West, hired to transport troops able were in place, due to military downsizing by Presi- and supplies to Fort Sumter, from completing the task. dent James Buchanan. After realizing that Anderson’s command would run out In a letter delivered January 31, 1861, South Carolina of food by April 15, 1861, President Lincoln ordered a Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that fleet of ships, under the command of Gustavus V. Fox,

32 7.2. CIVIL WAR 33

to attempt entry into Charleston Harbor and supply Fort tives and played for time. At about 3 a.m., when Ander- Sumter. The ships assigned were the steam sloop-of-war son finally announced his conditions, Colonel Chesnut, USS Pawnee, steam sloop-of-war USS Powhatan, trans- after conferring with the other aides, decided that they porting motorized launches and about 300 sailors (se- were “manifestly futile and not within the scope of the cretly removed from the Charleston fleet to join in the instructions verbally given to us”. The aides then left the forced reinforcement of Fort Pickens, Pensacola, FL), fort and proceeded to the nearby Fort Johnson. There, armed screw steamer USS Pocahontas, Revenue Cutter Chesnut ordered the fort to open fire on Fort Sumter.[19] USRC Harriet Lane, steamer Baltic transporting about On Friday, April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m., Confederate bat- 200 troops, composed of companies C and D of the 2nd teries opened fire, firing for 34 straight hours, on the fort. U.S. Artillery, and three hired tug boats with added pro- Edmund Ruffin, noted Virginian agronomist and seces- tection against small arms fire to be used to tow troop and [16][17] sionist, claimed that he fired the first shot on Fort Sumter. supply barges directly to Fort Sumter. By April 6, His story has been widely believed, but Lieutenant Henry 1861 the first ships began to set sail for their rendezvous S. Farley, commanding a battery of two 10 inch siege off the Charleston Bar. The first to arrive was Harriet mortars on James Island fired the first shot at 4:30 A.M. , the evening of April 11, 1861.[18] Lane (Detzer 2001, pp. 269–71). No attempt was made to return the fire for more than two hours. The fort’s sup- ply of ammunition was not suited for the task; also, there were no fuses for their explosive shells, which means that they could not explode. Only solid iron balls could be used against the Rebel batteries. At about 7:00 A.M., Captain Abner Doubleday, the fort’s second in command, was given the honor of firing the Union’s first shot, in defense of the fort. He missed, in part because Major Anderson did not use the guns mounted on the highest tier, the barbette tier (where the guns could engage the confederate batteries better), where the gunners would be more exposed to Confederate fire. The firing continued all day. The Union fired slowly to conserve ammunition. At night the fire from the fort stopped, but the Confeder- ates still lobbed an occasional shell into Sumter. On Sat- urday, April 13, the fort was surrendered and evacuated. During the attack, the Union colors fell. Lt. Norman J. Hall risked life and limb to put them back up, burning off his eyebrows permanently. A Confederate soldier bled to death having been wounded by a misfiring cannon. One Union soldier died and another was mortally wounded during the 47th shot of a 100 shot salute, allowed by the Confederacy. Afterwards the salute was shortened to 50 shots. Accounts, such as in the famous diary of Mary Chesnut, describe Charleston residents along what is now known as The Battery, sitting on balconies and drinking 1861, inside the fort flying the Confederate Flag salutes to the start of the hostilities. The Fort Sumter Flag became a popular patriotic symbol after Major Anderson returned North with it. The flag is 7.2.1 First Battle of Fort Sumter still displayed in the fort’s museum. A supply ship Star of the West took all the garrison members to New York City. Main article: Battle of Fort Sumter There they were welcomed and honored with a parade on Broadway.

On Thursday, April 11, 1861, Beauregard sent three aides, Colonel James Chesnut, Jr., Captain Stephen D. 7.2.2 Union siege of Fort Sumter Lee, and Lieutenant A. R. Chisolm to demand the surren- der of the fort. Anderson declined, and the aides returned to report to Beauregard. After Beauregard had consulted Main article: Second Battle of Fort Sumter the Confederate Secretary of War, Leroy Walker, he sent the aides back to the fort and authorized Chesnut to de- Union efforts to retake Charleston Harbor began on April cide whether the fort should be taken by force. The aides 7, 1863, when Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont, waited for hours while Anderson considered his alterna- commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 34 CHAPTER 7. FORT SUMTER

• View of Fort Sumter, 1865

After the devastating bombardment, both Major Gen- eral Quincy A. Gillmore and Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren, now commanding the South Atlantic Blockad- ing Squadron, determined to launch a boat assault on Fort Sumter for the night of September 8–9, 1863. Cooper- ation between the Army and Navy was poor. Dahlgren refused to place his sailors and marines under the com- mand of an army officer, so two flotillas set out towards Fort Sumter that night. The army flotilla was detained off Morris Island by the low tide. By the time they could proceed, the navy assault had already been defeated and Drawing of Fort Sumter the army flotilla returned to shore. The navy’s assault involved 400 sailors and marines in led the ironclad frigate New Ironsides, the tower ironclad 25 boats. The operation was a fiasco from beginning Keokuk, and the monitors Weehawken, Pasaic, Montauk, to end. Poor reconnaissance, planning and communica- Patapsco, Nantucket, Catskill, and Nahant in an attack on tion all characterized the operation. Commander Thomas the harbor’s defenses (The 1863 Battle of Fort Sumter H. Stevens, Jr., commanding the monitor Patapsco, was was the largest deployment of monitors in action up to placed in charge of the assault. When Commander that time). The attack was unsuccessful, the Union’s best Stevens protested that he “knew nothing of [the assault’s] ship, USS New Ironsides never effectively engaged, and organization " and “made some remonstrances on this the ironclads fired only 154 rounds, while receiving 2,209 grounds and others.” Dahlgren replied “There is noth- from the Confederate defenders (Wise 1994, p. 30). Due ing but a corporal’s guard [about 6–10 men] in the fort, to damage received in the attack, the USS Keokuk sank and all we have to do is go and take possession.” (Stevens the next day, 1,400 yards (1,300 m) off the southern tip 1902, p. 633). This underestimation of the Confederate of Morris Island. Over the next month, working at night forces on Dahlgren’s part may explain why he was hostile to avoid the attention of the Federal squadron, the Con- to a joint operation wishing to reserve the credit for the federates salvaged the Keokuk’s two eleven-inch Dahlgren victory to the navy. Less than half of the boats landed. guns (Ripley 1984, pp. 93–6). One of the Dahlgren guns Most of the boats that did land landed on the right flank was promptly placed in Fort Sumter. or right gorge angle, rather than on the gorge where there was a passable breach. The Union sailors and marines The Confederates, in the meantime, were strengthening who did land could not scale the wall. The Confeder- Fort Sumter. A workforce of just under 500 slaves, un- ates fired upon the landing party and as well as throwing der the supervision of Confederate Army engineers, were hand grenades and loose bricks. The men in the boats filling casemates with sand, protecting the gorge wall with that had not landed fired muskets and revolvers blindly [20] [21] sandbags, and building new traverse, blindages, and at the fort, endangering the landing party more than the [22] bombproofs. Some of Fort Sumter’s artillery had been garrison. The landing party took shelter in shell holes in removed, but 40 pieces still were mounted. Fort Sumter’s the wall of the fort. In response to a signal rocket fired heaviest guns were mounted on the barbette, the fort’s by the garrison, Fort Johnson and the Confederate war- highest level, where they had wide angles of fire and could ship CSS Chicora opened fire upon the boats and landing fire down on approaching ships. The barbette was also party. The boats that could withdraw withdrew, and the more exposed to enemy gunfire than the casemates in the landing party surrendered. The Union casualties were 8 two lower levels of the fort. killed, 19 wounded, and 105 captured (including 15 of A special military decoration, known as the Gillmore the wounded). The Confederates did not suffer any casu- Medal, was later issued to all Union service members who alties in the assault. had performed duty at Fort Sumter under the command After the unsuccessful boat assault, the bombardment of Major-General Quincy Adams Gillmore recommenced and proceeded with varying degree of in- tensity, doing more damage to Fort Sumter until the end Fort Sumter Armaments, August 17, 1863 of the war. The garrison continued to suffer casualties. The Confederates continued to salvage guns and other • Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confeder- material from the ruins and harassed the Union batteries ate photographer, 1864. on Morris Island with sharpshooters. The Confederates • Exterior view of Fort Sumter, 1865. Banded rifle in mounted four 10-inch (250 mm) columbiads, one 8-inch foreground, fraise at top. (200 mm) columbiad rifled, and two rifled 42-pounders, in the left face, bottom tier casemates. The last Confed- • View of Fort Sumter from the sandbar, 1865. erate commander, Major Thomas A. Huguenin, a grad- 7.4. FORT SUMTER NATIONAL MONUMENT 35

U.S. Army worked to restore it as a useful military in- stallation. The damaged walls were re-leveled to a lower height and partially rebuilt. The third tier of gun emplace- ments was removed. Eleven of the original first-tier gun rooms were restored with 100-pounder Parrott rifles. From 1876 to 1897, Fort Sumter was used only as an unmanned lighthouse station. The start of the Spanish- American War prompted renewed interest in its military use and reconstruction commenced on the facilities that had further eroded over time. A new massive concrete blockhouse-style installation was built in 1898 inside the original walls. Named “Battery Huger” in honor of Revo- lutionary War General Isaac Huger, it never saw combat. One hundred and forty seven years after it was sent, a rolled up telegraphic message was found and eventually given to a museum in Charleston, S.C. The telegram was dated April fourteenth, 1861 from the Governor of South Carolina to Gazaway Bugg Lamar in New York with a most interesting message, part of which is told below: (for the complete text see “External Links”, Ft. Sumter Flag-raising over Fort Sumter, 14 April 1865 telegram). “Fort Sumter surrendered yesterday after we had set all uate from The Citadel, The Military College of South on fire... F.W. Pickens” Carolina, never surrendered Fort Sumter, but General William T. Sherman's advance through South Carolina finally forced the Confederates to evacuate Charleston on February 17, 1865 and abandon Fort Sumter. The Fed- 7.4 Fort Sumter National Monu- eral government formally took possession of Fort Sumter ment on February 22, 1865 with a flag raising ceremony. One Union soldier was killed and another Union soldier was mortally wounded during the surrender ceremony (see above). Fifty two Confederate soldiers were killed there during the remainder of the war. While a number of slaves were killed while working at the fort, the exact number is unknown.

7.3 After the war

Fort Sumter National Monument

Fort Sumter National Monument encompasses three sites in Charleston, South Carolina Charleston; the original Fort Sumter, the Fort Sumter Visitor Education Center, and Fort Moultrie on Sullivan’s Island. Access to Fort Sumter itself is by a 30-minute ferry ride from the Fort Sumter Visitor Education Center or Patriots Point. The Visitor Education Center’s museum features exhibits about the disagreements between the North and South Fort Sumter, ca. 1900 that led to the incidents at Fort Sumter. The museum at Fort Sumter focuses on the activities at the fort, including When the Civil War ended, Fort Sumter was in ruins. The its construction and role during the Civil War. 36 CHAPTER 7. FORT SUMTER

Aerial view of Fort Sumter National Monument.

Cannon displayed at Fort Sumter

[2] “NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report”. National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-05-14.

[3] “National Register Information System”. National Regis- ter of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.

[4] Nelson, Benjamin G. (October 10, 1973). “Fort Sumter National Monument” (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. Retrieved 11 June 2012.

[5] “Fort Sumter National Monument, Charleston County The interior of Fort Sumter from the top of the fort (Charleston Harbor and Sullivan’s Island)". National Reg- ister Properties in South Carolina. South Carolina Depart- ment of Archives and History. Retrieved 11 June 2012.

[6] http://www.nps.gov/fosu/parkmgmt/upload/FOSU_ GMP_1998.pdf page 10

[7] See Wikipedia, Battle of Fort Sumter, and authorities there cited.

[8] Elliot, p. 117

[9] Elliot, p. 103

[10] Robert Anderson to Rev. R. B. Duane, December 30, 1860

[11] Robert Anderson to Robert N. Gourdin, December 27, 1860. Tourists at Fort Sumter on a hot summer afternoon [12] Haskin, William, Major, 1st U.S. Artillery (1896). “History of the 1st U.S. Artillery”. Archived from the April 12, 2011 marked the 150th Anniversary of the start original on 2010-07-25. of the Civil War. There was a commemoration of the [13] James Buchanan (1911). The Works of James Buchanan: events by thousands of Civil War reenactors with en- Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Corre- campments in the area. A United States stamp of Fort spondence. p. 178. Sumter, and first day cover, was issued that day. [14] Elliot, p. 13

[15] Harris, W.A. (1862). The record of Fort Sumter, from 7.5 Notes its occupation by Major Anderson, to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Gover- nor Pickens. Columbia, SC: South Carolinian Steam Job [1] “Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011”. Land Re- Printing Ofiice. p. 7. Retrieved 27 September 2014. source Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 2012- 05-14. [16] Elliot, p. 240 7.7. EXTERNAL LINKS 37

[17] Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies Se- • Stevens, Thomas H.. (1902). “Delayed report, ries I - Volume 4- Pages 223-225: September 28, 1865”. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, [18] Elliot, p. 304 Series I. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office) 14: 633. Retrieved 2007-11-18. [19] Elliot, pp. 59–60 • Turner, John W. (1890). “Reports”. The War of [20] Traverses, Civil War Fortifications dictionary. the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I. [21] Civil War Dictionary (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office). [22] Civil War Dictionary XXVIII (Part I): 212–25.

7.6 References 7.7 External links

• National Park Service’s Official Website for Fort • Allen, Kevin. “The Second Battle of Fort Sumter: Sumter The Debate over the Politics of Race and Histor- ical Memory at the Opening of America’s Civil • Historic Charleston’s Religious and Community War Centennial, 1961.” The Public Historian (2011) Buildings, a National Park Service Discover Our 33#2 pp. 94–109 in JSTOR Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

• Cooper, William J. We Have the War Upon Us: The • Battle of Fort Sumter: Maps, histories, photos, and Onset of the Civil War, November 1860-April 1861 preservation news (CWPT) (2012) • Timeline and narrative of the battle of Fort Sumter • Detzer, David R. (2001). Allegiance: Fort Sumter, • Major Robert Anderson’s telegram announcing the Charleston and the Beginning of the Civil War. New surrender of Fort Sumter—Image of original tele- York: Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-100641-5. gram • Hendrix, M. Patrick. A History of Fort Sumter: • Battle of Fort Sumter—Historical Preservation Site Building a Civil War Landmark (The History Press, 2014) • Crisis at Fort Sumter—Multimedia teaching tool from Tulane University including text from histor- • Ripley, Warren (1984). Artillery and Ammunition of ical documents the Civil War. Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press. • Charleston, SC Insider’s Guide—Short article about ISBN 0-88394-003-5. Ft. Sumter for travelers • Wise, Stephen R. (1994). Gate of Hell: Campaign • Extensive collection of photos and drawings from for Charleston Harbor, 1863. Columbia, S.C.: Uni- The Library of Congress versity of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249- 985-5. • The Civil War Field Fortifications Website • Charleston SC Real Estate—Webcam provides live 7.6.1 Primary sources streaming video of Fort Sumter • Letters associated with the first battle of Ft. Sumter • Elliott, Stephen, Jr. (1902). “Detailed report, September 12, 1863”. Official Records of the Union • Abner Doubleday, [Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, and Moultrie in 1860-'61], 1876, from Project Series I. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Gutenberg Office) 14: 637–9. • Ft. Sumter telegram http://www.postandcourier. com/article/20110413/ARCHIVES/304139995 • Scott, Robert N. (1890). “Return of Casualties in the Confederate forces at Fort Sumter, August 12 – December 11 (1863)". The War of the Rebel- lion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I. (Washing- ton, D.C.: Government Printing Office). XXVIII (Part I): 650. Chapter 8

Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Charleston, South Carolina)

The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist is the mother • Reverend Monsignor Budds church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston, lo- • cated in Charleston, South Carolina. The Most Reverend Reverend Father Charles Rowland Robert E. Guglielmone, D.D., the thirteenth Bishop of • Reverend Monsignor Samuel Miglarese (unknown- Charleston, was ordained and installed on March 25, 1997) 2009. • Reverend Monsignor Chester M. Moczydlowski (1998–2002) 8.1 History • Reverend Monsignor Joseph R. Roth, P.A. (2002– 2007) The first brownstone cathedral was built in 1854 and named the Cathedral of Saint John and Saint Finbar. It • Reverend Father Gregory B. Wilson (2007–2011) burned down in a great fire in December 1861. After be- • Reverend Monsignor Steven L. Brovey (2011– ing rebuilt it was renamed the Cathedral of St. John the present) Baptist. It is actually built on the foundation of the previ- ous cathedral. Architect Patrick Keely designed both the original cathedral and its replacement.[1] 8.2.3 Priests The Cathedral seats 720 people and is noted for its Franz • Mayer & Co. stained glass, hand painted Stations of the Reverend Father Richard Jackson, Parochial Vicar Cross, and neo-gothic architecture. The cornerstone was • Reverend Father Robert Higgins, In Residence laid in 1890, and the church opened in 1907. The spire was not built at the time due to the lack of funds during the construction of the cathedral and its numerous reno- Adjunct Priests vations. The church was finally completed on March 25, 2010 with the addition of the steeple with bells.[2] • Reverend Monsignor Thomas X. Hoffman, J.C.L., Adjutant Judicial Vicar • Reverend Father John H. Dux, C.H.C., C.D.R. 8.2 Cathedral Clergy U.S.N. (Retired)

8.2.1 Bishops 8.3 100th Anniversary Renovations For earlier bishops see List of Bishops of Charleston. In 2007 former Bishop of Charleston the Most • The Most Reverend Robert E. Guglielmone, D.D., Rev.Robert J. Baker,D.D., S.T.D. & the former Cathe- Bishop of Charleston dral Rector Rev. Msgr. Joseph Roth, P.A. announced plans to renovate and complete the cathedral nearly 8.2.2 Rectors of the Cathedral one-hundred years after it opened. The stained-glass windows were refurbished in December 2007. The This list is incomplete; you can help by brownstone has been refurbished, the mortar has been expanding it. replaced and, after 103 years of waiting, a spire with 3 bells now tops the Cathedral. A $6.2 million contract for

38 8.5. SPIRE & BELLTOWER 39 restoration and the steeple addition was completed on 8.5 Spire & Belltower March 25, 2010.[2] The Cathedral with its new spire is the seventh tallest building in the city. The spire is covered in copper 8.4 Chapels lattice and is topped with a 16x9 foot gilded copper Celtic cross. The arches below were fabricated from a special • Sacred Heart - The chapel is situated just to the left fiberglass used in ship building, which was then clad in of the cathedra. It originally served as the Chapel copper. The arches are decorated by brown cast stone of the Blessed Sacrament, reflecting the fact that in pinnacles on each corner. The belfry section is also con- certain Masses prior to 1968, when the bishop had structed of brown cast stone. It has copper louvers. The to sit in front of the altar, the Blessed Sacrament new spire was designed by Glenn Keyes Architects using would be removed to this altar so that he would not a sketch of the steeple from the original 1851 building.[1] have his back to the reserved Sacrament. In 2008 it briefly became the Chapel of Saint Paul for the Year of Saint Paul. Then in 2009, it became the Sacred 8.5.1 Bells Heart Chapel, housing a lovely early 1900s statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus with hands extended in blessing.

• Blessed Virgin Mary - The altar in this chapel is adorned with an Italian Marble statue of the Madonna and Child, sculpted by the German artist Ferdinand Pettrich. The statue is considered unique as it depicts Mary without a head covering, hold- ing the child Jesus as a toddler. It is sometimes referred to as Our Lady of the South or Our Lady of the Confederacy (though not officially) having been purchased by Bishop Lynch, the Confederate Ambassador to the Holy See and third Bishop of Charleston.

• Our Lady of Grace - The main lower chapel used for daily Masses.

• Crypt Chapel - The resting place of the first five A photograph of the Cathedral from a 1914 publication bishops of Charleston and Joanna Monica England, sister of the First Bishop of Charleston John Eng- The bells were placed in the Cathedral tower on Novem- land. The bishops vest here for Holy Mass. In this ber 16, 2009. Together the three bronze bells form an E chapel is a niche holding a statue of St. Joseph and major chord. These bells were cast by Christoph Paccard the child Jesus. Bell Foundries in France. They were blessed by Bishop Robert E. Guglielmone on October 15, 2009.

• Saint Therese

• Note:B-3 • Inscription: Revelation 5:12

• Saint Finbar

• Note:G#$-$3 • Inscription: Psalm 104:33

• Maria Stella Maris (Latin:Mary, Star of the Sea)

Cathedral without a steeple as it stood for nearly one hundred • Note:E-3 years • Inscription: Psalm 95:1 40 CHAPTER 8. CATHEDRAL OF SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST (CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA)

8.6 Windows Holy Spirit above. It is surrounded by 8 adoring an- gels playing instruments. Above the Rose window is 8.6.1 Upper Church a Sacred Heart. To the left of the Rose window is a pelican feeding her three newborn pelicans, and to the right is the Lamb of God. Below all of this is a The Cathedral is noted for its Franz Mayer & Co. stained- 5-light replica of Da Vinci's Last Supper. glass windows. It has a couple one-of-a-kind windows. • The Sacred Heart Chapel is adorned with 7 windows depicting symbols related to the Eucharist. This re- flects the fact that, in some Masses prior to 1968, when the liturgy required the Bishop to sit in front of the altar, the Blessed Sacrament was removed from the high altar and reserved in this chapel. This chapel has one floral designed window that can par- tially be seen because it is behind the altar.

• The Madonna & Child Chapel is adorned with 7 windows depicting symbols related to Mary, Mother of God. This chapel has one floral designed window that is completely covered by the altar.

8.6.2 Lower Church

• The Chapel of Our Lady of Grace is adorned on one side with eigh stained-glass windows removed from the former Immaculate Conception Church in Charleston. It originally had 20 windows from the church, but 12 were removed for various reasons over the years.

• The Crypt Chapel is adorned with windows made from pieces of 4 of the 12 windows that were re- The Mayer Company’s creation of stained and painted glass was moved from the Chapel of Our Lady of Grace. at its height of production and artistry when the Cathedral’s win- dows were installed in 1907. 8.7 Cathedral Music • The three sets of doors are all surmounted by rose windows that are of a unique design (the design is only known to be used by Patrick Keely). Each win- 8.7.1 Director of Music dow has a coat of arms in its center. This list is incomplete; you can help by • The Main Doors - Bishop Northop’s Coat of expanding it. arms • The East Doors - the State of South Carolina's Coat of arms • Director of Music and Organist (1950–1991): Vir- • The West Doors - Pope Saint Pius X's Coat of ginia Sturken arms • Director of Music (1991–2000): Bill Schlitt • The large Life of Christ windows adorn the sides of • the lower nave. Director of Music and Principal Organist (2000– 2009): Mark Thomas • The windows in the upper nave are known as the Gallery of the Saints. They depict 28 saints. • Organist and Choirmaster (May 2010-date): Scott Turkington • The sides of the Sanctuary are adorned with win- dows depicting the 4 Gospel writers with their winged creatures. Above the High Altar is the Chan- 8.7.2 Choirs cel window. The top section is a rose window de- picting St. John the Baptist baptizing Jesus with the • The Cathedral Choir - principal choir 8.10. EXTERNAL LINKS 41

8.7.3 Organs

• The Upper Church Organ is a Bedient Pipe Organ, Opus 22, mechanical action instrument. It was orig- inally installed in Christ Church Episcopal Cathe- dral, Louisville, Kentucky (built 1986). It was rein- stalled in 1995 in Cathedral of Saint John the Bap- tist, Charleston, South Carolina. • The Chapel of Our Lady of Grace has a Vocalion Reed Organ that is not in working order. • The Cathedral also has small a portable pipe organ with wheels.

8.8 See also

• List of cathedrals in the United States

8.9 References

[1] Ruehling, Nancy A. (June 2011). “A Storied Steeple”. Traditional Building (Restore Media, LLC) 24 (4). Re- trieved October 24, 2011.

[2] Bergeron, Angelle (September–October 2011). “Centennial Completion”. Constructor (Arlington, VA: McGraw-Hill Construction for Associated Gen- eral Contractors of America) 93 (5): 15–16. ISSN 0162-6191. Retrieved October 24, 2011.

8.10 External links

• The Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist • The Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist Choirs Chapter 9

Charleston Historic District

The Charleston Historic District, also known as Charleston Old and Historic District, is a historic dis- trict in Charleston, South Carolina.[3][4] It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.[2]

East Battery Street

When initially listed in the National Register of His- toric Places in 1966, the district was defined as “An area roughly bounded by Broad, Bay, S. Battery and Ashley and an area along Church bounded by Cumberland and Chalmers”.[1] The district area has subsequently been in- creased five times, in 1970, 1978, 1984, 1985, and 1986. It includes 81 contributing properties and 700 or more other properties. A map is here. King Street in the Historic District of Charleston. There are two other historic districts in Charleston that also are listed on the National Register: [3] Stockton, Robert P.; Mrs. S. Henry Edmunds (Novem- ber 4, 1977). “Old and Historic Charleston (Extended)" • Charleston’s French Quarter District (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. National Park Service. Retrieved 25 May • Charleston Navy Yard Historic District 2012.

[4] “Charleston Historic District”. Photographs. National 9.1 References Park Service. Retrieved 25 May 2012.

[1] “National Register Information System”. National Regis- ter of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09. 9.2 External links [2] “Charleston Historic District”. National Historic Land- mark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved Media related to Charleston Old and Historic District at 2008-03-18. Wikimedia Commons

42 9.2. EXTERNAL LINKS 43

• Charleston Historic District, Charleston County (Charleston), at South Carolina Department of Archives and History Chapter 10

French Quarter (Charleston, South Carolina)

The French Quarter of Charleston, South Carolina, is yard is the final resting place of Edward Rutledge, the a section of downtown Charleston. It is considered to be youngest signer of the Declaration of Independence, and bounded by the Cooper River on the east, Broad Street on U.S. Senator and Vice President John C. Calhoun, whose the south, Meeting Street on the west, and Market Street body was exumed during the Civil War and buried near on the north. The French Quarter is basically within the the church in an unmarked grave. Later, after the war, original “walled” city of Charleston.[2][3] The area began his body was moved back to its original location and a being called the French Quarter in 1973 when preserva- memorial constructed in the 1880s. tion efforts began for warehouse buildings on the Lodge Alley block. The name recognizes the high concentration of French merchants in the area’s history. It was named 10.1 See also to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[1] • French Quarter (New Orleans) • French Quarter (San Francisco)

• French quarter (London) • French quarter (Hanoi)

10.2 References

[1] “National Register Information System”. National Regis- ter of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.

[2] Historic Preservation Staff; Carole Anne Smith (Septem- ber 4, 1973). “Charleston’s French Quarter District Chalmers Street in the French Quarter District (Lodge Alley)" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places The neighborhood was settled as part of the original - Nomination and Inventory. Retrieved 11 June 2012. Grande Modell of Charles Towne in 1680. It is famous [3] “Charleston’s French Quarter District, Charleston County for its art galleries; it also has many restaurants and places (Charleston)". National Register Properties in South Car- of commerce as well as Charleston’s Waterfront Park. olina. South Carolina Department of Archives and His- tory. Retrieved 11 June 2012. Charleston’s French Quarter is home to many fine his- toric buildings, among them, the Pink House Tavern, built around 1712, and the Old Slave Mart, built by Z.B. • Moore, Margaret H. (1997). Complete Charleston: Oakes in 1859. Also in the French Quarter are the Dock A Guide to the Architecture, History and Gardens of Street Theatre, arguably the first site of theatrical pro- Charleston. TM Photography, Inc. pp. 132–147. ductions in the United States, and the French Huguenot ISBN 0-9660144-0-5. Church, a beautiful Gothic Revival church which houses the sole-surviving French Calvinist Congregation in the United States. St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, the first congregation in Charleston, whose current building dates to 1835, is also in the French Quarter. St. Philip’s grave-

44 Chapter 11

Cypress Gardens (South Carolina)

This article is about the South Carolina botanical garden. 11.2 Description For the Florida theme park, see Cypress Gardens. Cypress Gardens is a 170-acre (69 ha) preserve and Open daily except Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, Christ- mas Day, and New Year’s Day; an admission fee is charged. The gardens are viewed via flat-bottom boat or foot paths. Plantings around the swamp include azaleas, blueberries, a camellia garden, daffodils, a daylily island, dogwoods, pitcher plants, redbud, a small rice field, and a rose gar- den, as well as the following major features:

• Swamparium (1998) - features native and exotic fish, reptile and amphibian species from swamp habitats, including common local venomous snakes and large aquatic salamanders called sirens. The Swamparium holds approximately 24,000 US gal- Cypress Gardens lons (91,000 l; 20,000 imp gal) of water.

• Aviary - houses African grey parrots and a sulfur- gardens located at 3030 Cypress Gardens Road, Moncks crested cockatoo, former pets. Corner, South Carolina, United States. The centerpiece of the garden is the 80 acres (32 ha) blackwater bald cy- press/tupelo swamp, surrounded with both boat and foot • Butterfly House (1997) - a 2,500-square-foot (230 2 trails. m ) indoor exhibit housing butterflies, birds, koi, goldfish and turtles.

The gardens also include picnic tables, rental facilities, 11.1 History and 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of walking paths and nature trails.

The gardens were originally part of the 1750 Dean Hall 11.3 Movies and Television rice plantation, which depended on fresh water from the Cooper River. The area that is now a swamp was dug Cypress Gardens has hosted over 16 major movies and out and fitted with water gates to become a fresh water television series including:[3][4] reservoir. It had fallen into disuse when the property was purchased by Benjamin Kittredge for a duck hunting re- serve. During the depression, over 200 men built out the • The Patriot 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of trails around the swamp. It was • opened to the public in 1932. Kittredge’s son donated Cold Mountain the property to the City of Charleston on June 1, 1963.[1] • The Notebook Hurricane Hugo in 1989 severely affected the park, caus- [2] ing it to close for a year. Berkeley County took over • North and South ownership when the City of Charleston no longer wanted to support the garden. • Swamp Thing

45 46 CHAPTER 11. CYPRESS GARDENS (SOUTH CAROLINA)

11.4 Gallery

• Cypress Gardens

• Cypress Gardens Cypress Knees • Cypress Gardens Wildflower Field

11.5 External links

• Cypress Gardens

Coordinates: 33°3′23″N 79°57′21″W / 33.05639°N 79.95583°W

11.6 References

[1] Lindsay, Howard H. “A gift for Charleston, S.C.”. April 14, 1963. New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2013.

[2] Wade, Betsy. “Charleston Comeback: It’s Ready for Spring”. 11 February 1990. New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2013.

[3] “Movies & Television”. Cypress Gardens. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

[4] “Movies Filmed in South Carolina – The Patriot”. South Carolina Information Highway. Retrieved 2012-08-10. 11.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 47

11.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.7.1 Text

• Charleston, South Carolina Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston%2C%20South%20Carolina?oldid=649575414 Contribu- tors: AxelBoldt, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, Bryan Derksen, RobLa, Rmhermen, Toby Bartels, Juwiley, KF, Olivier, Ram-Man, Bdesham, Infrogmation, Rambot, Lquilter, Ahoerstemeier, Nikai, Andres, Harry Potter, Janko, RickK, Choster, JCarriker, Andrewman327, Whis- perToMe, Zoicon5, Radiojon, Tpbradbury, Nv8200p, Wetman, Bcorr, Pollinator, Bearcat, Dale Arnett, RedWolf, Postdlf, JB82, Seth Ilys, Ninjamask, Carnildo, Alexwcovington, MPF, Gtrmp, Skipanderson, Bkonrad, Michael Devore, Niteowlneils, Kainaw, John Abbe, Wmahan, Neilc, Stevietheman, Alexf, Kjetil r, ClockworkLunch, Boone, Plasma east, CaribDigita, JimWae, Balcer, Amesville, Neutrality, Karl Dickman, Kevin Rector, Grunt, Mennonot, Mike Rosoft, D6, Martschink, Heegoop, Buffyg, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Ffire- horse, Jaedza, Sum0, Omnibus, Purplefeltangel, DS1953, MikesLogic, Mwanner, Aude, Phiwum, Jpgordon, Causa sui, Stesmo, 23skidoo, Jolomo, Acntx, Sampo Torgo, Giraffedata, Nk, Darwinek, Jonathunder, SPUI, Justinc, Jjron, A2Kafir, Ddddan, Alansohn, Complex01, Mcg, TommyBoy, Spangineer, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, Amorymeltzer, RainbowOfLight, Skyring, Ianblair23, Pauli133, BDD, Henry79, MasterShake, Ghirlandajo, Ttownfeen, Djsasso, Kazvorpal, Kitch, Yurivict, Stemonitis, Nuno Tavares, Boothy443, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), OwenX, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Bellhalla, Scriberius, Before My Ken, Bbatsell, BenZin, Vanished895703, Haunti, Mandarax, Magister Mathematicae, Ehayes, DJ Silverfish, RxS, Dpr, Limegreen, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Attitude2000, Bill37212, Edenburg, Veg- aswikian, Miserlou, Firebug, Titoxd, Mason.Jones, Drumguy8800, Magalhães, Tedder, RegBarc, Scott Mingus, Chobot, AFA, Evilphoenix, Karch, Knife Knut, Mysekurity, Cornellrockey, Banaticus, JPD, YurikBot, Wavelength, RussBot, Lincolnite, Garnetpalmetto, Hydrar- gyrum, Gaius Cornelius, RadioKirk, Absolutadam802, PaulGarner, Badagnani, Welsh, Rjensen, Howcheng, Waterguy, Afiler, Irishguy, THB, Midnite Critic, CrazyC83, Cholmes75, Jo Bo, Gadget850, Cjboffoli, Doncram, Derek.cashman, JonathanLamb, Kmusser, FF2010, 21655, Luxa, Cloudbound, Dspradau, GraemeL, JLaTondre, Kungfuadam, John Broughton, Asterion, SmackBot, Moeron, OrgulloK- Moore, DuncanBCS, CRKingston, Od Mishehu, Criticalthinker, Duke53, Jcbarr, Gjs238, Imzadi1979, Gif32, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, JeffreyAllen1975, Qtoktok, Samhita, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Jnelson09, B00P, Djheini, MalafayaBot, Bluquail, Colonies Chris, Darth Panda, Akhenaton06, Muboshgu, All in, Lionheart Omega, EaglesFanInTampa, HoodedMan, Smallbones, OrphanBot, Pokey5945, MJCdetroit, JonHarder, Azumanga1, Rainmonger, Kittybrewster, Greenshed, Melaniethornton, Badbilltucker, Jmlk17, Futuretvman, Am- phytrite, RJN, Brando03, RandomP, Akriasas, Derek R Bullamore, Only, BinaryTed, Sonofaque86, Wizardman, NetherlandishYankee, Ligulembot, DDima, Ohconfucius, Mshannon, Rjmorris, Jsrenau, Mrmouse, Zahid Abdassabur, Dwpaul, Harlanh001, Jeromealden 85, Jaywubba1887, VerruckteDan, PseudoSudo, UP Spartan, OMHalck, SliceNYC, Astuishin, Waggers, Scagle, Bugwit, Swampyank, Hu12, Goddess of War, Iridescent, JaMikePA, Nosimplehiway, TwistOfCain, Joseph Solis in Australia, Tmangray, Manticore2442, FurmanUSC, ChasNick13, Az1568, Courcelles, Chamberlian, Tawkerbot2, The Letter J, Cryptic C62, ChrisCork, Ehistory, HennessyC, JForget, Paulm- lieberman, DangerousPanda, Wafulz, Van helsing, Drinibot, DeLarge, ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot, Shizane, Old Guard, Ken Gallager, Karenjc, Cydebot, Aodhdubh, Erasmussen, Edwardm, Wgbc2032, Gogo Dodo, ST47, Strongbad1982, Mooseofshadows, Optimist on the run, Omicronpersei8, Gimmetrow, Spyder Monkey, Mathpianist93, Thijs!bot, Montydavis, Tomas417, MrBojanglesNY, Marek69, Geracudd, Inner Earth, JustAGal, Rufus843, Whisperednumber, J Clear, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, Swac, Wengero, Emeraldcityserendip- ity, Tmopkisn, Darklilac, Dr-t, 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Rei-bot, Arnon Chaffin, Piperh, Arcyqwerty, MIREL MAS, Bentley4, Wraggborough, UnitedStatesian, Redsox04, Nedrutland, SITO- MON, Synthebot, Falcon8765, Gamehope, Dinagurl4595, JoelFBC, Evan72284, Gaelen S., Bwilli87, SieBot, Coffee, Swilson86, Scgator- fan, Hans.brough, Dough4872, BotMultichill, Winchelsea, Rpalme01, Matthew Yeager, King of Corsairs, Mnbitar, Yintan, Johnnyleo11, Flyer22, Ophois, Mimihitam, Scouto2, Documentary film, Lynntoniolondon, Rosiestep, Jimf233, BluekittySC, Burntorange72, G.-M. Cupertino, LonelyMarble, Giancarlo1992, StaticGull, Hubertfarnsworth, Thegryseone, Wikimaster2555, Wjemather, Tay3448, Ermcki, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, Ks239, Atletiker, Harwardt, Archive50, KingofQueensKidNJ, The Thing That Should Not Be, Kthumlert, Gawaxay, KiawahIslandGetaways, Arakunem, MasterWorks, Boing! said Zebedee, Methychroma, CounterVandalismBot, Goochylittlepig, JACKSONVILLE12, Blanchardb, Billyfutile, Parkwells, Neverquick, 718 Bot, Ktr101, Excirial, CapitalBot, Gwguffey, ParisianBlade, Veritas116, NuclearWarfare, Wikibojopayne, 7&6=thirteen, Swedie, Redthoreau, BwayKrischen, Mlaffs, Thewellman, C628, Chicora at Charleston, Thingg, Connah0047, Eyecantspel, Speedofern, DumZiBoT, Life of Riley, DAP388, Emilyskinner, XLinkBot, Johnh7, Livingwords, Rreagan007, Bamuller, NellieBly, Cmr08, Yokelly, Rl81566, Sha721, Pucher LeMay, 2007apm, BrucePodger, Kbdankbot, Jhendin, Addbot, Wcathca, Bowmand, Fyrael, Icbmman, GeckoRoamin, Morriswa, SpellingBot, Ronhjones, Kristoff119, Groundsquir- rel13, NjardarBot, Msilgals, AnnaFrance, Favonian, Jefvos, Tassedethe, DCI-NY, Erutuon, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Xenobot, Jcb, PennySpender1983, Amateur55, Ben Ben, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Pink!Teen, Ptbotgourou, Specious, Rmsmcd, Ken E. H., Brightly- wound3, Charleston85, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Nallimbot, Magicpiano, Cdamgen, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Floquenbeam, Vladimira1, Jim1138, IRP, 90, Ulric1313, Mahmudmasri, Coovara, Amzh20, ArthurBot, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Reyps, Ardersier, Xqbot, Jeffrey Mall, GenQuest, Cyphoidbomb, Boilmaker, Rfrgtgt, Lolotte21, Jbcodysc, ProtectionTaggingBot, Jamesmolnar, Ιων, Arondello, RibotBOT, Justthefacts92, Tghyuk, Rthjui, Polyphebus, Joaquin008, Erik9, LowcountryGradCenter, Erik9bot, Hushpuckena, FrescoBot, Worky worky, Sraleci, Remotelysensed, Legos9877, Mmurphy86, ProfReader, Shooterwalker, BenzolBot, M2545, Tetraedycal, Drew R. Smith, Pinethicket, Mr1radudley, Elockid, Triplestop, Rushbugled13, Hillarin, Lloydelliot10, Brad Polard, Paddler72, Orenburg1, FoxBot, Carynm, Trappist the monk, Thái Nhi, Benjdahl, MandyOwens, Rupert1904, Aaronr12300, Tbhotch, Rossdegenstein, Logi- cal Fuzz, Hlecroy, RjwilmsiBot, Sandersecat, Bento00, Ripchip Bot, Acsian88, Daslaw, EmausBot, John of Reading, Sctvman, Dewritech, Gwillhickers, Hous21, Metarahh, Wikipelli, Dolphin Jedi, Getwitit100, Ὁ οἶστρος, Everard Proudfoot, Jayatchbee97, H3llBot, SporkBot, Flaaghara, Ladiesman321, AmbyBurnside, Whywater, Sross (Public Policy), Leslimason, DaveCello, Gopman12345, Bill william comp- ton, Insommia, Mydogtryed, Wren Valmont, ClueBot NG, JOHNSON222, Kcwz, Cadetgray, CallidusUlixes, HaloMasterMind, Capitis- media, GnudiRicotta, Snotbot, Iamnotfine, School is fu(king borin!, Chente1989, Widr, Palmettotriumph, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Charlestonbest, Klettersteig1971, SpencerM, Corbinellington, BG19bot, Murry1975, Rlsartain, CharlestonFL, Rlp17, CharlestonSCUSA, MusikAnimal, Cecraig77, Accentman, Carlstak, Billcasey905, Glacialfox, JRMASCARIN, Lieutenant of Melkor, Clarkhills93, Nallison- skipper, BattyBot, JOHNSON19, Xela46, Farshid7, Misgoodnite, Keithkale, ChrisGualtieri, YFdyh-bot, TheJJJunk, Lukejohnson121, NicholaiBurton, Mogism, Jerrylahm, Makecat-bot, D55689951, Cerabot, UsefulWikipedia, Seitzy, Gooyyaoyao, Demondeachem, Rook- 48 CHAPTER 11. CYPRESS GARDENS (SOUTH CAROLINA)

Jameson, VonTayUhMod, Epicgenius, Seqqis, Carolinagrrl, Magnolia677, Audrey.gall, Buddeism, Mister K. Oak, Psimon2387, DanielSer- ber, Lkeadle, DavidLeighEllis, DosPokemans, Ryanshrum, George8211, Maharris26, Taylor Trescott, Kgartm1185, Meganesia, Toma- hawkBRAWL, Coopersullivan, Billperry829, Msloewengart, Jtnewtoniii, AKS.9955, Melizabethi123, Cyannaqsxxko, Sciophobiaranger, TerryAlex, Jumboshrimp79, Jimmywalker1234567890, MyCharleston, BD922, Charestonscnative, Wildhorbs, Superfins08, Berlinclark, Scsu76, Ellis1960, Kenshonton75, CarrotCaker333 and Anonymous: 1109 • St. Michael’s Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Michael’{}s% 20Episcopal%20Church%20(Charleston%2C%20South%20Carolina)?oldid=635157182 Contributors: Ixfd64, Paul A, Jaraalbe, Don- cram, SmackBot, Uviolet, AlanEisen, Cydebot, Spyder Monkey, Altairisfar, Waacstats, Emeraude, Clariosophic, KylieTastic, KudzuVine, Nedrutland, TJRC, Lvklock, MarmadukePercy, Jfknrh, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Elizabeth Linden Rahway, FrescoBot, M2545, Citation bot 1, Trappist the monk, GnudiRicotta, J R Gainey, Stmichaelschurch, Fish storm and Anonymous: 10 • The Battery (Charleston) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Battery%20(Charleston)?oldid=613811257 Contributors: Si- monP, Sj, AlistairMcMillan, Alansohn, Eubot, Scott Mingus, RussBot, Gjs238, Ohnoitsjamie, Rcbutcher, Uviolet, DDima, Hu12, A Softer Answer, RobotG, Arch dude, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, Vanished user 342562, Piratedan, Evan72284, Berean Hunter, MarmadukePercy, GeckoRoamin, Vishnava, Alanscottwalker, Lightbot, Yngvadottir, ProfReader, DrilBot, SpencerM, BattyBot and Anonymous: 18 • Pink House (Charleston, South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20House%20(Charleston%2C%20South% 20Carolina)?oldid=642513114 Contributors: Uviolet, Swampyank, The Anomebot2, Materialscientist, ProfReader, BattyBot and Anony- mous: 1 • Old Slave Mart Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Slave%20Mart?oldid=642595434 Contributors: Remember, Bobo192, Mal- colma, SmackBot, Cydebot, Spyder Monkey, Floridasand, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, KudzuVine, Bms4880, Lauracs, Addbot, Jfknrh, Yobot, AnomieBOT, RevelationDirect, LilHelpa, Pjposullivan and Anonymous: 7 • United Daughters of the Confederacy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Daughters%20of%20the%20Confederacy? oldid=649242634 Contributors: WhisperToMe, Bearcat, HangingCurve, Stevietheman, Rich Farmbrough, User2004, Bobo192, Von- Woland, Srl, Maurreen, Alansohn, Woohookitty, Jersyko, Can'tStandYa, GregorB, BD2412, Kbdank71, Tim!, Bubba73, KarlFrei, Bedford, YurikBot, Rjensen, THB, Doncram, Evrik, BusterD, Engineer Bob, Tim1965, Caponer, SmackBot, Kintetsubuffalo, Walden69, Green- shed, Will Beback, ShiningEyes, Redsully, LadyofShalott, Courcelles, Allspamme, Cydebot, PennyGWoods, Bellerophon5685, Bardak, After Midnight, Epbr123, Missvain, Michael A. White, WinBot, SummerPhD, North Shoreman, Wlmh65, AlexMc, Lisamh, Hilltop- pers, RalphEllison, Tellinghistory, Maile66, Burk Hale, Grayghost01, Pubdog, Sf46, Alex.muller, Guamb52doc, ClueBot, Drmies, Snilloc, Parkwells, Wikibojopayne, Badmintonhist, Dedwill1, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Lightbot, DrFleischman, AnomieBOT, JuanWilliams, Fres- coBot, Grammarpoliceman, Beao, Margo&Gladys, Lotje, Kuloping1, Δ, Morgan Riley, BG19bot, Frze, Shmuir, ChrisGualtieri, Mogism, Lieutcoluseng, Schematica and Anonymous: 41 • Fort Sumter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Sumter?oldid=649266761 Contributors: The Epopt, Mav, -- April, Lorax, Rgamble, JeLuF, Rmhermen, SimonP, Zoe, Isis, Leandrod, Infrogmation, D, Ixfd64, Sannse, Darkwind, Jeandré du Toit, Samw, Paulin- Saudi, Viajero, Choster, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, Itai, VeryVerily, Pollinator, Hajor, Owen, Chuunen Baka, Bearcat, AlexPlank, Dmadeo, DarkHorizon, Hlj, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, Lupin, Everyking, LockeShocke, Tagishsimon, Wmahan, Stevietheman, Antandrus, Over- lordQ, Daniel,levine, JimWae, Balcer, Husnock, Icairns, Acad Ronin, Flyhighplato, Jacooks, SYSS Mouse, Mike Rosoft, D6, Moverton, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, User2004, Bender235, Rubicon, ESkog, Brian0918, Dpotter, ThierryVignaud, Aude, Adambro, Bobo192, Whosyourjudas, TheProject, Darwinek, Pschemp, Lokifer, Jjron, Conny, Patsw, Alansohn, Gary, LtNOWIS, Andrewpmk, Hinotori, Mailer diablo, Bart133, Snowolf, Mário, Jason Palpatine, Nuggetboy, Before My Ken, MONGO, Tabletop, Xiong Chiamiov, Prashanthns, Theo F, Jbarta, Marudubshinki, Dysepsion, Deltabeignet, Magister Mathematicae, DePiep, Jclemens, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, Vary, RobAtSGH, Feydey, Gareth McCaughan, Bubba73, Yamamoto Ichiro, FlaBot, EvanSeeds, WillC, Godlord2, NekoDaemon, Leslie Mateus, ViriiK, King of Hearts, Scott Mingus, Gwernol, Elfguy, Sceptre, Xoloz, DanMS, C777, Pseudomonas, Cryptic, Cpuwhiz11, Kim- chi.sg, NawlinWiki, Astral, Rjensen, THB, ToddC4176, Semperf, MaxVeers, Gadget850, Psy guy, Bota47, BusterD, Elkman, Yabbadab, FF2010, Calcwatch, Mainstreetmark, Petri Krohn, Whobot, Ilmari Karonen, Moomoomoo, NeilN, Preschooler.at.heart, Luk, TravisTX, SmackBot, Haza-w, Prodego, KnowledgeOfSelf, Vald, Jacek Kendysz, Delldot, HalfShadow, Aksi great, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, Ppn- tori, Durova, Bluebot, Master of Puppets, SchfiftyThree, Droll, The Rogue Penguin, Sampi, Ctbolt, Baa, Locriani, Darth Panda, Nigel of the North, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Tamfang, OrphanBot, Xeeron, Araker, Backspace, Addshore, Elendil’s Heir, Crboyer, Aldaron, Kobe808lak, Dreadstar, DMacks, Drc79, DDima, Pilotguy, ArglebargleIV, Winternest, Cbaer, Aleenf1, CPAScott, RandomCritic, Slakr, Peterbr, Optakeover, Funnybunny, Dymaxionpete, Hu12, BranStark, Iridescent, Theone00, Tmangray, Bafu1234, Octane, Dp462090, Cap- italR, Richard75, Geeman, Tawkerbot2, Jh12, Kevin Murray, SkyWalker, HennessyC, JForget, Mattbr, Dycedarg, Unionhawk, KyraVixen, Benwildeboer, FlyingToaster, Mcdonis, Yopienso, Hydraton31, Nebular110, Roger3b, DrunkenSmurf, Michaelas10, Gogo Dodo, JFree- man, Flowerpotman, Corpx, Bazzargh, DumbBOT, Stealth shade, Jporteous, Ebyabe, Spyder Monkey, Epbr123, Wikid77, O, A3RO, Sinn, Philippe, Dpenguinman, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Widefox, Seaphoto, Nipisiquit, Bakabaka, North Shoreman, Spartaz, Jaredroberts, Kresock, JAnDbot, Husond, MER-C, Skomorokh, Epeefleche, Nthep, Instinct, Stonnman, RastaKins, Andonic, Hut 8.5, Rick.Wicks, Desertsky85451, PhilKnight, WolfmanSF, Staib, VoABot II, JNW, JamesBWatson, Appraiser, Jllm06, Singularity, Aka042, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Allstarecho, DerHexer, JaGa, Gjd001, S3000, Hdt83, MartinBot, Poeloq, GeorgHH, Tholly, Anaxial, Sm8900, Methaz, Tgeairn, RockMFR, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Nev1, Ali, Bogey97, Uncle Dick, SU Linguist, Brother Officer, Dark- spots, Ncmvocalist, Janus Shadowsong, Dskluz, Richardlender, Jayden54, Luckyme5889, NewEnglandYankee, Brian Pearson, Olegwiki, Juliancolton, Jamesontai, KudzuVine, Useight, Gertrudethetramp, Idioma-bot, Deor, King Lopez, Philip Trueman, SamMichaels, BWMS- Dogs, Jdcrutch, Ann Stouter, JayC, Lradrama, Clarince63, Leafyplant, Justintime516, Ninkendo, Broadbot, Omar12345678, LeaveSleaves, Cremepuff222, CO, Alosta, Cooley5758, Packerdude29, Why Not A Duck, Fischer.sebastian, Logan, Jehorn, Allen Info, Nicvaroce, SieBot, Hertz1888, Samuel14, Caltas, Yintan, Snowy135, Keilana, Phasmophage, Flyer22, Dan knigge, Radon210, Oda Mari, Sf46, Six3rd, Tlc356, Granf, Oxymoron83, Faradayplank, Alex.muller, Bobman100, Japman5, Kumioko (renamed), Dadshouse9230, HaploTR, Hamil- tondaniel, Maralia, Dabomb87, Pinkadelica, Explicit, SallyForth123, ClueBot, LAX, Binksternet, Care Alto, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rjd0060, Pi zero, Arakunem, Jimstudt, Parkwells, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Neverquick, I am a violinist, Gakusha, Excirial, Quercus basaseachicensis, Jusdafax, Neuenglander, Noneforall, Monobi, Junglerot56, PaulSacia, The Red, Froogle62, Stepheng3, Remark knights, Thingg, Aitias, Versus22, Pzoxicuvybtnrm, Durtball, Berean Hunter, Johnuniq, Robshenk, Tuxlie, Mstuczynski, Aaronrocks1993, Ger- hardvalentin, Yobozo, Mifter, Chiweenershnitzel, Noctibus, MarmadukePercy, Iloveteach, Vianello, RedHand777, Yah, Trick, Yah, Hex- aChord, Anticipation of a New Lover’s Arrival, The, Addbot, Dicforeabe, AVand, Some jerk on the Internet, XDXDDXDXD, G J Lee, Friginator, Binary TSO, Ronhjones, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jańczuk, Atmndz1993, Ka Faraq Gatri, Doomboy29, Jacksh12, Favonian, Jfknrh, LinkFA-Bot, 5 albert square, Mdnavman, DJdashSecret, Tassedethe, Hcquest, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Teles, Zorrobot, LuK3, Luckas- bot, Yobot, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Fraggle81, Arla, Troymacgill, Washburnmav, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Healthycarpets, IRP, Piano 11.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 49

non troppo, Ismashed, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Bob Burkhardt, MauritsBot, Sketchmoose, Wikiman208, Capricorn42, Jsharpminor, Tyrol5, -Lt.Frag-, Mathonius, N419BH, FrescoBot, Lightning12, Midnight skunk, Recognizance, ProfReader, Hater1522, Citation bot 1, Pinethicket, Baseball9164, Σ, Admiral capn, Vrenator, Run4w4y, Phil A. Fry, Volga2, Canuckian89, Ob92gy, Hlecroy, Beyond My Ken, EmausBot, Mtirrell38, Immunize, Tommy2010, TuHan-Bot, Wikipelli, K6ka, Godhatesyou, ZéroBot, John Cline, Daonguyen95, Josve05a, Cesorteils, Dilln321, Cyberdog958, MALLUS, Ibanezrp55, DASHBotAV, USAFPilot83, USAFzoo94, ClueBot NG, WJFJ, MelbourneS- tar, Adville, Tcordero42, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Blueluke234, Twilightlover22, Lowercase sigmabot, Afeen1315, Alfred899, Bman210, JReedy93, AwamerT, Joydeep, Snow Blizzard, Hjkff, Baby pig 10101, Teammm, ChrisGualtieri, Mrskull1113, Noobocalypse, Tedman79, Dexbot, Webclient101, Makecat-bot, Lugia2453, Frosty, Fox2k11, The Triple M, Thechanger1010, BananaKing123, Tanman5, Tiru- bixninja314, Acetotyce, Eyesnore, Duane E. Tressler, Kodman21, Gofinsc, WikiTroller Swagger, JacobTyler636, Lchski, MSD55, Gin- suloft, AlysonMansfield, Ilovepuppies10000, Rightman529, Vieque, BethNaught, Monopoly31121993, Mark rocka, FartDragon111, IS- peakThereforeIAm, Amortias, AJ4412, Dgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdg, Omggeorge777 and Anonymous: 910 • Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Charleston, South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20of% 20Saint%20John%20the%20Baptist%20(Charleston%2C%20South%20Carolina)?oldid=638017735 Contributors: Woohookitty, Table- top, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Imnotminkus, Jaraalbe, RussBot, Briaboru, Jo Bo, SmackBot, Rlm0710, Hmains, Bluebot, Madmedea, Colonies Chris, OrphanBot, AlanEisen, CMG, Cydebot, Nick Number, Magioladitis, Nyttend, Bissinger, Johnpacklambert, Clariosophic, Kudzu- Vine, Deor, Jakohler, MissionInn.Jim, Hqb, Mohansen11, Psychless, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, ImageRe- movalBot, SamuelTheGhost, Download, Lightbot, PennySpender1983, Yobot, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Frgregorywilson, Buffalutheran, Fortdj33, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Frwilsoncathedralrector, Farragutful, ZéroBot, Hike888, Helpful Pixie Bot, CharlestonMan, BattyBot, JoeHebda and Anonymous: 50 • Charleston Historic District Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston%20Historic%20District?oldid=637325413 Contributors: Bearcat, RossPatterson, Rjwilmsi, Doncram, NeilN, Uviolet, Hu12, Ebyabe, Spyder Monkey, Waacstats, Nyttend, The Anomebot2, Kudzu- Vine, Auntof6, AnomieBOT, BattyBot, Lkeadle, Monkbot, Tmquinn2 and Anonymous: 1 • French Quarter (Charleston, South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Quarter%20(Charleston%2C% 20South%20Carolina)?oldid=647073956 Contributors: Bearcat, Uppland, Grutness, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, SchuminWeb, BL Lacertae, Yb- bor, Uviolet, Green Giant, Dicklyon, Swampyank, Woodshed, Spyder Monkey, Floridasand, The Anomebot2, KudzuVine, Bms4880, Evan72284, Rontrigger, Scgatorfan, Kumioko (renamed), JL-Bot, Solar-Wind, Local hero, Addbot, PennySpender1983, Citation bot, Lil- Helpa, Hous21, ZéroBot, Wikinole, SpencerM, DavidLeighEllis, Monkbot, Basdrhnrnz and Anonymous: 10 • Cypress Gardens (South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress%20Gardens%20(South%20Carolina)?oldid= 631146954 Contributors: Dmadeo, Pol098, Daderot, Hmains, Spyder Monkey, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, Bms4880, NPaige, Arjayay, Jbishop19, Lightbot, Yobot, Redspottedpurple, Trappist the monk, Lady Meg, Djembayz, Taylor Trescott and Anonymous: 4

11.7.2 Images

• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Acw_bs_7a.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Acw_bs_7a.png License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Own work (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: Grayghost01 at English Wikipedia • File:Arthur_Ravenel_Bridge_(from_water).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Arthur_Ravenel_ Bridge_%28from_water%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: bbatsell • File:Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Blackbaud_Stadium_2.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Blackbaud Stadium 2 Original artist: Bill Ward from Mountain View, CA, USA • File:BroadStreetCharleston.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/BroadStreetCharleston.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Khanrak • File:Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Building_wrecked_by_Hugo.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was E. Brown at en.wikipedia

• File:CHSCathedralAngelwithhorn.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/CHSCathedralAngelwithhorn. jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Frwilsoncathedralrector • File:Cannon_at_The_Battery_in_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4564.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/ Cannon_at_The_Battery_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4564.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:Cannon_display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Cannon_ display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Fort Sumter National Monument Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:Canterbury_cathedral.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Canterbury_cathedral.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Michael Rowe at en.wikipedia • File:Cathedral_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Charleston,_SC).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/ Cathedral_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_%28Charleston%2C_SC%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Historic American Build- ings Survey HABS SC,10-CHAR,225-1 Original artist: Photographer: Charles N. Bayless • File:Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist_Charleston_SC.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/ Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist_Charleston_SC.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: The original uploader was AlanEisen at English Wikipedia 50 CHAPTER 11. CYPRESS GARDENS (SOUTH CAROLINA)

• File:Cathedral_of_St._Luke_and_St._Paul,_126_Coming_St._(Charleston).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/f/f0/Cathedral_of_St._Luke_and_St._Paul%2C_126_Coming_St._%28Charleston%29.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID hhh.sc0607. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Original artist: Charles N. Bayless, Photographer • File:CathedralofSaintJohntheBaptistCharlestonInterior1914.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/ CathedralofSaintJohntheBaptistCharlestonInterior1914.jpg License: PD-US Contributors: Google Books (http://books.google.com/books?id=KL4YAAAAYAAJ) Original artist: Regimus LaFort is listed as the Censor Librorum, and Cardinal John Farley is listed as the Imprimatur. • File:Chalmers-street-sc1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Chalmers-street-sc1.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brian Stansberry • File:Charleston,_SC,_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Charleston%2C_ SC%2C_waterfront_IMG_4553.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/ Charleston-ColumbusSt-port-terminal.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: JonathanLamb • File:CharlestonSC1733.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/CharlestonSC1733.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: This map is available from the United States Library of Congress's Geography & Map Division under the digital ID g3300m.gct00061. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Original artist: Herman Moll • File:CharlestonSC_RainbowRow_500px.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/CharlestonSC_ RainbowRow_500px.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/byways/photos/52265 Original artist: Katie Armstrong, Nat'l Scenic Byways Online • File:CharlestonSCseal.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/CharlestonSCseal.png License: Fair use Contributors: [1] Original artist: ? • File:Charleston_gibbes_art_gallery.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Charleston_gibbes_art_ gallery.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aude • File:Charleston_sc_1865.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Charleston_sc_1865.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Charleston_sc_1865.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/american-cities/ (direct image URL [1]) Original artist: George N. Barnard (1819 - 1902) • File:Charleston_style_house_in_historic_district.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Charleston_ style_house_in_historic_district.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tmquinn2 • File:Charlestonfd.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Charlestonfd.JPG License: CC BY 2.5 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Charlestonhome.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Charlestonhome.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:IngerAlHaosului using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Diligent Terrier at en.wikipedia • File:Charlestonriversmap.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Charlestonriversmap.png License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Chascgrowtrees.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Chascgrowtrees.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: NatalieK • File:Chirho.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Chirho.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Origi- nally from en.wikipedia; description page was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Jackaranga at en.wikipedia • File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Daughters_of_the_Confederacy_monument_in_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4565.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Daughters_of_the_Confederacy_monument_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4565.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Confederate monument in White Point Gardens in Charleston, SC Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:Detroit_Photographic_Company_(0780).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Detroit_ Photographic_Company_%280780%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University ([1]). Original artist: Unknown • File:East_Battery_Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/East_Battery_ Street_Charleston_Aug2010.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Spyder_Monkey • File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • File:Coat of arms Holy See.svg Original artist: Cronholm144 created this image using a file by User:Hautala - File:Emblem of Vatican City State.svg, who had created his file using PD art from Open Clip Art Library and uploaded on 13 July 2006. User talk:F l a n k e r uploaded this version on 19 January 2007. 11.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 51

• File:First_Presbyterian_Church_in_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4575.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/ 46/First_Presbyterian_Church_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4575.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:Flag-map_of_South_Carolina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag-map_of_South_Carolina. svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: self-made using Image:Flag of South Carolina.svg and Image:Map of South Carolina highlighting Anderson County.svg Original artist: Darwinek • File:Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/ Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cwpb/ 02400/02470v.jpg Original artist: Unknown • File:Flag_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Flag_of_Charleston% 2C_South_Carolina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Connormah • File:Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:FortSumter2009.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/FortSumter2009.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leoboudv using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Bubba73 (talk), (Jud McCranie). Original uploader was Bubba73 at en.wikipedia • File:Fort_Moultrie1.3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Fort_Moultrie1.3.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Tulane University Library (New Orleans/Louisiana) Original artist: Unknown • File:Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Methaz • File:Fort_sumter_1861.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Fort_sumter_1861.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; Transfer was stated to be made by User:Master of Puppets. Original artist: Original uploader was Isis at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by AlexPlank at en.wikipedia. • File:FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Staib • File:FrenchProtestantChurch.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/FrenchProtestantChurch.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Spyder_Monkey using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Akhenaton06 at en.wikipedia • File:FtSumterDrawing.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/FtSumterDrawing.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Junglerot56 • File:Historic_home_in_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4568.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Historic_ home_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4568.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:King_Street_in_Historic_Downtown_Charleston.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/King_ Street_in_Historic_Downtown_Charleston.jpg License: CC BY 1.0 Contributors: http://www.searchforcharlestonrealestate.com/ downtown-charleston-real-estate.php Original artist: Lee Keadle • File:Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/ Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Berkeley_County.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The maps use data from nationalatlas.gov, specifically countyp020.tar.gz on the Raw Data Download page. The maps also use state outline data from statesp020.tar.gz. The Florida maps use hydrogm020.tar.gz to display Lake Okeechobee. Original artist: David Benbennick • File:Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Charleston_County.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/ Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Charleston_County.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The maps use data from nationalatlas.gov, specifically countyp020.tar.gz on the Raw Data Download page. The maps also use state outline data from statesp020.tar.gz. The Florida maps use hydrogm020.tar.gz to display Lake Okeechobee. Original artist: David Benbennick • File:Map_of_USA_SC.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Map_of_USA_SC.svg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: own work by uploader, based on Image:Map of USA without state names.svg Original artist: Base versions this one is derived from: originally created by en:User:Wapcaplet • File:Meeting_Street_at_Line_Street_Charleston_South_Carolina.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/ 49/Meeting_Street_at_Line_Street_Charleston_South_Carolina.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mydogtryed • File:Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg Li- cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brian Stansberry • File:Old_Slave_Mart_Museum.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Old_Slave_Mart_Museum.jpg Li- cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Benjamin Dahlhoff • File:Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/ Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:Padlock-olive.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Padlock-olive.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:People_icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open- Clipart Original artist: OpenClipart • File:Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Pink-house-charleston-sc1.jpg Li- cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brian Stansberry 52 CHAPTER 11. CYPRESS GARDENS (SOUTH CAROLINA)

• File:Police_Car_Charlestown_USA_02.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Police_Car_ Charlestown_USA_02.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dickelbers • File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Prodigal_Son_CHS_cathedral.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Prodigal_Son_CHS_cathedral. jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: FranzMayerstainedglass • File:Rainbow_Row_Charleston.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Rainbow_Row_Charleston.jpg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Melizabethi123 • File:Red_pog.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Residential_garden_in_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4644.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/ Residential_garden_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4644.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Charleston.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Roman_Catholic_ Diocese_of_Charleston.svg License: CC BY 1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alekjds • File:Ryans-mart-layout-sc1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ryans-mart-layout-sc1.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brian Stansberry • File:SexEquality.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/SexEquality.png License: Public domain Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Social_sciences.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Social_sciences.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: :P_social_sciences.png.משתמש:נעמה מ. :P_social_sciences.png Original artist • • File:SouthBatteryCharleston1863.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/SouthBatteryCharleston1863. jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Photographic History of The Civil War in Ten Volumes: Volume Five, Forts and Artillery. The Review of Reviews Co., New York. 1911. p. 119. Original artist: Unknown • File:Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Spoleto_Opening_2013.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ProfReader • File:St-michaels-episcopal-charleston-sc3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/ St-michaels-episcopal-charleston-sc3.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brian Stansberry • File:St._Matthews_Lutheran_(Charleston,_SC).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/St._Matthews_ Lutheran_%28Charleston%2C_SC%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cadetgray • File:St._Michael’{}s_Episcopal_Church,_80_Meeting_Street,_Charleston_(Charleston_County,_South_Carolina).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/St._Michael%27s_Episcopal_Church%2C_80_Meeting_Street%2C_Charleston_ %28Charleston_County%2C_South_Carolina%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Library of Congress Original artist: Unknown • File:St._Michael’{}s_graveyard,_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4574.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/ St._Michael%27s_graveyard%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4574.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:Stamboom_png.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Stamboom_png.svg License: Public domain Contributors: File:Stamboom.png Original artist: Gebruiker:Michiel1972, Amit6 • File:TenInchColumbiadSouthBatteryCharleston.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/ TenInchColumbiadSouthBatteryCharleston.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Photographic History of The Civil War in Ten Volumes: Volume Five, Forts and Artillery. The Review of Reviews Co., New York. 1911. p. 119. Original artist: Unknown • File:The_Battery_in_ruins_April_1865.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/The_Battery_in_ruins_ April_1865.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cwpb/03000/03054v.jpg Original artist: George N. Barnard • File:The_Calhoun_Mansion,_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4648.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/The_ Calhoun_Mansion%2C_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4648.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:The_Rector’{}s_Kitchen_Alice_Ravenel_Huger_Smith.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/ The_Rector%27s_Kitchen_Alice_Ravenel_Huger_Smith.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=12713945D9TT1.1641&profile=ariall&source=~{}!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full= 3100001~{}!345697~{}!28&ri=11&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=ravenel&index=.GW& uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=11 Original artist: Alice Ravenel Huger Smith • File:Tourists_at_Fort_Sumter,_SC_IMG_4530.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Tourists_at_ Fort_Sumter%2C_SC_IMG_4530.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Billy Hathorn • File:US-NationalParkService-ShadedLogo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/ US-NationalParkService-ShadedLogo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Extracted from PDF file available here (direct PDF URL here). 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• File:Unbalanced_scales.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy_logo.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8b/United_Daughters_ of_the_Confederacy_logo.png License: Fair use Contributors: United Daughters of the Confederacy wesite Original artist: United Daughters of the Confederacy • File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_ map.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Uwe Dedering • File:Waterfront_park_downtown_charleston_sc.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Waterfront_ park_downtown_charleston_sc.jpg License: CC BY 1.0 Contributors: http://www.SearchForCharlestonRealEstate.com Original artist: Lee Keadle • File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al. • File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC) Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by Simon. • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau • File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky • File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw • File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs), based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber • File:William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/ William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mal/mal1/ 081/0813900/001.jpg Original artist: William H. Seward

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