Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my CLOSURE AND POST-CLOSURE OF LANDFILLS IN – CASE STUDIES

Fauziah S.H., Noorazamimah Aiza A. and Agamuthu, P. Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Malaysia email: [email protected] Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my IntroductionIntroduction

LandLand fillingfilling isis thethe cheapestcheapest andand simplestsimplest wastewaste disposaldisposal option.option. SinceSince 1960s1960s MalaysianMalaysian MSWMSW waswas beingbeing managedmanaged byby locallocal municipalitiesmunicipalities –– sitingsiting ofof landfilllandfill inin ‘‘unwantedunwanted ’’ landland Currently,Currently, 90%90% ofof 1910019100 tonnestonnes ofof MSWMSW areare disposeddisposed ofof intointo 130130 dumpingdumping sites.sites. MostMost areare notnot sanitarysanitary landfilllandfill exceptexcept 10%.10%. Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my

PERLIS

KEDAH

PENANG

KELANTAN PERAK TERENGGANU

PAHANG

SELANGOR KUALA LUMPUR N NEGERI SEMBILAN

MELAKA JOHOR

Map of PERAK

Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my KERLING

BUKIT BERUNTUNG KUALA 2 LAMA SELANGOR 3 KUALA 4 LUMPUR

KAJANG 1

BANTING N NEGERI SEMBILAN

Map of Selangor Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my

AA typicaltypical MSWMSW LandfillLandfill inin MalaysiaMalaysia Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my Issues

ReRe --developmentdevelopment ofof exex --dumpingdumping groundground IncreaseIncrease inin landland priceprice ScarcityScarcity ofof suitablesuitable landland especiallyespecially inin urbanurban areas.areas.

MostMost lackedlacked prepre --planningplanning strategystrategy forfor closureclosure andand postpost --closureclosure Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my ObjectiveObjective

ExploreExplore issuesissues pertainingpertaining toto thethe closureclosure andand postpost --closureclosure ofof landfillslandfills usingusing fourfour casecase studies:studies:

AirAir HitamHitam SanitarySanitary LandfillLandfill KundangKundang LandfillLandfill ExEx --dumpdump sitesite ExEx --miningmining areaarea usedused asas dumpingdumping sitesite Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my 1.1. AirAir HitamHitam SanitarySanitary LandfillLandfill

AnAn engineeredengineered landfilllandfill -- properproper leachateleachate andand gasgas treatmenttreatment facilitiesfacilities AccommodatedAccommodated approx.approx. 66 millionmillion tonnestonnes ofof MSWMSW BeganBegan operationoperation inin 1995,1995, plannedplanned forfor closureclosure inin 20072007 -- exhaustedexhausted earlierearlier ClosedClosed 20062006 alsoalso duedue toto increasedincreased populationpopulation densitydensity withinwithin thethe area.area. WasteWaste disposaldisposal activityactivity atat AirAir HitamHitam SanitarySanitary landfilllandfill inin Selangor,Selangor, MalaysiaMalaysia Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill Closure and Post -closure

NoNo seriousserious issuesissues duedue toto properproper closureclosure andand postpost --closureclosure planningplanning ExistingExisting leachateleachate treatmenttreatment systemsystem –– chemicalchemical andand biologicalbiological treatment.treatment. QualityQuality ofof dischargeddischarged effluenteffluent withinwithin thethe StandardStandard (Malaysian(Malaysian EQAEQA 1985)1985) limitlimit allowedallowed

LandfillLandfill gasgas treatmenttreatment facilityfacility –– CHCH 4 conversionconversion toto energyenergy TotalTotal ofof 22 MWMW Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my CurrentCurrent practicepractice

CappingCapping ofof wastewaste cellcell withwith nonnon --permeablepermeable linerliner

BioBio --covercover layeringlayering

RehabilitationRehabilitation ofof thethe areaarea withwith grassesgrasses 2.2. ClosureClosure IssuesIssues atat Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my KundangKundang LandfillLandfill

CoveringCovering 8080 acres;acres; originallyoriginally anan exex --miningmining pondpond withwith naturalnatural clayclay liner.liner. ReceivedReceived 300300 tonnestonnes ofof MSWMSW dailydaily LackedLacked leachateleachate andand gasgas treatmenttreatment facility.facility. ClosedClosed inin 20062006 (original(original planplan 2008)2008) duedue toto thethe landfilllandfill leachateleachate contaminationcontamination intointo thethe adjacentadjacent river.river. KundangKundang LandfillLandfill duringduring operationoperation ClosureClosure IssuesIssues atat KundangKundang Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my LandfillLandfill (cont(cont ’’d)d)

DuringDuring operation:operation:

wastewaste werewere filledfilled intointo wastewaste cells,cells, compactedcompacted andand coveredcovered daily.daily. lacklack ofof leachateleachate treatmenttreatment -- leachateleachate accumulatesaccumulates inin lowlow --lyinglying spotsspots andand eventuallyeventually enteredentered thethe riverriver system.system.

LeachateLeachate flowingflowing toto thethe lowerlower groundground Leachate accumulated on the “leachate collection ponds”

Discharge of landfill leachate into adjacent river CharacteristicsCharacteristics ofof leachateleachate fromfrom KundangKundang LandfillLandfill

Parameter Kundang EQA 1974 leachate Std A Std B

BOD 5 (mg/l) 27.5 ± 0.7 20 50 COD (mg/l) 6232 ± 1824 50 100 pH 7.48 ± 0.04 6 – 9 5.5 - 9 TSS (mg/l) 0.06 ± 0.01 50 100 Zn (mg/l) 0.06 ± 0.04 0.2 1.0 Cu (mg/l) 0.003 ± 0.002 0.2 1.0 Cr (mg/l) 0.19 ± 0.02 - 0.05 Pb (mg/l) 0.03 ± 0.01 0.1 0.5 Daily leachate contamination from Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my Kundang Landfill into Kundang river system

Parameter (g/day) Level of pollutants

BOD 5 1 238 COD 280 440 TSS 2.7

Hardness (CaCO 3) 19 320 Cr 8.7 Cu 0.135 Pb 1.215 Zn 2.7 Mg 191.0 Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my CurrentCurrent ScenarioScenario

LeachateLeachate accumulatedaccumulated inin thethe ‘‘leachateleachate pondpond ’’ CoveringCovering ofof thethe wastewaste cellscells significantlysignificantly reducesreduces thethe leachateleachate generationgeneration duedue toto lessless directdirect contactcontact withwith rainrain TheThe volumevolume ofof leachateleachate flowingflowing intointo thethe riverriver alsoalso reduces,reduces, howeverhowever itit isis stillstill contaminatingcontaminating thethe riverriver system.system. WasteWaste cellcell hashas beenbeen coveredcovered withwith soilsoil andand grassgrass afterafter landfilllandfill closureclosure 3. Contamination at an Ex - landfill in Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my 3. Contamination at an Ex - landfill in Selangor

LocatedLocated inin KelanaKelana Jaya;Jaya; closedclosed inin 20002000 FormerlyFormerly waswas anan exex --miningmining areaarea ReceivedReceived aa totaltotal volumevolume ofof approximatelyapproximately 1.571.57 millionmillion mm 3 ofof MSWMSW duringduring itsits operationaloperational period.period. LackLack aa linerliner systemsystem -- contaminationcontamination fromfrom wastewaste residue,residue, leachateleachate andand landfilllandfill gases.gases. WasteWaste onon thethe exex --landfilllandfill sitesite

EnvironmentalEnvironmental Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my aspectsaspects ofof thethe areaarea

CurrentlyCurrently mixedmixed developmentdevelopment hadhad beenbeen establishedestablished onon thethe exex --landfilllandfill includingincluding residentialresidential areaarea andand commercialcommercial zones.zones. SoilSoil contamination:contamination: HighestHighest AsAs (64.4(64.4 mg/kg)mg/kg) andand HgHg (11.5(11.5 mg/kg).mg/kg). warrantswarrants remediationremediation toto preventprevent riskrisk toto occupantsoccupants onon thethe exex --landfilllandfill area.area. DevelopmentDevelopment ofof thethe exex --landfilllandfill areaarea Results of surface soil and deep soil analysis

Parameter unit surface soil 5 m deep soil Dutch Intervention Standard Phosphate mg/kg 4 4 - Flouride mg/kg 3.7 0.7 - Sulfate mg/kg 280 9.03 - pH na 7.3 7.8 - Chloride mg/kg 63.2 3.7 - Nitrate mg/kg 31.6 1.6 - Nitrite mg/kg 1.65 nd - Zn mg/kg 53.3 nd 720 Sb mg/kg 2.4 nd 15 Cd mg/kg 0.6 nd 12 Cr mg/kg 6.8 nd 380 Cu mg/kg 10.25 nd 190 Pb mg/kg 36 nd 530 Ni mg/kg 3.06 9 210 Ag mg/kg 1.2 nd 15 Tl mg/kg 49.45 nd 15 As mg/kg 30.3 1.25 55 Hg mg/kg 1.4 10 10 ProblemProblem IdentifiedIdentified Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my andand RemediationRemediation

 SurfaceSurface soilsoil contaminationcontamination -- agriculturalagricultural activitiesactivities shouldshould bebe prevented,prevented, residentsresidents shouldshould notnot plantplant edibleedible treestrees

 IntermittentIntermittent gasgas releaserelease -- ““BioBio --covercover ”” recommendedrecommended toto minimiseminimise thethe landfilllandfill gasgas impacts,impacts, 4.4. MalodourMalodour problemproblem atat Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my thethe exex --miningmining areaarea

LocatedLocated inin thethe southernsouthern zonezone ofof PetalingPetaling JayaJaya OriginallyOriginally anan exex --miningmining areaarea CoveredCovered approximatelyapproximately 114114 acres.acres. ReclamationReclamation byby fillingfilling withwith constructionconstruction andand municipalmunicipal wasteswastes WasteWaste containedcontained highhigh percentagepercentage ofof gypsumgypsum Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my ConcernedConcerned IssuesIssues

UnregulatedUnregulated dumpingdumping ofof constructionconstruction wastewaste intointo thethe miningmining pondpond

ReleaseRelease ofof highhigh volumevolume ofof HH 2SS gasgas (200(200 ppmppm )) -- majormajor healthhealth issueissue toto thethe existingexisting residentsresidents andand propertyproperty damagesdamages duedue toto corrosion.corrosion. LeachateLeachate contaminationcontamination H2S Monitoring Result 2004-2007 at The Retention Pond 800 200 Average 180 Highest 700 Rainfall (ml) 160 600

140 500 120 400 100 ppm 80 300

60 200 40 100 20

0 0 Jul Jul Jul Apr Jun Oct Apr Jun Oct Apr Jun Oct Jan Jan Jan Mar Nov Mar Nov Mar Nov Mar Aug Sep Aug Sep Aug Sep Feb Dec Feb Dec Feb Dec Feb May May May 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year

LevelLevel ofof HH 2SS inin thethe atmosphereatmosphere atat differentdifferent samplingsampling stationstation inin PJSPJS 3.3. CorrosionCorrosion onon metalmetal basedbased materialmaterial CorrosionCorrosion isis alsoalso evidentevident onon concreteconcrete Leachate analysis from study area

Parameter Unit Range Average Standard B BOD mg/l 23.5 - 42.0 33.0 50 COD mg/l 51.5-128.0 82.9 100 pH - 4.7-7.1 6.5 5.5-9.0 Sulphide mg/l 0.9- 10.4 3.8 0.5 Ammoniacal-N mg/l 13.4-17.8 16.1 Not available Phosphate mg/l 1.6 - 315.6 80.2 Not available Sulfate mg/l 55.0 - 132.5 101.6 Not available Chloride mg/l 22.1 - 37.8 27.3 Not available Nitrate mg/l 0- 2,687.1 671.8 Not available Cd mg/l Not detected 0.0 0.02 Cr mg/l Not detected 0.0 0.05 Pb mg/l Not detected 0.0 0.5 Fe mg/l 0.1- 16.3 4.4 5 Ag mg/l 0- 0.6 0.2 Not available As mg/l 0 – 0.3 0.2 0.1 Hg mg/l Not detected 0.0 0.05 Se mg/l Not detected 0.0 Not available Ba mg/l 0.2-0.3 0.2 Not available Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my

Leachate flowing into the drain system through cracks ProposedProposed TreatmentTreatment Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my FacilitiesFacilities

ProperProper gasgas collection,collection, transportationtransportation andand treatmenttreatment systemsystem toto minimizeminimize thethe impactimpact ofof

CHCH 4 andand HH 2S.S. LeachateLeachate willwill bebe diverteddiverted toto aa treatmenttreatment plantplant forfor totaltotal management.management. Conclusion Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my Conclusion

 Landfill closure and post -closure issues are very serious in Malaysia.  Proper closure post -closure is important ensure the safety of the environment (Air Hitam landfill)  Ad -hoc decision and lack of planning turned landfill as a major source of pollution (Kundang landfill)  Redevelopment of an ex -landfill is possible but requires high capital to remediate contaminating areas  Appropriate enforcement and regulations is crucial  Indicates the urgent need of proper policies and guidelines on closure and post -closure to minimize environmental impacts Producing Leaders Since 1905 www.um.edu.my AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

AlamAlam FloraFlora (P)(P) Ltd.Ltd. KUBKUB BerjayaBerjaya (P)(P) Ltd.Ltd. GADGAD WasteWaste ManagementManagement CompanyCompany BussumBussum UniversityUniversity ofof MalayaMalaya PJPPJP GrantGrant (VOT(VOT F0203/2004B)F0203/2004B) THANKTHANK YOUYOU fromfrom SOLIDSOLID WASTEWASTE LABLAB UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY OFOF MALAYAMALAYA 5060350603 KUALAKUALA LUMPUR,LUMPUR, MALAYSIAMALAYSIA TEL:TEL: +6037967+6037967 46314631 FAX:FAX: +60379676756+60379676756