0 Contents.Qxd

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

0 Contents.Qxd Demographics of the Roman Empire Chart 6-2 Major Cities of Asia Minor Explanation The most prosperous of Rome’s provinces was Asia, encompassing what is now the western half of modern-day Turkey. Populated by Greeks and the original people of the eastern Aegean region, Asia boasted rich and powerful cities like Pergamum and Smyrna. Most important was Ephesus, the fourth largest city of the empire. Jewish synagogues and many ethnic groups were found amidst these diverse cosmopolitan urban centers. In all these cities there were soon to be found significant Christian populations. The important role of Antioch is made clear in Acts, but Ephesus and the cities of Asia Minor possessed the largest numbers of Christian inhabitants. Indeed, after the first decades of Christianity and for centuries to follow, Asia Minor was the most important Christian area. References David Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950). James S. Jeffers, The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1999), 259–91. Nicomedia Pergamum Thyatira Sardis Smyrna Philadelphia Antioch-Caesarea Ephesus Laodicea Miletus Tarsus Charting the New Testament, © 2002 Welch, Hall, FARMS Major Cities of Asia Minor in order of importance CITY, EPHESUS, PERGAMUM, SMYRNA, PROVINCE ASIA ASIA ASIA LOCATION Coast, where River Valley of the Caicus At the mouth of the Cayster enters the River, 15 miles inland Hermus River, on a Aegean Sea from the Aegean Sea large sheltered harbor of the Aegean STATUS Provincial capital of First capital of the Second most impor- Asia Roman province of tant commercial city Asia, by the first of Asia century relegated to co-capital of Asia behind Ephesus POPULATION 400,000 (4th largest 100,000 200,000–250,000 of Roman Empire) ETHNICITY Primarily Greek, also Greek and Phrygian Greek Lydian, some Jews, some Romans FOUNDATION c. 1000 B.C. by Ionian c. 700 B.C. c. 900 B.C. by Aeolian Greeks Greeks GOVERNMENT Residence of Roman Roman quaestorian Town council (boule) proconsul of Asia; deputy of proconsul and council of elders local town council of Asia; town council (gerousia) (boule) administration (prytanis and boule) ECONOMIC Primary commercial One of three great Greatest port of Asia and trade center of intellectual centers and most important Asia Minor of the Roman empire trade center with the world’s second largest library and most prestigious medical school CHRISTIAN Asia’s primary Christian Mentioned as one of One of the seven PRESENCE center. Residence of seven churches of churches of Asia, large Paul for three years, Asia, Christian com- Christian community, residence of Apostle munity since time of perhaps founded by John for several Paul, but it remained John; Apostolic father decades. Traditional small due to the Polycarp was bishop residence of Mary, heavy local influence of Smyrna (Rev 2) Mother of Jesus, at the of cults of Zeus and end of her life. Large Asclepius (Rev 2) Christian population, first of the seven churches of Asia in Revelation (Acts 15, 18–19; Rev 2) Charting the New Testament, © 2002 Welch, Hall, FARMS Chart - ₍₎ Major Cities of Asia Minor TARSUS, PRE-A.D. 60 SYRIA, CITY, MILETUS, NICOMEDIA, POST-A.D. 60 PROVINCE ASIA BITHYNIA-PONTUS CILICIAN CAPITAL LOCATION On the coast where West coast of the 12 miles north of the the Meander River Propontis (Sea of Mediterranean and 25 joins the Latmian Gulf Marmara), 50 miles miles southeast of the of the Aegean Sea east of Byzantium famed Cilician gates STATUS For centuries the most Capital of small Capital of Cilicia prosperous city of Asia, Hellenistic kingdom chief city of the Ionian of Bithynia in late 3rd League, destroyed and early 2nd century by Persia in 494 B.C.; B.C.; provincial capital though rebuilt, it never of the Roman province attained its former of Bithynia-Pontus greatness POPULATION 150,000 50,000–75,000 100,000–150,000 ETHNICITY Greek Greek Cilician, Greek, Syrian, large Jewish center FOUNDATION c. 2400 B.C.by 264 B.C. by c. 2400 B.C. Minoans, conquered Nicomedes I by Mycenaean Greeks c. 1400 GOVERNMENT Town council Roman proconsular Roman proconsular administration governor, town governor resident but (prytanis and boule) council is self-governing under local elected officials ECONOMIC Endowed with four Trade and agriculture Major center of higher fine harbors, Miletus education, agriculture, was one of the great and trade; the great trade centers of the Asia Minor road from Mediterranean the west and eastern caravan routes termi- nated at port CHRISTIAN Paul visits and meets A large Christian pop- Paul’s native city and PRESENCE with elders of Asia ulation is attested by site of his early mis- there to bid farewell A.D. 115 in the corre- sionary efforts (Acts 19) spondence of Pliny (Acts 9) to Trajan requesting information about how to try persons accused of being Christian Charting the New Testament, © 2002 Welch, Hall, FARMS Chart - ₍₎ Major Cities of Asia Minor CITY, SARDIS, ANTIOCH-CAESAREA, LAODICEA, PROVINCE ASIA PISIDIA ASIA LOCATION On the River Hermus In central Anatolia on On the upper reaches in the great plain of the major road from of the Lycus River, 90 Sardis, 50 miles east Phrygia to Galatia miles east of Ephesus of Ephesus and Smyrna STATUS One-time capital of Roman citizen colony Important regional the Lydian Empire center POPULATION 50,000 40,000 50,000 ETHNICITY Overwhelmingly Greek, some Italian, Greek Lydian, some Greek, large Jewish center large Jewish center FOUNDATION c. 1200 B.C. c. 400 B.C. c. 250 B.C. by Seleucid ruler Antiochus II GOVERNMENT Town council Roman propraetorian Town council governor, town aediles administration and decuria (prytanis and boule) ECONOMIC Wealthy and prosper- Agriculture Important wool pro- ous center of fertile duction and banking agricultural region center and productive gold mining area CHRISTIAN One of the seven Paul visits on first, One of the seven PRESENCE churches of Asia second, and possibly churches of Asia, (Rev 3) third missionary jour- recipient of Paul’s neys through Asia non-extant Epistle Minor to the Laodiceans (Acts 13) (Rev 3) Charting the New Testament, © 2002 Welch, Hall, FARMS Chart - ₍₎.
Recommended publications
  • Seven Churches of Revelation Turkey
    TRAVEL GUIDE SEVEN CHURCHES OF REVELATION TURKEY TURKEY Pergamum Lesbos Thyatira Sardis Izmir Chios Smyrna Philadelphia Samos Ephesus Laodicea Aegean Sea Patmos ASIA Kos 1 Rhodes ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP OF WESTERN TURKEY BULGARIA Sinanköy Manya Mt. NORTH EDİRNE KIRKLARELİ Selimiye Fatih Iron Foundry Mosque UNESCO B L A C K S E A MACEDONIA Yeni Saray Kırklareli Höyük İSTANBUL Herakleia Skotoussa (Byzantium) Krenides Linos (Constantinople) Sirra Philippi Beikos Palatianon Berge Karaevlialtı Menekşe Çatağı Prusias Tauriana Filippoi THRACE Bathonea Küçükyalı Ad hypium Morylos Dikaia Heraion teikhos Achaeology Edessa Neapolis park KOCAELİ Tragilos Antisara Abdera Perinthos Basilica UNESCO Maroneia TEKİRDAĞ (İZMİT) DÜZCE Europos Kavala Doriskos Nicomedia Pella Amphipolis Stryme Işıklar Mt. ALBANIA Allante Lete Bormiskos Thessalonica Argilos THE SEA OF MARMARA SAKARYA MACEDONIANaoussa Apollonia Thassos Ainos (ADAPAZARI) UNESCO Thermes Aegae YALOVA Ceramic Furnaces Selectum Chalastra Strepsa Berea Iznik Lake Nicea Methone Cyzicus Vergina Petralona Samothrace Parion Roman theater Acanthos Zeytinli Ada Apamela Aisa Ouranopolis Hisardere Dasaki Elimia Pydna Barçın Höyük BTHYNIA Galepsos Yenibademli Höyük BURSA UNESCO Antigonia Thyssus Apollonia (Prusa) ÇANAKKALE Manyas Zeytinlik Höyük Arisbe Lake Ulubat Phylace Dion Akrothooi Lake Sane Parthenopolis GÖKCEADA Aktopraklık O.Gazi Külliyesi BİLECİK Asprokampos Kremaste Daskyleion UNESCO Höyük Pythion Neopolis Astyra Sundiken Mts. Herakleum Paşalar Sarhöyük Mount Athos Achmilleion Troy Pessinus Potamia Mt.Olympos
    [Show full text]
  • Hadrian and the Greek East
    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
    [Show full text]
  • Poison King: the Life and Legend of Mithradates the Great, Rome's
    Copyrighted Material Kill em All, and Let the Gods Sort em Out IN SPRING of 88 BC, in dozens of cities across Anatolia (Asia Minor, modern Turkey), sworn enemies of Rome joined a secret plot. On an appointed day in one month’s time, they vowed to kill every Roman man, woman, and child in their territories. e conspiracy was masterminded by King Mithradates the Great, who communicated secretly with numerous local leaders in Rome’s new Province of Asia. (“Asia” at this time referred to lands from the eastern Aegean to India; Rome’s Province of Asia encompassed western Turkey.) How Mithradates kept the plot secret remains one of the great intelli- gence mysteries of antiquity. e conspirators promised to round up and slay all the Romans and Italians living in their towns, including women and children and slaves of Italian descent. ey agreed to confiscate the Romans’ property and throw the bodies out to the dogs and crows. Any- one who tried to warn or protect Romans or bury their bodies was to be harshly punished. Slaves who spoke languages other than Latin would be spared, and those who joined in the killing of their masters would be rewarded. People who murdered Roman moneylenders would have their debts canceled. Bounties were offered to informers and killers of Romans in hiding.1 e deadly plot worked perfectly. According to several ancient histo- rians, at least 80,000—perhaps as many as 150,000—Roman and Italian residents of Anatolia and Aegean islands were massacred on that day. e figures are shocking—perhaps exaggerated—but not unrealistic.
    [Show full text]
  • 295 Emanuela Borgia (Rome) CILICIA and the ROMAN EMPIRE
    EMANUELA BORGIA, CILICIA AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE STUDIA EUROPAEA GNESNENSIA 16/2017 ISSN 2082-5951 DOI 10.14746/seg.2017.16.15 Emanuela Borgia (Rome) CILICIA AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE: REFLECTIONS ON PROVINCIA CILICIA AND ITS ROMANISATION Abstract This paper aims at the study of the Roman province of Cilicia, whose formation process was quite long (from the 1st century BC to 72 AD) and complicated by various events. Firstly, it will focus on a more precise determination of the geographic limits of the region, which are not clear and quite ambiguous in the ancient sources. Secondly, the author will thoroughly analyze the formation of the province itself and its progressive Romanization. Finally, political organization of Cilicia within the Roman empire in its different forms throughout time will be taken into account. Key words Cilicia, provincia Cilicia, Roman empire, Romanization, client kings 295 STUDIA EUROPAEA GNESNENSIA 16/2017 · ROME AND THE PROVINCES Quos timuit superat, quos superavit amat (Rut. Nam., De Reditu suo, I, 72) This paper attempts a systematic approach to the study of the Roman province of Cilicia, whose formation process was quite long and characterized by a complicated sequence of historical and political events. The main question is formulated drawing on – though in a different geographic context – the words of G. Alföldy1: can we consider Cilicia a „typical” province of the Roman empire and how can we determine the peculiarities of this province? Moreover, always recalling a point emphasized by G. Alföldy, we have to take into account that, in order to understand the characteristics of a province, it is fundamental to appreciate its level of Romanization and its importance within the empire from the economic, political, military and cultural points of view2.
    [Show full text]
  • Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early
    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses X Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity May 14-15, 2020 / Izmir, Turkey Edited by Ergün Laflı Izmir 2020 Last update: 04/05/2020. 1 Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. Papers presented at the international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity, May 14-15, 2020 / Izmir, Turkey, Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea – Acta congressus communis omnium gentium Smyrnae. Copyright © 2020 Ergün Laflı (editor) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the editor. ISBN: 978-605-031-211-9. Page setting: Ergün Laflı (Izmir). Text corrections and revisions: Hugo Thoen (Deinze / Ghent). Papers, presented at the international video conference, entitled “Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity” in May 14–15, 2020 in Izmir, Turkey. 36 papers with 61 pages and numerous colourful figures. All papers and key words are in English. 21 x 29,7 cm; paperback; 40 gr. quality paper. Frontispiece. A Roman stele with two portraits in the Museum of Kırşehir; accession nos. A.5.1.95a-b (photograph by E.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek-Anatolian Language Contact and the Settlement of Pamphylia
    CHRISTINA SKELTON Greek-Anatolian Language Contact and the Settlement of Pamphylia The Ancient Greek dialect of Pamphylia shows extensive influence from the nearby Anatolian languages. Evidence from the linguistics of Greek and Anatolian, sociolinguistics, and the histor- ical and archaeological record suggest that this influence is due to Anatolian speakers learning Greek as a second language as adults in such large numbers that aspects of their L2 Greek became fixed as a part of the main Pamphylian dialect. For this linguistic development to occur and persist, Pamphylia must initially have been settled by a small number of Greeks, and remained isolated from the broader Greek-speaking community while prevailing cultural atti- tudes favored a combined Greek-Anatolian culture. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The Greek-speaking world of the Archaic and Classical periods (ca. ninth through third centuries BC) was covered by a patchwork of different dialects of Ancient Greek, some of them quite different from the Attic and Ionic familiar to Classicists. Even among these varied dialects, the dialect of Pamphylia, located on the southern coast of Asia Minor, stands out as something unusual. For example, consider the following section from the famous Pamphylian inscription from Sillyon: συ Διϝι̣ α̣ ̣ και hιιαροισι Μανεˉ[ς .]υαν̣ hελε ΣελυW[ι]ιυ̣ ς̣ ̣ [..? hι†ια[ρ]α ϝιλ̣ σιι̣ ọς ̣ υπαρ και ανιιας̣ οσα περ(̣ ι)ι[στα]τυ ̣ Wοικ[. .] The author would like to thank Sally Thomason, Craig Melchert, Leonard Neidorf and the anonymous reviewer for their valuable input, as well as Greg Nagy and everyone at the Center for Hellenic Studies for allowing me to use their library and for their wonderful hospitality during the early stages of pre- paring this manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Protestant Missionary Network in Ottoman Turkey, 1876-1914
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 4, No. 6(1); April 2014 The American Protestant Missionary Network in Ottoman Turkey, 1876-1914 Devrim Ümit PhD Assistant Professor Founding and Former Chair Department of International Relations Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Karabuk University Turkey Abstract American missionaries have long been the missing link in the study of the late Ottoman period despite the fact that they left their permanent trade in American as well as Western conceptions of the period such as “Terrible Turk” and “Red Sultan” just to name a few. From the landing of the first two American Protestant missionaries, Levi Parsons and Pliny Fisk, on the Ottoman Empire, as a matter of fact on the Near East, in early 1820, until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, American missionaries occupied the increasing attention of the Ottoman bureaucracy in domestic and foreign affairs while the mission work in the Ottoman Empire established the largest investment of the American Board of Commissionaries for Foreign Missions (A.B.C.F.M.) in the world, even above China and India, on the eve of the war. The bulk of the correspondence of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the period was with the United States and this was chiefly concerned about the American mission schools. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine the encounter between the Ottoman officialdom and the American Protestant missionaries in Ottoman Turkey during the successive regimes of Sultan Abdülhamid II and the Committee of Union and Progress, the Unionists in the period of 1876-1914.
    [Show full text]
  • Revelation Chapter Two Lanny Sterms 4-22-2021 Scripture References
    Revelation Chapter Two Lanny Sterms 4-22-2021 Scripture References Acts 18:19 Proverbs 4:23-27 Matthew 5:11-12 James 1:12 Rev.20:11-15 Rev. 21:5, 7-8 1st Cor. 15:57 Romans 5:3-4 Acts 16:13-14 1st Kings 16:30-32 Colossians 2:8 1st Timothy 2:5 Quoted or Referenced two more: Rev. 22:16 Numbers 22:12 1 Outline Chapter 2 ➢ Lampstands represent 7 Churches in Asia Minor: Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea. ➢ Why these 7? ➢ 2:1-7 Ephesus • Lesson for us: Those Faithful beware of backsliding. • In verse 4 we read Jesus said they the Ephesians had lost their first Love. • In verse 6 we read Jesus was pleased that the Ephesians were offended as He was by the Nicolaitans. ➢ 2:8-11 Smyrna • Lesson for us: Facing persecution by Faith. • There were Jewish coverts who practiced a self-styled Judaism but were not actually Jewish. They turned in suspected Christians to the Roman authorities in a practice known as Penna. • To be a Christian in Smyrna & the Empire meant poverty, & persecution and even death in public on display by the most vile and shameful ways imaginable. ➢ 2:12-17 Pergamum • Lesson for us: Do not compromise GOD’S Word. • Pergamum was the Roman capitol of Asia. As such many of the Roman elite actually resided there when not in Rome itself. • Pergamum was full of every vice and sin Rome had to offer. ➢ 2: 18-28 Thyatira • Lesson for us: To reject false teachings & pagan practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Seven Churches of Revelation Web Site
    Introduction to the Seven Churches of Revelation My interest in the Seven Churches of Revelation was stimulated by two visits I made to the seven sites a few years ago. I realised that I was visiting a country where the Early Church first grew in importance until it spread throughout the world. The names of some of these churches and others around them appear frequently in the Scriptures. In the New Testament the seven Churches in Revelation are shown on the map below as a loop of cities in the Western part of Turkey (known in the Bible as Asia Minor). Patmos where the Apostle John was banished to is seen below the island of Samos. On the mainland Ephesus is seen above Miletus on the coast and travelling Northwards is Smyrna (now Izmir) then up to Pergamum then down to Thyatira and Sardis then across to Philadelphia then down through Hierapolis to Laodicea. Each of the seven churches are marked with a + sign. - Of the seven Chruches of Revelation Ephesus is mentioned seventeen times in the New Testament including an Epistle written to those living in the area. and is overwhelmingly the most quoted city in Asia. Paul visited there on both his second and third missionary journeys. The other Churches are mentioned briefly and mainly in the Book of Acts and Revelation. Smyrna is mentioned twice, Pergamum (Pergamos) twice, Thyatira four times, Sardis three times, Philadelphia twice, Laodicea five times. Hierapolis once, Miletus three times, Acts Local tradition emanating from the Greek Orthodox Church states that the Apostle John went to Ephesus together with the Virgin Mary to oversee the seven Churches in the Western part of Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology and History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8Th Century B.C.-6Th Century A.D.)
    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses IX Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian period to late antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey ABSTRACTS Edited by Ergün Laflı Gülseren Kan Şahin Last Update: 21/04/2017. Izmir, May 2017 Websites: https://independent.academia.edu/TheLydiaSymposium https://www.researchgate.net/profile/The_Lydia_Symposium 1 This symposium has been dedicated to Roberto Gusmani (1935-2009) and Peter Herrmann (1927-2002) due to their pioneering works on the archaeology and history of ancient Lydia. Fig. 1: Map of Lydia and neighbouring areas in western Asia Minor (S. Patacı, 2017). 2 Table of contents Ergün Laflı, An introduction to Lydian studies: Editorial remarks to the abstract booklet of the Lydia Symposium....................................................................................................................................................8-9. Nihal Akıllı, Protohistorical excavations at Hastane Höyük in Akhisar………………………………10. Sedat Akkurnaz, New examples of Archaic architectural terracottas from Lydia………………………..11. Gülseren Alkış Yazıcı, Some remarks on the ancient religions of Lydia……………………………….12. Elif Alten, Revolt of Achaeus against Antiochus III the Great and the siege of Sardis, based on classical textual, epigraphic and numismatic evidence………………………………………………………………....13. Gaetano Arena, Heleis: A chief doctor in Roman Lydia…….……………………………………....14. Ilias N. Arnaoutoglou, Κοινὸν, συμβίωσις: Associations in Hellenistic and Roman Lydia……….……..15. Eirini Artemi, The role of Ephesus in the late antiquity from the period of Diocletian to A.D. 449, the “Robber Synod”.……………………………………………………………………….………...16. Natalia S. Astashova, Anatolian pottery from Panticapaeum…………………………………….17-18. Ayşegül Aykurt, Minoan presence in western Anatolia……………………………………………...19.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Cult in the Decapolis Nysa-Scythopolis As a Test Case
    Chapter 14 Imperial Cult in the Decapolis Nysa-Scythopolis as a Test Case Gabriel Mazor* The imperial cult, an elusive phenomenon, which generated its own cultic per- spectives and political ideology, is a vague and much disputed topic among scholars. It was formerly much more intensively researched in the center of the empire and its satellite regions, for instance in Greece and Asia Minor, than in the relatively remote eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Arabia (Taylor 1931; Cerfaux and Tondriau 1957; Herz 1978; Price 1984). Shortly after Actium (30/29 BCE), the koina of Asia and Bithynia requested permission to worship Octavian as their savior (σωτήρ) (Cassius Dio Roman History 51, 20, 6–7; Fishwick 1987–2005, 3:3). They were soon followed by Pergamon and Nicomedia worshiping him with Dea Roma and divus Julius, and Dea Roma in Ephesus and Nicaea (Suetonius, Aug. 52; Tacitus, Ann. 4.37; Fishwick 1987–2005, 1:77, 126–30). In 29 BCE, Octavian dedicated the temple of divus Julius and by the legal power of adoption became divi filius. First in Asia Minor and the East and later in the West, the practice of the ruler cult was rapidly promoted into a central cultic theme. In the East, Herod, king of Judea, was the first (under political circumstances) to devote remarkable and unprecedented efforts in dedicating re-founded cities, a newly constructed harbor, palaces, and impe- rial cult temples and temene in honor of his new patron Augustus (Sebastos) and his ruler cult, along with celebrating festivals and hosting quinquennial games honoring Caesar, all accomplished in less than two decades (30–10 BCE).
    [Show full text]
  • ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca
    ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.
    [Show full text]