United States In cooperation with Department of Confederated Tribes of the Agriculture Warm Springs Reservation; Soil Survey United States Department Natural Resources of the Interior, Bureau of Conservation Indian Affairs; and Oregon of Warm Service Agricultural Experiment Station Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon

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How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets, which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map units symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1992. Soil names and de- scriptions were approved in 1993. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1993. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation. Since the publication of this survey, more information on soil properties may have been collected, new interpretations developed, or existing interpretive criteria modified. The most current soil information and interpretations for this survey are in the Field Office Technical Guide (FOTG) at the local office of the Natural Resources Conserva- tion Service. The soil maps in this publication may exist in digital form in a full quad- rangle format. The digitizing of the maps is in accordance with the Soil Survey Geo- graphic (SSURGO) database standards. During the digitizing process, changes or corrections to the maps may have occurred. These changes or corrections improve the matching of this survey to adjacent surveys and correct previous errors or omissions of map unit symbols or lines. If digital SSURGO-certified maps exist for this survey, they are considered the official maps for the survey area and are part of the FOTG at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohib- ited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC, 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Mt. Jefferson; source of parent material of many of the soils in the survey area.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”). 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 9—Belrick-Douthit complex, 0 to 12 How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 percent slopes ...... 37 Contents ...... 5 10—Bluesters gravelly sandy loam, 15 Foreword ...... 11 to 40 percent slopes ...... 39 General Nature of the Survey Area ...... 13 11—Boardflower loam, 2 to 20 percent History and Development ...... 13 slopes ...... 40 Physiography, Relief, and Drainage ...... 14 12—Bodell very cobbly loam, 30 to 55 Climate ...... 15 percent slopes ...... 41 How This Survey Was Made ...... 16 13—Bodell very stony loam, 0 to 3 General Soil Map Units ...... 19 percent slopes ...... 41 Map Unit Descriptions ...... 19 14—Bodell-Jorn complex, 2 to 30 percent 1. Lavey-Drybed-Madras ...... 19 slopes ...... 42 2. Simas-Ruckles-Antoken ...... 20 15—Booten loam, 0 to 12 percent slopes ...... 43 3. Bakeoven ...... 20 16—Booten loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes .... 44 4. Dryhollow ...... 21 17—Booten loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes .... 45 5. Kishwalk-Waterbury ...... 21 18—Booten-Spilyay complex, 0 to 12 6. Watama-Rockly ...... 22 percent slopes ...... 46 7. Booten-Shiva ...... 22 19—Dahl silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 48 8. Tenwalter-Milldam-Tolius ...... 22 20—Day clay, 0 to 12 percent slopes ...... 48 9. Prill-Kaskela-Logsprings ...... 23 21—Day complex, 8 to 40 percent slopes ...... 49 10. Mutton-Venator-Oldsferry ...... 24 22—Day-Antoken complex, 30 to 55 11. Hehe-Teewee ...... 25 percent slopes ...... 50 12. Smiling-Simnasho-Pipp ...... 25 23—Douthit very stony sandy loam, 30 13. Howash-Mackatie ...... 26 to 65 percent slopes ...... 51 14. Pinhead ...... 26 24—Douthit-Belrick complex, 12 to 30 15. Jojo-Pinhead ...... 27 percent slopes ...... 52 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 25—Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 percent Map Unit Descriptions ...... 31 slopes ...... 53 1—Allingham sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 26—Dryhollow loam, 0 to 12 percent slopes ...... 31 slopes ...... 54 2—Antoken extremely cobbly silt loam, 30 27—Dryhollow loam, 12 to 30 percent to 55 percent slopes ...... 32 slopes ...... 55 3—Aridic Haploxerolls, 30 to 80 percent 28—Dryhollow loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes ...... 33 slopes ...... 56 4—Axford-Walsey complex, 2 to 30 29—Eaglespring channery loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes ...... 33 percent slopes ...... 56 5—Bakeoven extremely gravelly loam, 0 30—Eaglespring channery loam, 30 to 55 to 8 percent slopes ...... 34 percent slopes ...... 57 6—Bakeoven extremely stony loam, 0 31—Eaglespring-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to 8 percent slopes ...... 35 to 80 percent slopes ...... 58 7—Bakeoven very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 32—Evick-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 65 percent slopes ...... 36 percent slopes ...... 59 8—Bakeoven-Maupin complex, 0 to 8 33—Fawnspring very gravelly silt loam, 2 percent slopes ...... 36 to 30 percent slopes ...... 59 6

34—Glaciers-Rubble land complex, 20 56—Jojo-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70 to 80 percent slopes ...... 61 percent slopes ...... 82 35—Grenet very gravelly sandy loam, 12 57—Jorn-Bodell complex, 30 to 55 percent to 30 percent slopes ...... 61 slopes ...... 83 36—Grenet very gravelly sandy loam, 30 58—Kaskela complex, 0 to 8 percent to 65 percent slopes ...... 62 slopes ...... 84 37—Grenet-Kusu complex, 0 to 12 percent 59—Kishwalk very cobbly silt loam, 55 slopes ...... 63 to 80 percent slopes ...... 85 38—Grenet-Kusu complex, 12 to 30 60—Kishwalk-Waterbury complex, 30 percent slopes ...... 64 to 55 percent slopes ...... 85 39—Happus very gravelly sandy loam, 12 61—Kuckup gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 40 to 30 percent slopes ...... 65 percent slopes ...... 86 40—Hehe very cobbly loam, 30 to 65 62—Kusu very gravelly loam, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 66 percent slopes ...... 87 41—Hehe very stony loam, 12 to 40 63—Kusu very gravelly loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes ...... 67 percent slopes ...... 88 42—Hehe very stony loam, high 64—Kusu very gravelly sandy loam, 12 precipitation, 12 to 40 percent slopes .... 68 to 30 percent slopes ...... 89 43—Hehe-Bodell complex, 0 to 12 percent 65—Kusu very gravelly sandy loam, 30 slopes ...... 69 to 65 percent slopes ...... 90 44—Hehe-Teewee complex, 0 to 12 percent 66—Kutcher-Mackatie complex, low slopes ...... 70 precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes .... 91 45—Hehe-Teewee complex, high 67—Lavey gravelly silt loam, 2 to 15 precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes ...... 71 percent slopes ...... 92 46—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, 68—Lavey very cobbly silty clay loam, 2 cool, 12 to 30 percent slopes ...... 73 to 15 percent slopes ...... 92 47—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, 69—Lickskillet extremely stony loam, 15 cool, 30 to 65 percent slopes ...... 73 to 40 percent slopes ...... 93 48—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low 70—Lickskillet extremely stony loam, 40 precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes .... 74 to 70 percent slopes ...... 94 49—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low 71—Littlefawn-Fawnspring complex, 2 to 30 precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes .... 75 percent slopes ...... 94 50—Howash very gravelly sandy loam, 12 72—Littlefawn-Wakamo-Fawnspring to 30 percent slopes ...... 76 complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 96 51—Howash very gravelly sandy loam, 30 73—Logsprings loam, 0 to 8 percent to 65 percent slopes ...... 77 slopes ...... 97 52—Howash very stony sandy loam, low 74—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, 0 to 12 precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes .... 78 percent slopes ...... 98 53—Howash very stony sandy loam, low 75—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, cool, 0 precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes .... 78 to 12 percent slopes ...... 99 54—Jojo-Pinhead complex, warm, 30 to 65 76—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, low percent slopes ...... 79 precipitation, 0 to 12 percent 55—Jojo-Piumpsha-Pinhead complex, 2 slopes ...... 100 to 40 percent slopes, bouldery ...... 80 77—Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 101 7

78—Madras-Skoven complex, 0 to 8 101—Pipp very cobbly sandy loam, 12 percent slopes ...... 102 to 30 percent slopes ...... 124 79—Mariel mucky peat, 0 to 3 percent 102—Pipp very cobbly sandy loam, 30 slopes ...... 103 to 65 percent slopes ...... 125 80—Maupin silt loam, 0 to 8 percent 103—Pipp very stony sandy loam, 12 slopes ...... 104 to 30 percent slopes ...... 125 81—Milldam-Tenwalter complex, 0 to 3 104—Pipp very stony sandy loam, 30 percent slopes ...... 104 to 65 percent slopes ...... 126 82—Millerflat loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 105 105—Pipp very stony sandy loam, low 83—Mowako extremely channery precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes .. 127 loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes...... 106 106—Pipp very stony sandy loam, low 84—Mowako-Rock outcrop complex, 55 precipitation, 30 to 65 percent to 80 percent slopes ...... 107 slopes ...... 128 85—Mutton gravelly loam, 12 to 30 107—Piumpsha-Jojo complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 108 percent slopes ...... 129 86—Mutton gravelly loam, 30 to 55 108—Prill gravelly silty clay loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes ...... 109 percent slopes ...... 130 87—Mutton-Littlefawn complex, 30 to 55 109—Prill-Kaskela complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 110 percent slopes ...... 131 88—Mutton-Rock outcrop complex, 55 110—Prill-Kaskela-Rock outcrop to 80 percent slopes ...... 112 complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 132 89—Olallie clay loam, 0 to 3 percent 111—Prill-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 55 slopes ...... 113 percent slopes ...... 133 90—Oldsferry-Venator complex, 30 112—Racing sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent to 55 percent slopes ...... 114 slopes ...... 133 91—Oldsferry-Venator-Rock outcrop 113—Rockly extremely gravelly silt loam, 2 complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes ...... 114 to 20 percent slopes ...... 134 92—Peahke extremely channery loam, 2 114—Rockly-Watama complex, 0 to 8 to 30 percent slopes ...... 115 percent slopes ...... 135 93—Peahke extremely channery loam, 30 115—Rubble land-Rock outcrop to 55 percent slopes ...... 116 complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes ...... 136 94—Pelton-Willowdale complex, 0 to 3 116—Ruckles-Rock outcrop complex, 55 percent slopes ...... 117 to 80 percent slopes ...... 136 95—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam, 117—Ruckles-Simas complex, 40 to 80 warm, 0 to 12 percent slopes ...... 118 percent slopes ...... 137 96—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam, 118—Ruckles-Simas-Rock outcrop warm, 12 to 30 percent slopes ...... 119 complex, 40 to 80 percent slopes ...... 138 97—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam, 119—Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 12 to 30 warm, 30 to 65 percent slopes ...... 120 percent slopes ...... 139 98—Pinhead very stony sandy loam, 120—Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 30 to 55 warm, 12 to 30 percent slopes ...... 121 percent slopes ...... 140 99—Pinhead-Jojo complex, 0 to 12 121—Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 12 to 30 percent slopes ...... 122 percent slopes ...... 141 100—Pinhead-Jojo complex, 12 to 30 122—Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes ...... 123 percent slopes ...... 141 8

123—Shiva fine sandy loam, 0 to 12 146—Vitrandic Haploxerolls, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 142 percent slopes ...... 162 124—Shiva fine sandy loam, 12 to 30 147—Wakamo-Rock outcrop complex, 2 percent slopes ...... 143 to 30 percent slopes ...... 163 125—Shiva fine sandy loam, 30 to 55 148—Walsey-Axford complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes ...... 144 percent slopes ...... 164 126—Simas-Antoken complex, 2 to 30 149—Wapinitia silt loam, 0 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 144 slopes ...... 165 127—Simas-Ruckles-Antoken complex, 2 150—Watama-Rockly complex, 0 to 8 to 40 percent slopes ...... 145 percent slopes ...... 166 128—Simnasho very cobbly sandy 151—Watama-Rockly complex, loam, 12 to 40 percent slopes...... 146 leveled, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 167 129—Skooker gravelly loam, 8 to 20 152—Watama-Rockly complex, percent slopes ...... 147 gravelly, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 168 130—Skooker-Tolius complex, 0 to 8 153—Watama-Rockly-Prill complex, 2 percent slopes ...... 148 to 30 percent slopes ...... 169 131—Skoven-Lavey complex, 2 to 15 154—Waterbury-Kishwalk complex, 2 percent slopes ...... 149 to 30 percent slopes ...... 170 132—Smiling-Simnasho complex, 0 to 12 155—Waterbury-Rock outcrop percent slopes ...... 150 complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes ...... 171 133—Smiling-Simnasho complex, high 156—Willowdale loam, 0 to 3 percent precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes .... 151 slopes ...... 171 134—Sorf very gravelly loam, 30 to 55 157—Xerofluvents, 0 to 3 percent slopes ..... 172 percent slopes ...... 152 158—Yawkola-Jorn-Rock outcrop 135—Sorf-Simas complex, 2 to 30 complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 173 percent slopes ...... 153 159—Yawkola-Rock outcrop complex, 30 136—Spilyay-Bodell complex, 2 to 30 to 55 percent slopes ...... 174 percent slopes ...... 154 Prime Farmland ...... 177 137—Suppah very gravelly sandy loam, 12 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 179 to 30 percent slopes ...... 155 Crops and Pasture ...... 179 138—Suppah-Ruclick complex, 12 to 30 Yields per Acre ...... 181 percent slopes ...... 156 Land Capability Classification ...... 181 139—Teewee loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.... 156 Rangeland and Grazeable Forest Land ...... 182 140—Teewee-Bodell-Logsprings Grazing Allotments ...... 182 complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 157 Grazing Districts ...... 182 141—Tenwalter-Kahneeta complex, 0 to 3 Grazing Management...... 183 percent slopes ...... 159 Management Concerns...... 183 142—Tenwalter-Milldam complex, 0 to 3 Forage Resources ...... 184 percent slopes ...... 160 Forage Production...... 184 143—Tolius loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes...... 160 Special Provisions for Listing Range Sites ... 185 144—Typic Vitricryands, 2 to 70 percent General Vegetation Zones ...... 186 slopes ...... 161 Forest Land Management and Productivity ...... 186 145—Venator-Rock outcrop complex, 2 Sheet and Rill Erosion ...... 187 to 30 percent slopes ...... 162 Cut and Fill Erosion ...... 187 9

Equipment Operability ...... 187 Kahneeta Series ...... 220 Soil Compaction ...... 188 Kaskela Series ...... 221 Soil Displacement ...... 188 Kishwalk Series...... 222 Seedling Mortality ...... 188 Kuckup Series ...... 222 Windthrow ...... 189 Kusu Series ...... 223 Plant Competition ...... 189 Kutcher Series ...... 224 Fire Damage ...... 189 Lavey Series ...... 224 Recreation ...... 190 Lickskillet Series ...... 225 Wildlife Habitat ...... 190 Littlefawn Series ...... 226 Native Food Plants ...... 192 Logsprings Series ...... 226 Engineering ...... 193 Mackatie Series ...... 227 Building Site Development ...... 194 Madras Series ...... 228 Sanitary Facilities ...... 194 Mariel Series ...... 229 Construction Materials ...... 195 Maupin Series ...... 229 Water Management ...... 196 Milldam Series ...... 230 Soil Properties ...... 199 Millerflat Series ...... 231 Engineering Index Properties ...... 199 Mowako Series ...... 231 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 200 Mutton Series ...... 232 Soil and Water Features ...... 201 Olallie Series ...... 233 Classification of the Soils ...... 203 Oldsferry Series ...... 234 Taxonomic Units and Their Morphology ...... 203 Peahke Series ...... 234 Allingham Series ...... 203 Pelton Series ...... 235 Antoken Series...... 204 Pinhead Series...... 235 Aridic Haploxerolls ...... 205 Pipp Series ...... 236 Axford Series ...... 206 Piumpsha Series ...... 237 Bakeoven Series ...... 207 Prill Series ...... 238 Belrick Series ...... 207 Racing Series ...... 238 Bluesters Series ...... 208 Rockly Series ...... 239 Boardflower Series ...... 209 Ruckles Series ...... 240 Bodell Series ...... 209 Ruclick Series ...... 240 Booten Series ...... 210 Sagley Series ...... 241 Dahl Series ...... 211 Shiva Series ...... 242 Day Series ...... 211 Simas Series ...... 242 Douthit Series ...... 212 Simnasho Series ...... 243 Drybed Series ...... 213 Skooker Series...... 244 Dryhollow Series ...... 213 Skoven Series ...... 245 Eaglespring Series ...... 214 Smiling Series ...... 245 Evick Series ...... 215 Sorf Series ...... 246 Fawnspring Series ...... 215 Spilyay Series ...... 247 Grenet Series ...... 216 Suppah Series ...... 247 Happus Series ...... 216 Teewee Series ...... 248 Hehe Series ...... 217 Tenwalter Series ...... 249 Howash Series ...... 218 Tolius Series ...... 250 Jojo Series ...... 219 Typic Vitricryands ...... 250 Jorn Series ...... 219 Venator Series ...... 251 10

Vitrandic Haploxerolls...... 251 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Wakamo Series ...... 252 Extent of the Soils ...... 284 Walsey Series ...... 253 Table 5.—Land Capability Classes and Watama Series ...... 253 Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 291 Waterbury Series ...... 254 Table 6.—Rangeland and Grazeable Willowdale Series ...... 255 Forest Land Productivity and Xerofluvents ...... 255 Characteristic Plant Communities ...... 300 Yawkola Series ...... 256 Table 7.—Forest Land Productivity ...... 319 Formation of the Soils ...... 259 Table 8.—Forest Land Management ...... 331 Climate ...... 259 Table 9.—Recreational Development...... 338 Living Organisms ...... 260 Table 10.—Building Site Development ...... 357 Geomorphic Surfaces and Soil Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 374 Development ...... 260 Table 12.—Construction Materials ...... 391 References ...... 265 Table 13.—Water Management ...... 410 Glossary ...... 267 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 426 Tables ...... 277 Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 278 Properties of the Soils ...... 471 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Table 16.—Water Features ...... 488 Fall ...... 281 Table 17.—Soil Features ...... 497 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 283 Table 18.—Classification of the Soils ...... 506

Issued 1998 11

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Bob Graham State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service 12

PORTLAND PENDLETON

SALEM

BEND

Location of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon. 13

Soil Survey of Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon

By Gerald D. Macdonald, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Gerald D. Macdonald and Todd M. Peplin, Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service In cooperation with Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation; United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs; and Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station

WARM SPRINGS INDIAN RESERVATION is in interpretive information and maps that show soils in the north-central part of Oregon. It has a total area of greater detail. about 1,000 square miles, or 650,812 acres. Warm This survey area is adjacent to the Wasco County, Springs, the seat of government, is in the east-central Oregon, Northern Part (22), and Trout Creek-Shaniko part of the survey area, along Tenino Creek. The Area, Oregon (21), soil survey areas. Descriptions, population of the survey area in 1990 was about names, and delineations of soils in this survey do not 3,200. fully agree with those on soil maps for adjacent survey The eastern one-third of the survey area is steep, areas. Differences are the result of better knowledge dissected canyons with terraces along major streams. of soils, modifications in series concepts, intensity of The central one-third is nearly level mesas and mapping, or the extent of soils within the survey. outwash plains. The western one-third is mountains with broad, rolling tops and precipitous side slopes along major streams. The survey area is drained by General Nature of the Survey Area the Warm Springs River, Shitike Creek, Seekseequa Creek, Tenino Creek, and their tributaries. This section provides general information about Timber is the main economic enterprise in the the survey area. It briefly discusses history and survey area. The climate and soils are favorable for development; physiography, relief, and drainage; and production of ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, western climate. hemlock, and other conifers. Also important to the economy are tourism and agriculture, including the History and Development Kah-Nee-Ta Resort and livestock and hay production. Soil scientists have determined that there are The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs about 74 different named soils in the survey area. Reservation consists of the Wasco, Warm Springs, Each series may include various slopes, textures, and Paiute Indians. Long before Europeans colonized aspects, and other features. The soils are coarse North America, the forebears of the Confederated sand to clay, very shallow to very deep, 0 to 60 Tribes had developed their societies along the percent rock fragments, and nearly level to very steep. Columbia River and the Cascade Mountains. An older survey was published by Weyerhaeuser Although the tribes have much in common, the Company in 1981. This earlier survey covers part of history and heritage of each tribe is unique. The the present survey. The present survey, however, Wasco Bands along the middle part of the Columbia updates the earlier survey and provides additional River were the easternmost group of Chinook- 14 Soil Survey

speaking Indians. Their closest upriver neighbors, the Springs Tribes that established the Warm Springs Warm Springs Bands who lived along the Columbia Indian Reservation. The Paiute Indians joined them on River and its tributaries, spoke Sahaptin. The Paiute the reservation 24 years later. Bands, who lived mainly in southeastern Oregon, were In 1938 the United States Congress passed the nomadic and often traveled into central Oregon. Over Indian Reorganization Act that provided opportunities the centuries, the Warm Springs and Wasco Bands for all Indians to elect a form of tribal government and developed an extensive economic network along the to establish a federally charted corporation. The Columbia River. This network depended on the river Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation and its resources, particularly the salmon. The Paiute accepted a constitutional form of home rule, retaining Indians, who occupied a vast territory southeast of the the Bureau of Indian Affairs in only an advisory Columbia River, subsisted largely by hunting and capacity. Leadership and management of tribal affairs gathering plants for food. became the responsibility of the Tribal Council, which The Wasco Indians were principally fishermen is made up of eight elected members and three and traders, and they frequently came in contact with hereditary chiefs. other Indians throughout the region. They obtained Although timber on the reservation had been cut surplus game food from neighboring Sahaptin Bands, for local use for decades, the Confederated Tribes roots and trade shells from the Clackamas Bands to made no commercial use of it until 1942. That year the west, and furs, clothing, and horses from more the Bureau of Indian Affairs approved a 20-year distant eastern Indians, such as the Nez Perce Bands. contract to cut 500 million board-feet of timber. With In exchange, the Wasco Indians traded root bread, the proceeds of that contract, the Confederated Tribes beargrass for making baskets, and dried salmon meal distributed its first dividends to tribal members. In that could be stored for long periods in fish skin 1967 the Tribes began a major enterprise by pouches. purchasing a sawmill and plywood plant. During the While the Wasco Indians remained at their 1970’s and 1980’s, the sawmill relied on large old- villages along the Columbia River throughout the year, growth pine trees for production. By the end of the the Warm Springs Bands moved between winter and 1980’s, the majority of old-growth pine had been summer villages. Because the Warm Springs Indians liquidated. A new high-technology sawmill was depended more on game, roots, and berries for opened in 1990 to accommodate smaller logs. subsistence, they needed a larger territory than did the In 1972 Kah-Nee-Ta Lodge, a convention center, Wasco Indians. Salmon was also an important staple was opened near the resort village at the hot springs, for the Warm Springs Bands. Both the Wasco and which added to the job-producing enterprises of the Warm Springs Indians built scaffolding over the falls in tribes. Other business ventures of the Warm Springs rivers and used long-handled dip nets to harvest Indian Reservation are the Warm Springs Power salmon and other migrating fish. Enterprise, which was developed in 1981, and the The lifestyle of the Paiute Indians was Warm Springs Apparel Industries, which designs and considerably different. Fish was not so important to markets Native American clothing. these Indians as it was to the tribes nearer the Future economic growth on the Warm Springs Columbia River. The Paiute Bands that eventually Indian Reservation will depend on the proper settled at Warm Springs had lived in the high plateaus management of timber to sustain annual harvest and of Lake, Harney, and Malheur Counties in Oregon. development of other industries, such as agriculture They had to migrate widely and frequently for the and tourism. plants and game needed for sustenance. After Lewis and Clark entered the Columbia Basin Physiography, Relief, and Drainage in 1805, most of the contact between the tribes and non-Indians involved fur trading. In 1821, the The survey area is within four major land resource Hudson’s Bay Company built Fort Vancouver areas, including the Columbia Plateau, Upper Snake downriver from the Wasco and Warm Springs Tribes. River Lava Plains and Hills, Cascade Mountains In 1838 the Methodists established a mission at The (Eastern Slopes), and Cascade Mountains (Western Dalles, Oregon. Slopes). The office of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, The soils of the Columbia Plateau area are on Oregon Territory, was established in 1848. A few gently sloping mesas and ridgetops and very steep years later, on June 25, 1855, the United States canyonsides. This area is characterized by basalt government signed a treaty with the Wasco and Warm flows with an accumulation of loess in some areas. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 15

Elevation ranges from 1,200 feet along the northern order stations at Pendleton, Oregon, and Yakima, boundary of the survey area to 3,600 feet adjacent to Washington. There is no comparable first order station the Mutton Mountains. for Government Camp. The soils of the Upper Snake River Lava Plains Table 1 gives data on temperature and and Hills area are on nearly level terraces and mesas precipitation for the survey area as recorded at and on gently sloping foothills to very steep Government Camp, Madras, and Pelton Dam in the canyonsides. This area is characterized by very period 1961 to 1990. Daily extremes were extracted resistant andesite and basalt, breccia, tuff, and from the full period of record for each station. Table 2 tuffaceous siltstone northeast of the community of shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the Warm Springs to waterlain, pumice-rich pyroclastic last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on the rock with some interbedded basalt and andesite south length of the growing season. of Warm Springs. On the western edge of this area, In winter, the average temperature at Government widespread flows of olivine basalt cap older material. Camp, Madras, and Pelton Dam is 30.7, 34.7, and Accumulations of loess are in some areas. Elevation 37.1 degrees F, respectively, and the average daily ranges from 1,000 feet along the Deschutes River to minimum temperature is 24.6, 24.5, and 27.0 degrees, 4,500 feet at the summit of the Mutton Mountains. respectively. The lowest temperature on record at The soils of the Cascade Mountains (Eastern Government Camp, which occurred on December 17, Slopes) area are on nearly level to gently sloping foot 1964, is -14 degrees; the lowest temperature on slopes and outwash plains at the base of the Cascade record at Madras, which occurred on January 21, Mountains. This area is characterized by widespread 1930, is -40 degrees; and the lowest temperature on flows of basalt and andesite overlain by glacial record at Pelton Dam, which occurred on December 8, outwash in some areas. The entire area has varying 1972, is -15 degrees. amounts of volcanic ash on the surface from past In summer, the average temperature at volcanic activity in the Cascade Mountains. Elevation Government Camp, Madras, and Pelton Dam is ranges from 2,600 feet on Millcreek Flat to about 54.8, 64.7, and 69.5 degrees, respectively, and the 5,000 feet at the summit of Shitike and North Buttes. average daily maximum temperature is 65.3, 84.3, The soils of the Cascade Mountains (Western and 89.6 degrees, respectively. The highest Slopes) area are on gently rolling, broad ridgetops to temperature on record at Government Camp, very steep side slopes along drainagways. This area which occurred on August 18, 1977, is 105 degrees; is characterized by widespread flows of andesite. The the highest temperature on record at Madras, entire area is covered by deep layers of volcanic ash which occurred on July 25, 1928, is 112 degrees; from past volcanic activity in the Cascade Mountains. and the highest temperature on record at Pelton Elevation ranges from about 2,600 feet along Beaver Dam, which occurred on July 21, 1994, is 114 Creek to 10,497 feet on Mt. Jefferson. Other degrees. prominent peaks are Olallie Butte (elevation 7,216 Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They feet) and Mt. Wilson (elevation 5,599 feet). are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, The northern part of the survey area is drained by growing degree days accumulate by the amount that Beaver Creek and the Warm Springs River, the central the average temperature each day exceeds a base part by Badger, Mill, and Boulder Creeks, and the temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly southern part by Shitike and Seekseequa Creeks and accumulation is used to schedule single or successive the Whitewater River. All of the watersheds generally plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring trend from west to east and eventually drain into the and the first freeze in fall. Deschutes River. The total annual precipitation is about 86.74 inches at Government Camp, 10.61 inches at Madras, Climate and 10.10 inches at Pelton Dam. Of the total at Government Camp, about 10.29 inches, or 12 percent, Prepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, usually falls in June through September. Of the total at Water and Climate Center, Portland, Oregon. Madras, about 2.3 inches, or 22 percent, falls during this same period. Of the total at Pelton Dam, about The climate tables were created from data 2.46 inches, or 24 percent, falls in May through collected at the Government Camp, Madras, and September. The growing season for most crops falls Pelton Dam, Oregon, climate stations. within these periods. The heaviest 1-day rainfall Thunderstorm days, relative humidity, percent during the period of record at each station was 5.69 sunshine, and wind data were estimated from first inches at Government Camp on November 1, 1994; 16 Soil Survey

2.14 inches at Madras on June 9, 1969; and 2 inches and miscellaneous areas in the survey area and at Pelton Dam on December 23, 1964. relating their position to specific segments of the Thunderstorms occur on about 10 days each year, landscape, a soil scientist develops a concept or and most occur in June. model of how they were formed. Thus, during The average seasonal snowfall is 286 inches at mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to Government Camp, 11.4 inches at Madras, and 4.3 predict with considerable accuracy the kind of soil or inches at Pelton Dam. The greatest snow depth at any miscellaneous area at a specific location on the one time during the period of record at each station landscape. was 180 inches recorded on March 10, 1956, at Individual soils on the landscape commonly Government Camp; 14 inches recorded on January merge gradually onto one another as their 28, 1969, at Madras; and 18 inches recorded on characteristics gradually change. To construct an February 13, 1986, at Pelton Dam. On average, at accurate map, however, soil scientists must determine least 1 inch of snow is on the ground 166 days per the boundaries between the soils. They can observe year at Government Camp, 15 days per year at only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, Madras, and 2 days per year at Pelton Dam. The these observations, supplemented by an nderstanding heaviest 1-day snowfall on record at each station was of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are 35 inches recorded on January 9, 1980, at sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an Government Camp; 13 inches recorded on November area and to determine the boundaries. 5, 1973, at Madras; and 8 inches recorded on Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the November 22, 1977, at Pelton Dam. soil profiles they studied. They noted color, texture, At Madras and Pelton Dam, the average relative size, and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of humidity in midafternoon is about 44 percent. rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, Humidity is higher at night, and the average at dawn is and other features that enable them to identify soils. about 77 percent. The sun shines 80 percent of the After describing the soils in the survey area and time in summer and 30 percent in winter. The determining their properties, the soil scientists prevailing wind is from the west. Average windspeed assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). is highest, 10 miles per hour, in April. Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil How This Survey Was Made Taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind This survey was made to provide information and character of soil properties and the arrangement about the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists area. The information includes a description of the classified and named the soils in the survey area, they soils and miscellaneous areas and their location and a compared the individual soils with similar soils in the discussion of their suitability, limitations, and same taxonomic class in other areas so that they management for specified uses. Soil scientists could confirm data and assemble additional data observed the steepness, length, and shape of the based on experience and slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of research. crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. While the soil survey was in progress, samples of They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is some of the soils in the area were collected for the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil The profile extends from the surface down into the scientists interpreted the data from these analyses unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other and the soil properties to determine the expected living organisms and has not been changed by other behavior of the soils under different uses. biologic activity. Interpretations for all of the soils were field tested The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey through observation of the soils in different uses and area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the under different levels of management. Some geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural interpretations were modified to fit local conditions, vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and and some new interpretations were developed to meet miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind local needs. Data were assembled from other or segment of the landscape. By observing the soils sources, such as research information, production Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 17

records, and field experience of specialists. For table within certain depths in most years, but example, data on crop yields under defined levels of they cannot predict that a high water table will management were assembled from farm records on always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific the same kinds of soil. date. Predictions about soil behavior are based not After soil scientists located and identified the only on soil properties but also on such variables as significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial predictable over long periods of time, but they are photographs and identified each as a specific map not predictable from year to year. For example, soil unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, scientists can state with a fairly high degree of roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating probability that a given soil will have a high water boundaries accurately.

19

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publica- This map unit is on terraces and gently sloping tion shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern foothills adjacent to the Deschutes and Warm Springs of soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the Rivers and the Dry, Shitike, and Tenino Creeks (fig. 1). general soil map is a unique natural landscape. The native vegetation in areas not cultivated is mainly Typically, a map unit consists of one or more major basin big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, basin soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or wildrye, and Sandberg bluegrass. Elevation ranges miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or from 1,200 to 2,400 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 15 miscellaneous areas. The soils or miscellaneous percent. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12 areas making up one unit can occur in other units but inches, the mean annual air temperature is 50 to 52 in a different pattern. degrees F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 160 The general soil map can be used to compare the days. suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of suitable soils or miscellaneous areas can be identified on the map. Likewise, areas that are not suitable can be identified. Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for planning the management of a farm or field or for selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that affect management. The general map units in this survey have been grouped into general kinds of landscape for broad interpretive purposes. Each of the broad groups and the map units in each group are described in the following pages.

Map Unit Descriptions

Warm, Dry Soils on Terraces and Low Figure 1.—Area of general soil map unit 1; community of Foothills Warm Springs in center.

This group consists of one map unit. It makes up This map unit makes up about 2 percent of the about 2 percent of the survey area. survey area. It is about 34 percent Lavey soils, 20 percent Drybed soils, and 19 percent Madras soils. 1. Lavey-Drybed-Madras The rest is soils of minor extent. Lavey soils are moderately deep and well drained. Moderately deep and very deep, well drained gravelly The surface layer is dark brown gravelly silt loam. The silt loam, silt loam, and loam that formed in alluvium subsoil is dark grayish brown clay and silty clay loam and loess over colluvium derived from sedimentary over tuff. These soils are on gently sloping, low rock and tuff foothills. 20 Soil Survey

Drybed soils are very deep and well drained. The Ruckles soils are shallow and well drained. The surface layer is very dark brown silt loam. The subsoil surface layer is very dark brown very cobbly loam. is very dark grayish brown silty clay loam. The sub- The subsoil is very dark brown and dark brown very stratum is brown and dark yellowish brown sandy clay gravelly clay and extremely gravelly clay loam over tuff. loam. These soils are on stream terraces. These soils are on south-facing canyonsides. Madras soils are moderately deep and well Antoken soils are very deep and well drained. drained. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown The surface layer is very dark grayish brown extremely loam. The subsoil is dark brown and dark yellowish cobbly silt loam. The upper part of the subsoil is dark brown clay loam over tuff. These soils are on gently brown and brown very cobbly clay and silty clay, and sloping, low foothills.Of minor extent in this unit are the lower part is brown and light brown extremely shallow Skoven soils and very deep Pelton and cobbly loam and extremely stony sandy loam. These Willowdale soils. Skoven soils are on foothills, and soils are on north-facing foot slopes of canyons. Pelton and Willowdale soils are on flood plains adja- Of minor extent in this unit are deep Axford soils cent to major rivers and their tributaries. on north-facing canyonsides, very deep Day soils on The soils in this unit are used mainly for irrigated side slopes of foothills, shallow Lickskillet soils on hay and pasture, livestock grazing, and homesite south-facing canyonsides, moderately deep Ruclick development. This unit is limited by low rainfall and the soils on south-facing canyonsides, moderately deep hazard of soil compaction. The Lavey soils are limited Sorf soils on south-facing side slopes of foothills, and by slow permeability of the subsoil and a high content moderately deep Walsey soils on north-facing of clay, which results in shrinking and swelling. canyonsides. The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock Warm, Dry Soils on High Foothills, in grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by low Canyons, and on Mesas rainfall, depth to bedrock in the Ruckles soils, the hazard of soil compaction, slow permeability of the subsoil, high content of clay, and steepness of slope. This group consists of three map units. It makes The Antoken and Ruckles soils also are limited by a up about 14 percent of the survey area. high content of rock fragments.

2. Simas-Ruckles-Antoken 3. Bakeoven

Shallow and very deep, well drained silt loam, very Very shallow, well drained very cobbly loam that cobbly loam, and extremely cobbly silt loam that formed in residuum and colluvium derived from formed in residuum and colluvium derived from igneous rock igneous and sedimentary rock This map unit is on mesas on the eastern side of This map unit is on foothills and in canyons on the the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly eastern side of the survey area. The native vegetation bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming is mainly Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheat- big sagebrush, and buckwheat. Elevation ranges from grass, and Sandberg bluegrass. Elevation ranges 2,000 to 3,200 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 15 per- from 1,200 to 2,800 feet. Slopes range from 2 to 80 cent. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12 inches, percent. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12 the mean annual air temperature is 50 to 52 degrees inches, the mean annual air temperature is 50 to 52 F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 160 days. degrees F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 160 This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the days. survey area. It is about 64 percent Bakeoven soils. This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the The rest is soils of minor extent. survey area. It is about 21 percent Simas soils, 18 Bakeoven soils are very shallow and well drained. percent Ruckles soils, and 13 percent Antoken soils. The surface layer is very dark brown very cobbly loam. The rest is soils of minor extent. The subsoil is dark brown extremely cobbly clay loam Simas soils are very deep and well drained. The over basalt. These soils are on scablands of mesas. surface layer is very dark brown silt loam. The upper Of minor extent in this unit are shallow Lickskillet part of the subsoil is dark brown clay, and the lower soils on canyonsides, moderately deep Maupin soils part is yellowish brown gravelly clay loam. These soils on mounds of mesas, and shallow Skoven soils on are on side slopes of foothills. scablands of mesas. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 21

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock precipitation is 12 to 14 inches, the mean annual air grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by low temperature is 48 to 50 degrees F, and the frost-free rainfall, depth to bedrock, and a high content of rock period is 100 to 140 days. fragments. This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey area. It is about 40 percent Kishwalk soils and 4. Dryhollow 37 percent Waterbury soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. Very deep, well drained loam that formed in residuum Kishwalk soils are moderately deep and well and colluvium derived from tephra drained. The surface layer is very dark brown very stony loam. The upper part of the subsoil is very dark This map unit is in canyons adjacent to Dry grayish brown and dark brown very stony and ex- Hollow and Seekseequa Creeks. The native vegeta- tremely stony clay loam, and the lower part is brown tion is Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheat- extremely stony clay over basalt. These soils are on grass, and Sandberg bluegrass. Elevation is 1,600 to canyonsides. 2,600 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 55 percent. The Waterbury soils are shallow and well drained. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12 inches, the mean surface layer is very dark brown extremely stony loam annual air temperature is 50 to 52 degrees F, and the over very stony clay loam. The subsoil is very dark frost-free period is 110 to 160 days. grayish brown and dark brown extremely stony clay This map unit makes up about 2 percent of the over basalt. These soils are on south-facing survey area. It is about 78 percent Dryhollow soils. canyonsides. The rest is soils of minor extent. Of minor extent in this unit are deep Kaskela soils Dryhollow soils are very deep and well drained. on foot slopes of canyons and deep Sagley soils on The surface layer is very dark brown loam. The north-facing canyonsides. subsoil is very dark grayish brown and dark brown The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock loam and cobbly sandy loam. The substratum is grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by the brown gravelly and very gravelly loam. These soils hazard of soil compaction, slow permeability of the are on convex ridgetops and north-facing subsoil, steepness of slope, and a high content of rock canyonsides. fragments. The Waterbury soils also are limited by the Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep depth to bedrock. Suppah and Ruclick soils on south-facing foot slopes of canyons. The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by low rainfall, the hazard of soil compaction, and steepness of slope.

Warm, Moist Soils in Canyons and on Mesas

This group consists of three map units. It makes up about 15 percent of the survey area.

5. Kishwalk-Waterbury gFueir Moderately deep and shallow, well drained very stony loam and extremely stony loam that formed in colluvium derived from igneous rock

This map unit is in canyons on the eastern side of the survey area (fig. 2). The native vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and Figure 2.—Area of general soil map unit 5 on canyonsides along the Warm Springs River in foreground; area of antelope bitterbrush. Elevation is 1,800 to 3,000 feet. general soil map unit 6 on nearly level mesas in back- Slopes range from 2 to 80 percent. The mean annual ground. 22 Soil Survey

6. Watama-Rockly annual air temperature is 47 to 50 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 90 to 140 days. Moderately deep and very shallow, well drained silt This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the loam and very stony silt loam that formed in colluvium survey area. It is about 61 percent Booten soils and derived from igneous rock 21 percent Shiva soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. This map unit is on mesas on the eastern side of Booten soils are very deep and well drained. The the survey area (see fig. 2, previous page). The native surface layer is very dark grayish brown loam. The vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg subsoil is dark grayish brown and dark brown loam, bluegrass, Idaho fescue, buckwheat, and antelope gravelly loam, and gravelly clay loam. The substratum bitterbrush. Elevation is 2,400 to 3,400 feet. Slopes is brown extremely gravelly sandy loam. These soils range from 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipi- are on benches and north-facing canyonsides. tation is 12 to 16 inches, the mean annual air tempera- Shiva soils are very deep and well drained. The ture is 48 to 50 degrees F, and the frost-free period is surface layer is very dark brown fine sandy loam. The 100 to 140 days. subsoil is dark brown fine sandy loam and gravelly fine This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the sandy loam. The substratum is brown very gravelly survey area. It is about 52 percent Watama soils and fine sandy loam. These soils are on benches and 37 percent Rockly soils. The rest is soils of minor north-facing canyonsides. extent.Watama soils are moderately deep and well Of minor extent in this unit are shallow Evick soils drained. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown on south-facing canyonsides, moderately deep silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown and dark yellow- Happus soils on south-facing foot slopes of canyons, ish brown silty clay loam over basalt. These soils are and very deep Spilyay soils on south-facing foot on mounds of mesas. slopes of canyons. Rockly soils are very shallow and well drained. The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock The surface layer is very dark grayish brown very grazing, timber production, and wildlife habitat. This stony silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown very cobbly unit is limited by the hazard of soil compaction and silt loam and extremely cobbly silty clay loam over steepness of slope. basalt. These soils are on scablands of mesas. Of minor extent in this unit are deep Wapinitia Warm, Moist Soils on Outwash Plains soils on mounds of mesas and moderately deep Prill soils in areas where the mesas meet the foothills of the Mutton Mountains. This group consists of one map unit. It makes up The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock about 4 percent of the survey area. grazing and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by the hazard of compaction of the Watama soils and by the 8. Tenwalter-Milldam-Tolius depth to bedrock and high content of rock fragments in the Rockly soils. Shallow, moderately deep, and very deep, well drained very cobbly silt loam, silt loam, and loam that formed 7. Booten-Shiva in glacial outwash

Very deep, well drained loam and fine sandy loam that This map unit is on glacial outwash plains on the formed in residuum and colluvium derived from tephra western side of Mill Creek and Miller Flats (see fig. 3, next page). The native vegetation is mainly Idaho This map unit is in canyons adjacent to Tenino, fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Dry Hollow, and Seekseequa Creeks. The native buckwheat, antelope bitterbrush, arrowleaf vegetation is mainly Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheat- balsamroot, lupine, and ponderosa pine. Elevation is grass, antelope bitterbrush, arrowleaf balsamroot, 2,600 to 3,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. lupine, and ponderosa pine. Elevation is 2,200 to The mean annual precipitation is 12 to 20 inches, the 3,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The mean annual air temperature is 47 to 50 degrees F, mean annual precipitation is 12 to 20 inches, the mean and the frost-free period is 90 to 140 days. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 23

Warm, Moist Soils on Foothills and Mountains

This group consists of three map units. It makes up about 21 percent of the survey area.

9. Prill-Kaskela-Logsprings

Moderately deep to very deep, well drained and moderately well drained gravelly silty clay loam, clay, and loam that formed in residuum and colluvium derived from tuff and sedimentary rock

This map unit is on the Mutton Mountains and Laughlin Hills (fig. 4). The native vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, western juniper, antelope bitterbrush, common snowberry, Oregon Figure 3.—Area of general soil map unit 8. The nonforested white oak, ponderosa pine, and Douglas fir. Elevation area in foreground is Tenwalter-Milldam complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, and the forested area in background is is 2,600 to 4,200 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 55 Skooker-Tolius complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes. percent. The mean annual precipitation is 12 to 20 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 50 This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the degrees F, and the frost-free period is 90 to 140 days. survey area. It is about 33 percent Tenwalter soils, 24 percent Milldam soils and 19 percent Tolius soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. Tenwalter soils are shallow to a duripan and well drained. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown very cobbly silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown extremely cobbly clay over a duripan. These soil are on scablands of outwash plains. Milldam soils are moderately deep to a duripan and well drained. The surface layer is very dark brown silt loam. The subsoil is dark brown silty clay loam and brown cobbly clay over a duripan. These soils are on mounds of outwash plains. Tolius soils are very deep and well drained. The surface layer is very dark brown loam. The subsoil is dark brown sandy clay loam and sandy loam. The substratum is brown loam. These soils are on level to concave benches of outwash plains. Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep, somewhat poorly drained Kahneeta soils in depres- Figure 4.—Area of general soil map unit 9. The nonforested areas are Prill-Kaskela complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, sional areas of outwash plains; very deep, poorly and the forested areas are Littlefawn-Fawnspring drained Olallie soils in drainageways; and deep complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes. Mutton Mountains are in Skooker soils in forested areas of outwash plains. background. The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock grazing, timber production, and wildlife habitat. This This map unit makes up about 7 percent of the unit is limited by the hazard of soil compaction and by survey area. It is about 21 percent Prill soils, 13 the depth to a duripan and high content of rock percent Kaskela soils, and 9 percent Logsprings soils. fragments in the Tenwalter soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. 24 Soil Survey

Prill soils are moderately deep and well drained. percent Venator soils, and 11 percent Oldsferry soils. The surface layer is black gravelly silty clay loam. The The rest is soils of minor extent. subsoil is very dark grayish brown and dark brown gravelly clay and extremely cobbly silty clay over tuff. These soils are on benches and side slopes of foothills. Kaskela soils are deep and well drained. The surface layer is dark brown clay. The upper part of the subsoil is dark reddish brown and reddish brown clay, and the lower part is reddish brown clay loam over sedimentary rock. These soils are on benches and north-facing side slopes of foothills. Logsprings soils are very deep and moderately well drained. The surface layer is dark grayish brown loam. The upper part of the subsoil is brown loam over dark brown clay, and the lower part is dark brown extremely gravelly sandy clay loam and loam. These soils are on benches of foothills. Of minor extent in this unit are very deep Boardflower soils on benches and north-facing side slopes of mountains, shallow Bodell soils on ridgetops and south-facing side slopes of mountains, very deep and moderately well drained Dahl soils in basins, deep Fawnspring soils on benches and side slopes of Figure 5.—Area of general soil map unit 10. The forested mountains, moderately deep Jorn soils on south- areas in foreground are Mutton-Rock outcrop complex, 55 facing mountainsides, moderately deep Littlefawn soils to 80 percent slopes, and the nonforested areas in on north-facing mountainsides, shallow Wakamo soils background are Oldsferry-Venator-Rock outcrop complex, on ridgetops and side slopes of mountains, and very 55 to 80 percent slopes. deep Yawkola soils on south-facing mountainsides. Mutton soils are very deep and well drained. The The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock surface layer is very dark grayish brown gravelly loam. grazing, timber production, and wildlife habitat. This The upper part of the subsoil is dark brown gravelly unit is limited by the hazard of soil compaction, slow loam and very gravelly loam, and the lower part is permeability of the subsoil, and high content of clay. dark brown extremely gravelly loam over brown extremely stony silty clay loam. These soils are on 10. Mutton-Venator-Oldsferry north-facing mountainsides. Venator soils are shallow and well drained. The Shallow, moderately deep, and very deep, well drained surface layer is very dark grayish brown extremely gravelly loam and extremely channery loam that channery loam. The subsoil is dark brown very formed in residuum and colluvium derived from tuff channery loam and dark yellowish brown extremely and sedimentary channery loam over sedimentary rock. These soils are on ridgetops and south-facing side slopes of This map unit is on the Mutton Mountains in the mountains. northeast corner of the survey area (fig. 5). The native Oldsferry soils are moderately deep and well vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho drained. The surface layer is very dark brown ex- fescue, antelope bitterbrush, common snowberry, tremely channery loam. The subsoil is dark brown and ponderosa pine, and Douglas fir. Elevation is 1,600 to brown extremely channery loam over sedimentary 4,000 feet. Slopes range from 2 to 80 percent. The rock. These soils are on south-facing mountainsides. mean annual precipitation is 12 to 20 inches, the mean Of minor extent in this unit are deep Eaglespring annual air temperature is 45 to 50 degrees F, and the soils on north-facing mountainsides, moderately deep frost-free period 90 to 140 days. Mowako soils on south-facing mountainsides, and This map unit makes up about 6 percent of the shallow Wakamo soils on ridgetops and south-facing survey area. It is about 35 percent Mutton soils, 12 side slopes of mountains. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 25

The soils in this unit are used mainly for livestock This map unit is on the Cascade Mountains, on grazing, timber production, and wildlife habitat. This the western side of the survey area (fig. 6), and on the unit is limited by the hazard of soil erosion, steepness Mutton Mountains, in the northeastern corner of the of slope, and high content of rock fragments. survey area. The native vegetation is mainly ponde- rosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, antelope bitterbrush, 11. Hehe-Teewee snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, western fescue, and Idaho fescue. Elevation is 2,600 to 5,000 Moderately deep and deep, well drained very stony feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The mean loam and loam that formed in residuum and colluvium annual precipitation is 25 to 40 inches, the mean derived from igneous rock annual air temperature is 41 to 44 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 60 to 100 days. This map unit is on the foot slopes of the Cascade Mountains, on the western side of the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly Idaho fescue, arrowleaf balsamroot, antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, and ponderosa pine. Elevation is 2,000 to 3,500 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 14 to 25 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 49 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 80 to 120 days. This map unit makes up about 8 percent of the survey area. It is about 59 percent Hehe soils and 25 percent Teewee soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. Hehe soils are moderately deep and well drained. The surface layer is dark brown very stony loam. The subsoil is dark brown very bouldery loam and clay loam over andesite. These soils are on broad benches and side slopes of mountains. Teewee soils are deep and well drained. The Figure 6.—Area of general soil map unit 12. The gently surface layer is dark brown loam. The upper part of sloping areas are Smiling-Simnasho complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes, and the strongly sloping areas are Pipp the subsoil is dark brown loam and clay loam, and the very stony sandy loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes. lower part is dark brown very stony clay loam over andesite. These soils are on broad benches of This map unit makes up about 17 percent of the mountains. survey area. It is about 31 percent Smiling soils, 28 Of minor extent in this unit are shallow Bodell soils percent Simnasho soils, and 25 percent Pipp soils. in scablands on broad benches of mountains. The rest is soils of minor extent. The soils in this unit are used mainly for timber Smiling soils are deep and well drained. The production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat. This surface layer is dark brown sandy loam. The upper unit is limited by the high content of rock fragments part of the subsoil is dark brown sandy loam, and the and steepness of slope of Hehe soils and by the lower part is brown gravelly loam over andesite. hazard of compaction of the Teewee soils. These soils are on broad benches of mountains. Simnasho soils are moderately deep and well Cool, Moist Soils on Mountains drained. The surface layer is dark brown very stony sandy loam. The upper part of the subsoil is dark This group consists of one map unit. It makes up brown very cobbly sandy loam, and the lower part is about 17 percent of the survey area. dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loam over andesite. These soils are on broad benches and side 12. Smiling-Simnasho-Pipp slopes of mountains. Pipp soils are deep and somewhat excessively Deep and moderately deep, well drained and drained. The surface layer is very dark brown very somewhat excessively drained sandy loam and very stony sandy loam. The subsoil is brown and dark stony sandy loam that formed in residuum and yellowish brown extremely stony sandy loam over colluvium derived from igneous rock and volcanic ash andesite. These soils are on mountainsides. 26 Soil Survey

Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep This map unit makes up about 14 percent of the Grenet and Peahke soils on south-facing survey area. It is about 53 percent Howash soils and mountainsides, deep Kusu soils on north-facing 26 percent Mackatie soils. The rest is soils of minor mountainsides, and very deep, moderately well extent. drained Millerflat soils on stream terraces. Howash soils are very deep and somewhat The soils in this unit are used mainly for timber excessively drained. The surface layer is very dark production and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by grayish brown very gravelly sandy loam. The subsoil the steepness of slope and by the high content of rock is brown and dark yellowish brown very gravelly and fragments in the Pipp and Simnasho soils. very cobbly sandy loam. The substratum is dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loam. These soils Cool, Wet Soils on Mountains are on mountainsides. Mackatie soils are deep and well drained. The This group consists of one map unit. It makes up surface layer is dark brown sandy loam. The subsoil is about 14 percent of the survey area. dark brown loam and brown clay loam. The substratum is brown extremely cobbly clay loam over 13. Howash-Mackatie andesite. These soils are on broad benches and side slopes of mountains. Very deep and deep, somewhat excessively drained Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep and well drained very gravelly sandy loam and sandy Kutcher soils on broad benches and side slopes of loam that formed in residuum and colluvium derived mountains and very deep Belrick and Douthit soils on from igneous rock and volcanic ash glacial moraines. The soils in this unit are used mainly for timber This map unit is on the Cascades Mountains, on production and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by western side of the survey area (fig. 7). The native soil wetness and by the high content of rock fragments vegetation is mainly grand fir, Douglas fir, silver fir, and steepness of slope of the Howash soils. western hemlock, pachistima, common snowberry, vine maple, queencup beadlily, and big huckleberry. Cold, Wet Soils on Mountains Elevation is 3,000 to 5,600 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 40 to This group consists of two map units. It makes up 90 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 38 to 42 about 13 percent of the survey area. degrees F, and the frost-free period is 30 to 90 days. 14. Pinhead

Very deep, somewhat excessively drained very gravelly sandy loam that formed in residuum and colluvium derived from igneous rock and volcanic ash

This map unit is on the Cascade Mountains, in the northwestern corner of the survey area (fig. 7). The native vegetation is mainly western hemlock, Douglas fir, silver fir, noble fir, beargrass, big huckleberry, and Pacific rhododendron. Elevation is 3,400 to 5,300 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 70 to 100 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 36 to 38 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 20 to 45 days. This map unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey area. It is about 94 percent Pinhead soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. Pinhead soils are very deep and somewhat Figure 7.—Area of general soil map unit 13 at the lower excessively drained. The surface layer is dark brown elevations in center and area of general soil map unit 14 at the higher elevations in background. Mt. Hood is in very gravelly sandy loam. The subsoil is dark background. yellowish brown extremely gravelly sandy loam. The Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 27

substratum is dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly This map unit makes up about 8 percent of the sandy loam. These soils are on broad ridgetops and survey area. It is about 33 percent Jojo soils and 28 side slopes of mountains. percent Pinhead soils. The rest is soils of minor Of minor extent in this unit are moderately deep extent. Jojo soils on mountainsides. Jojo soils are moderately deep and somewhat The soils in this unit are used mainly for timber excessively drained. The surface layer is dark brown production and wildlife habitat. This unit is limited by very stony sandy loam. The substratum is reddish soil wetness, steepness of slope, and the high content brown very gravelly and extremely gravelly sandy of rock fragments. loam and loamy sand over pyroclastic ashflow. These soils are on narrow ridgetops and side slopes 15. Jojo-Pinhead of mountains. Pinhead soils are very deep and somewhat Moderately deep and very deep, somewhat excessively drained. The surface layer is dark excessively drained very stony sandy loam and very brown very gravelly sandy loam. The subsoil is gravelly sandy loam that formed in residuum and dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly sandy colluvium derived from igneous rock, pyroclastic loam. The substratum is dark yellowish brown ashflow, and volcanic ash extremely cobbly sandy loam. These soils are on narrow ridgetops and side slopes of mountains. This map unit is on the Cascade Mountains, Of minor extent in this unit are very deep, very on the western boundary of the survey area (fig. 8 ). poorly drained Mariel soils in mountain bogs, very The native vegetation is mainly mountain hemlock, deep Piumpsha soils on benches and side slopes of lodgepole pine, subalpine fir, grouse blueberry, big mountains, and very deep, poorly drained Racing huckleberry, and common beargrass. Elevation soils in basins of mountains. is 4,200 to 6,400 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 70 The soils in this unit are used mainly for wildlife percent. The mean annual precipitation is 80 to 110 habitat. This unit is limited by soil wetness, the high inches, the mean annual air temperature is 34 to content of rock fragments, and steepness of slope. 36 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 10 to 30 The Jojo soils also are susceptible to windthrow days. because of the limited rooting depth.

Figure 8.—Area of general soil map unit 15. The steep, forested areas in foreground are Jojo-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70 percent slopes, and the nonforested areas in background are Glaciers-Rubble land complex, 20 to 80 percent slopes.

29

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at consequently they are not mentioned in the the back of this survey represent the soils or descriptions, especially where the pattern was so miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit complex that it was impractical to make enough descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous be used to determine the suitability and potential of a areas on the landscape. unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan The presence of included areas in a map unit in the management needed for those uses. More no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the information on each map unit is given under “Use and data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure Management of the Soils.” taxonomic classes but rather to separate the A map unit delineation on a map represents an landscape into segments that have similar use and area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or management requirements. The delineation of such miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and and scape segments on the map provides sufficient named according to the taxonomic classification of the information for the development of resource plans, but dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a if intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for investigation to precisely define and locate the soils the properties of the soils. On the landscape, and miscellaneous areas is needed. however, the soils and miscellaneous areas are An identifying symbol precedes the map unit natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic name in the map unit descriptions. Each description variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range includes general facts about the unit and gives the of some observed properties may extend beyond the principal hazards and limitations to be considered in limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a planning for specific uses. single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make without including areas of other taxonomic classes. up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils the surface layer or of the underlying layers, all the or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic composition, thickness, and arrangement. classes. Soils of one series can differ in texture of the Most included soils have properties similar to surface layer or of the underlying layers. They also those of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and can differ in slope, stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree thus they do not affect use and management. These of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their are called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is may or may not be mentioned in the map unit divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on description. Other included soils and miscellaneous the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The areas, however, have properties and behavior name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature divergent enough to affect use or to require different that affects use or management. For example, Pipp management. These are called contrasting, or very stony sandy loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes, is one dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are in small of several phases in the Pipp series. areas and could not be mapped separately because of Some map units are made up of two or more the scale used. Some small areas of strongly major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified are complexes. by a special symbol on the maps. The included aras A complex consists of two or more soils or of contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A few such small areas that they cannot be shown included areas may not have been observed, and separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of 30 Soil Survey

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar and consequently they are not mentioned in the in all areas. Mackatie-Kutcher complex, 0 to 12 descriptions, especially where the pattern was so percent slopes, is an example. complex that it was impractical to make enough This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such observations to identify all the inclusions on the areas have little or no soil material and support little or landscape. no vegetation. Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex, 30 Landscape position refers to the dominant to 80 percent slopes, is an example. position or positions on the landform or landforms on Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate which the component is located. In naming landscape extent of each map unit. Other tables (see “Table of positions, an effort has been made to give the specific Contents”) give properties of the soils and the position of the component rather than a general limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many uses. position that could encompass other components. For The “Glossary” defines many of the terms used in some landforms, such as nearly level stream terraces, describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. distinctive landscape positions cannot be described In the map unit descriptions that follow, a and thus are not given. semitabular format is used. In this format a boldface Landform refers to the dominant three- heading (for example, Composition) is used to identify dimensional part or parts of the land surface on which the kind of information grouped directly below it. the component is located. In naming landforms, an Introducing each item of information under the heading effort has been made to name the specific landform on is an italicized term or phrase (for example, which the component occurs. In some instances, Landscape position:) that identifies or describes the however, the component may occur on more than one information. Many of the boldface headings and landform. introductory terms or phrases are self-explanatory; Typical profile is a vertical, two-dimensional however, some of them need further explanation. section of the soil extending from the surface to a These explanations are provided in the following restrictive layer or to a depth of 60 inches or more. paragraphs, generally in the order in which they are Depth is an adjective term (for example, used in the map unit descriptions. moderately deep) for the depth of the soil. Composition is given for the components Permeability is the quality of the soil that enables identified in the name of the map unit as well as for the water to move downward through the profile. contrasting inclusions. Permeability is measured as the number of inches per Inclusions are areas of components (soils or hour that water moves downward through the miscellaneous areas) that differ from the components saturated soil. for which the unit is named. Inclusions can be Available water capacity is the capacity of the soil either similar or contrasting. Similar inclusions are to hold water available for use by most plants. It components that differ from the components for commonly is expressed as inches of water per inch of which the unit is named but that for purposes of soil (see “Glossary”). use and management can be considered to be the Hazard of erosion refers to the hazard if same as the named components. Note that in protective plant cover is removed. The hazard of the “Composition” paragraph a single percentage erosion is constant and cannot be increased or is provided for a named soil and the similar reduced. inclusions because their use and management Major uses are the dominant uses at the time the are similar. major part of the fieldwork for this survey was Contrasting inclusions are components that differ completed. sufficiently from the components for which the unit is Major management limitations are those factors named that they would have different use and that affect the use of the soils for the major uses. The management if they were extensive enough to be soil-related factors are limiting, whereas the climatic managed separately. For most uses, contrasting factors can be either limiting or nonlimiting. The major inclusions have limited effect on use and management. management limitations may apply to the entire unit or Inclusions generally are in small areas, and they could to a given component of the unit. not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Use and management provides additional Some small areas of strongly contrasting inclusions perspective on the suitability and limitations of the unit are identified by a special symbol on the detailed soil for the major uses. It may apply to the entire unit or to maps. A few inclusions may not have been observed, a given component of the unit. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 31

Map Unit Descriptions Major Uses

• Timber production and wildlife habitat

1—Allingham sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent Major Management Limitations slopes Timber production Composition • Soil compaction, soil displacement, and plant competition Allingham soil: 75 percent Contrasting inclusions: 25 percent Use and Management Setting Timber production • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Landform: Stream terraces generally are suitable, but using low-pressure Parent material: Mixed alluvium and glacial outwash ground equipment and designated skid trails with a mantle of volcanic ash damages the soil less and helps to maintain Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet productivity. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, • Logging may be restricted during November through common snowberry, golden chinkapin, starflower, April because of soil wetness. and willow • The surface layer is subject to a moderate hazard of Climatic factors: soil compaction. • Mean annual precipitation—0 to 40 inches • Restricting the use of equipment to periods when • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F the soil is dry or frozen reduces compaction. • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Using designated skid trails minimizes soil compaction. Typical Profile • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. 0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 15 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown loam and from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial gravelly loam reestablishment of trees. 33 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly • Competing vegetation can be reduced by clay loam mechanical or chemical treatment. Soil Properties and Qualities Wildlife habitat Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 10 Drainage class: Well drained years or more after the canopy is opened by logging, Permeability: Moderate fire, or other disturbance. Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches in size and with 70 percent crown closure should be Runoff: Slow left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and Hazard of erosion: Slight thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 Contrasting Inclusions to 5 acres in size and with 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Vitrandic Haploxerolls along drainageways escape and thermal cover for deer. 32 Soil Survey

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Typical Profile Association 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely cobbly silt loam • MIXED CONIFER-SYMPH 6 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly silty clay loam 10 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay and silty 2—Antoken extremely cobbly silt loam, 30 clay to 55 percent slopes 30 to 60 inches—light brown extremely cobbly loam and extremely stony sandy loam Composition Soil Properties and Qualities

Antoken soil: 85 percent Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Setting Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Landscape position: North-facing side slopes (fig. 9) Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Landform: Canyons Hazard of erosion: High or very high Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess Contrasting Inclusions Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet • Walsey soils on convex side slopes Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, • Axford soils on concave side slopes big sagebrush, milkvetch, and Sandberg bluegrass Major Uses Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing • Droughtiness, surface cobbles, and slope

Use and Management

Livestock grazing • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

• Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may adversely affect livestock distribution and make range seeding with ground equipment impractical.

Wildlife habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Range Site Figure 9.—Typical area of Antoken extremely cobbly silt loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes, on steep, north-facing slopes in background; Lavey gravelly silt loam, 2 to 15 percent • Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North slopes, on low foothills in foreground. Exposure) Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 33

3—Aridic Haploxerolls, 30 to 80 percent Major Management Limitations slopes Livestock grazing Composition • Droughtiness, surface stones, and slope

Aridic Haploxerolls: 90 percent Use and Management Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Livestock grazing Setting • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Landscape position: South-facing side slopes varieties. Landform: Terrace escarpments • Range seeding with ground equipment is Parent material: Medium- or coarse-textured alluvium impractical because of stones or cobbles on the derived from mixed sources surface and steep slopes. Elevation: 1,400 to 1,600 feet • Steep slopes affect livestock distribution. Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, western Wildlife habitat juniper, and antelope bitterbrush • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Climatic factors: percent of the available animal-unit-months should be • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches allocated to wildlife. • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Range Site

Reference Profile • Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South Exposure) 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony loam 10 to 17 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam 4—Axford-Walsey complex, 2 to 30 17 to 33 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy percent slopes loam 33 to 38 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy clay loam Composition 38 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy loam Axford soil: 50 percent Walsey soil: 30 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Landscape position: Axford—concave, north-facing Available water capacity: 4 to 6 inches side slopes; Walsey—convex, north-facing side Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches slopes Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Landform: Canyons Hazard of erosion: High or very high Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess Contrasting Inclusions Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, • Ruckles soils on convex side slopes big sagebrush, milkvetch, and Sandberg bluegrass Major Uses Climatic factors: • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches 34 Soil Survey

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Walsey—surface cobbles • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Use and Management Typical Profile of the Axford Soil Livestock grazing 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown silt loam • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species 11 to 24 inches—dark brown clay loam for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 24 to 46 inches—yellowish brown silt loam and • Range seeding with ground equipment is gravelly silt loam impractical on the Walsey soil because of the cobbles 46 inches—weathered basalt on the surface. • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may Properties and Qualities of the Axford Soil be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in which they occur with the less favorable areas. Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Drainage class: Well drained compaction and damage plants. Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches Wildlife habitat Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Slow to rapid • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Hazard of erosion: Slight to high percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Typical Profile of the Walsey Soil Range Site 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown extremely cobbly silt loam • Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North 11 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay Exposure) loam 19 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam and extremely gravelly silt loam 5—Bakeoven extremely gravelly loam, 0 39 inches—weathered basalt to 8 percent slopes Properties and Qualities of the Walsey Soil Composition Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bakeoven soil: 90 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches Setting Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Landform: Mesas Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Contrasting Inclusions from basalt Elevation: 2,000 to 2,400 feet Native plants: Stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, • Antoken and Day soils on foot slopes and lomatium Climatic factors: Major Uses • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Major Management Limitations Typical Profile Livestock grazing • Axford and Walsey—droughtiness and soil 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly compaction loam Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 35

3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam and Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent extremely cobbly clay loam 9 inches—basalt Setting

Soil Properties and Qualities Landscape position: Scablands Landform: Mesas Depth: Very shallow (6 to 10 inches) Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Drainage class: Well drained from basalt Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Native plants: Stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, Potential rooting depth: 6 to 10 inches and lomatium Runoff: Slow or medium Climatic factors: Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Maupin soils on mounds Typical Profile Major Uses 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam and • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat extremely cobbly clay loam 9 inches—basalt Major Management Limitations Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing • Depth to bedrock and droughtiness Depth: Very shallow (6 to 10 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Use and Management Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: 6 to 10 inches • Pond development on this soil generally is Runoff: Slow or medium impractical because of the limited soil depth. Hazard of erosion: Slight to Moderate • Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth limit the choice of species for range seeding to Contrasting Inclusions drought-tolerant varieties. • Maupin soils on mounds Wildlife habitat • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Major Uses animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Range Site Major Management Limitations • Very Shallow Loam 10-14 PZ (Scabland) Livestock grazing • Depth to bedrock, droughtiness, and surface stones 6—Bakeoven extremely stony loam, 0 to 8 Use and Management percent slopes Livestock grazing Composition • Pond development on this soil generally is impractical because of the limited soil depth. Bakeoven soil: 90 percent • Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth 36 Soil Survey

limit the choice of species for range seeding to Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate drought-tolerant varieties. • Range seeding with ground equipment is Contrasting Inclusions impractical because of the stones on the surface. • Lickskillet soils on side slopes Wildlife habitat • Maupin soils on mounds • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Major Uses allocated to wildlife. • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Range Site Major Management Limitations

• Very Shallow Loam 10-14 PZ (Scabland) Livestock grazing • Depth to bedrock, droughtiness, and surface cobbles 7—Bakeoven very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes Use and Management

Composition Livestock grazing • Pond development on this soil generally is Bakeoven soil: 85 percent impractical because of the limited soil depth. Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth Setting limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Landscape position: Scablands • Range seeding with ground equipment is Landform: Mesas impractical because of the cobbles on the surface. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from basalt Wildlife habitat Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Native plants: Stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. and lomatium Climatic factors: Range Site • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Very Shallow Loam 10-14 PZ (Scabland) • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Typical Profile 8—Bakeoven-Maupin complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam and Composition extremely cobbly clay loam 9 inches—basalt Bakeoven soil: 55 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Maupin soil: 35 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Depth: Very shallow (6 to 10 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Landscape position: Bakeoven—scablands of Potential rooting depth: 6 to 10 inches patterned ground; Maupin—mounds of patterned Runoff: Slow or medium ground Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 37

Landform: Mesas Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Bakeoven—residuum and colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess; • Skoven soils on scablands Maupin—loess Elevation: 2,000 to 2,400 feet Major Uses Native plants: Bakeoven—stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, and lomatium; Maupin—bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, big sagebrush, • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper Climatic factors: Major Management Limitations • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Livestock grazing • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Bakeoven and Maupin—droughtiness • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Bakeoven—depth to bedrock Typical Profile of the Bakeoven Soil • Maupin—seepage and soil compaction

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly Use and Management loam 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam and Livestock grazing extremely cobbly clay loam • Pond development generally is impractical because 9 inches—basalt of the limited depth of the Bakeoven soil and the risk of seepage in the Maupin soil. Properties and Qualities of the Bakeoven Soil • Low annual precipitation of the soils and shallow rooting depth of the Bakeoven soil limit the choice of Depth: Very shallow (6 to 10 inches) species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Drainage class: Well drained • Grazing on the Maupin soil during wet periods can Permeability: Moderately slow cause severe soil compaction and damage plants. Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Potential rooting depth: 6 to 10 inches Wildlife habitat Runoff: Slow or medium • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Typical Profile of the Maupin Soil Range Site 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam 7 to 20 inches—dark brown silt loam • Bakeoven—Very Shallow Loam 10-14 PZ 20 to 25 inches—brown gravelly loam (Scabland) 25 to 31 inches—indurated duripan • Maupin—Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling 31 inches—basalt Hills)

Properties and Qualities of the Maupin Soil 9—Belrick-Douthit complex, 0 to 12 Depth: Moderately deep to a duripan (20 to 40 inches); moderately deep to bedrock (25 to 40 percent slopes inches) Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Belrick soil: 50 percent Runoff: Slow or medium Douthit soil: 40 percent Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent 38 Soil Survey

Setting Major Uses

Landscape position: Belrick—level benches; Douthit— • Timber production and wildlife habitat convex benches and side slopes Landform: Glacial moraines Major Management Limitations Parent material: Glacial till and volcanic ash Elevation: 3,200 to 5,400 feet Timber production Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, • Belrick and Douthit—plant competition pachystima, and common snowberry • Belrick—soil compaction and displacement Climatic factors: • Douthit—equipment operability, seedling mortality, • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches and fire damage • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days Use and Management

Typical Profile of the Belrick Soil Timber production • Conventional methods of harvesting timber 0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground loam equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil 15 to 37 inches—dark brown cobbly fine sandy loam less and helps to maintain productivity. 37 to 65 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam • Logging may be restricted during November and extremely stony sand through April because of soil wetness. Properties and Qualities of the Belrick Soil • The surface layer of the Belrick soil is subject to a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) texture. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Permeability: Moderately rapid soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches compaction. Runoff: Slow or medium • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate or brush reduces soil displacement. • On the Douthit soil, the seedling mortality rate may Typical Profile of the Douthit Soil be high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the soil. 0 to 16 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Douthit soil 16 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and loam and extremely cobbly loamy sand reduce seedling survival. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Properties and Qualities of the Douthit Soil from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) repellency may result from fires that have moderate Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Permeability: Moderately rapid designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches the soil. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Slow or medium Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Contrasting Inclusions or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres • Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 39

should be left in some areas of this unit to provide Major Uses escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least • Timber production and wildlife habitat 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Major Management Limitations provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Timber production Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil Association compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire • ABGR/PAMY and ABGR/SYMPH damage

Use and Management 10—Bluesters gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 40 percent slopes Timber production • This soil is susceptible to raveling because of the coarse texture and limited cohesiveness of the Composition particles. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Bluesters soil: 85 percent temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent accumulating slash on the surface. • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Setting more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Landscape position: Side slopes • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Landform: Cinder cones or brush reduces soil displacement. Parent material: Volcanic ash and cinders • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Elevation: 3,800 to 4,800 feet because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, during periods of strong winds because of the poor golden chinkapin, and starflower anchoring capability of the cinders. Climatic factors: • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches from undesirable plants can prevent reestablishment • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F of trees. • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Typical Profile fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to 0 to 18 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam the soil. 18 to 60 inches—reddish brown cinders Wildlife habitat Soil Properties and Qualities • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) logging, fire, or other disturbance. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Permeability: Moderately rapid in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at Contrasting Inclusions least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some • Smiling soils on concave foot slopes areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal • Simnasho soils on convex foot slopes cover for deer. 40 Soil Survey

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Uses Association • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat • MIXED CONIFER-CEVE and MIXED CONIFER- SYMPH Major Management Limitations

Timber production 11—Boardflower loam, 2 to 20 percent • Equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling slopes mortality, and plant competition

Composition Livestock grazing • Soil compaction Boardflower soil: 85 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Use and Management

Setting Timber production • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Landscape position: Benches and north-facing side generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground slopes equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Landform: Mountains less and helps to maintain productivity. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • This soil is subject to a severe soil compaction from sedimentary rock with an influence of hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and volcanic ash the clayey subsoil. Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil arnica compaction. Climatic factors: • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Typical Profile Livestock grazing 0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 8 to 25 inches—dark brown loam compaction and damage plants. 25 to 34 inches—dark brown clay loam 34 to 60 inches—dark brown clay Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Soil Properties and Qualities 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Drainage class: Well drained in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Permeability: Slow should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Available water capacity: 8 to 14 inches escape and thermal cover for elk. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at Runoff: Slow to rapid least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 Hazard of erosion: Slight to high percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for Contrasting Inclusions deer. • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the • Littlefawn soils on benches available animal-unit-months should be allocated to • Mutton soils on side slopes wildlife. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 41

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Uses Association • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH Major Management Limitations

12—Bodell very cobbly loam, 30 to 55 Livestock grazing percent slopes • Depth to bedrock, droughtiness, surface cobbles, slope, and aspect Composition Use and Management Bodell soil: 85 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Livestock grazing • Shallow rooting depth limits the choice of species Setting for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may Landscape position: South-facing side slopes adversely affect livestock distribution and make range Landform: Mountains seeding with ground equipment impractical. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to from basalt with an influence of volcanic ash grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg Wildlife habitat bluegrass, buckwheat, and antelope bitterbrush • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Climatic factors: animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Range Site • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Shallow Slopes 14-20 PZ Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam 13—Bodell very stony loam, 0 to 3 4 to 14 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam and percent slopes extremely gravelly clay loam 14 inches—basalt Composition

Soil Properties and Qualities Bodell soil: 90 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Landscape position: Benches Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches Landform: Mountains Runoff: Medium or rapid Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high from basalt with an influence of volcanic ash Elevation: 2,600 to 3,300 feet Contrasting Inclusions Native plants: Onespike oatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho • Jorn soils on forested convex side slopes fescue • Yawkola soils on forested concave foot slopes Climatic factors: 42 Soil Survey

• Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches 14—Bodell-Jorn complex, 2 to 30 percent • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F slopes • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Composition Typical Profile Bodell soil: 50 percent 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam Jorn soil: 35 percent 4 to 14 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent loam 14 inches—basalt Setting

Soil Properties and Qualities Landscape position: Bodell—shoulders and convex, south-facing side slopes; Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) Jorn—concave, south-facing side slopes Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Mountains Permeability: Moderate Parent material: Bodell—residuum and colluvium Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches derived from basalt with an influence of Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches volcanic ash; Runoff: Slow Jorn—residuum and colluvium derived from Hazard of erosion: Slight sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash Contrasting Inclusions Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet Native plants: Bodell—bluebunch wheatgrass, • Hehe soils on convex positions Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and antelope bitterbrush; Jorn—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Major Uses Oregon white oak, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho fescue • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches Major Management Limitations • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Depth to bedrock and surface stones Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil Use and Management 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam Livestock grazing 4 to 14 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam and • Pond development on this soil generally is extremely gravelly clay loam impractical because of the limited soil depth. 14 inches—basalt • Range seeding with ground equipment is impractical because of the stones on the surface. Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil

Wildlife habitat Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Drainage class: Well drained animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Range Site Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches Runoff: Medium or rapid • Moist Scabland 14-18 PZ Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 43

Typical Profile of the Jorn Soil • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silty compaction. clay loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 12 to 21 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay because of inadequate moisture in the soil. 21 to 24 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 24 inches—sedimentary rock during periods of strong winds because of the restricted rooting depth of the Jorn soil. Properties and Qualities of the Jorn Soil • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) reestablishment of trees. Drainage class: Well drained • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Permeability: Slow repellency may result from fires that have moderate Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Runoff: Medium or rapid the soil. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Livestock grazing Contrasting Inclusions • Pond development on the Bodell soil generally is impractical because of the limited soil depth. • Yawkola soils on concave side slopes • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil • Kaskela soils on nonforested foot slopes compaction and damage plants. Wildlife habitat Major Uses • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent • Bodell and Jorn—livestock grazing and wildlife crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit habitat to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • Jorn—timber production • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Major Management Limitations Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Timber production Association • Jorn—equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire damage • Jorn—PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton)

Livestock grazing Range Site • Bodell and Jorn—soil compaction • Bodell—depth to bedrock • Bodell—Shallow Slopes 14-20 PZ

Use and Management 15—Booten loam, 0 to 12 percent slopes Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Composition temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the surface. Booten soil: 80 percent • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Setting • This unit is subject to a severe soil compaction hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and Landscape position: Nearly level benches the clayey subsoil. Landform: Canyons 44 Soil Survey

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice compaction hazard because of the texture of the soil. Elevation: 2,200 to 3,000 feet • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil junegrass compaction. Climatic factors: • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Typical Profile Livestock grazing 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Pond development on this soil generally is 13 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown loam impractical because of the risk of seepage. 23 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly loam and • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil gravelly clay loam compaction and damage plants. 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam Wildlife habitat Soil Properties and Qualities • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Drainage class: Well drained provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Permeability: Moderately slow • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Available water capacity: 11 to 18 inches percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches allocated to wildlife. Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Contrasting Inclusions • PIPO/PUTR • Teewee soils on level benches • Hehe soils on convex side slopes 16—Booten loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes Major Uses Composition • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat Booten soil: 90 percent Major Management Limitations Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Timber production Setting • Soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Landform: Canyons Livestock grazing Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Seepage and soil compaction dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice Elevation: 2,200 to 3,000 feet Use and Management Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie Timber production junegrass • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Climatic factors: generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F less and helps to maintain productivity. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 45

Typical Profile insloping, outsloping, or crowning; sediment traps; and undulating road grades to reduce erosion and 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam sedimentation. 13 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown loam • Roads and landings can be protected from erosion 23 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly loam and by applying mulch or seeding cuts and fills. gravelly clay loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Soil Properties and Qualities from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderately slow • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Available water capacity: 11 to 18 inches compaction and damage plants. Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Medium or rapid Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Contrasting Inclusions closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • Teewee soils on concave side slopes • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Major Uses allocated to wildlife.

• Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant habitat Association

Major Management Limitations • PIPO/PUTR

Timber production • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, 17—Booten loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes seedling mortality, and plant competition Composition Livestock grazing • Soil compaction Booten soil: 90 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Use and Management Setting Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Landscape position: North-facing side slopes temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Landform: Canyons accumulating slash on the surface. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice is safer and disturbs the soil less. Elevation: 2,200 to 3,000 feet • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, soil is dry or frozen to reduce sheet and rill erosion. Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to junegrass 1 to allow for long-term establishment of vegetation. Climatic factors: • Use water bars; relief culverts; road surface • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches 46 Soil Survey

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F • Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days erosion and to sloughing. • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Typical Profile systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best suited. 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil 13 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown loam compaction hazard because of the texture. 23 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly loam and • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the gravelly clay loam soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil compaction. Soil Properties and Qualities • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Drainage class: Well drained • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Permeability: Moderately slow from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Available water capacity: 11 to 18 inches reestablishment of trees. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Livestock grazing Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock distribution. Contrasting Inclusions • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants.

• Teewee soils on concave side slopes Wildlife habitat • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Major Uses 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife provide escape and thermal cover for deer. habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Major Management Limitations allocated to wildlife.

Timber production Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, Association soil displacement, seedling mortality, and plant competition • PIPO/PUTR

Livestock grazing • Slope and soil compaction 18—Booten-Spilyay complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes Use and Management Composition Timber production Booten soil: 55 percent • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are Spilyay soil: 35 percent subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent adequate water bars, or both, are provided. • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the Setting slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Midslope Landscape position: Booten—level and concave roads require large cuts and fills that remove land from benches; Spilyay—convex benches and side production. slopes Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 47

Landform: Canyons Major Uses Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice, and • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife semiconsolidated conglomerate and tuff habitat Elevation: 2,200 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Major Management Limitations Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie junegrass Timber production Climatic factors: • Booten and Spilyay—soil compaction, seedling • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches mortality, and plant competition • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F • Booten—seepage • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Spilyay—windthrow hazard and fire damage

Typical Profile of the Booten Soil Livestock grazing • Booten and Spilyay—soil compaction 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam 13 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown loam • Booten—seepage 23 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly loam and gravelly clay loam Use and Management 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam Timber production Properties and Qualities of the Booten Soil • Conventional methods of harvesting timber generally are suitable, but using low-pressure Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) ground equipment and designated skid trails Drainage class: Well drained damages the soil less and helps to maintain Permeability: Moderately slow productivity. Available water capacity: 11 to 18 inches • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches compaction hazard because of the texture. Runoff: Slow or medium • Restrict the use of equipment to periods Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate when the soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Typical Profile of the Spilyay Soil • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil compaction. 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer loam because of inadequate moisture. 8 to 15 inches—dark brown clay loam • Trees on the Spilyay soil are subject to moderate 15 to 41 inches—dark yellowish brown clay windthrow damage during periods of strong winds 41 to 60 inches—dark brown silt loam because of the restricted rooting depth. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Properties and Qualities of the Spilyay Soil from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Drainage class: Well drained repellency may result from fires that have moderate Permeability: Slow fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Available water capacity: 8 to 11 inches designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches the Spilyay soil. Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Livestock grazing • Pond development on the Booten soil generally is Contrasting Inclusions impractical because of the risk of seepage. • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil • Hehe soils on convex benches compaction and damage plants. 48 Soil Survey

Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: Slight • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Contrasting Inclusions closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • Kaskela soils on convex positions • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Major Uses allocated to wildlife. • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Major Management Limitations

• PIPO/PUTR Livestock grazing • Shrink-swell potential and soil compaction

19—Dahl silty clay, 0 to 3 percent slopes Use and Management

Composition Livestock grazing • If this unit is seeded, use plants that tolerate the Dahl soil: 90 percent high shrink-swell potential. Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil compaction and damage plants. Setting Wildlife habitat Landscape position: Basins • On critical range, 50 percent of the available Landform: Mountains animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Parent material: Mixed alluvium and colluvium derived dominantly from sedimentary rock Range Site Elevation: 2,500 to 2,700 feet Native plants: Tufted hairgrass, rush, sedge, and • Mountain Meadow (Wet Mountain Meadow) bluegrass Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches 20—Day clay, 0 to 12 percent slopes • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Composition

Typical Profile Day soil: 90 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent 0 to 3 inches—dark gray silty clay 3 to 27 inches—dark gray silty clay Setting 27 to 35 inches—brown silty clay loam 35 to 45 inches—brown silt loam Landscape position: Nearly level benches 45 to 60 inches—brown silty clay loam Landform: Foothills Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Soil Properties and Qualities dominantly from sedimentary rock Elevation: 1,200 to 2,400 feet Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plants: Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch Drainage class: Moderately well drained wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Permeability: Slow Climatic factors: Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Runoff: Slow • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 49

Typical Profile Setting

0 to 8 inches—dark red clay Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes 8 to 39 inches—dark red clay Landform: Foothills 39 to 60 inches—red clay loam Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from sedimentary rock Soil Properties and Qualities Elevation: 1,200 to 2,400 feet Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, western juniper, Drainage class: Well drained and antelope bitterbrush Permeability: Very slow Climatic factors: Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Runoff: Slow or medium • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Typical Profile of the Day Clay Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 8 inches—dark red clay • Simas soils on strongly sloping positions 8 to 39 inches—dark red clay 39 to 60 inches—red clay loam Major Uses Typical Profile of the Day Very Stony Silty • Livestock grazing Clay

Major Management Limitations 0 to 8 inches—dark red very stony silty clay 8 to 39 inches—dark red clay • Droughtiness, shrink-swell potential, and soil 39 to 60 inches—red clay loam compaction Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Very slow • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • If this soil is seeded, use plants that tolerate the Runoff: Medium or rapid high shrink-swell potential. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high • Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil compaction and damage plants. Contrasting Inclusions

Range Site • Antoken soils on north-facing side slopes • Simas soils on south-facing side slopes • JD Gumbo 9-12 PZ (Adobeland) Major Uses

21—Day complex, 8 to 40 percent slopes • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Composition Major Management Limitations

Day clay: 50 percent Livestock grazing Day very stony silty clay: 40 percent • Droughtiness, shrink-swell potential, surface Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent stones, and soil compaction 50 Soil Survey

Use and Management Typical Profile of the Day Soil

Livestock grazing 0 to 8 inches—dark red silty clay loam • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species 8 to 39 inches—dark red clay for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 39 to 60 inches—red clay loam • If this unit is seeded, use plants that tolerate the high shrink-swell potential. Properties and Qualities of the Day Soil • Range seeding with ground equipment is impractical in some areas of this unit because of the Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) stones on the surface. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Very slow • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches which they occur with the less favorable areas. Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil Hazard of erosion: High or very high compaction and damage plants. Typical Profile of the Antoken Soil Wildlife habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely percent of the available animal-unit-months should be cobbly silt loam allocated to wildlife. 6 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly silty clay loam Range Site 10 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay and silty clay • South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure) 30 to 60 inches—light brown extremely cobbly loam and extremely stony sandy loam

Properties and Qualities of the Antoken Soil 22—Day-Antoken complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Day soil: 50 percent Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Antoken soil: 35 percent Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Setting Contrasting Inclusions

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • Simas soils on concave side slopes Landform: Canyons and foothills • Sorf soils on convex side slopes Parent material: Day—residuum and colluvium derived from sedimentary rock; Antoken— Major Uses residuum and colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Elevation: 1,200 to 2,400 feet Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and big sagebrush Major Management Limitations Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Livestock grazing • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 • Day and Antoken—droughtiness and slope degrees F • Day—shrink-swell potential and soil compaction • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Antoken—surface cobbles Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 51

Use and Management Soil Properties and Qualities

Livestock grazing Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Permeability: Moderately rapid • If the Day soil is seeded, use plants that tolerate the Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches high shrink-swell potential. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface of the Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Antoken soil may adversely affect livestock distribution Hazard of erosion: High or very high and make range seeding with ground equipment impractical. Contrasting Inclusions • Grazing on the Day soil during wet periods can cause severe soil compaction and damage plants. • Belrick soils on concave side slopes • Howash soils on lower, convex side slopes Wildlife habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Major Uses percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Timber production and wildlife habitat Range Site Major Management Limitations • Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North Exposure) Timber production • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality, plant competition, 23—Douthit very stony sandy loam, 30 to and fire damage 65 percent slopes Use and Management

Composition Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Douthit soil: 80 percent temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent accumulating slash on the surface. • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of Setting the slope. Factors that affect the stability of the slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. Landscape position: Side slopes • Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully Landform: Glacial moraines erosion and to sloughing. Parent material: Glacial till and volcanic ash • Because of the steepness of slope, logging systems Elevation: 3,200 to 5,400 feet that fully or partially suspend logs are best suited. Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, • Logging may be restricted during November pachystima, and common snowberry through April because of soil wetness. Climatic factors: • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F of equipment. • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Typical Profile • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the soil. 0 to 16 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make 16 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce loam and extremely cobbly loamy sand seedling survival. 52 Soil Survey

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Typical Profile of the Douthit Soil from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. 0 to 16 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water loam repellency may result from fires that have moderate 16 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be loam and extremely cobbly loamy sand designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. Properties and Qualities of the Douthit Soil

Wildlife habitat Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Permeability: Moderately rapid or other disturbance. Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Runoff: Medium or rapid should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 Typical Profile of the Belrick Soil to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to 0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy provide escape and thermal cover for deer. loam 15 to 37 inches—dark brown cobbly fine sandy loam Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant 37 to 65 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam Association and extremely stony sand

• ABGR/PAMY and ABGR/SYMPH Properties and Qualities of the Belrick Soil

Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 24—Douthit-Belrick complex, 12 to 30 Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained percent slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches Composition Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Medium or rapid Douthit soil: 60 percent Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Belrick soil: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Contrasting Inclusions

Setting • Howash soils on convex side slopes

Landscape position: Belrick—concave side slopes; Major Uses Douthit—convex side slopes Landform: Glacial moraines • Timber production and wildlife habitat Parent material: Glacial till and volcanic ash Elevation: 3,200 to 5,400 feet Major Management Limitations Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, pachystima, and common snowberry Timber production Climatic factors: • Douthit and Belrick—equipment operability, soil • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches displacement, and plant competition • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F • Douthit—seedling mortality and fire damage • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days • Belrick—soil compaction Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 53

Use and Management 25—Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Timber production • On the Belrick soil, reduce the risk of erosion Composition on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the Drybed soil: 90 percent surface. Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Setting • Logging may be restricted during November through April because of soil wetness. Landform: Stream terraces • The surface layer of the Belrick soil is subject to a Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources moderate soil compaction hazard because of the with an influence of loess in the upper part texture and low content of rock fragments. Elevation: 1,200 to 2,000 feet • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Native plants: Basin wildrye, bluegrass, slender soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. wheatgrass, and basin big sagebrush • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Climatic factors: compaction. • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • On the Douthit soil, the seedling mortality rate may • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F be high in summer because of inadequate moisture in • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days the soil. • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Douthit soil Typical Profile make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce seedling survival. 0 to 13 inches—very dark brown silt loam • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 13 to 29 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial loam reestablishment of trees. 29 to 60 inches—brown sandy clay loam • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Soil Properties and Qualities fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) the soil. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: 9 to 11 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Runoff: Slow or medium or other disturbance. Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Contrasting Inclusions should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. • Pelton soils adjacent to stream channels • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent Major Uses crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover • Cropland (see fig. 10, next page), livestock grazing, for deer. and wildlife habitat Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Management Limitations Association Cropland • ABGR/PAMY and ABGR/SYMPH • Permeability, soil erosion, and soil compaction 54 Soil Survey

Livestock grazing Wildlife habitat • Droughtiness and soil compaction • To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of streams, areas of this soil adjacent to Use and Management perennial streams may need to be maintained as buffers. Cropland • Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping Range Site unless supplemental irrigation is used. • Because of the moderately slow permeability of the subsoil, care should be taken to prevent excessive • Loamy Bottom (Moist Bottom) irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow. • To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake 26—Dryhollow loam, 0 to 12 percent rate, and the needs of the crop grown. slopes

Composition

Dryhollow soil: 90 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent

Setting

Landscape position: Slightly convex ridgetops Landform: Canyons Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice Elevation: 1,600 to 2,600 feet Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Figure 10.—Alfalfa hay in an area of Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 Typical Profile percent slopes, adjacent to Tenino Creek. 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown loam • Care should be taken when using surface irrigation 3 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam on slopes of more than 3 percent. 11 to 35 inches—dark brown loam and cobbly sandy • Because the surface layer is silt loam, this soil is loam subject to compaction from excessive tillage. 35 to 60 inches—brown gravelly and very gravelly • Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue loam to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Drainage class: Well drained • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Permeability: Moderate compaction and damage plants. Available water capacity: 10 to 20 inches Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 55

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Run off: Slow or medium antelope bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and western Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate juniper Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Suppah soils on shoulders • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Major Uses Typical Profile • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown loam 3 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Major Management Limitations 11 to 35 inches—dark brown loam and cobbly sandy loam Livestock grazing 35 to 60 inches—brown gravelly and very gravelly • Droughtiness, seepage, and soil compaction loam

Use and Management Soil Properties and Qualities

Livestock grazing Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Pond development on this soil generally is Drainage class: Well drained impractical because of the risk of seepage. Permeability: Moderate • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species Available water capacity: 10 to 20 inches for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Runoff: Medium or rapid compaction and damage plants. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high

Wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be • Suppah soils on convex side slopes allocated to wildlife.

Range Site Major Uses • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Loamy 10-12 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills) Major Management Limitations

27—Dryhollow loam, 12 to 30 percent Livestock grazing slopes • Droughtiness and soil compaction

Composition Use and Management

Dryhollow soil: 90 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Setting • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Landform: Canyons Wildlife habitat Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Elevation: 1,600 to 2,600 feet allocated to wildlife. 56 Soil Survey

Range Site Major Uses

• Sandy North 9-12 PZ (Sandy North Exposure) • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations 28—Dryhollow loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes Livestock grazing • Droughtiness, slope, and soil compaction Composition Use and Management Dryhollow soil: 90 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Livestock grazing • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of Setting species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Landscape position: North-facing side slopes distribution and make range seeding with ground Landform: Canyons equipment impractical. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice compaction and damage plants. Elevation: 1,600 to 2,600 feet Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Wildlife habitat antelope bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and western • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 juniper percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Climatic factors: allocated to wildlife. • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Range Site • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Sandy North 9-12 PZ (Sandy North Exposure) Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown loam 29—Eaglespring channery loam, 12 to 30 3 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam percent slopes 11 to 35 inches—dark brown loam and cobbly sandy loam Composition 35 to 60 inches—brown gravelly and very gravelly loam Eaglespring soil: 85 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Setting Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Available water capacity: 10 to 20 inches Landform: Mountains Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from Runoff: Rapid or very rapid sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash Hazard of erosion: High or very high Elevation: 1,600 to 3,800 feet Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Contrasting Inclusions Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and milkvetch Climatic factors: • Suppah soils on convex side slopes • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 57

• Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Range Site • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure) Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—black channery loam 30—Eaglespring channery loam, 30 to 55 7 to 13 inches—very dark brown very channery loam percent slopes 13 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely channery sandy loam 43 inches—fractured sedimentary rock Composition

Soil Properties and Qualities Eaglespring soil: 80 percent Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches Landform: Mountains Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from Runoff: Medium or rapid sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Elevation: 1,600 to 3,800 feet Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Contrasting Inclusions Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and milkvetch Climatic factors: • Oldsferry soils on convex side slopes • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Rock outcrop on convex shoulders • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Shiva soils on convex shoulders • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days

Major Uses Typical Profile 0 to 7 inches—black channery loam • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat 7 to 13 inches—very dark brown very channery loam 13 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely channery Major Management Limitations sandy loam 43 inches—fractured sedimentary rock Livestock grazing • Seepage and soil compaction Soil Properties and Qualities

Use and Management Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches • Pond development on this soil generally is Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches impractical because of the risk of seepage. Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Hazard of erosion: High or very high compaction and damage plants. Contrasting Inclusions Wildlife habitat • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available • Oldsferry soils on convex side slopes animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Rock outcrop on upper, convex side slopes 58 Soil Survey

Major Uses Typical Profile of the Eaglespring Soil

• Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat 0 to 7 inches—black channery loam 7 to 13 inches—very dark brown very channery loam Major Management Limitations 13 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely channery sandy loam Livestock grazing 43 inches—fractured sedimentary rock • Slope and soil compaction Soil Properties and Qualities of the Use and Management Eaglespring Soil

Livestock grazing Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Drainage class: Well drained distribution and make range seeding with ground Permeability: Moderate equipment impractical. Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches compaction and damage plants. Runoff: Very rapid Hazard of erosion: Very high Wildlife habitat • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Rock Outcrop animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Type of rock: Sedimentary Range Site Contrasting Inclusions • JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure) • Oldsferry soils on convex side slopes • Venator soils adjacent to Rock outcrop 31—Eaglespring-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes Major Uses

Composition • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Eaglespring soil: 55 percent Major Management Limitations Rock outcrop: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Livestock grazing • Slope, Rock outcrop, and soil compaction Setting Use and Management Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Landform: Mountains Livestock grazing Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock from sedimentary rock with an influence of distribution and make range seeding with ground volcanic ash equipment impractical. Elevation: 1,600 to 3,800 feet • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and livestock. milkvetch • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Climatic factors: compaction and damage plants. • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 Wildlife habitat degrees F • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 59

Range Site Major Uses

• JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure) • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat

32—Evick-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to Major Management Limitations 65 percent slopes Timber production Composition • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow Evick soil: 60 percent hazard, plant competition, and fire damage Rock outcrop: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Livestock grazing • Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect Setting Use and Management Landscape position: South-facing side slopes Landform: Canyons Timber production Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • This unit is poorly suited to the production of dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic timber. ash • The Evick soil has severe ratings for sheet and Elevation: 2,200 to 3,200 feet rill erosion, cut and fill erosion, equipment limitations, Native plants: Evick—bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow fescue, antelope bitterbrush, western juniper, and hazard, and fire damage. Because of these ponderosa pine management concerns, this unit is not suitable for Climatic factors: logging. • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Typical Profile of the Evick Soil livestock. • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown gravelly loamy sand distribution. 3 to 11 inches—very dark brown gravelly loamy sand • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to 11 inches—tuff grazing in hot periods during the grazing season.

Properties and Qualities of the Evick Soil Wildlife habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Depth: Shallow (10 to 14 inches) percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Drainage class: Somewhat excessively allocated to wildlife. drained Permeability: Rapid Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Association Potential rooting depth: 10 to 14 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • PIPO/PUTR Hazard of erosion: High or very high

Rock Outcrop 33—Fawnspring very gravelly silt loam, 2 to 30 percent slopes Type of rock: Volcanic tuff Composition Contrasting Inclusions Fawnspring soil: 80 percent • Happus soils on concave foot slopes Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent 60 Soil Survey

Setting Use and Management

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes Timber production Landform: Mountains • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or dominantly from sedimentary rock with an accumulating slash on the surface. influence of volcanic ash • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Elevation: 2,200 to 3,800 feet more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon is safer and disturbs the soil less. white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf • This soil is subject to a severe compaction hazard arnica because of the texture of the surface layer and the Climatic factors: clayey subsoil. • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil compaction. Typical Profile • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash 0 to 3 inches—very dark gray very gravelly silt loam or brush reduces soil displacement. 3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer silty clay loam because of inadequate moisture in the soil. 8 to 26 inches—dark brown clay • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 26 to 43 inches—weak red clay during periods of strong winds because of the 43 inches—sedimentary rock restricted rooting depth. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Soil Properties and Qualities from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Drainage class: Well drained repellency may result from fires that have moderate Permeability: Slow fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches the soil. Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Livestock grazing Contrasting Inclusions • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. • Jorn soils on convex side slopes • Yawkola soils on concave side slopes Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Major Uses 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres habitat in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Major Management Limitations escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Timber production 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown • Equipment operability, soil compaction, soil closure should be left in some areas of this soil to displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, provide escape and thermal cover for deer. plant competition, and fire damage • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the Livestock grazing available animal-unit-months should be allocated to • Soil compaction wildlife. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 61

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from Association tuff and volcanic ash Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton) snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, golden chinkapin, and starflower Climatic factors: 34—Glaciers-Rubble land complex, 20 to • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches 80 percent slopes • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Composition Typical Profile Glaciers: 50 percent 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly Rubble land: 40 percent sandy loam Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent 12 to 36 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly sandy loam Setting 36 inches—tuff Soil Properties and Qualities Landscape position: Side slopes of Mt. Jefferson and Olallie Butte Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Landform: Mountains Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Parent material: Andesite, rhyolite, pyroclastic Permeability: Moderately rapid ashflow, and volcanic ash Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches Elevation: 5,000 to 10,000 feet Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Native plants: Scattered, stunted conifers, shrubs, Runoff: Medium or rapid forbs, and grasses Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches • Pipp soils on concave side slopes • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Major Uses • Timber production and wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions Major Management Limitations

• Jojo and Piumpsha soils on foot slopes of Rubble Timber production land • Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire Major Uses damage Use and Management • Wildlife habitat and recreational rock climbing Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or 35—Grenet very gravelly sandy loam, 12 accumulating slash on the surface. to 30 percent slopes • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Composition is safer and disturbs the soil less. • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Grenet soil: 90 percent or brush reduces soil displacement. Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Setting because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Landscape position: South-facing side slopes during periods of strong winds because of the Landform: Mountains restricted rooting depth and high content of rock 62 Soil Survey

fragments in the soil. sandy loam • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 36 inches—tuff from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Soil Properties and Qualities reestablishment of trees. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) repellency may result from fires that have moderate Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Permeability: Moderately rapid designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches the soil. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Contrasting Inclusions 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Pipp soils on concave side slopes • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Major Uses in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Timber production and wildlife habitat escape and thermal cover for elk. Major Management Limitations • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Timber production closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil provide escape and thermal cover for deer. displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire damage Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Use and Management • MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/ Timber production SYMPH • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or adequate water bars, or both, are provided. 36—Grenet very gravelly sandy loam, 30 • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of to 65 percent slopes the slope. Factors that affect the stability of the slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. Composition • Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully erosion and to sloughing. Grenet soil: 90 percent • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Setting suited. • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Landscape position: South-facing side slopes because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Landform: Mountains • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived during periods of high winds because of the restricted from tuff and volcanic ash rooting depth and high content of rock fragments in the Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet soil. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial golden chinkapin, and starflower reestablishment of trees. Climatic factors: • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches repellency are likely to result from fires that have • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts Typical Profile to the soil. 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly Wildlife habitat sandy loam • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 12 to 36 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 63

logging, fire, or other disturbance. Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Runoff: Slow or medium should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate escape and thermal cover for elk. Typical Profile of the Kusu Soil • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly closure should be left in some areas of this soil to sandy loam provide escape and thermal cover for deer. 14 to 51 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam 51 inches—fractured tuff Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Properties and Qualities of the Kusu Soil • MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/ Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) SYMPH Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches 37—Grenet-Kusu complex, 0 to 12 Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches percent slopes Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Composition Contrasting Inclusions

Grenet soil: 50 percent • Simnasho soils on convex side slopes Kusu soil: 30 percent • Smiling soils on concave benches Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent • Pipp soils on convex benches and side slopes Major Uses Setting • Timber production and wildlife habitat Landscape position: Grenet—convex benches and side Major Management Limitations slopes; Timber production Kusu—level and concave benches • Grenet and Kusu—seedling mortality and plant Landform: Mountains competition Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Grenet—windthrow hazard from tuff and volcanic ash Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet Use and Management Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, Timber production snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, • Conventional methods of harvesting timber golden chinkapin, and starflower generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Climatic factors: equipment damages the soil less and helps to • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches maintain productivity. • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days during periods of strong winds because of the restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Typical Profile of the Grenet Soil fragments in the Grenet soil. • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly because of inadequate moisture in the soil. sandy loam • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 12 to 36 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial sandy loam reestablishment of trees. 36 inches—tuff Wildlife habitat Properties and Qualities of the Grenet Soil • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained logging, fire, or other disturbance. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres 64 Soil Survey

in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches should be left in some areas of this unit to provide Runoff: Medium or rapid escape and thermal cover for elk. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Typical Profile of the Kusu Soil 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly provide escape and thermal cover for deer. sandy loam 14 to 51 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam 51 inches—fractured tuff Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Properties and Qualities of the Kusu Soil • MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/ Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) SYMPH Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches 38—Grenet-Kusu complex, 12 to 30 Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches percent slopes Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Composition Contrasting Inclusions Grenet soil: 50 percent Kusu soil: 40 percent • Smiling soils on concave foot slopes Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Major Uses Setting • Timber production and wildlife habitat Landscape position: Grenet—convex, south-facing Major Management Limitations side slopes; Kusu—concave, south-facing side slopes Timber production Landform: Mountains • Grenet and Kusu—equipment operability, soil Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived displacement, seedling mortality, and plant competition from tuff and volcanic ash • Grenet—windthrow hazard Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet • Kusu—fire damage Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, Use and Management snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, golden chinkapin, and starflower Timber production Climatic factors: • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 accumulating slash on the surface. degrees F • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Typical Profile of the Grenet Soil • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer sandy loam because of inadequate moisture in the soil. 12 to 36 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage sandy loam during periods of strong winds because of the 36 inches—tuff restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Properties and Qualities of the Grenet Soil fragments in the Grenet soil. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained reestablishment of trees. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches repellency may result from fires that have moderate Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 65

fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Permeability: Moderately rapid designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches the soil. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Medium or rapid Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Contrasting Inclusions 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Spilyay soils on foot slopes • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres • Kishwalk soils on nonforested, convex side in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure slopes should be left in some areas of this unit to provide Major Uses escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown habitat closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Major Management Limitations provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Timber production Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Equipment operability, soil compaction, soil Association displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, • MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/ plant competition, and fire damage SYMPH Livestock grazing • Seepage and soil compaction 39—Happus very gravelly sandy loam, 12 Use and Management to 30 percent slopes Timber production Composition • This soil is susceptible to raveling because of the coarse texture and limited cohesiveness of the Happus soil: 85 percent particles. Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Setting temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the surface. Landscape position: South-facing toe slopes • Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully Landform: Canyons erosion and to sloughing. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Elevation: 2,200 to 3,200 feet is safer and disturbs the soil less. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie compaction hazard because of the texture. junegrass • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Climatic factors: soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 or brush reduces soil displacement. degrees F • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Typical Profile • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage during periods of strong winds because of the poor 0 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam anchoring capability of the pumice. 9 to 29 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy loam • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 29 to 60 inches—light gray fragmental pumice from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Soil Properties and Qualities • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Depth: Moderately deep to pumice (20 to 40 inches) repellency may result from fires that have moderate Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be 66 Soil Survey

designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches the soil. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Livestock grazing Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Pond development on this soil generally is Hazard of erosion: High or very high impractical because of the risk of seepage. Contrasting Inclusions • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. • Teewee soils on concave side slopes • Rock outcrop on upper side slopes Wildlife habitat Major Uses • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife closure should be left in some areas of this soil to habitat provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Management Limitations • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Timber production • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality, Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire damage Association • PIPO/PUTR Livestock grazing • Rock outcrop and slope

40—Hehe very cobbly loam, 30 to 65 Use and Management percent slopes Timber production • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are Composition subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or Hehe soil: 80 percent adequate water bars, or both, are provided. Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the Setting slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Midslope Landform: Mountains roads are difficult to maintain and require large cuts Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived and fills that remove land from production. from andesite or basalt with an influence of • Spoil from excavations is subject to rill and gully volcanic ash erosion and to sloughing. Elevation: 2,000 to 3,300 feet • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, systems that fully or partially suspend logs generally Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie are less damaging to the soil. junegrass • The Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber Climatic factors: and hinder yarding. • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches • The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F compaction hazard because of the texture. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Typical Profile • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam or brush reduces soil displacement. 11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam because of inadequate moisture in the soil. 38 inches—weathered andesite • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce Soil Properties and Qualities seedling survival. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Drainage class: Well drained because of the restricted rooting depth and high Permeability: Moderately slow content of rock fragments in this soil. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 67

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Typical Profile from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam reestablishment of trees. 11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam repellency may result from fires that have moderate 38 inches—weathered andesite fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Soil Properties and Qualities the soil. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Permeability: Moderately slow suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches livestock. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Runoff: Medium or rapid distribution. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Contrasting Inclusions compaction and damage plants. • Teewee soils on concave toe slopes Wildlife habitat • Rock outcrop on shoulders • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Major Uses 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife provide escape and thermal cover for deer. habitat • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Major Management Limitations animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Timber production • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant Association competition, and fire damage • PIPO/PUTR Livestock grazing • Rock outcrop and soil compaction 41—Hehe very stony loam, 12 to 40 percent slopes Use and Management Timber production Composition • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Hehe soil: 80 percent accumulating slash on the surface. Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Setting is safer and disturbs the soil less. Landscape position: Side slopes of drainageways • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with Landform: Mountains felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived of equipment. from andesite or basalt with an influence of • The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil volcanic ash compaction hazard because of the texture. Elevation: 2,000 to 3,300 feet • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer junegrass because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Climatic factors: • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F seedling survival. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 68 Soil Survey

during periods of strong winds because of the Typical Profile restricted rooting depth and high content of rock 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam fragments in the soil. 11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 38 inches—weathered andesite reestablishment of trees. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Soil Properties and Qualities repellency may result from fires that have moderate Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Drainage class: Well drained designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Permeability: Moderately slow the soil. Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Runoff: Medium or rapid suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high livestock. Contrasting Inclusions • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. • Teewee soils on concave toe slopes • Rock outcrop on shoulders Wildlife habitat • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Major Uses 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife provide escape and thermal cover for deer. habitat • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Major Management Limitations animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Timber production • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant Association competition, and fire damage • PIPO/PUTR Livestock grazing • Rock outcrop and soil compaction 42—Hehe very stony loam, high Use and Management precipitation, 12 to 40 percent slopes Timber production Composition • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Hehe soil: 80 percent temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent accumulating slash on the surface. • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Setting more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Landscape position: Side slopes of drainageways is safer and disturbs the soil less. Landform: Mountains • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use from andesite or basalt with an influence of of equipment. volcanic ash • The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet compaction hazard because of the texture. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue, and prairie soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. junegrass • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Climatic factors: because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce • Frost-free period—80 to 110 days seedling survival. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 69

• Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Climatic factors: during periods of strong winds because of the • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches restricted rooting depth and high content of rock • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F fragments in this soil. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Typical Profile of the Hehe Soil reestablishment of trees. 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam repellency may result from fires that have moderate 19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be loam designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to 38 inches—weathered andesite the soil. Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Hehe Soil • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Drainage class: Well drained livestock. Permeability: Moderately slow • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches compaction and damage plants. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Slow or medium Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil closure should be left in some areas of this unit to 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam provide escape and thermal cover for deer. 4 to 14 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available loam animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. 14 inches—basalt Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained • PIPO/PUTR-ARPA Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches 43—Hehe-Bodell complex, 0 to 12 percent Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches slopes Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Composition Contrasting Inclusions Hehe soil: 60 percent Bodell soil: 30 percent • Teewee soils on concave benches Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Major Uses Setting • Hehe and Bodell—livestock grazing and wildlife Landscape position: Hehe—convex benches and side habitat slopes; Bodell—scablands • Hehe—timber production Landform: Mountains Major Management Limitations Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from andesite or basalt with an influence of Timber production volcanic ash • Hehe—equipment operability, soil compaction, Elevation: 2,600 to 3,300 feet seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant Native plants: Hehe—ponderosa pine, antelope competition, and fire damage bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie junegrass; Bodell—onespike oatgrass, Livestock grazing Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and • Hehe and Bodell—soil compaction Idaho fescue • Bodell—depth to bedrock 70 Soil Survey

Use and Management 44—Hehe-Teewee complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes Timber production • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Composition generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Hehe soil: 60 percent less and helps to maintain productivity. Teewee soil: 30 percent • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use Setting of equipment. • The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil Landscape position: Hehe—convex benches and side compaction hazard because of the texture. slopes; Teewee—level and concave benches • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Landform: Mountains soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil from andesite or basalt with an influence of compaction. volcanic ash • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Elevation: 2,600 to 3,300 feet because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce junegrass seedling survival. Climatic factors: • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches during periods of strong winds because of the • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F restricted rooting depth and high content of rock • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days fragments in the Hehe soil. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Typical Profile of the Hehe Soil from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam reestablishment of trees. 11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam repellency may result from fires that have moderate 38 inches—weathered andesite fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Properties and Qualities of the Hehe Soil the Hehe soil. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained • Pond development on the Bodell soil generally is Permeability: Moderately slow impractical because of the limited soil depth. Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches compaction and damage plants. Runoff: Slow or medium Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Typical Profile of the Teewee Soil 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to 0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam provide escape and thermal cover for deer. 11 to 18 inches—dark brown loam • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the 18 to 43 inches—dark brown clay loam available animal-unit-months should be allocated to 43 to 53 inches—dark brown very stony clay loam wildlife. 53 inches—weathered andesite Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Properties and Qualities of the Teewee Soil Association Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Hehe—PIPO/PUTR Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Range Site Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches • Bodell—Moist Scabland 14-18 PZ Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 71

Runoff: Slow or medium repellency may result from fires that have moderate Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts. Contrasting Inclusions • Bodell soils on scablands Livestock grazing • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Major Uses compaction and damage plants. • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat Wildlife habitat Major Management Limitations • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Timber production closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • Hehe and Teewee—equipment operability, soil provide escape and thermal cover for deer. compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available • Hehe—fire damage and windthrow hazard animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Livestock grazing • Soil compaction Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Use and Management • PIPO/PUTR Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or 45—Hehe-Teewee complex, high accumulating slash on the surface. precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes • Conventional methods of harvesting timber generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Composition equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil less and helps to maintain productivity. Hehe soil: 60 percent • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with Teewee soil: 30 percent felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent of equipment. Setting • The surface layer of the Hehe soil is subject to a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the Landscape position: Hehe—convex benches and side texture, and the surface layer of the Teewee soil is slopes; Teewee—level and concave benches subject to a severe soil compaction hazard because of Landform: Mountains the texture and low content of rock fragments. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the from andesite or basalt with an influence of soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. volcanic ash • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet compaction. Native plants: Ponderosa pine (see fig. 11, next page), • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, Idaho because of inadequate moisture in the soil. fescue, and prairie junegrass • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Hehe soil Climatic factors: make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and • Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches reduce seedling survival. • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage • Frost-free period—80 to 110 days during periods of strong winds because of the restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Typical Profile of the Hehe Soil fragments in the Hehe soil. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very stony loam from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 11 to 19 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam reestablishment of trees. 19 to 38 inches—dark brown very bouldery clay loam • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 38 inches—weathered andesite 72 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Hehe Soil Major Uses Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife Drainage class: Well drained habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Major Management Limitations Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Timber production Runoff: Slow or medium • Hehe and Teewee—equipment operability, soil Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition • Hehe—fire damage and windthrow hazard

Livestock grazing • Soil compaction Use and Management Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the surface. • Conventional methods of harvesting timber generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil less and helps to maintain productivity. • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use of equipment. • The surface layer of the Hehe soil is subject to a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the Figure 11.—Old-growth ponderosa pine in an area of Hehe- texture, and the surface layer of the Teewee soil is Teewee complex, high precipitation, 0 to 12 percent subject to a severe soil compaction hazard because of slopes. the texture. Typical Profile of the Teewee Soil • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. 0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil 11 to 18 inches—dark brown loam compaction. 18 to 43 inches—dark brown clay loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 43 to 53 inches—dark brown very stony clay because of inadequate moisture in the soil. loam • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Hehe soil 53 inches—weathered andesite make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and Properties and Qualities of the Teewee Soil reduce seedling survival. • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) during periods of strong winds because of the Drainage class: Well drained restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Permeability: Moderately slow fragments in the Hehe soil. Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Runoff: Slow or medium reestablishment of trees. Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Contrasting Inclusions fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be • Bodell soils on scablands designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 73

Livestock grazing Contrasting Inclusions • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil • Kutcher soils on convex side slopes compaction and damage plants. Major Uses Wildlife habitat • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at • Timber production and wildlife habitat least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 Major Management Limitations percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover Timber production for deer. • Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available competition animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Use and Management Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Timber production Association • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally • PIPO/PUTR-ARPA is safer and disturbs the soil less. • Logging may be restricted during November through April because of soil wetness. 46—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging cool, 12 to 30 percent slopes slash and brush reduces soil displacement. Composition • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Howash soil: 90 percent reestablishment of trees. Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Wildlife habitat Setting • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Landscape position: North-facing side slopes to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Landform: Mountains or other disturbance. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Native plants: Grand fir, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, escape and thermal cover for elk. pachystima, pinegrass, and big huckleberry • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees Climatic factors: at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 • Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches percent crown closure should be left in some • Mean annual air temperature—38 to 40 degrees F areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover • Frost-free period—30 to 60 days for deer. Typical Profile Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly Association sandy loam • ABGR-PICO/PAMY/CARU 11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loamy sand 47—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, cool, 30 to 65 percent slopes Soil Properties and Qualities Composition Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Howash soil: 90 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches Setting Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Medium or rapid Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Landform: Mountains 74 Soil Survey

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Wildlife habitat dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Native plants: Grand fir, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, or other disturbance. pachystima, pinegrass, and big huckleberry • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Climatic factors: in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Mean annual air temperature—38 to 40 degrees F escape and thermal cover for elk. • Frost-free period—30 to 60 days • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Typical Profile provide escape and thermal cover for deer. 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly sandy loam 11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Association cobbly loamy sand • ABGR-PICO/PAMY/CARU Soil Properties and Qualities Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 48—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low Permeability: Moderately rapid precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Composition Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Hazard of erosion: High or very high Howash soil: 90 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Kutcher soils on convex side slopes Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Major Uses Landform: Mountains • Timber production and wildlife habitat Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash Major Management Limitations Elevation: 3,400 to 5,000 feet Timber production Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, • Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple displacement, and plant competition Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches Use and Management • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F Timber production • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Typical Profile accumulating slash on the surface. 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly • Because of the steepness of slope, logging sandy loam systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best 11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam suited. 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Logging may be restricted during November cobbly loamy sand through April because of soil wetness. • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Soil Properties and Qualities or brush reduces soil displacement • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained reestablishment of trees. Permeability: Moderately rapid Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 75

Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches Setting Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Runoff: Medium or rapid Landform: Mountains Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash Contrasting Inclusions Elevation: 3,000 to 5,400 feet • Kutcher soils on convex side slopes Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple Major Uses Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches • Timber production and wildlife habitat • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 Major Management Limitations degrees F • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days Timber production • Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant Typical Profile competition 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly Use and Management sandy loam 11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam Timber production 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the cobbly loamy sand more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Soil Properties and Qualities • Logging may be restricted during November Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) through April because of soil wetness. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Permeability: Moderately rapid or brush reduces soil displacement. Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Runoff: Rapid or very rapid reestablishment of trees. Hazard of erosion: High or very high Wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, • Kutcher soils on convex side slopes or other disturbance. Major Uses • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Timber production and wildlife habitat should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Major Management Limitations escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Timber production 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown • Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil closure should be left in some areas of this soil to displacement, and plant competition provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Use and Management Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and • ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the surface. • Because of the steepness of slope, logging 49—Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes suited (see fig. 12, next page). • Logging may be restricted during November Composition through April because of soil wetness. Howash soil: 90 percent • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent or brush reduces soil displacement. 76 Soil Survey

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Setting from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Landscape position: North-facing side slopes reestablishment of trees. Landform: Mountains Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash Elevation: 3,400 to 4,800 feet Native plants: Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, Douglas fir, queencup beadlily, vine maple, big huckleberry, and golden chinkapin Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F • Frost-free period—40 to 90 days Typical Profile 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly sandy loam 14 to 48 inches—brown very gravelly and very cobbly sandy loam 48 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loam Soil Properties and Qualities Figure 12.—High-lead logging in an area of Howash very cobbly sandy loam, low precipitation, 30 to 65 percent Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slopes. Area of Pipp very stony sandy loam, 30 to 65 Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained percent slopes, on south-facing side slopes in back- Permeability: Moderately rapid ground. Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Wildlife habitat Runoff: Medium or rapid • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. Contrasting Inclusions • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres • Kutcher soils on convex side slopes in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Mackatie soils on benches and concave foot slopes should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. Major Uses • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least • Timber production and wildlife habitat 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Major Management Limitations provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Timber production Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant Association competition

• ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI Use and Management Timber production 50—Howash very gravelly sandy loam, 12 • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the to 30 percent slopes more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Composition • Logging may be restricted during November through April because of soil wetness. Howash soil: 85 percent • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent or brush reduces soil displacement. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 77

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Soil Properties and Qualities from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) reestablishment of trees. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Runoff: Rapid or very rapid or other disturbance. Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Contrasting Inclusions should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Kutcher soils on convex side slopes escape and thermal cover for elk. • Mackatie soils on concave foot slopes • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Major Uses 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Timber production and wildlife habitat provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Management Limitations Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Timber production Association • Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant competition • ABAM/CLUN and TSHE/ACCI Use and Management

51—Howash very gravelly sandy loam, 30 Timber production to 65 percent slopes • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Composition temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the surface. Howash soil: 85 percent • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Setting suited. • Logging may be restricted during November Landscape position: North-facing side slopes through April because of soil wetness. Landform: Mountains • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived or brush reduces soil displacement. dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Elevation: 3,400 to 4,800 feet from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Native plants: Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, reestablishment of trees. Douglas fir, queencup beadlily, vine maple, big huckleberry, and golden chinkapin Wildlife habitat Climatic factors: • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 • Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F or other disturbance. • Frost-free period—40 to 90 days • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Typical Profile should be left in some areas of this soil to provide 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly escape and thermal cover for elk. sandy loam • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at 14 to 48 inches—brown very gravelly and very cobbly least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 sandy loam percent crown closure should be left in some areas 48 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for cobbly loam deer. 78 Soil Survey

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Use and Management Association Timber production • ABAM/CLUN and TSHE-ACCI • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. 52—Howash very stony sandy loam, low • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use Composition of equipment. • Logging may be restricted during November Howash soil: 90 percent through April because of soil wetness. Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Setting or brush reduces soil displacement. Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make Landform: Mountains planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived seedling survival. dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Elevation: 3,000 to 5,400 feet from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, reestablishment of trees. pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Climatic factors: repellency may result from fires that have moderate • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days the soil.

Typical Profile Wildlife habitat 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 sandy loam to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, 11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam or other disturbance. 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres cobbly loamy sand in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Soil Properties and Qualities escape and thermal cover for elk. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 Permeability: Moderately rapid percent crown closure should be left in some Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches areas of this soil to provide escape and the Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches rmal cover for deer. Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Contrasting Inclusions • ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI • Kutcher soils on convex side slopes Major Uses 53—Howash very stony sandy loam, low • Timber production and wildlife habitat precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Timber production • Equipment operability, soil displacement, plant Howash soil: 80 percent competition, and fire damage Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 79

Setting through April because of soil wetness. • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and Landscape position: South-facing side slopes hinder yarding. Landform: Mountains • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived or brush reduces soil displacement. dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make Elevation: 3,000 to 5,400 feet planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, seedling survival. pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Climatic factors: from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches reestablishment of trees. • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days repellency are likely to result from fires that have Typical Profile moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony to the soil. sandy loam 11 to 42 inches—brown very cobbly sandy Wildlife habitat loam • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, cobbly loamy sand or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Soil Properties and Qualities in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained escape and thermal cover for elk. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Runoff: Rapid or very rapid provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Hazard of erosion: High or very high Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Contrasting Inclusions Association • Kutcher soils on convex side slopes • ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI • Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes Major Uses 54—Jojo-Pinhead complex, warm, 30 to • Timber production and wildlife habitat 65 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Timber production • Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil Jojo soil: 60 percent displacement, plant competition, and fire damage Pinhead soil: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Use and Management Setting Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Landscape position: Jojo—convex side slopes; temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Pinhead—concave side slopes accumulating slash on the surface. Landform: Mountains • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and suited. volcanic ash • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use Native plants: Pacific silver fir, lodgepole pine, western of equipment. hemlock, Douglas fir, western white pine, common • Logging may be restricted during November beargrass, and big huckleberry 80 Soil Survey

Climatic factors: accumulating slash on the surface. • Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches • Because of the steepness of slope, logging • Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best • Frost-free period—20 to 45 days suited. • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil hinder yarding. 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam • Logging may be restricted during November 7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly and through April because of soil wetness. extremely gravelly sandy loam and loamy sand • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash 32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow or brush reduces soil displacement. • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce Permeability: Moderately rapid seedling survival. Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches • Trees are subject to severe windthrow damage Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches during periods of strong winds because of the Runoff: Rapid or very rapid restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Hazard of erosion: High or very high fragments in the Jojo soil. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Typical Profile of the Pinhead Soil from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam reestablishment of trees. 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water gravelly sandy loam repellency may result from fires that have moderate 30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be cobbly sandy loam designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. Properties and Qualities of the Pinhead Soil Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Wildlife habitat Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Permeability: Moderately rapid to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches or other disturbance. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Runoff: Rapid or very rapid in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Hazard of erosion: High or very high should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. Contrasting Inclusions • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown • Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Major Uses provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

• Timber production and wildlife habitat Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Major Management Limitations • ABAM/XETE Timber production • Jojo and Pinhead—soil erosion, equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality, plant 55—Jojo-Piumpsha-Pinhead complex, 2 competition, and fire damage to 40 percent slopes, bouldery • Jojo—windthrow hazard Composition Use and Management Jojo soil: 40 percent Timber production Piumpsha soil: 25 percent • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Pinhead soil: 25 percent temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 81

Setting 30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly sandy loam Landscape position: Jojo—shoulders and convex side slopes; Piumpsha—benches and concave side Properties and Qualities of the Pinhead Soil slopes; Pinhead—concave side slopes and foot slopes Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Mountains Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Permeability: Moderately rapid dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches volcanic ash Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Elevation: 4,800 to 6,400 feet Runoff: Slow to rapid Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, Hazard of erosion: Slight to high western white pine, subalpine fir, big huckleberry, Contrasting Inclusions common beargrass, and grouse blueberry Climatic factors: • Typic Vitricryands and Rubble land • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F Major Uses • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days • Timber production and wildlife habitat Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil Major Management Limitations 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very bouldery sandy loam Timber production 7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly and • Jojo, Piumpsha, and Pinhead—equipment extremely gravelly sandy loam and loamy sand operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality, 32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow windthrow hazard, and plant competition Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil • Jojo and Pinhead—fire damage • Piumpsha—soil compaction Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Use and Management Permeability: Moderately rapid Timber production Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Runoff: Slow to rapid is safer and disturbs the soil less. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • Stones and boulders on the surface can cause Typical Profile of the Piumpsha Soil breakage of timber and interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use of equipment. 0 to 8 inches—very dark brown very bouldery sandy • Logging may be restricted during November loam through April because of soil wetness. 8 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy • The surface layer of the Piumpsha soil is subject to loam a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the 27 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam texture. • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Properties and Qualities of the Piumpsha Soil soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Drainage class: Well drained compaction. Permeability: Moderate • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches or brush reduces soil displacement. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Cold winds and frost heaving may increase Runoff: Slow to rapid seedling mortality. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • The seedling mortality rate on the Jojo soil may be high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the Typical Profile of the Pinhead Soil soil. 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very bouldery sandy loam • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Jojo soil 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and gravelly sandy loam reduce seedling survival. 82 Soil Survey

• Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F damage during periods of strong winds because of the • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days restricted rooting depth, high content of rock fragments, and exposed topography. Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil • If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts, 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam the risk of windthrow may increase. 7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly sandy • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition loam from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow reestablishment of trees. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil repellency are likely to result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained to the soils. Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches Wildlife habitat Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Runoff: Rapid or very rapid to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Hazard of erosion: High or very high or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Rock Outcrop in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Type of rock: Andesite should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. Contrasting Inclusions • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least • Pinhead soils on foot slopes 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown • Piumpsha soils on adjacent benches closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Uses Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Timber production and wildlife habitat Association Major Management Limitations • TSME-PICO-ABLA2 and TSME-PICO/ARNE Timber production • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, 56—Jojo-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70 plant competition, and fire damage percent slopes Use and Management Composition Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Jojo soil: 55 percent temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Rock outcrop: 30 percent accumulating slash on the surface. Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Because of the steepness of slope, logging systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Setting suited. Landscape position: Side slopes • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with Landform: Mountains felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived of equipment. dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and • Logging may be restricted during November volcanic ash through April because of soil wetness. Elevation: 4,200 to 6,400 feet • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, hinder yarding. subalpine fir, big huckleberry, western white pine, • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash common beargrass, and grouse blueberry or brush reduces soil displacement. Climatic factors: • Cold winds and frost heaving may increase • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches seedling mortality. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 83

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer derived from sedimentary rock with an influence of because of inadequate moisture in the soil. volcanic ash; Bodell—residuum and colluvium • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make derived from basalt with an influence of volcanic planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce ash seedling survival. Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet • Trees are subject to severe windthrow damage Native plants: Jorn—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, during periods of strong winds because of the Oregon white oak, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho restricted rooting depth, high content of rock fescue; Bodell—bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg fragments, and exposed topography. bluegrass, buckwheat, and antelope bitterbrush • If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts, Climatic factors: the risk of windthrow may increase. • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days reestablishment of trees. Typical Profile of the Jorn Soil • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silty designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to clay loam the soil. 12 to 21 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay 21 to 24 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay Wildlife habitat 24 inches—sedimentary rock • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Properties and Qualities of the Jorn Soil to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Drainage class: Well drained in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Permeability: Slow should be left in some areas of this unit to provide Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches escape and thermal cover for elk. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Runoff: Rapid or very rapid 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Hazard of erosion: High or very high closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil provide escape and thermal cover for deer. 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant 4 to 14 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam and Association extremely gravelly clay loam 14 inches—basalt • TSME/XETE, TSME-PICO/ARNE, TSME-PICO/ VASC, and TSME-PICO-ALBA2 Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 57—Jorn-Bodell complex, 30 to 55 Permeability: Moderate percent slopes Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches Composition Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Jorn soil: 50 percent Hazard of erosion: High or very high Bodell soil: 35 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Contrasting Inclusions • Yawkola soils on concave side slopes Setting • Kaskela soils on nonforested foot slopes Landscape position: Jorn—concave, south-facing side slopes; Bodell—convex, south-facing side slopes Major Uses Landform: Mountains • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife Parent material: Jorn—residuum and colluvium habitat 84 Soil Survey

Major Management Limitations • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Timber production compaction and damage plants. • Jorn—soil erosion, equipment operability, soil Wildlife habitat compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality, • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire hazard 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Livestock grazing provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • Jorn and Bodell—slope, aspect, and soil • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available compaction animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Use and Management Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Timber production Association • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are • Jorn—PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton) subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or adequate water bars, or both, are provided. Range Site • Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of • Bodell—Shallow Slopes 14-20 PZ the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the slope should be evaluated before the soils are disturbed. 58—Kaskela complex, 0 to 8 percent • Because of the steepness of slope, logging slopes systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best suited. Composition • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Kaskela clay: 40 percent base rock. Kaskela cobbly clay: 40 percent • This unit is subject to a moderate soil compaction Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and the clayey subsoil. Setting • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soils are dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Landscape position: Benches • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Landform: Foothills compaction. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash dominantly from sedimentary rock or brush reduces soil displacement. Elevation: 2,400 to 3,400 feet • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Native plants: Basin wildrye, bluebunch wheatgrass, because of inadequate moisture in the soil. antelope bitterbrush, and rose • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Climatic factors: during periods of strong winds because of the • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches restricted rooting depth of the Jorn soil. • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Typical Profile reestablishment of trees. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay and cobbly clay repellency may result from fires that have moderate 4 to 31 inches—dark reddish brown clay fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be 31 to 42 inches—reddish brown clay loam designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to 42 inches—sedimentary rock the soils. Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Drainage class: Well drained distribution. Permeability: Slow • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 85

Runoff: Slow or medium Climatic factors: Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • Prill soils on convex positions of benches Typical Profile • Dahl soils in adjacent drainageways 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt loam Major Uses 14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat and extremely stony clay loam 31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay Major Management Limitations 38 inches—basalt

Livestock grazing Soil Properties and Qualities • Shrink-swell potential, surface cobbles, and soil Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) compaction Drainage class: Well drained Use and Management Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • If this soil is seeded, use plants that tolerate the Runoff: Very rapid high shrink-swell potential. Hazard of erosion: Severe • Range seeding with ground equipment may be impractical in some areas of this unit because of the Contrasting Inclusions cobbles on the surface. • Sagley soils on concave side slopes • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit is • Waterbury soils on convex side slopes difficult or impractical because of the pattern in which they occur with the less favorable areas. Major Uses • Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat compaction and damage plants. Major Management Limitations Wildlife habitat Livestock grazing • On critical range, 50 percent of the available • Slope and surface cobbles animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Use and Management Range Site Livestock grazing • Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may • Clayey Bottom adversely affect livestock distribution and make range seeding with ground equipment impractical. 59—Kishwalk very cobbly silt loam, 55 to 80 percent slopes Wildlife habitat • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Composition animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Kishwalk soil: 75 percent Range Site Contrasting inclusion: 25 percent Setting • JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure) Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Landform: Canyons 60—Kishwalk-Waterbury complex, 30 to Parent material: Colluvium derived dominantly from 55 percent slopes basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet Composition Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Kishwalk soil: 50 percent Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and Waterbury soil: 35 percent milkvetch Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent 86 Soil Survey

Setting Major Uses Landscape position: Kishwalk—concave, south-facing • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat side slopes; Waterbury—convex, south-facing side slopes Major Management Limitations Landform: Canyons Livestock grazing Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt and • Droughtiness, surface stones, slope, and aspect rhyolite Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet Use and Management Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Livestock grazing buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting bitterbrush depth of the Waterbury soil limit the choice of species Climatic factors: for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Steep slopes and stones on the surface may • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F adversely affect livestock distribution and make range • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days seeding with ground equipment impractical. Typical Profile of the Kishwalk Soil • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very stony loam 14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony Wildlife habitat and extremely stony clay loam • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the 31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay available animal-unit-months should be allocated to 38 inches—basalt wildlife. Properties and Qualities of the Kishwalk Soil Range Site • JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure) Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches 61—Kuckup gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 40 Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches percent slopes Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Hazard of erosion: High or very high Composition Kuckup soil: 85 percent Typical Profile of the Waterbury Soil Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam Setting 3 to 8 inches—very dark brown very stony clay loam Landscape position: Side slopes 8 to 16 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay Landform: Cinder cones 16 inches—basalt Parent material: Volcanic ash and cinders Elevation: 3,800 to 6,100 feet Properties and Qualities of the Waterbury Soil Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, big Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) huckleberry, common beargrass, and grouse Drainage class: Well drained blueberry Permeability: Slow Climatic factors: Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 Runoff: Rapid or very rapid degrees F Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile • Kaskela soils on foot slopes 0 to 6 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy • Prill soils on foot slopes loam Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 87

6 to 29 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly sandy • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage loam during periods of strong winds because of the poor 29 to 60 inches—reddish brown cinders anchoring capability of the cinders. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Soil Properties and Qualities from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) reestablishment of trees. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Permeability: Moderately rapid repellency may result from fires that have moderate Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Runoff: Rapid the soil. Hazard of erosion: High Wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, • Jojo soils on convex foot slopes or other disturbance. • Pinhead soils on concave foot slopes • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Major Uses should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Timber production and wildlife habitat escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Major Management Limitations closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Timber production provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant hazard, plant competition, and fire damage Association Use and Management • TSME/XETE and TSME-PICO/VASC

Timber production • This soil is susceptible to ravel erosion because of the coarse texture and limited cohesiveness of the 62—Kusu very gravelly loam, 2 to 30 particles. percent slopes • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Composition accumulating slash on the surface. • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Kusu soil: 85 percent more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent is safer and disturbs the soil less. Setting • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy base rock. Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • Logging may be restricted during November Landform: Mountains through April because of soil wetness. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic compaction hazard because of the texture. ash • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Elevation: 3,800 to 4,500 feet soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil ceanothus, greenleaf manzanita, western fescue, compaction. and tailcup lupine • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Climatic factors: or brush reduces soil displacement. • Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Frost-free period—80 to 110 days 88 Soil Survey

Typical Profile Livestock grazing • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly compaction and damage plants. loam • Pond development on this soil generally is 14 to 51 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam impractical because of the risk of seepage. 51 inches—fractured tuff Wildlife habitat Soil Properties and Qualities • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Drainage class: Well drained logging, fire, or other disturbance. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Runoff: Slow to rapid escape and thermal cover for elk. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 Contrasting Inclusions percent crown closure should be left in some • Peahke soils on convex side slopes areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover • Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes for deer. • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Major Uses percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Management Limitations Association

Timber production • PIPO-PSME/ARPA-CEVE (Mutton) • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition 63—Kusu very gravelly loam, 30 to 55 Livestock grazing percent slopes • Seepage and soil compaction Composition Use and Management Timber production Kusu soil: 85 percent • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Setting accumulating slash on the surface. • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Landscape position: North-facing side slopes more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Landform: Mountains is safer and disturbs the soil less. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • The surface layer has a moderate compaction dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic hazard because of the texture. ash • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Elevation: 3,800 to 4,500 feet soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil ceanothus, greenleaf manzanita, western fescue, compaction. and tailcup lupine • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Climatic factors: because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition • Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial degrees F reestablishment of trees. • Frost-free period—80 to 110 days Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 89

Typical Profile • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly reestablishment of trees. loam 14 to 51 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam Livestock grazing 51 inches—fractured tuff • Steep slope may adversely affect livestock distribution. Soil Properties and Qualities • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) compaction and damage plants. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Runoff: Rapid or very rapid logging, fire, or other disturbance. Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Contrasting Inclusions should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Peahke soils on convex side slopes escape and thermal cover for elk. • Rock outcrop on upper side slopes • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Major Uses closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife provide escape and thermal cover for deer. habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Major Management Limitations allocated to wildlife.

Timber production Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, Association soil displacement, seedling mortality, and plant competition • PIPO-PSME/ARPA-CEVE (Mutton)

Livestock grazing • Slope and soil compaction 64—Kusu very gravelly sandy loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes Use and Management Timber production Composition • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are Kusu soil: 85 percent subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent adequate water bars, or both, are provided. • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of Setting the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Landform: Mountains systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived suited. dominantly from tuff and volcanic ash • The surface layer has a moderate compaction Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet hazard because of the texture. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. golden chinkapin, and starflower • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Climatic factors: or brush reduces soil displacement. • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 90 Soil Survey

Typical Profile Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly sandy loam • MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/ 14 to 51 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam SYMPH 51 inches—fractured tuff

Soil Properties and Qualities 65—Kusu very gravelly sandy loam, 30 to Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) 65 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Composition Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches Kusu soil: 85 percent Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Setting Contrasting Inclusions Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Landform: Mountains • Grenet soils on convex side slopes Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes dominantly from tuff and volcanic ash Major Uses Elevation: 2,800 to 4,600 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, • Timber production and wildlife habitat snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, Major Management Limitations golden chinkapin, and starflower Climatic factors: Timber production • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches • Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F competition • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Use and Management Typical Profile Timber production 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and sandy loam temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or 14 to 51 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam accumulating slash on the surface. 51 inches—fractured tuff • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Soil Properties and Qualities is safer and disturbs the soil less. Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Drainage class: Well drained or brush reduces soil displacement. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches reestablishment of trees. Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Hazard of erosion: High or very high Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Contrasting Inclusions 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by • Grenet soils on convex side slopes logging, fire or some other disturbance. • Rock outcrop on convex, upper side slopes • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Major Uses should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. • Timber production and wildlife habitat • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at Major Management Limitations least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some Timber production areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil for deer. displacement, and plant competition Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 91

Use and Management Elevation: 3,000 to 5,400 feet Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, Timber production pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are Climatic factors: subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches adequate water bars, or both, are provided. • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F • Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. Typical Profile of the Kutcher Soil • Because of the steepness of slope, logging systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam suited. 18 to 38 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash 38 inches—weathered andesite or brush reduces soil displacement. Properties and Qualities of the Kutcher Soil • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) reestablishment of trees. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Runoff: Medium or rapid logging, fire, or other disturbance. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 Typical Profile of the Mackatie Soil acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to 0 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam provide escape and thermal cover for elk. 18 to 41 inches—dark brown loam and clay loam • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 41 to 51 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown 51 inches—weathered andesite closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Properties and Qualities of the Mackatie Soil

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Association Drainage class: Well drained • MIXED CONIFER/CEVE and MIXED CONIFER/ Permeability: Moderately slow SYMPH Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high 66—Kutcher-Mackatie complex, low precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes Composition • Rock outcrop on shoulders Kutcher soil: 50 percent Major Uses Mackatie soil: 35 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Timber production, wildlife habitat, and watershed Setting Major Management Limitations Landscape position: Kutcher—convex side slopes; Mackatie—benches and concave side slopes Timber production Landform: Mountains • Kutcher and Mackatie—equipment operability, soil Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived displacement, and plant competition dominantly from andesite with a mantle of • Kutcher—windthrow volcanic ash • Mackatie—soil compaction 92 Soil Survey

Use and Management Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg Timber production bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in and western juniper the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding Climatic factors: generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F base rock. • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Logging may be restricted during November through April because of soil wetness. Typical Profile • The surface layer of the Mackatie soil is subject to 0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly silt loam a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the low 5 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown clay content of rock fragments. 21 to 25 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the 25 to 28 inches—weathered tuff soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. 28 inches—welded tuff • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Soil Properties and Qualities • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) during periods of strong winds because of the Drainage class: Well drained restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Permeability: Slow fragments in the Kutcher soil. Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Runoff: Slow or medium reestablishment of trees. Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 • Skoven soils on scablands to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, • Day soils on foot slopes or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 Major Uses acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • Livestock grazing provide escape and thermal cover for elk. Major Management Limitations • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Livestock grazing closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • Droughtiness and soil compaction provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Use and Management Livestock grazing Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species Association for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants.

67—Lavey gravelly silt loam, 2 to 15 Range Site percent slopes • Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills) Composition Lavey soil: 85 percent 68—Lavey very cobbly silty clay loam, 2 Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent to 15 percent slopes Setting Composition Landform: Low foothills Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from Lavey soil: 85 percent sedimentary rock or tuff Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 93

Setting 69—Lickskillet extremely stony loam, 15 to 40 percent slopes Landform: Low foothills Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from Composition sedimentary rock or tuff Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet Lickskillet soil: 85 percent Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Setting and western juniper Climatic factors: Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Landform: Canyons • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days from basalt Elevation: 1,200 to 3,200 feet Typical Profile Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, western 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay loam juniper, and antelope bitterbrush 5 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown clay Climatic factors: 21 to 25 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches 25 to 28 inches—weathered tuff • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F 28 inches—welded tuff • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam Drainage class: Well drained 9 to 18 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay loam Permeability: Slow 18 inches—basalt Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Soil Properties and Qualities Runoff: Slow or medium Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches • Skoven soils on scablands Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches • Day soils on foot slopes Runoff: Rapid Hazard of erosion: High Major Uses Contrasting Inclusions • Livestock grazing • Ruclick soils on foot slopes Major Management Limitations • Ruckles soils on foot slopes Livestock grazing Major Uses • Droughtiness and surface cobbles • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Use and Management Major Management Limitations

Livestock grazing Livestock grazing • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species • Droughtiness and surface stones for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Use and Management • Range seeding with ground equipment is impractical because of the cobbles on the surface. Livestock grazing • Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth Range Site limit the choice of species for range seeding to • Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills) drought-tolerant varieties. 94 Soil Survey

• Range seeding with ground equipment is impractical Major Uses because of the stones on the surface. • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Wildlife habitat Major Management Limitations • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Livestock grazing • Droughtiness, surface stones, slope, and aspect Range Site Use and Management • Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South Livestock grazing Exposure) • Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 70—Lickskillet extremely stony loam, 40 • Steep slopes and stones on the surface may to 70 percent slopes adversely affect livestock distribution and make range seeding with ground equipment impractical. Composition • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to Lickskillet soil: 85 percent grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Wildlife habitat Setting • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Landscape position: South-facing side slopes animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Landform: Canyons Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Range Site from basalt Elevation: 1,200 to 3,200 feet • Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg Exposure) bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, western juniper, and antelope bitterbrush Climatic factors: 71—Littlefawn-Fawnspring complex, 2 to • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches 30 percent slopes • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Composition • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Littlefawn soil: 50 percent Typical Profile Fawnspring soil: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam 9 to 18 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay loam Setting 18 inches—basalt Landscape position: Littlefawn—convex benches and Soil Properties and Qualities north-facing side slopes; Fawnspring—concave benches and drainageways Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) Landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Permeability: Moderate from sedimentary rock with an influence of Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches volcanic ash Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches Elevation: 2,200 to 3,800 feet Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon Hazard of erosion: High or very high white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf Contrasting Inclusions arnica Climatic factors: • Ruclick soils on foot slopes • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches • Ruckles soils on foot slopes • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F • Rock outcrop on upper, convex side slopes • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 95

Typical Profile of the Littlefawn Soil Livestock grazing • Soil compaction 0 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly loam 10 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam Use and Management 17 to 22 inches—brown gravelly silty clay loam 22 to 32 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay Timber production 32 inches—sedimentary rock • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Properties and Qualities of the Littlefawn Soil accumulating slash on the surface. • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Drainage class: Well drained is safer and disturbs the soil less. Permeability: Slow • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches base rock. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • This unit is subject to a moderate soil compaction Runoff: Slow to rapid hazard because of the texture of the surface layer. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Typical Profile of the Fawnspring Soil soils are dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil 0 to 3 inches—very dark gray very gravelly silt loam compaction. 3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash silty clay loam or brush reduces soil displacement on the Fawnspring 8 to 26 inches—dark brown clay soil. 26 to 43 inches—weak red clay • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 43 inches—sedimentary rock because of inadequate moisture in the soils. • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Properties and Qualities of the Fawnspring during periods of strong winds because of the Soil restricted rooting depth. Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Drainage class: Well drained from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Permeability: Slow reestablishment of trees. Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Livestock grazing Runoff: Slow to rapid • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Hazard of erosion: Slight to high compaction and damage plants.

Contrasting Inclusions Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for • Boardflower soils on concave benches 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by • Mutton soils on north-facing side slopes logging, fire, or other disturbance. Major Uses • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife should be left in some areas of this unit to provide habitat escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at Major Management Limitations least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 Timber production percent crown closure should be left in some • Littlefawn and Fawnspring—equipment operability, areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover soil compaction, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, for deer. and plant competition • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the • Littlefawn—soil erosion available animal-unit-months should be allocated to • Fawnspring—soil displacement wildlife. 96 Soil Survey

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant 15 to 18 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay Association 18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton) Properties and Qualities of the Wakamo Soil Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 72—Littlefawn-Wakamo-Fawnspring Drainage class: Well drained complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Composition Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Runoff: Slow to rapid Littlefawn soil: 40 percent Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Wakamo soil: 25 percent Typical Profile of the Fawnspring Soil Fawnspring soil: 25 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent 0 to 3 inches—very dark gray very gravelly silt loam Setting 3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly silty clay loam Landscape position: Littlefawn—concave benches 8 to 26 inches—dark brown clay and side slopes; Wakamo—convex benches and 26 to 43 inches—weak red clay side slopes; Fawnspring—concave foot slopes 43 inches—sedimentary rock Landform: Mountains Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Properties and Qualities of the Fawnspring from sedimentary rock with an influence of Soil volcanic ash Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet Drainage class: Well drained Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon Permeability: Slow white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches arnica Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Climatic factors: Runoff: Slow to rapid • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Littlefawn Soil • Logsprings soils in depressional areas Major Uses 0 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly loam 10 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife 17 to 22 inches—brown gravelly silty clay loam habitat 22 to 32 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay Major Management Limitations 32 inches—sedimentary rock Timber production Properties and Qualities of the Littlefawn Soil • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and plant Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) competition Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Livestock grazing Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches • Littlefawn, Wakamo, Fawnspring—soil compaction Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Wakamo—depth to bedrock Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Use and Management

Typical Profile of the Wakamo Soil Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or 11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay accumulating slash on the surface. loam • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 97

more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Setting is safer and disturbs the soil less. Landscape position: Concave benches • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Landform: Foothills base rock. Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium over • This unit has a moderate or severe soil compaction residuum derived dominantly from sedimentary hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and rock with an influence of volcanic ash in the upper the clayey subsoil. part • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Elevation: 2,600 to 2,800 feet soils are dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil mule’s-ear, and prairie smoke compaction. Climatic factors: • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches or brush reduces soil displacement on the Fawnspring • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F soil. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the soils. Typical Profile • Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown loam damage during periods of strong winds because of the 10 to 21 inches—brown loam restricted rooting depth. 21 to 30 inches—dark brown clay • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 30 to 36 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial clay loam reestablishment of trees. 36 to 64 inches—dark brown loam Livestock grazing Soil Properties and Qualities • Pond development on the Wakamo soil generally is Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) impractical because of the limited soil depth. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Permeability: Slow compaction and damage plants. Available water capacity: 8 to 13 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Wildlife habitat Runoff: Slow or medium • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. Contrasting Inclusions • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres • Teewee soils on convex benches in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Bodell soils on convex scablands should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. Major Uses • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown habitat closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Management Limitations • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Timber production animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Livestock grazing • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton) • Soil compaction Use and Management 73—Logsprings loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Timber production • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Composition generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Logsprings soil: 80 percent equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent less and helps to maintain productivity. 98 Soil Survey

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F base rock. • Frost-free period—40 to 90 days • Logging may be restricted during November Typical Profile of the Mackatie Soil through April because of soil wetness. • This soil is subject to a moderate soil compaction 0 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and 18 to 41 inches—dark brown loam and clay loam the clayey subsoil. 41 to 51 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the 51 inches—weathered andesite soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Properties and Qualities of the Mackatie Soil • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil compaction. Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Drainage class: Well drained because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Livestock grazing Runoff: Slow or medium • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate compaction and damage plants. Typical Profile of the Kutcher Soil Wildlife habitat 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 18 to 38 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown 38 inches—weathered andesite closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Properties and Qualities of the Kutcher Soil • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches Association Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • PIPO/PUTR Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions 74—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes • Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes Major Uses Composition • Timber production and wildlife habitat Mackatie soil: 50 percent Kutcher soil: 40 percent Major Management Limitations Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Timber production Setting • Mackatie and Kutcher—plant competition Landscape position: Mackatie—level and concave • Mackatie—soil compaction and soil displacement benches; Kutcher—convex benches and side • Kutcher—windthrow hazard slopes Use and Management Landform: Mountains Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Timber production dominantly from andesite with a mantle of • Conventional methods of harvesting timber volcanic ash generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Elevation: 3,400 to 4,800 feet equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Native plants: Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, less and helps to maintain productivity. Douglas fir, queencup beadlily, vine maple, big • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy huckleberry, and golden chinkapin base rock. Climatic factors: • Logging may be restricted during November • Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches through April because of soil wetness. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 99

• The surface layer of the Mackatie soil is subject to Native plants: Grand fir, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the pachystima, pinegrass, and big huckleberry texture. Climatic factors: • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the • Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Mean annual air temperature—38 to 40 degrees F • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil • Frost-free period—30 to 60 days compaction. Typical Profile of the Mackatie Soil • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement on the Mackatie 0 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam soil. 18 to 41 inches—dark brown loam and clay loam • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 41 to 51 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam during periods of strong winds because of the 51 inches—weathered andesite restricted rooting depth and high content of rock fragments in the Kutcher soil (fig. 13). • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 to 10 years after the canopy has been opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Figure 13.—Windthrow damage on the Kutcher soil in an area of Mackatie-Kutcher complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes. • TSHE/ACCI and ABAM/CLUN Properties and Qualities of the Mackatie Soil 75—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, cool, 0 to Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) 12 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Composition Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Mackatie soil: 50 percent Runoff: Slow or medium Kutcher soil: 40 percent Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Setting Typical Profile of the Kutcher Soil Landscape position: Mackatie—level and concave 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam benches; 18 to 38 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam Kutcher—convex benches and side slopes 38 inches—weathered andesite Landform: Mountains Properties and Qualities of the Kutcher Soil Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from andesite with a mantle of Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) volcanic ash Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,700 to 5,600 feet Permeability: Moderately slow 100 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent Runoff: Slow or medium crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate to provide escape and thermal cover for deer.

Contrasting Inclusions Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes Association • ABGR-PICO/PAMY CARU Major Uses • Timber production and wildlife habitat 76—Mackatie-Kutcher complex, low Major Management Limitations precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes Timber production Composition • Mackatie and Kutcher—plant competition Mackatie soil: 50 percent • Mackatie—soil compaction and soil displacement Kutcher soil: 40 percent • Kutcher—windthrow hazard Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Use and Management Setting Timber production Landscape position: Mackatie—level and concave • Conventional methods of harvesting timber benches; Kutcher—convex benches and side generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground slopes equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Landform: Mountains less and helps to maintain productivity. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy dominantly from andesite with a mantle of base rock. volcanic ash • Logging may be restricted during November Elevation: 3,000 to 4,700 feet through April because of soil wetness. Native plants: Grand fir, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, • The surface layer of the Mackatie soil is subject to a pachystima, common snowberry, and vine maple moderate soil compaction hazard because of the Climatic factors: texture. • Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the • Mean annual air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Frost-free period—50 to 80 days • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil compaction. Typical Profile of the Mackatie Soil • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash 0 to 18 inches—dark brown sandy loam or brush reduces soil displacement on the Mackatie 18 to 41 inches—dark brown loam and clay loam soil. 41 to 51 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 51 inches—weathered andesite during periods of strong winds because of the restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Properties and Qualities of the Mackatie Soil fragments in the Kutcher soil. Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Drainage class: Well drained from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Permeability: Moderately slow reestablishment of trees. Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches Wildlife habitat Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Runoff: Slow or medium to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Typical Profile of the Kutcher Soil in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam should be left in some areas of this unit to provide 18 to 38 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam escape and thermal cover for elk. 38 inches—weathered andesite Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 101

Properties and Qualities of the Kutcher Soil Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Drainage class: Well drained or other disturbance. Permeability: Moderately slow • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches should be left in some areas of this unit to provide Runoff: Slow or medium escape and thermal cover for elk. Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at Contrasting Inclusions least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit • Howash soils on convex benches and side slopes to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Uses Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Timber production and wildlife habitat Association Major Management Limitations • ABGR/PAMY, ABGR/SYMPH, and ABGR/ACCI Timber production • Mackatie and Kutcher—plant competition 77—Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes • Mackatie—soil compaction and soil displacement • Kutcher—windthrow hazard Composition

Use and Management Madras soil: 85 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Timber production • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Setting generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Landform: Low foothills equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from less and helps to maintain productivity. sedimentary rock or tuff • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet base rock. Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg • Logging may be restricted during November bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, through April because of soil wetness. and western juniper • The surface layer of the Mackatie soil is subject to a Climatic factors: moderate soil compaction hazard because of the • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches texture. • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Typical Profile compaction. • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam or brush reduces soil displacement on the Mackatie 10 to 33 inches—dark brown clay loam soil. 33 to 35 inches—weathered tuff • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 35 inches—welded tuff during periods of strong winds because of the Soil Properties and Qualities restricted rooting depth and high content of rock fragments in the Kutcher soil. Depth: Moderately deep (22 to 40 inches) • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Drainage class: Well drained from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Permeability: Moderately slow reestablishment of trees. Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches 102 Soil Survey

Potential rooting depth: 22 to 40 inches • Reduce soil compaction by returning crop Runoff: Slow or medium residue to the soil and keeping tillage at a Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate minimum. • Care should be taken when using surface irrigation Contrasting Inclusions on slopes of more than 3 percent. • Skoven soils on scablands • Lavey soils on mounds Livestock grazing • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of Major Uses species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Cropland (fig. 14) and livestock grazing • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Range Site • Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills)

78—Madras-Skoven complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes Composition Madras soil: 55 percent Skoven soil: 35 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Setting Landscape position: Madras—mounds of patterned ground; Skoven—scablands of patterned ground Landform: Low foothills Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from Figure 14.—Alfalfa hay on Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. sedimentary rock or tuff Ruckles-Simas-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 80 percent Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet slopes, on canyonsides in background. Native plants: Madras—bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope Major Management Limitations bitterbrush, and western juniper; Skoven— Cropland Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, bluebunch • Droughtiness, permeability, soil compaction, slope, wheatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail and depth to bedrock Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Livestock grazing • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Droughtiness and soil compaction • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Use and Management Typical Profile of the Madras Soil Cropland 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping 10 to 33 inches—dark brown clay loam unless supplemental irrigation is used. 33 to 35 inches—weathered tuff • Because of the moderately slow permeability rate 35 inches—welded tuff of the subsoil, care should be taken to prevent excessive irrigation rates that may lead to overland Properties and Qualities of the Madras Soil flow. Depth: Moderately deep (22 to 40 inches) • To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant Drainage class: Well drained nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be Permeability: Moderately slow adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches rate, and the needs of the crop grown. Potential rooting depth: 22 to 40 inches • The loam surface layer is subject to compaction Runoff: Slow or medium from excessive tillage. Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 103

Typical Profile of the Skoven Soil Setting 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely Landscape position: Mountain bogs gravelly silt loam Parent material: Organic material from water-tolerant 3 to 8 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay plants loam Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet 8 to 11 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly clay Native plants: Rushes, sedges, and tufted hairgrass 11 to 21 inches—weathered tuff Climatic factors: 21 inches—welded tuff • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F Properties and Qualities of the Skoven Soil • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Typical Profile Permeability: Slow 0 to 14 inches—black mucky peat Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches 14 to 34 inches—very dark gray hemic material Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches 34 to 60 inches—very dark brown sapric material Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting Inclusions Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained • Lavey soils on mounds Permeability: Rapid Major Uses Available water capacity: 15 to 18 inches Potential rooting depth: 60 inches or more for water- • Livestock grazing tolerant plants Major Management Limitations Runoff: Ponded Hazard of erosion: None Livestock grazing Depth to water table: 24 inches above the surface to 6 • Madras and Skoven—droughtiness inches below the surface throughout the year • Madras—soil compaction Frequency of flooding: Occasional • Skoven—depth to bedrock Use and Management Contrasting Inclusions Livestock grazing • Racing soils along the edge of bogs • Pond development on the Skoven soil generally is Major Uses impractical because of the limited soil depth. • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting • Wetland wildlife habitat and livestock grazing depth of the Skoven soil limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Major Management Limitations • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants on the Madras Livestock grazing soil. • High water table, season of use, and soil compaction Range Site Use and Management • Madras—Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills) Livestock grazing • Skoven—Buckwheat Scabland 9-12 PZ • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate seasonal wetness. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay early 79—Mariel mucky peat, 0 to 3 percent growth of forage and shorten the growing season. slopes • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Composition Range Site Mariel soil: 90 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Sedge Meadow 104 Soil Survey

80—Maupin silt loam, 0 to 8 percent Use and Management slopes Cropland • Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping Composition unless supplemental irrigation is used. Maupin soil: 90 percent • Because of the depth to the duripan, care should Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent be taken to prevent excessive irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow. Setting • To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant Landscape position: Nearly level to moderately nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be sloping benches adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake Landform: Mesas rate, and the needs of the crop grown. Parent material: Loess • The silt loam surface layer is subject to compaction Elevation: 2,000 to 2,400 feet from excessive tillage. Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg • Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. and western juniper • Care should be taken when using surface irrigation Climatic factors: on slopes of more than 3 percent. • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Livestock grazing • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Pond development on this soil generally is • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days impractical because of the risk of seepage. Typical Profile • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause severe soil 7 to 20 inches—dark brown silt loam compaction and damage plants. 20 to 25 inches—brown gravelly loam 25 to 31 inches—indurated duripan Wildlife habitat 31 inches—basalt • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Soil Properties and Qualities Range Site Depth: Moderately deep to a duripan (20 to 40 inches); moderately deep to bedrock (25 to 40 • Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills) inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches 81—Milldam-Tenwalter complex, 0 to 3 Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches percent slopes Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Composition Contrasting Inclusions Milldam soil: 65 percent Tenwalter soil: 25 percent • Bakeoven soils on scablands Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Major Uses Setting • Cropland, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat Landscape position: Milldam—mounds of patterned Major Management Limitations ground; Tenwalter—scablands of patterned ground Cropland Landform: Outwash plains • Droughtiness, soil compaction, slope, and depth to Parent material: Residuum derived from glacial duripan outwash with an influence of loess in the upper part Livestock grazing Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet • Seepage and droughtiness Native plants: Milldam—Idaho fescue, bluebunch Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 105

wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg Major Management Limitations bluegrass, and buckwheat; Tenwalter—Sandberg Livestock grazing bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, • Milldam and Tenwalter—soil compaction lomatium, and squirreltail • Tenwalter—surface cobbles and depth to duripan Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Use and Management • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Livestock grazing • Pond development on the Tenwalter soil generally is Typical Profile of the Milldam Soil impractical because of the limited soil depth. 0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silt loam • Range seeding with ground equipment is 10 to 34 inches—dark brown silty clay loam impractical because of the cobbles on the surface of 34 to 37 inches—brown cobbly clay the Tenwalter soil. 37 to 51 inches—duripan • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may 51 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in which they occur with the less favorable areas. Properties and Qualities of the Milldam Soil • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Depth: Moderately deep to a duripan (30 to 40 inches); very deep to bedrock (more than 60 Wildlife habitat inches) • Some areas of this unit provide critical winter range Drainage class: Well drained for deer. Permeability: Moderately slow • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches available animal-unit-months should be allocated to Potential rooting depth: 30 to 40 inches wildlife. Runoff: Slow Hazard of erosion: Slight Range Site

Typical Profile of the Tenwalter Soil • Milldam—Shrubby Loam 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills) 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly • Tenwalter—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ silt loam 11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay 15 to 27 inches—duripan 27 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay 82—Millerflat loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Properties and Qualities of the Tenwalter Soil Composition Depth: Shallow to a duripan (10 to 20 inches); very Millerflat soil: 85 percent deep to bedrock (more than 60 inches) Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Setting Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Landform: Stream terraces Runoff: Slow Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources Hazard of erosion: Slight with an influence of volcanic ash Elevation: 2,600 to 3,200 feet Contrasting Inclusions Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, common snowberry, golden chinkapin, snowbrush • Wapinitia soils on large mounds ceanothus, and starflower • Kahneeta soils in concave drainageways Climatic factors: Major Uses • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 106 Soil Survey

Typical Profile • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown 0 to 22 inches—very dark brown loam closure should be left in some areas of this soil to 22 to 35 inches—dark brown loam provide escape and thermal cover for deer. 35 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy clay • To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of loam streams, areas of this soil adjacent to perennial Soil Properties and Qualities streams may need to be maintained as buffers. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Drainage class: Moderately well drained Association Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 6 to 10 inches • MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Slow Hazard of erosion: Slight 83—Mowako extremely channery loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Vitrandic Haploxerolls along stream channels Mowako soil: 85 percent Major Uses Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Timber production and wildlife habitat Setting Major Management Limitations Landscape position: South-facing side slopes Timber production Landform: Mountains • Soil compaction, and plant competition Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from sedimentary rock with an Use and Management influence of volcanic ash Timber production Elevation: 1,800 to 4,200 feet • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil junegrass less and helps to maintain productivity. Climatic factors: • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches base rock. • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F • Logging may be restricted during November • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days through April because of soil wetness. • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil Typical Profile compaction hazard because of the texture and the low 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown extremely channery content of rock fragments. loam • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the 9 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely channery loam soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. 27 inches—fractured sedimentary rock • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil compaction. Soil Properties and Qualities • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Drainage class: Well drained reestablishment of trees. Permeability: Moderate Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Runoff: Rapid or very rapid logging, fire, or other disturbance. Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Contrasting Inclusions should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Rock outcrop on shoulders and convex side slopes escape and thermal cover for elk. • Oldsferry soils on nonforested side slopes Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 107

Major Uses moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife to the soil. habitat Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Timber production suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, livestock. seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock competition, and fire damage distribution. • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to Livestock grazing grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. • Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect Wildlife habitat Use and Management • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Timber production closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are provide escape and thermal cover for deer. subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available adequate water bars, or both, are provided. animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. Association • Roads and landings can be protected from erosion by applying mulch or seeding cuts and fills. • PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton) • Because of the steepness of slope, logging systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best suited. 84—Mowako-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and 80 percent slopes hinder yarding. Composition • The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the content of rock Mowako soil: 60 percent fragments. Rock outcrop: 30 percent • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Setting because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make Landscape position: South-facing side slopes planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce Landform: Mountains seedling survival. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • To compensate for the expected high mortality rate, dominantly from sedimentary rock with an plant larger seedlings or a higher number of seedlings. influence of volcanic ash • The seedling mortality rate can be reduced by Elevation: 1,800 to 4,200 feet providing artificial shade for seedlings or by leaving Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, some larger trees to provide shade, or both. Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie • Mulching around seedlings helps to retain moisture junegrass in summer. Climatic factors: • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches during periods of strong winds because of the • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F restricted rooting depth and high content of rock • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days fragments in this soil. Typical Profile of the Mowako Soil • Unless the site is adequately prepared immediately after harvest, competition from undesirable plants can 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown extremely channery prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. loam • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 9 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely channery loam repellency are likely to result from fires that have 27 inches—fractured sedimentary rock 108 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Mowako Soil planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce seedling survival. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Drainage class: Well drained during periods of strong winds because of the Permeability: Moderate restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches fragments in this unit. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Runoff: Very rapid from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Hazard of erosion: Very high reestablishment of trees. Rock Outcrop • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to result from fires that have Type of rock: Sedimentary moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should Contrasting Inclusions be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. • Oldsferry soils on nonforested side slopes Major Uses Livestock grazing • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by habitat livestock. Major Management Limitations • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock distribution. Timber production • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant Wildlife habitat competition, and fire damage • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Livestock grazing closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Use and Management • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Timber production • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or Association adequate water bars, or both, are provided. • PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton) • Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the slope should be evaluated before the soil is 85—Mutton gravelly loam, 12 to 30 disturbed. percent slopes • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Midslope roads require large cuts and fills that remove land from Composition production. • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Mutton soil: 80 percent systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent suited. Setting • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and hinder yarding. Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • The surface layer is subject to a moderate soil Landform: Mountains compaction hazard because of the content of rock Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived fragments. dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the ash soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon because of inadequate moisture in the soil. white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make arnica Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 109

Climatic factors: • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches compaction. • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer degrees F because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Typical Profile reestablishment of trees. 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam Livestock grazing 8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 17 to 44 inches—dark brown very gravelly and compaction and damage plants. extremely gravelly loam 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony silty clay Wildlife habitat loam • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Soil Properties and Qualities logging, fire, or other disturbance. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Drainage class: Well drained in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Permeability: Moderately slow should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches escape and thermal cover for elk. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Runoff: Medium or rapid 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Contrasting Inclusions • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available • Boardflower soils on concave benches and side animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. slopes • Littlefawn soils on convex side slopes Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Uses Association • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton) habitat Major Management Limitations 86—Mutton gravelly loam, 30 to 55 Timber production percent slopes • Equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition Composition Mutton soil: 85 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Soil compaction Setting Use and Management Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Timber production Landform: Mountains • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic accumulating slash on the surface. ash • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon is safer and disturbs the soil less. white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy arnica base rock. Climatic factors: • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches compaction hazard because of the texture. • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the degrees F soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days 110 Soil Survey

Typical Profile • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil compaction. 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash 8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam or brush reduces soil displacement. 17 to 44 inches—dark brown very gravelly and • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer extremely gravelly loam because of inadequate moisture in the soil. 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony silty clay • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition loam from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Drainage class: Well drained distribution. Permeability: Moderately slow • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches compaction and damage plants. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Contrasting Inclusions logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Littlefawn soils on convex side slopes • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres • Eaglespring soils on convex, nonforested side in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure slopes should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. Major Uses • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 habitat percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover Major Management Limitations for deer. • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Timber production animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality, and plant Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant competition Association

Livestock grazing • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton) • Slope and soil compaction Use and Management 87—Mutton-Littlefawn complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes Timber production • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are Composition subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or Mutton soil: 45 percent adequate water bars, or both, are provided. Littlefawn soil: 35 percent • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. Setting • Because of the steepness of slope, logging systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Landscape position: Mutton—north-facing side suited. slopes; Littlefawn—north-facing side slopes • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Landform: Mountains base rock. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil dominantly from tuff and sedimentary rock with an compaction hazard because of the texture. influence of volcanic ash • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Elevation: 2,200 to 3,800 feet soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, Oregon Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 111

white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf operability, soil compaction, soil displacement, arnica seedling mortality, and plant competition Climatic factors: • Littlefawn—windthrow hazard • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Slope and soil compaction Typical Profile of the Mutton Soil Use and Management Timber production 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are loam subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or 8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam adequate water bars, or both, are provided. 17 to 44 inches—dark brown very gravelly and • Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of extremely gravelly loam the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony silty clay slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. loam • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Properties and Qualities of the Mutton Soil systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best suited. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Drainage class: Well drained base rock. Permeability: Moderately slow • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches compaction hazard because of the texture. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Runoff: Rapid or very rapid soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil compaction. Typical Profile of the Littlefawn Soil • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. 0 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 10 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam because of inadequate moisture in the soil. 17 to 22 inches—brown gravelly silty clay loam • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 22 to 32 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay during periods of strong winds because of the 32 inches—sedimentary rock restricted rooting depth of the Littlefawn soil. Properties and Qualities of the Littlefawn Soil • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) reestablishment of trees. Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Slow • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches distribution. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Runoff: Rapid or very rapid compaction and damage plants. Hazard of erosion: High or very high Wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions • Forage for big game animals can be produced for • Fawnspring soils in drainageways 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by • Eaglespring soils on nonforested side slopes logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Major Uses in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife should be left in some areas of this unit to provide habitat escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Major Management Limitations 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Timber production closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • Mutton and Littlefawn—soil erosion, equipment provide escape and thermal cover for deer. 112 Soil Survey

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Contrasting Inclusions animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Eaglespring soils on north-facing, nonforested side Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant slopes Association Major Uses • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton) • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat 88—Mutton-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to Major Management Limitations 80 percent slopes Timber production Composition • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, soil displacement, seedling mortality, and plant Mutton soil: 60 percent competition Rock outcrop: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Livestock grazing Setting • Slope, Rock outcrop, and soil compaction Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Use and Management Landform: Mountains Timber production Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or ash adequate water bars, or both, are provided. Elevation: 1,800 to 3,800 feet • Disturbance of this unit may result in instability of Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, Oregon the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. arnica • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Midslope Climatic factors: roads require large cuts and fills that remove land from • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches production. • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 • Because of the steepness of slope, logging degrees F systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days suited. Typical Profile of the Mutton Soil • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy base rock. 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and loam hinder yarding. 8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam • The surface layer has a severe compaction hazard 17 to 44 inches—dark brown very gravelly and because of the texture. extremely gravelly loam • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony silty clay soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. loam • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Properties and Qualities of the Mutton Soil compaction. • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) or brush reduces soil displacement. Drainage class: Well drained • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Permeability: Moderately slow because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Runoff: Very rapid reestablishment of trees. Hazard of erosion: Very high Livestock grazing Rock Outcrop • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Type of rock: Sedimentary distribution. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 113

• The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Soil Properties and Qualities suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) livestock. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Permeability: Moderately slow compaction and damage plants. Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches for Wildlife habitat water-tolerant plants • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Runoff: Slow 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Hazard of erosion: Slight logging, fire, or other disturbance. Depth to water table: At the surface to 6 inches below • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres the surface in March through June in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Frequency of flooding: Rare should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for elk. Contrasting Inclusions • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least • Kahneeta soils in depressional areas on adjacent 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown outwash plains closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • Millcreek soils in level areas of adjacent outwash provide escape and thermal cover for deer. plains • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Major Uses • Cropland, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Major Management Limitations • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton) • High water table and soil compaction Use and Management 89—Olallie clay loam, 0 to 3 percent Cropland slopes • Most climatically adapted crops can be grown if Composition artificial drainage is provided. • In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum Olallie soil: 80 percent production of most crops. Sprinkler irrigation is a Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent suitable method of applying water. Use of this method Setting permits the even, controlled application of water, reduces runoff, and minimizes the risk of erosion. Landform: Flood plains • The clay loam surface layer is subject to Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources compaction from excessive tillage. Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet • Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue Native plants: Tufted hairgrass, bluegrass, sedges, to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. and rushes Climatic factors: Livestock grazing • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Mean annual temperature—48 to 50 degrees F seasonal wetness. • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Typical Profile compaction and damage plants. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay early 0 to 13 inches—black clay loam growth of forage and shorten the growing season. 13 to 23 inches—very dark brown very gravelly clay loam Wildlife habitat 23 to 44 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly fine • To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of sandy loam streams, areas of this soil adjacent to perennial 44 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly loamy sand streams may need to be maintained as buffers. 114 Soil Survey

• On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available 4 to 18 inches—dark brown very channery and animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. extremely channery loam 18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock Range Site Properties and Qualities of the Venator Soil • Mountain Meadow (Wet Meadow) Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 90—Oldsferry-Venator complex, 30 to 55 Permeability: Moderate percent slopes Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Composition Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Hazard of erosion: High or very high Oldsferry soil: 50 percent Venator soil: 30 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent • Prill soils on foot slopes Setting • Rock outcrop on convex side slopes

Landscape position: Oldsferry—concave, south-facing Major Uses side slopes; Venator—convex, south-facing side • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat slopes Landform: Mountains Major Management Limitations Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Livestock grazing from sedimentary rock • Droughtiness, slope, and aspect Elevation: 1,600 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Use and Management buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope bitterbrush Livestock grazing Climatic factors: • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches depth of the Venator soil limit the choice of species for • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. degrees F • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days distribution and make range seeding with ground equipment impractical. Typical Profile of the Oldsferry Soil • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown extremely channery grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. loam Wildlife habitat 12 to 35 inches—dark brown extremely channery • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available loam animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. 35 inches—fractured sedimentary rock Range Site Properties and Qualities of the Oldsferry Soil Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches 91—Oldsferry-Venator-Rock outcrop Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Composition Hazard of erosion: High or very high Oldsferry soil: 35 percent Typical Profile of the Venator Soil Venator soil: 25 percent 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely Rock outcrop: 25 percent channery loam Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 115

Setting Contrasting Inclusions Landscape position: Oldsferry—concave, south-facing • Prill soils on foot slopes side slopes; Venator—convex, south-facing side • Kaskela soils on foot slopes slopes Major Uses Landform: Mountains Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat from sedimentary rock Elevation: 1,600 to 4,000 feet Major Management Limitations Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Livestock grazing buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope • Droughtiness, Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect bitterbrush Climatic factors: Use and Management • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Livestock grazing • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days depth of the Venator soil limit the choice of species for Typical Profile of the Oldsferry Soil range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown extremely channery suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by loam livestock. 12 to 35 inches—dark brown extremely channery • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock loam distribution and make range seeding with ground 35 inches—fractured sedimentary rock equipment impractical. • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited Properties and Qualities of the Oldsferry Soil to grazing in hot periods during the grazing Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) season. Drainage class: Well drained Wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderate • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Very rapid Range Site Hazard of erosion: Very high • JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure) Typical Profile of the Venator Soil

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely 92—Peahke extremely channery loam, 2 channery loam to 30 percent slopes 4 to 18 inches—dark brown very channery and extremely channery loam Composition 18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock Peahke soil: 85 percent Properties and Qualities of the Venator Soil Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent

Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landscape position: South-facing side slopes Permeability: Moderate Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches dominantly from sedimentary rock with an Runoff: Very rapid influence of volcanic ash Hazard of erosion: Very high Elevation: 4,000 to 4,500 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, greenleaf Rock Outcrop manzanita, snowbrush ceanothus, western Type of rock: Sedimentary fescue, and tailcup lupine 116 Soil Survey

Climatic factors: • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage • Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches during periods of strong winds because of the • Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F restricted rooting depth, high content of rock • Frost-free period—80 to 110 days fragments in the soil, and exposed topography. • If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts, Typical Profile the risk of windthrow may increase. 0 to 4 inches—very dark gray extremely channery • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition loam from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial 4 to 32 inches—dark brown extremely channery loam reestablishment of trees. 32 inches—fractured sedimentary rock • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to result from fires that have Soil Properties and Qualities moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts Drainage class: Well drained to the soil. Permeability: Moderate Livestock grazing Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches • Pond development on this soil generally is Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches impractical because of the risk of seepage. Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Wildlife habitat • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Contrasting Inclusions 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown • Kusu soils on concave side slopes closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Major Uses percent of the available animal-unit-months should be • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife allocated to wildlife. habitat Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Management Limitations Association Timber production • PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE (Mutton) • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant competition, and fire damage 93—Peahke extremely channery loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes Livestock grazing • Seepage Composition Use and Management Peahke soil: 85 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Setting temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the surface. Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Landform: Mountains more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived is safer and disturbs the soil less. dominantly from sedimentary rock with an • The surface layer has a moderate compaction influence of volcanic ash hazard because of the content of rock fragments. Elevation: 4,000 to 4,500 feet • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, greenleaf soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. manzanita, snowbrush ceanothus, western • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer fescue, and tailcup lupine because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Climatic factors: • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make • Mean annual precipitation—20 to 25 inches planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce • Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F seedling survival. • Frost-free period—80 to 110 days Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 117

Typical Profile planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce seedling survival. 0 to 4 inches—very dark gray extremely channery • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage loam during periods of strong winds because of the 4 to 32 inches—dark brown extremely channery loam restricted rooting depth, high content of rock 32 inches—fractured sedimentary rock fragments in the soil, and exposed topography. Soil Properties and Qualities • If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts, the risk of windthrow may increase. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Drainage class: Well drained from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Permeability: Moderate reestablishment of trees. Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches repellency are likely to result from fires that have Runoff: Rapid or very rapid moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should Hazard of erosion: High or very high be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts Contrasting Inclusions to the soil. • Rock outcrop on convex side slopes Livestock grazing • Kusu soils on concave foot slopes • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock distribution. Major Uses Wildlife habitat • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least habitat 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Major Management Limitations closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Timber production • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, percent of the available animal-unit-months should be seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant allocated to wildlife. competition, and fire damage Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Livestock grazing Association • Slope • PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE (Mutton) Use and Management

Timber production 94—Pelton-Willowdale complex, 0 to 3 • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are percent slopes subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or Composition adequate water bars, or both, are provided. • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of Pelton soil: 50 percent the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the Willowdale soil: 40 percent slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Setting systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best suited. Landscape position: Bars and channels • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and Landform: Flood plains hinder yarding. Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources • The surface layer has a moderate compaction Elevation: 1,100 to 1,600 feet hazard because of the content of rock fragments. Native plants: Basin wildrye, bluegrass, slender • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the wheatgrass, and basin big sagebrush soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Climatic factors: • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days 118 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Pelton Soil Use and Management 0 to 4 inches—very dark gray sandy loam Cropland 4 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly • Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping sandy loam unless supplemental irrigation is used. 10 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam • Because of the moderately slow permeability of the 18 to 47 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly sandy subsoil in the Pelton soil, care should be taken to clay loam prevent excessive irrigation rates that may lead to 47 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loamy overland flow. sand • Leaching of applied fertilizers and chemicals and groundwater contamination may occur on the Properties and Qualities of the Pelton Soil Willowdale soil because of the rapid permeability of Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) the substratum. Drainage class: Well drained • The loam surface layer of the Willowdale soil is Permeability: Moderately slow subject to compaction from excessive tillage. Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches • Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. Runoff: Slow Livestock grazing Hazard of erosion: Slight • Pond development generally is impractical because Depth to water table: More than 6 feet of the risk of seepage. Frequency of flooding: Rare • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Typical Profile of the Willowdale Soil compaction and damage plants. 0 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Range Site 24 to 48 inches—very dark brown loam • Loamy Bottom (Moist Bottom) 48 to 60 inches—variegated sand and gravel Properties and Qualities of the Willowdale Soil 95—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam, warm, 0 to 12 percent slopes Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderate Pinhead soil: 85 percent Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Slow Setting Hazard of erosion: Slight Landscape position: Broad benches Depth to water table: More than 6 feet Landform: Mountains Frequency of flooding: Rare Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Contrasting Inclusions dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash Elevation: 3,400 to 5,300 feet • Pelton very stony sandy loam on alluvial fans Native plants: Western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, • Riverwash adjacent to channels Douglas fir, western white pine, common Major Uses beargrass, Pacific rhododendron, and big huckleberry • Cropland and livestock grazing Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches Major Management Limitations • Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F Cropland • Frost-free period—20 to 45 days • Permeability, leaching, groundwater contamination, Typical Profile and soil compaction 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam Livestock grazing 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Seepage and soil compaction gravelly sandy loam Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 119

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely 96—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam, cobbly sandy loam warm, 12 to 30 percent slopes Soil Properties and Qualities Composition Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Pinhead soil: 85 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches Setting Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Slow or medium Landscape position: North-facing side slopes Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Landform: Mountains Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Contrasting Inclusions dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash • Jojo soils on convex benches and gently sloping Elevation: 3,400 to 5,300 feet side slopes Native plants: Western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, • Pinhead very stony sandy loam on convex benches Douglas fir, western white pine, common Major Uses beargrass, Pacific rhododendron, and big huckleberry • Timber production and wildlife habitat Climatic factors: Major Management Limitations • Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches Timber production • Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F • Plant competition • Frost-free period—20 to 45 days Use and Management Typical Profile 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam Timber production 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Conventional methods of harvesting timber gravelly sandy loam generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground 30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil cobbly sandy loam less and helps to maintain productivity. • Logging may be restricted during November Soil Properties and Qualities through April because of soil wetness. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained reestablishment of trees. Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches Wildlife habitat Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Runoff: Medium or rapid to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Contrasting Inclusions in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Jojo soils on convex side slopes should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Piumpsha soils on concave side slopes escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Major Uses 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Timber production and wildlife habitat provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Management Limitations

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Timber production Association • Equipment operability, soil displacement, and plant • TSHE/RHMA, TSHE/XETE, and ABAM/XETE competition 120 Soil Survey

Use and Management Typical Profile Timber production 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally gravelly sandy loam is safer and disturbs the soil less. 30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Logging may be restricted during November cobbly sandy loam through April because of soil wetness. Soil Properties and Qualities • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Permeability: Moderately rapid reestablishment of trees. Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Wildlife habitat Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Hazard of erosion: High or very high to 10 years after the canopy has been opened by Contrasting Inclusions logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres • Jojo soils on convex side slopes in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Rock outcrop on shoulders should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Major Uses escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least • Timber production and wildlife habitat 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Major Management Limitations closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Timber production • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant displacement, and plant competition Association Use and Management • TSHE-XETE and TSHE-RHMA Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and 97—Pinhead very gravelly sandy loam, temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or warm, 30 to 65 percent slopes accumulating slash on the surface. • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Composition systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best suited. Pinhead soil: 85 percent • Logging may be restricted during November Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent through April because of soil wetness. Setting • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Landform: Mountains from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived reestablishment of trees. dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash Elevation: 3,400 to 5,300 feet Wildlife habitat Native plants: Western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Douglas fir, western white pine, common to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, beargrass, Pacific rhododendron, and big or other disturbance. huckleberry • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Climatic factors: in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches should be left in some areas of this soil to provide • Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F escape and thermal cover for elk. • Frost-free period—20 to 45 days • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 121

2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Major Uses closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Timber production and wildlife habitat provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Management Limitations Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Timber production • TSHE/XETE and TSHE/RHMA • Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality, plant competition, and fire damage

98—Pinhead very stony sandy loam, Use and Management warm, 12 to 30 percent slopes Timber production • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Composition more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Pinhead soil: 85 percent is safer and disturbs the soil less. Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use Setting of equipment. Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • Logging may be restricted during November Landform: Mountains through April because of soil wetness. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash or brush reduces soil displacement. Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Native plants: Pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock, because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Douglas fir, western white pine, common • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make beargrass, and big huckleberry. planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce Climatic factors: seedling survival. • Mean annual precipitation—70 to 100 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition • Mean annual air temperature—36 to 38 from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial degrees F reestablishment of trees. • Frost-free period—20 to 45 days • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Typical Profile fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very stony sandy designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to loam the soil. 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Wildlife habitat gravelly sandy loam • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, cobbly sandy loam or other disturbance. Soil Properties and Qualities • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained escape and thermal cover for elk. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Runoff: Medium or rapid provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Contrasting Inclusions Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association • Jojo soils on convex side slopes • Rock outcrop on shoulders • ABAM/XETE 122 Soil Survey

99—Pinhead-Jojo complex, 0 to 12 Runoff: Slow or medium percent slopes Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions Composition Pinhead soil: 50 percent • Piumpsha soils on concave benches Jojo soil: 35 percent • Rock outcrop on shoulders Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Major Uses Setting • Timber production and wildlife habitat Landscape position: Pinhead—level and concave Major Management Limitations benches; Jojo—convex benches and shoulders on ridgetops Timber production Landform: Mountains • Pinhead and Jojo—windthrow hazard and plant Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived competition dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and • Jojo—equipment operability, seedling mortality, and volcanic ash fire damage Elevation: 4,200 to 6,400 feet Use and Management Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, western white pine, subalpine fir, big huckleberry, Timber production common beargrass, and grouse blueberry • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Climatic factors: generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F less and helps to maintain productivity. • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days • Stones or boulders on the surface of the Jojo soil can interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations Typical Profile of the Pinhead Soil involving the use of equipment. 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam • Logging may be restricted during November 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely through April because of soil wetness. gravelly sandy loam • Cold winds and frost heaving may increase 30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely seedling mortality. cobbly sandy loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer on the Jojo soil because of inadequate moisture in the Properties and Qualities of the Pinhead Soil soil. • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Jojo soil Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained reduce seedling survival. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches damage during periods of strong winds because of the Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches restricted rooting depth, high content of rock Runoff: Slow or medium fragments, and exposed topography. Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts, Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil the risk of windthrow may increase. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly and reestablishment of trees. extremely gravelly sandy loam and loamy sand • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to the Jojo soil. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately rapid • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches or other disturbance. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 123

• Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam should be left in some areas of this unit to provide 7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly and escape and thermal cover for elk. extremely gravelly sandy loam and loamy sand • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Association Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches • TSME/XETE, TSME-PICO/ARNE, TSME-PICO/ Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches VASC, and TSME-PICO-ALBA2 Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high 100—Pinhead-Jojo complex, 12 to 30 Contrasting Inclusions percent slopes • Piumpsha soils on concave side slopes Composition Major Uses Pinhead soil: 60 percent • Timber production and wildlife habitat Jojo soil: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Major Management Limitations Setting Timber production • Pinhead and Jojo—equipment operability, soil Landscape position: Pinhead—concave side slopes displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and foot slopes; Jojo—convex side slopes and plant competition Landform: Mountains • Jojo—fire damage Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and Use and Management volcanic ash Timber production Elevation: 4,200 to 6,400 feet • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally western white pine, subalpine fir, big huckleberry, is safer and disturbs the soil less. common beargrass, and grouse blueberry • Stones or boulders on the surface of the Jojo soil Climatic factors: can interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches involving the use of equipment. • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F • Logging may be restricted during November • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days through April because of soil wetness. Typical Profile of the Pinhead Soil • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. 0 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam • Cold winds and frost heaving may increase 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely seedling mortality. gravelly sandy loam • The seedling mortality rate on the Jojo soil may be 30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the cobbly sandy loam soil. • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Jojo soil Properties and Qualities of the Pinhead Soil make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) reduce seedling survival. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow Permeability: Moderately rapid damage during periods of strong winds because of the Available water capacity: 3 to 6 inches restricted rooting depth, high content of rock Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches fragments, and exposed topography. Runoff: Medium or rapid • If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts, Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high the risk of windthrow may increase. 124 Soil Survey

• Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial stony sandy loam reestablishment of trees. 51 inches—fractured andesite • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Soil Properties and Qualities repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained the Jojo soil. Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches Wildlife habitat Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Runoff: Medium or rapid to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Contrasting Inclusions in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide • Simnasho soils on convex side slopes escape and thermal cover for elk. Major Uses • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 • Timber production and wildlife habitat percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover Major Management Limitations for deer. Timber production • Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant mortality, and plant competition Association • TSME/XETE, TSME-PICO/ARNE, TSME-PICO/ Use and Management VASC, and TSME-PICO-ALBA2 Timber production • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or 101—Pipp very cobbly sandy loam, 12 to accumulating slash on the surface. 30 percent slopes • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Composition is safer and disturbs the soil less. Pipp soil: 90 percent • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent or brush reduces soil displacement. • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Setting because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Landform: Mountains from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived reestablishment of trees. dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash Wildlife habitat Elevation: 2,800 to 3,800 feet • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, logging, fire, or other disturbance. golden chinkapin, and starflower • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least Climatic factors: 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches crown closure should be left in some areas of • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for degrees F elk. • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 Typical Profile percent crown closure should be left in some 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very cobbly sandy areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover loam for deer. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 125

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Management Limitations Association Timber production • MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/ • Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil CEVE displacement, seedling mortality, and plant competition Use and Management 102—Pipp very cobbly sandy loam, 30 to Timber production 65 percent slopes • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or Composition adequate water bars, or both, are provided. • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of Pipp soil: 80 percent the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Setting systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Landscape position: North-facing side slopes suited. Landform: Mountains • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived or brush reduces soil displacement. dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Elevation: 2,800 to 3,800 feet because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial golden chinkapin, and starflower reestablishment of trees. Climatic factors: Wildlife habitat • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches • Forage for big game animals can be produced for • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by degrees F logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Typical Profile should be left in some areas of this soil to provide 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very cobbly sandy escape and thermal cover for elk. loam • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at 12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent stony sandy loam crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil 51 inches—fractured andesite to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Soil Properties and Qualities Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/ Permeability: Moderately rapid CEVE Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid 103—Pipp very stony sandy loam, 12 to Hazard of erosion: High or very high 30 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions Composition

• Simnasho soils on convex side slopes Pipp soil: 90 percent • Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent slopes Setting Major Uses Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • Timber production and wildlife habitat Landform: Mountains 126 Soil Survey

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Elevation: 2,600 to 5,000 feet • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, reestablishment of trees. golden chinkapin, and starflower • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Climatic factors: repellency may result from fires that have moderate • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days the soil. Typical Profile Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony sandy 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by loam logging, fire, or other disturbance. 12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres stony sandy loam in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure 51 inches—fractured andesite should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Soil Properties and Qualities escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Permeability: Moderately rapid provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Runoff: Medium or rapid Association Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high • MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/ Contrasting Inclusions CEVE • Simnasho soils on convex side slopes Major Uses 104—Pipp very stony sandy loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes • Timber production and wildlife habitat Composition Major Management Limitations Pipp soil: 80 percent Timber production Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent • Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling Setting mortality, plant competition, and fire damage Landscape position: South-facing side slopes Use and Management Landform: Mountains Timber production Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Elevation: 2,600 to 5,000 feet accumulating slash on the surface. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally golden chinkapin, and starflower is safer and disturbs the soil less. Climatic factors: • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 of equipment. degrees F • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days or brush reduces soil displacement. Typical Profile • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony sandy seedling survival. loam Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 127

12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should sandy loam be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts 51 inches—fractured andesite to the soil. Soil Properties and Qualities Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained logging, fire, or other disturbance. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Runoff: Rapid or very rapid escape and thermal cover for elk. Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Contrasting Inclusions 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to • Simnasho soils on convex side slopes provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes Major Uses Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association • Timber production and wildlife habitat • MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/ Major Management Limitations CEVE Timber production • Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling mortality, plant competition, 105—Pipp very stony sandy loam, low and fire damage precipitation, 12 to 30 percent slopes Use and Management Composition Pipp soil: 90 percent Timber production Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or Setting adequate water bars, or both, are provided. Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of Landform: Mountains the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Elevation: 2,200 to 3,600 feet systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, antelope suited. bitterbrush, snowbrush ceanothus, and Idaho • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with fescue felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use Climatic factors: of equipment. • Mean annual precipitation—25 to 30 inches • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and • Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F hinder yarding. • Frost-free period—70 to 100 days • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Typical Profile • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony sandy seedling survival. loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely because of inadequate moisture in the soil. stony sandy loam • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 51 inches—fractured andesite from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Soil Properties and Qualities reestablishment of trees. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) repellency are likely to result from fires that have Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 128 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderately rapid should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches escape and thermal cover for elk. Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at Runoff: Medium or rapid least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Contrasting Inclusions • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available • Simnasho soils on convex side slopes animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Major Uses Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife Association habitat • PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE Major Management Limitations Timber production 106—Pipp very stony sandy loam, low • Equipment operability, soil displacement, seedling precipitation, 30 to 65 percent slopes mortality, plant competition, and fire damage Composition Livestock grazing Pipp soil: 80 percent • None Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent Use and Management Setting Landscape position: South-facing side slopes Timber production Landform: Mountains • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash accumulating slash on the surface. Elevation: 2,200 to 3,600 feet • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, antelope more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally bitterbrush, snowbrush ceanothus, and Idaho is safer and disturbs the soil less. fescue • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with Climatic factors: felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use • Mean annual precipitation—25 to 30 inches of equipment. • Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash • Frost-free period—70 to 100 days or brush reduces soil displacement. • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make Typical Profile planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony sandy seedling survival. loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 12 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely because of inadequate moisture in the soil. stony sandy loam • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 51 inches—fractured andesite from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Soil Properties and Qualities • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) repellency may result from fires that have moderate Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Permeability: Moderately rapid designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Available water capacity: 4 to 7 inches the soil. Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Contrasting Inclusions logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres • Simnasho soils on convex side slopes in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure • Rock outcrop on shoulders and upper side slopes Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 129

Major Uses 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres habitat in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Major Management Limitations escape and thermal cover for elk. Timber production • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, and trees at • Erosion hazard, equipment operability, soil least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent displacement, seedling mortality, plant competition, closure should be left in some areas of this soil to and fire damage provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Livestock grazing animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Rock outcrop and slope Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Use and Management Association Timber production • PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks are subject to rilling and gullying unless plant cover or adequate water bars, or both, are provided. 107—Piumpsha-Jojo complex, 2 to 30 • Disturbance of this soil may result in instability of percent slopes the slope. The factors that affect the stability of the Composition slope should be evaluated before the soil is disturbed. • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Piumpsha soil: 60 percent systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best Jojo soil: 30 percent suited. Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Stones or boulders on the surface can interfere with Setting felling, yarding, and other operations involving the use of equipment. Landscape position: Piumpsha—benches and • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and concave side slopes; Jojo—shoulders and convex hinder yarding. side slopes • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Landform: Mountains or brush reduces soil displacement. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Large amounts of rock fragments in the soil make dominantly from andesite, pyroclastic ashflow, and planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce volcanic ash seedling survival. Elevation: 4,200 to 6,400 feet • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Native plants: Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, because of inadequate moisture in the soil. western white pine, subalpine fir, big huckleberry, • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition common beargrass, and grouse blueberry from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Climatic factors: reestablishment of trees. • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F repellency are likely to result from fires that have • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should Typical Profile of the Piumpsha Soil be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. 0 to 8 inches—very dark brown gravelly sandy loam 8 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy Livestock grazing loam • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas 27 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by livestock. Properties and Qualities of the Piumpsha Soil • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) distribution. Drainage class: Well drained Wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderate • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches 130 Soil Survey

Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Runoff: Slow to rapid or brush reduces soil displacement. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • Cold winds and frost heaving may increase seedling mortality. Typical Profile of the Jojo Soil • The seedling mortality rate on the Jojo soil may be 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the 7 to 32 inches—reddish brown very gravelly sandy soil. loam • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Jojo soil 32 inches—pyroclastic ashflow make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce seedling survival. Properties and Qualities of the Jojo Soil • Trees are subject to moderate or severe windthrow Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) damage during periods of strong winds because of Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained restricted rooting depth, high content of rock Permeability: Moderately rapid fragments, and exposed topography. Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches • If stands of timber are opened by shelterwood cuts, Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches the risk of windthrow may increase. Runoff: Slow to rapid • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Hazard of erosion: Slight to high repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Contrasting Inclusions designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to • Pinhead soils on concave side slopes and foot the Jojo soil. slopes Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Major Uses to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, • Timber production and wildlife habitat or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Major Management Limitations in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide Timber production escape and thermal cover for elk. • Piumpsha and Jojo—equipment operability, soil • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at displacement, seedling mortality, and windthrow least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 hazard percent crown closure should be left in some • Jojo—fire damage areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover • Piumpsha—soil compaction for deer. Use and Management Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Timber production Association • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the • TSME-PICO-ABLA2 and TSME-PICO/ARNE more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy 108—Prill gravelly silty clay loam, 30 to 55 base rock. percent slopes • Stones or boulders on the surface of the Jojo soil can interfere with felling, yarding, and other operations Composition involving the use of equipment. • Logging may be restricted during November Prill soil: 85 percent through April because of soil wetness. Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • The surface layer of the Piumpsha soil is subject to Setting a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the texture. Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Landform: Foothills soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil from tuff compaction. Elevation: 2,400 to 3,800 feet Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 131

Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, 109—Prill-Kaskela complex, 2 to 30 bluebunch wheatgrass, Oregon white oak, and percent slopes western juniper Composition Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Prill soil: 60 percent • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 Kaskela soil: 30 percent degrees F Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Setting Typical Profile Landscape position: Prill—convex, north-facing side 0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam slopes; Kaskela—concave, north-facing side 6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay slopes 28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay Landform: Foothills 35 inches—tuff Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from sedimentary rock and tuff Soil Properties and Qualities Elevation: 2,400 to 3,800 feet Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Drainage class: Well drained bluebunch wheatgrass, Oregon white oak, and Permeability: Slow western juniper Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches Climatic factors: Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Prill Soil • Kaskela soils on concave side slopes 0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam • Rock outcrop on convex side slopes and shoulders 6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay 28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay Major Uses 35 inches—tuff • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Properties and Qualities of the Prill Soil Major Management Limitations Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Slow • Slope, Rock outcrop, and soil compaction Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches Use and Management Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Slow to rapid Livestock grazing Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Typical Profile of the Kaskela Soil distribution and make range seeding with ground equipment impractical. 0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas 4 to 31 inches—dark reddish brown clay suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by 31 to 42 inches—reddish brown clay loam livestock. 42 inches—sedimentary rock • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Properties and Qualities of the Kaskela Soil Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Permeability: Slow animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches Range Site Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Slow to rapid • Juniper-Oak Clayey Hazard of erosion: Slight to high 132 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Prill Soil • Fawnspring soils on concave, forested side slopes 0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam 6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay Major Uses 28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay 35 inches—tuff • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Properties and Qualities of the Prill Soil Major Management Limitations Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained • Shrink-swell potential and soil compaction Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches Use and Management Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Slow to rapid Livestock grazing Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • If this unit is seeded, use plants that tolerate the high shrink-swell potential. Typical Profile of the Kaskela Soil • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay compaction and damage plants. 4 to 31 inches—dark reddish brown clay Wildlife habitat 31 to 42 inches—reddish brown clay loam • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available 42 inches—sedimentary rock animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Properties and Qualities of the Kaskela Soil Range Site Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained • Juniper-Oak Clayey Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches 110—Prill-Kaskela-Rock outcrop complex, Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches 2 to 30 percent slopes Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Composition Rock Outcrop Prill soil: 40 percent Type of rock: Sedimentary Kaskela soil: 25 percent Contrasting Inclusions Rock outcrop: 25 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Kishwalk soils on convex side slopes Setting Major Uses Landscape position: Prill—convex, south-facing side • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat slopes; Kaskela—concave, south-facing side Major Management Limitations slopes Landform: Foothills Livestock grazing Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Shrink-swell potential, droughtiness, Rock outcrop, from sedimentary rock and tuff and soil compaction Elevation: 2,400 to 4,200 feet Use and Management Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, western juniper, and Livestock grazing ponderosa pine • If this unit is seeded, use plants that tolerate the Climatic factors: high shrink-swell potential. • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 133

be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in Rock Outcrop which they occur with the less favorable areas. Type of rock: Sedimentary • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Contrasting Inclusions livestock. • Kishwalk soils on convex side slopes • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Major Uses Wildlife habitat • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Major Management Limitations animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Livestock grazing Range Site • Droughtiness, slope, Rock outcrop, and soil • JD Shrubby Mountain South 12-16 PZ (Shrubby compaction South Exposure) Use and Management Livestock grazing 111—Prill-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 55 • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of percent slopes species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock Composition distribution and make range seeding with ground equipment impractical. Prill soil: 60 percent • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Rock outcrop: 30 percent suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent livestock. Setting • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Landscape position: South-facing side slopes Wildlife habitat Landform: Foothills • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. from tuff Elevation: 2,400 to 4,200 feet Range Site Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, western juniper, and • JD Shrubby Mountain South 12-16 PZ (Shrubby ponderosa pine South Exposure) Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches 112—Racing sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F slopes • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Composition Racing soil: 90 percent Typical Profile of the Prill Soil Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent 0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam Setting 6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay 28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay Landscape position: Drainageways 35 inches—tuff Landform: Mountain basins Parent material: Mixed ash and alluvium derived from Properties and Qualities of the Prill Soil mixed sources Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet Drainage class: Well drained Native plants: Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, Permeability: Slow sedges, and rushes Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches Climatic factors: Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 degrees F Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days 134 Soil Survey

Typical Profile • Cold winds and freezing of the surface layer increase seedling mortality. 0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam • Trees are subject to severe windthrow damage 7 to 11 inches—black muck during periods of strong winds because the rooting 11 to 22 inches—dark gray silt loam depth is restricted by the high water table. 22 to 41 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly clay • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition loam from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 41 to 51 inches—grayish brown extremely gravelly reestablishment of trees. sand 51 to 60 inches—grayish brown very gravelly sandy Wildlife habitat loam • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 8 Soil Properties and Qualities to 10 years after the canopy is opened by logging, fire, or other disturbance. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Drainage class: Poorly drained in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Permeability: Very slow should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Available water capacity: 6 to 10 inches escape and thermal cover for elk. Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of Runoff: Slow streams, areas of this soil adjacent to perennial Hazard of erosion: Slight streams and bogs need to be maintained as buffers. Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to 12 inches below the surface in April through June Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Frequency of flooding: None Association Contrasting Inclusions • PIEN-PICO/CAREX-JUNCU • Mariel soils in nonforested areas Major Uses 113—Rockly extremely gravelly silt loam, 2 to 20 percent slopes • Timber production and wildlife habitat Major Management Limitations Composition Timber production Rockly soil: 90 percent • Equipment operability, soil compaction, soil Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and plant competition Setting Use and Management Landscape position: Scablands Landform: Mesas Timber production Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an • The seasonal high water table restricts the use of influence of loess in the upper part equipment to midsummer when the soil is dry. Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Native plants: Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Climatic factors: less and helps to maintain productivity. • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F base rock. • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • This soil is subject to a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the texture and the high water Typical Profile table. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash gravelly silt loam or brush reduces soil displacement. 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil extremely cobbly silty clay loam compaction. 9 inches—basalt Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 135

Soil Properties and Qualities squirreltail; Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches) bitterbrush, and western juniper Drainage class: Well drained Climatic factors: Permeability: Moderately slow • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony silt • Bodell soils on side slopes loam 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and Major Uses extremely cobbly silty clay loam • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat 9 inches—basalt

Major Management Limitations Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil Livestock grazing • Depth to bedrock and droughtiness Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Use and Management Permeability: Moderately slow Livestock grazing Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches • Pond development on this soil generally is Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches impractical because of the limited soil depth. Runoff: Slow or medium • Shallow rooting depth limits the choice of species Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties.

Wildlife habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Range Site • Very Shallow 14-18 PZ

114—Rockly-Watama complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes Composition Rockly soil: 60 percent Watama soil: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Setting Figure 15.—Typical area of Rockly-Watama complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes. This landscape is an example of Landscape position: Rockly—scablands of patterned patterned ground, locally referred to as "biscuit ground; Watama—mounds of patterned ground scabland." (fig. 15) Landform: Mesas Typical Profile of the Watama Soil Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet 11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Native plants: Rockly—Sandberg bluegrass, 21 to 37 inches—dark brown silty clay loam buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and 37 inches—basalt 136 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil Setting Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Landscape position: Side slopes Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Canyons and mountains Permeability: Moderately slow Parent material: Basalt and andesite Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches Elevation: 1,400 to 5,000 feet Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Native plants: Scattered conifers and hardwoods, Runoff: Slow or medium shrubs, forbs, and grasses Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 110 inches Contrasting Inclusions • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 52 degrees F • Frost-free period—10 to 160 days • Wapinitia soils on large mounds Contrasting Inclusions Major Uses • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Ruckles and Waterbury soils at the lower elevations • Jojo and Piumpsha soils at the higher elevations Major Management Limitations Major Uses Livestock grazing • Wildlife habitat, rock quarries, and recreational rock • Rockly—depth to bedrock, droughtiness, and climbing surface stones • Rockly and Watama—soil compaction Use and Management 116—Ruckles-Rock outcrop complex, 55 Livestock grazing to 80 percent slopes • Pond development on the Rockly soil generally is Composition impractical because of the limited soil depth. • Shallow rooting depth of the Rockly soil limits the Ruckles soil: 60 percent choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Rock outcrop: 25 percent varieties. Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Range seeding with ground equipment is Setting impractical because of the stones on the surface of the Rockly soil. Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit is Landform: Canyons difficult or impractical because of the pattern in which Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived they occur with the less favorable areas. from basalt and tuff • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet compaction and damage plants. Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, western juniper, Wildlife habitat and antelope bitterbrush • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Climatic factors: percent of the available animal-unit-months should be • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches allocated to wildlife. • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Range Site Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil • Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ • Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills) 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam 4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay loam 115—Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay 30 to 80 percent slopes 18 inches—tuff Composition Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil Rubble land: 55 percent Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Rock outcrop: 30 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions: 15 Permeability: Slow Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 137

Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Landform: Canyons Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Parent material: Ruckles—residuum and colluvium Runoff: Very rapid derived from basalt and tuff; Simas—residuum Hazard of erosion: Very high and colluvium derived from sedimentary rock with an influence of loess Rock Outcrop Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet Type of rock: Basalt Native plants: Ruckles—bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, big sagebrush, and western juniper; Contrasting Inclusions Simas—bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, big sagebrush, and Sandberg bluegrass • Ruclick soils on concave side slopes Climatic factors: • Day soils on foot slopes • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Major Uses • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Livestock grazing Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil Major Management Limitations 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt loam Livestock grazing 4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay • Depth to bedrock, droughtiness, surface cobbles, loam slope, and aspect 8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay 18 inches—tuff Use and Management Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil Livestock grazing Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) • Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth Drainage class: Well drained limit the choice of species for range seeding to Permeability: Slow drought-tolerant varieties. Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches • Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches adversely affect livestock distribution and make range Runoff: Rapid or very rapid seeding with ground equipment impractical. Hazard of erosion: High or very high • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Typical Profile of the Simas Soil livestock. 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to 9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Range Site Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil • Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Exposure) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches 117—Ruckles-Simas complex, 40 to 80 Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches percent slopes Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Composition Hazard of erosion: High or very high Ruckles soil: 40 percent Contrasting Inclusions Simas soil: 35 percent Contrasting inclusions: 25 percent • Ruclick soils on concave side slopes • Day soils on foot slopes Setting • Rock outcrop on upper, convex side slopes Landscape position: Ruckles—convex, north-facing Major Uses side slopes; Simas—concave, north-facing side slopes • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat 138 Soil Survey

Major Management Limitations • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Livestock grazing • Ruckles and Simas—droughtiness and slope Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil • Ruckles—surface cobbles and depth to bedrock 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • Simas—soil compaction 4 to 18 inches—very dark brown very stony clay 18 inches—tuff Use and Management Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil Livestock grazing • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for Drainage class: Well drained range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Permeability: Slow • Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface may Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches adversely affect livestock distribution and make range Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches seeding with ground equipment impractical. Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Grazing on the Simas soil during wet periods can Hazard of erosion: High or very high cause soil compaction and damage plants. Typical Profile of the Simas Soil Wildlife habitat 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available 9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Range Site Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil • Ruckles—Shallow North 10-12 PZ Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Simas—Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North Drainage class: Well drained Exposure) Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches 118—Ruckles-Simas-Rock outcrop Runoff: Rapid or very rapid complex, 40 to 80 percent slopes Hazard of erosion: High or very high Composition Rock Outcrop Ruckles soil: 40 percent Type of rock: Basalt Simas soil: 25 percent Rock outcrop: 25 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Setting Landscape position: Ruckles—convex, south-facing side slopes; Simas—concave, south-facing side slopes Landform: Canyons (fig. 16) Parent material: Ruckles—residuum and colluvium derived from basalt and tuff; Simas—residuum and colluvium derived from sedimentary rock with an influence of loess Elevation: 1,200 to 2,600 feet Native plants: Ruckles—bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper; Simas—bluebunch wheatgrass, big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper Climatic factors: Figure 16.—Area of Ruckles-Simas-Rock outcrop complex, 40 • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches to 80 percent slopes, along the Deschutes River. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 139

Contrasting Inclusions Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch • Ruclick soils on concave side slopes wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: Major Uses • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Major Management Limitations Typical Profile of the Ruclick Soil Livestock grazing 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • Ruckles and Simas—droughtiness, surface stones, 4 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly Rock outcrop, slope, and aspect silty clay loam • Ruckles—depth to bedrock 14 to 37 inches—dark brown very cobbly and Use and Management extremely cobbly clay 37 inches—basalt Livestock grazing • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting Properties and Qualities of the Ruclick Soil depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Drainage class: Well drained • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Permeability: Slow suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches livestock. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Steep slopes and stones on the surface may Runoff: Medium or rapid adversely affect livestock distribution and make range Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high seeding with ground equipment impractical. • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam 4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay Wildlife habitat loam • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available 8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. 18 inches—tuff Range Site Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil • Ruckles—Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) South Exposure) Drainage class: Well drained • Simas—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure) Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches 119—Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 12 to 30 Runoff: Medium or rapid percent slopes Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Composition Contrasting Inclusions Ruclick soil: 50 percent • Simas soils on foot slopes Ruckles soil: 30 percent • Rock outcrop on shoulders Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent Major Uses Setting • Livestock grazing Landscape position: Ruclick—concave, south-facing Major Management Limitations side slopes; Ruckles—convex, south-facing side slopes Livestock grazing Landform: Canyons • Ruclick and Ruckles—droughtiness, surface stones Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived and cobbles, and Rock outcrop from basalt and tuff • Ruckles—depth to bedrock 140 Soil Survey

Use and Management Properties and Qualities of the Ruclick Soil Livestock grazing Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting Drainage class: Well drained depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for Permeability: Slow range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches • Range seeding with ground equipment is Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches impractical because of the stones and cobbles on the Runoff: Rapid or very rapid surface. Hazard of erosion: High or very high • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil livestock. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly loam 4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay Range Site loam 8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay • Ruclick—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure) 18 inches—tuff • Ruckles—Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty South Exposure) Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 120—Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 30 to 55 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Composition Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Ruclick soil: 50 percent Hazard of erosion: High or very high Ruckles soil: 40 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Simas soils on foot slopes Landscape position: Ruclick—concave, south-facing Major Uses side slopes; Ruckles—convex, south-facing side slopes • Livestock grazing Landform: Canyons Major Management Limitations Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from basalt and tuff Livestock grazing Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet • Ruclick and Ruckles—droughtiness, surface stones Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch and cobbles, slope, and aspect wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass • Ruckles—depth to bedrock Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Use and Management • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for Typical Profile of the Ruclick Soil range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • Steep slopes and stones and cobbles on the 4 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly surface may adversely affect livestock distribution and silty clay loam make range seeding with ground equipment 14 to 37 inches—dark brown very cobbly and impractical. extremely cobbly clay • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to 37 inches—basalt grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 141

Range Site Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow • Ruclick—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure) Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches • Ruckles—Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches South Exposure) Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high 121—Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 12 to 30 Contrasting Inclusions percent slopes • Waterbury soils on shoulders and convex side Composition slopes • Loamy soils on concave foot slopes Sagley soil: 50 percent Kishwalk soil: 30 percent Major Uses Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Setting Major Management Limitations Landscape position: Sagley—concave, north-facing side slopes; Kishwalk—convex, north-facing side Livestock grazing slopes • Sagley and Kishwalk—soil compaction Landform: Canyons • Kishwalk—surface cobbles Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Use and Management dominantly from basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part Livestock grazing Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet • Range seeding with ground equipment is Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, impractical on the Kishwalk soil because of the Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and milkvetch cobbles on the surface. Climatic factors: • Seeding the more favorable areas of this • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches unit may be difficult or impractical because of the • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F pattern in which they occur with the less favorable • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days areas. • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Typical Profile of the Sagley Soil compaction and damage plants. 0 to 18 inches—black silt loam 18 to 50 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly Wildlife habitat clay loam • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available 50 inches—basalt animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Properties and Qualities of the Sagley Soil Range Site Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches 122—Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 30 to 55 Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches percent slopes Runoff: Medium or rapid Composition Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Sagley soil: 50 percent Typical Profile of the Kishwalk Soil Kishwalk soil: 40 percent 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt loam Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent 14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony and extremely stony clay loam Setting 31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay Landscape position: Sagley—concave, north-facing 38 inches—basalt side slopes; Kishwalk—convex, north-facing side slopes Properties and Qualities of the Kishwalk Soil Landform: Canyons Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived 142 Soil Survey

dominantly from basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, and milkvetch Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Typical Profile of the Sagley Soil 0 to 18 inches—black silt loam 18 to 50 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly clay loam 50 inches—basalt Properties and Qualities of the Sagley Soil

Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Figure 17.—Canyon along the Warm Springs River that is used Drainage class: Well drained for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Sagley- Permeability: Moderately slow Kishwalk complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes, in Available water capacity: 4 to 8 inches foreground, and Waterbury-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches 80 percent slopes, on canyon walls in background. Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Hazard of erosion: High or very high Use and Management Typical Profile of the Kishwalk Soil Livestock grazing • Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface of the 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt Kishwalk soil may adversely affect livestock loam distribution and make range seeding with ground 14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony equipment impractical. and extremely stony clay loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay compaction and damage plants. 38 inches—basalt Wildlife habitat Properties and Qualities of the Kishwalk Soil • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Range Site Available water capacity: 2 to 4 inches • Sagley—JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Kishwalk—JD North 12-16 PZ (North Exposure) Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Hazard of erosion: High or very high Contrasting Inclusions 123—Shiva fine sandy loam, 0 to 12 percent slopes • Kaskela soils on foot slopes Composition Major Uses Shiva soil: 90 percent • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Major Management Limitations Setting

Livestock grazing Landscape position: Slightly convex ridgetops • Sagley and Kishwalk—slope and soil compaction Landform: Canyons (fig. 17) Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Kishwalk—surface cobbles dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 143

Elevation: 2,200 to 2,800 feet 124—Shiva fine sandy loam, 12 to 30 Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, percent slopes buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper Composition Climatic factors: Shiva soil: 90 percent • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Setting Typical Profile Landscape position: North-facing side slopes 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam Landform: Canyons 4 to 18 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived 18 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice 44 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly fine sandy loam Elevation: 2,200 to 2,800 feet Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Soil Properties and Qualities antelope bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and western juniper Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Climatic factors: Drainage class: Well drained • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Permeability: Moderate • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Slow or medium Typical Profile Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 4 to 18 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam 18 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam • Soils that are moderately deep to bedrock and are 44 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly fine sandy loam on convex shoulders Soil Properties and Qualities Major Uses Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Limitations Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Seepage Runoff: Medium or rapid Use and Management Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Livestock grazing Contrasting Inclusions • Pond development on this soil generally is impractical because of the risk of seepage. • Moderately deep, ashy soils on convex side slopes Wildlife habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Major Uses percent of the available animal-unit-months should be • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat allocated to wildlife. Major Management Limitations Range Site Livestock grazing • Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills) • None 144 Soil Survey

Use and Management Major Management Limitations Livestock grazing Wildlife habitat • Slope • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Use and Management allocated to wildlife. Livestock grazing Range Site • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock distribution and make range seeding with ground • Sandy North 9-12 PZ (Sandy North Exposure) equipment impractical. Wildlife habitat 125—Shiva fine sandy loam, 30 to 55 • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 percent slopes percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Composition Shiva soil: 90 percent Range Site Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Sandy North 9-12 PZ (Sandy North Exposure) Setting Landscape position: North-facing side slopes 126—Simas-Antoken complex, 2 to 30 Landform: Canyons percent slopes Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice Composition Elevation: 2,200 to 2,800 feet Simas soil: 50 percent Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Antoken soil: 40 percent antelope bitterbrush, big sagebrush, and western Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent juniper Climatic factors: Setting • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Landscape position: North-facing side slopes • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Landform: Canyons and foothills • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Parent material: Simas—residuum and colluvium Typical Profile derived from sedimentary rock with an influence of loess; Antoken—residuum and colluvium 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam derived from basalt with an influence of loess 4 to 18 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet 18 to 44 inches—dark brown gravelly fine sandy loam Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, 44 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly fine sandy loam Sandberg bluegrass, and big sagebrush Soil Properties and Qualities Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches Typical Profile of the Simas Soil Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam Hazard of erosion: High or very high 9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Contrasting Inclusions Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil • Moderately deep, ashy soils on convex side slopes Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Uses Drainage class: Well drained • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Permeability: Slow Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 145

Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches Range Site Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North Runoff: Medium or rapid Exposure) Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Typical Profile of the Antoken Soil 127—Simas-Ruckles-Antoken complex, 2 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely to 40 percent slopes cobbly silt loam Composition 6 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly silty clay loam Simas soil: 40 percent 10 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay and silty Ruckles soil: 25 percent clay Antoken soil: 25 percent 30 to 60 inches—light brown extremely cobbly loam Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent and extremely stony sandy loam Properties and Qualities of the Antoken Soil Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Contrasting Inclusions • Day soils on concave foot slopes Major Uses • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Major Management Limitations Livestock grazing • Simas and Antoken—droughtiness • Simas—soil compaction Figure 18.—Typical area of Simas-Ruckles-Antoken complex, 2 • Antoken—surface cobbles to 40 percent slopes, in foreground. Use and Management Setting Livestock grazing Landscape position: Side slopes • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of Landform: Canyons and foothills (fig. 18) species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Parent material: Simas—residuum and colluvium • Range seeding with ground equipment is derived from sedimentary rock with an impractical because of the cobbles on the surface of influence of loess; the Antoken soil. Ruckles—residuum and colluvium derived from • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit basalt and tuff; may be difficult or impractical because of the Antoken—residuum and colluvium derived from pattern in which they occur with the less favorable basalt with an influence of loess areas. Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet • Grazing on the Simas soil during wet periods can Native plants: Simas and Ruckles—bluebunch cause soil compaction and damage plants. wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Sandberg Wildlife habitat bluegrass, western juniper, and antelope • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 bitterbrush; Antoken—bluebunch wheatgrass, percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Idaho fescue, big sagebrush, and Sandberg allocated to wildlife. bluegrass 146 Soil Survey

Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Day soils on foot slopes • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Major Uses Typical Profile of the Simas Soil • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam Major Management Limitations 9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay Livestock grazing 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam • Simas, Antoken, and Ruckles—droughtiness Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil • Simas—soil compaction • Antoken and Ruckles—surface cobbles Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Ruckles—depth to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Use and Management Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Pond development on the Ruckles soil generally is Runoff: Slow to rapid impractical because of the limited soil depth. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil depth of the Ruckles soil limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silt loam • Range seeding with ground equipment is 4 to 8 inches—very dark brown extremely gravelly clay impractical because of the cobbles on the surface of loam the Ruckles and Antoken soils. 8 to 18 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may 18 inches—tuff be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil which they occur with the less favorable areas. • Grazing on the Simas soil during wet periods can Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) cause soil compaction and damage plants. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Runoff: Slow to rapid allocated to wildlife. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Range Site Typical Profile of the Antoken Soil • Simas—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure) 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely • Ruckles—Droughty South 9-12 PZ (Droughty cobbly silt loam South Exposure) 6 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly • Antoken—Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty silty clay loam North Exposure) 10 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay and silty clay 30 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly loam and 128—Simnasho very cobbly sandy loam, extremely cobbly loam 12 to 40 percent slopes Properties and Qualities of the Antoken Soil Composition Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Simnasho soil: 80 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent Permeability: Slow Setting Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Landscape position: Side slopes of drainageways Runoff: Slow to rapid Landform: Mountains Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 147

dominantly from andesite with a mantle of volcanic or brush reduces soil displacement. ash • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Elevation: 2,600 to 3,600 feet because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, antelope • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage bitterbrush, snowbrush ceanothus, and Idaho during periods of strong winds because of the fescue restricted rooting depth and high content of rock Climatic factors: fragments in this soil. • Mean annual precipitation—25 to 30 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition • Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial • Frost-free period—70 to 100 days reestablishment of trees. Typical Profile Livestock grazing 0 to 16 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by loam livestock. 24 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Wildlife habitat cobbly loam • Forage for big game animals can be produced for 33 inches—weathered andesite 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Soil Properties and Qualities logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Drainage class: Well drained should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Permeability: Moderate escape and thermal cover for elk. Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Runoff: Medium or rapid closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Contrasting Inclusions • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Smiling soils on concave toe slopes • Rock outcrop on shoulders Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Association Major Uses • PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat Major Management Limitations 129—Skooker gravelly loam, 8 to 20 percent slopes Timber production • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil Composition displacement, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, Skooker soil: 85 percent and plant competition Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent Livestock grazing Setting • Rock outcrop Landscape position: Shoulders and side slopes of Use and Management drainageways Landform: Glacial outwash plains Timber production Parent material: Glacial outwash with an influence of • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and volcanic ash temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet accumulating slash on the surface. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally junegrass is safer and disturbs the soil less. Climatic factors: • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches 148 Soil Survey

• Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Typical Profile from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown gravelly loam reestablishment of trees. 16 to 31 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam 31 to 50 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly silty Livestock grazing clay loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 50 inches—fractured sandstone compaction and damage plants. Soil Properties and Qualities Wildlife habitat Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Drainage class: Well drained 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Permeability: Moderately slow closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Available water capacity: 4 to 10 inches provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Runoff: Medium or rapid animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Contrasting Inclusions Association • Tolius soils on concave side slopes • PIPO/PUTR • Hehe soils on convex side slopes Major Uses 130—Skooker-Tolius complex, 0 to 8 • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife percent slopes habitat Composition Major Management Limitations Skooker soil: 50 percent Timber production Tolius soil: 35 percent • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent seedling mortality, and plant competition Setting Livestock grazing Landscape position: Skooker—convex benches and • Soil compaction drainageways; Tolius—level and concave benches Use and Management Landform: Glacial outwash plains Parent material: Glacial outwash with an influence of Timber production volcanic ash • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, accumulating slash on the surface. Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie • Conventional methods of harvesting timber junegrass generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Climatic factors: equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches less and helps to maintain productivity. • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy degrees F base rock. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil Typical Profile of the Skooker Soil compaction hazard because of the texture. • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown gravelly soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. loam • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil 16 to 31 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay compaction. loam Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 149

31 to 50 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly silty • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil clay loam compaction hazard because of the texture and the low 50 inches—fractured sandstone content of rock fragments. • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Properties and Qualities of the Skooker Soil soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Drainage class: Well drained compaction. Permeability: Moderately slow • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Available water capacity: 4 to 10 inches because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Runoff: Slow or medium from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate reestablishment of trees.

Typical Profile of the Tolius Soil Livestock grazing 0 to 23 inches—very dark brown loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 23 to 49 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam and compaction and damage plants. sandy loam Wildlife habitat 49 to 60 inches—brown loam • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Properties and Qualities of the Tolius Soil 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Drainage class: Well drained • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Permeability: Moderately slow animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Runoff: Slow or medium Association Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • PIPO/PUTR Contrasting Inclusions

• Milldam soils on nonforested benches 131—Skoven-Lavey complex, 2 to 15 • Tenwalter soils on nonforested scablands percent slopes Major Uses Composition • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife Skoven soil: 60 percent habitat Lavey soil: 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Major Management Limitations Setting Timber production Landscape position: Skoven—scablands of patterned • Equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling ground; Lavey—mounds of patterned ground mortality, and plant competition Landform: Low foothills Parent material: Loess over colluvium derived from Livestock grazing sedimentary rock and tuff • Soil compaction Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet Native plants: Skoven—Sandberg bluegrass, Use and Management buckwheat, bluebunch wheatgrass, lomatium, and Timber production squirreltail; Lavey—bluebunch wheatgrass, • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Sandberg bluegrass, big sagebrush, antelope generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground bitterbrush, and western juniper equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Climatic factors: less and helps to maintain productivity. • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F base rock. • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days 150 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Skoven Soil • Grazing on the Lavey soil during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely gravelly silt loam Range Site 3 to 8 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay loam • Skoven—Buckwheat Scabland 9-12 PZ 8 to 11 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly clay • Lavey—Droughty Loam 8-10 PZ (Arid Rolling Hills) 11 to 21 inches—weathered tuff 21 inches—welded tuff 132—Smiling-Simnasho complex, 0 to 12 Properties and Qualities of the Skoven Soil percent slopes Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Smiling soil: 50 percent Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Simnasho soil: 40 percent Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Runoff: Slow or medium Setting Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Landscape position: Smiling—level and concave Typical Profile of the Lavey Soil benches; Simnasho—convex benches and side 0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly silt loam slopes 5 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown clay Landform: Mountains 21 to 25 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived 25 to 28 inches—weathered tuff dominantly from andesite with a mantle of 28 inches—welded tuff volcanic ash Elevation: 2,600 to 3,600 feet Properties and Qualities of the Lavey Soil Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, antelope Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) bitterbrush, snowbrush ceanothus, and Idaho Drainage class: Well drained fescue Permeability: Slow Climatic factors: Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches • Mean annual precipitation—25 to 30 inches Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Mean annual air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Runoff: Slow or medium • Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 9 inches—dark brown sandy loam • Madras soils in level areas 9 to 33 inches—dark brown sandy loam 33 to 56 inches—brown gravelly loam Major Use 56 inches—weathered andesite • Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil Major Management Limitations Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained • Skoven and Lavey—droughtiness Permeability: Moderate • Skoven—depth to bedrock Available water capacity: 8 to 12 inches • Lavey—soil compaction Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Slow or medium Use and Management Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Livestock grazing Typical Profile of the Simnasho Soil • Pond development on the Skoven soil generally is impractical because of the limited soil depth. 0 to 16 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam • Low annual precipitation and the shallow 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam rooting depth of the Skoven soil limit the choice of 24 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely species for range seeding to drought-tolerant cobbly loam varieties. 33 inches—weathered andesite Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 151

Properties and Qualities of the Simnasho Soil restricted rooting depth and high content of rock fragments in the Simnasho soil. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Drainage class: Well drained from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial Permeability: Moderate reestablishment of trees. Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Livestock grazing Runoff: Slow or medium • Grazing on the Smiling soil during wet periods can Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate cause soil compaction and damage plants. Contrasting Inclusions Wildlife habitat • Forage for big game animals can be produced for • Pipp soils on convex benches and side slopes 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Major Uses logging, fire, or other disturbance. • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure habitat should be left in some areas of this unit to provide Major Management Limitations escape and thermal cover for elk. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Timber production 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown • Smiling and Simnasho—plant competition closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • Smiling—soil compaction and soil displacement provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • Simnasho—equipment operability, seedling • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available mortality, and windthrow hazard animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife.

Livestock grazing Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Soil compaction Association Use and Management • PIPO-PSME/PUTR-CEVE Timber production • Conventional methods of harvesting timber generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground 133—Smiling-Simnasho complex, high equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes less and helps to maintain productivity. Composition • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy base rock. Smiling soil: 50 percent • Stones on the surface can interfere with felling, Simnasho soil: 40 percent yarding, and other operations involving the use of Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent equipment. Setting • The surface layer of the Smiling soil is subject to a moderate soil compaction hazard because of the Landscape position: Smiling—level and concave texture. benches; Simnasho—convex benches and side • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the slopes soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Landform: Mountains • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived compaction. dominantly from andesite with a mantle of • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash volcanic ash or brush reduces soil displacement. Elevation: 2,600 to 4,000 feet • The seedling mortality rate on the Simnasho soil Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, may be high in summer because of inadequate snowbrush ceanothus, common snowberry, moisture in the soil. golden chinkapin, and starflower • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Simnasho Climatic factors: soil make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult • Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches and reduce seedling survival. • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage degrees F during periods of strong winds because of the • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 152 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil yarding, and other operations involving the use of equipment. 0 to 9 inches—dark brown sandy loam • The surface layer of the Smiling soil is subject to a 9 to 33 inches—dark brown sandy loam moderate soil compaction hazard because of the 33 to 56 inches—brown gravelly loam texture. 56 inches—weathered andesite • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) compaction. Drainage class: Well drained • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash Permeability: Moderate or brush reduces soil displacement. Available water capacity: 8 to 12 inches • The seedling mortality rate on the Simnasho soil Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches may be high in summer because of inadequate Runoff: Slow or medium moisture in the soil. Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate • Large amounts of rock fragments in the Simnasho Typical Profile of the Simnasho Soil soil make planting of bare-root tree seedlings difficult and reduce seedling survival. 0 to 16 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam during periods of strong winds because of the 24 to 33 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely restricted rooting depth and high content of rock cobbly loam fragments in the Simnasho soil. 33 inches—weathered andesite • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Properties and Qualities of the Simnasho Soil from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial establishment of trees. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderate • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches logging, fire, or other disturbance. Runoff: Slow or medium • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to provide Contrasting Inclusions escape and thermal cover for elk. • Pipp soils on convex benches and side slopes • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Major Uses closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • Timber production and wildlife habitat provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Management Limitations Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Timber production Association • Smiling and Simnasho—plant competition • MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH and MIXED CONIFER/ • Smiling—soil compaction and soil displacement CEVE • Simnasho—windthrow hazard and equipment operability Use and Management 134—Sorf very gravelly loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes Timber production Composition • Conventional methods of harvesting timber generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Sorf soil: 90 percent equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent less and helps to maintain productivity. • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Setting base rock. Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • Stones on the surface can interfere with felling, Landform: Foothills Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 153

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from 135—Sorf-Simas complex, 2 to 30 percent sedimentary rock with an influence of loess slopes Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet Composition Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, western juniper, Sorf soil: 50 percent and antelope bitterbrush Simas soil: 40 percent Climatic factors: Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Setting • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Landscape position: Sorf—convex, south-facing side slopes; Simas—concave, south-facing side slopes Typical Profile Landform: Foothills 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived loam from sedimentary rock with an influence of loess 6 to 23 inches—dark brown clay Elevation: 1,400 to 2,400 feet 23 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber 26 inches—calcareous tuff needlegrass, western juniper, and antelope bitterbrush Soil Properties and Qualities Climatic factors: Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Permeability: Slow • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Typical Profile of the Sorf Soil Runoff: Rapid or very rapid 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly Hazard of erosion: High or very high loam Contrasting Inclusions 6 to 23 inches—dark brown clay 23 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam • Simas soils on concave side slopes 26 inches—calcareous tuff • Ruckles soils on convex side slopes Properties and Qualities of the Sorf Soil Major Uses Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Limitations Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Droughtiness, slope, and aspect Runoff: Medium or rapid Use and Management Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Livestock grazing Typical Profile of the Simas Soil • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 0 to 9 inches—very dark brown silt loam • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock 9 to 35 inches—dark brown clay distribution and make range seeding with ground 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam equipment impractical. • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Permeability: Slow animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Range Site Runoff: Medium or rapid • South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure) Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high 154 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Spilyay Soil • Day soils on foot slopes 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly loam Major Uses 8 to 15 inches—dark brown clay loam • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat 15 to 41 inches—dark yellowish brown clay 41 to 60 inches—dark brown silt loam Major Management Limitations Properties and Qualities of the Spilyay Soil Livestock grazing Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Droughtiness and soil compaction Drainage class: Well drained Use and Management Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 8 to 11 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of Runoff: Slow to rapid species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil Wildlife habitat 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available 4 to 14 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. loam 14 inches—basalt Range Site Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil • South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure) Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 136—Spilyay-Bodell complex, 2 to 30 Permeability: Moderate percent slopes Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches Composition Runoff: Slow to rapid Spilyay soil: 50 percent Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Bodell soil: 40 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Happus soils on concave side slopes Setting Major Uses Landscape position: Spilyay—concave benches and • Spilyay—timber production and wildlife habitat side slopes; Bodell—scablands • Bodell—livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Landform: Canyons Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived Major Management Limitations dominantly from semiconsolidated conglomerate, Timber production tuff, and basalt with an influence of volcanic ash in • Spilyay—equipment operability, soil compaction, the upper part seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, plant Elevation: 2,200 to 3,400 feet competition, and fire damage Native plants: Spilyay—ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Livestock grazing and prairie junegrass; Bodell—Sandberg • Bodell—depth to bedrock and soil compaction bluegrass, onespike oatgrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Use and Management Climatic factors: Timber production • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days accumulating slash on the surface. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 155

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the Setting more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally Landscape position: South-facing side slopes is safer and disturbs the soil less. Landform: Canyons • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived base rock. from volcanic ash and pumice • The Spilyay soil is subject to a severe soil Elevation: 1,600 to 2,800 feet compaction hazard because of the texture of the Native plants: Big sagebrush, needleandthread, surface layer and the clayey subsoil. antelope bitterbrush, western juniper, and • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Sandberg bluegrass soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Climatic factors: • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches compaction. • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage Typical Profile during periods of strong winds because of the restricted rooting depth in this soil. 0 to 10 inches—very dark brown very gravelly sandy • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition loam from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 10 to 26 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly and reestablishment of trees. extremely gravelly sandy loam • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 26 to 60 inches—light gray pumice repellency may result from fires that have moderate Soil Properties and Qualities fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Depth: Moderately deep to pumice (20 to 40 inches) the soil. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderately rapid • Pond development on the Bodell soil generally is Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches impractical because of the limited soil depth. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Runoff: Medium or rapid compaction and damage plants. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown • Ruclick soils on concave side slopes closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Major Uses provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Major Management Limitations Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Livestock grazing Association • Seepage and droughtiness • PIPO/PUTR Use and Management Range Site Livestock grazing • Moist Scabland 14-18 PZ • Pond development on this soil generally is impractical because of the risk of seepage. • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of 137—Suppah very gravelly sandy loam, species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 12 to 30 percent slopes Wildlife habitat Composition • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Suppah soil: 90 percent percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent allocated to wildlife. 156 Soil Survey

Range Site 14 to 37 inches—dark brown very cobbly and extremely cobbly clay • Pumice Hills 8-10 PZ (Sand Hills) 37 inches—basalt Properties and Qualities of the Ruclick Soil 138—Suppah-Ruclick complex, 12 to 30 percent slopes Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches Suppah soil: 55 percent Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Ruclick soil: 35 percent Runoff: Medium or rapid Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Setting Contrasting Inclusions Landscape position: Suppah—convex, south-facing • Bakeoven soils on scablands side slopes; Ruclick—concave, south-facing side slopes Major Uses Landform: Canyons • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Parent material: Suppah—residuum and colluvium derived from volcanic ash and pumice; Ruclick— Major Management Limitations residuum and colluvium derived from basalt and Livestock grazing tuff • Suppah and Ruclick—droughtiness Elevation: 1,600 to 2,800 feet • Suppah—seepage Native plants: Suppah—big sagebrush, • Ruclick—surface stones needleandthread, antelope bitterbrush, western juniper, and Sandberg bluegrass; Ruclick— Use and Management bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, western juniper, and Livestock grazing antelope bitterbrush • Pond development on the Suppah soil generally is Climatic factors: impractical because of the risk of seepage. • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Range seeding with ground equipment is impractical on the Ruclick soil because of the stones Typical Profile of the Suppah Soil on the surface. 0 to 10 inches—very dark brown very gravelly sandy • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may loam be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in 10 to 26 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly and which they occur with the less favorable areas. extremely gravelly sandy loam Wildlife habitat 26 to 60 inches—light gray pumice • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Properties and Qualities of the Suppah Soil percent of the available animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Depth: Moderately deep to pumice (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Range Site Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches • Suppah—Pumice Hills 8-10 PZ (Sand Hills) Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Ruclick—South 10-12 PZ (Juniper South Exposure) Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high 139—Teewee loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Typical Profile of the Ruclick Soil Composition 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam 4 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly Teewee soil: 80 percent silty clay loam Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 157

Setting • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy base rock. Landscape position: Level and concave benches • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil Landform: Mountains compaction hazard because of the texture. Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the from andesite or basalt with an influence of soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. volcanic ash • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Elevation: 2,600 to 3,300 feet compaction. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie because of inadequate moisture in the soil. junegrass • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Climatic factors: from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial • Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches reestablishment of trees. • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Typical Profile compaction and damage plants. 0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam Wildlife habitat 11 to 18 inches—dark brown loam • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least 18 to 43 inches—dark brown clay loam 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown 43 to 53 inches—dark brown very stony clay loam closure should be left in some areas of this soil to 53 inches—weathered andesite provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Soil Properties and Qualities animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Permeability: Moderately slow Association Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches • PIPO/PUTR Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate 140—Teewee-Bodell-Logsprings complex, Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 8 percent slopes • Hehe soils on convex benches and side slopes Composition • Bodell soils on scablands Teewee soil: 40 percent Major Uses Bodell soil: 30 percent Logsprings soil: 25 percent • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife Contrasting inclusions: 5 percent habitat Setting Major Management Limitations Landscape position: Teewee—convex benches; Timber production Bodell—convex scablands; Logsprings—concave • Soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant benches competition Landform: Mountains and foothills Parent Material: Residuum and colluvium derived Livestock grazing dominantly from sedimentary rock, basalt, and • Soil compaction andesite with an influence of volcanic ash in the upper part Use and Management Elevation: 2,600 to 2,800 feet Timber production Native plants: Teewee—ponderosa pine, antelope • Conventional methods of harvesting timber bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground and prairie junegrass; Bodell—onespike oatgrass, equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and less and helps to maintain productivity. Idaho fescue; Logsprings—ponderosa pine, 158 Soil Survey

antelope bitterbrush, mule's-ear, and prairie Runoff: Slow or medium smoke Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F • Fawnspring soils in drainageways • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Major Uses Typical Profile of the Teewee Soil • Teewee, Bodell, and Logsprings—livestock grazing 0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam and wildlife habitat 11 to 18 inches—dark brown loam • Teewee and Logsprings—timber production 18 to 43 inches—dark brown clay loam Major Management Limitations 43 to 53 inches—dark brown very stony clay loam 53 inches—weathered andesite Timber production • Teewee and Logsprings—soil compaction, seedling Properties and Qualities of the Teewee Soil mortality, and plant competition Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderately slow • Bodell—depth to bedrock Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches • Teewee, Bodell, and Logsprings—soil compaction Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Runoff: Slow or medium Use and Management Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Timber production Typical Profile of the Bodell Soil • Conventional methods of harvesting timber generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil 4 to 14 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay less and helps to maintain productivity. loam • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy 14 inches—basalt base rock. Properties and Qualities of the Bodell Soil • This unit is subject to a severe soil compaction hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and Depth: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) the clayey subsoil. Drainage class: Well drained • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Permeability: Moderate soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Potential rooting depth: 12 to 20 inches compaction. Runoff: Slow or medium • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Typical Profile of the Logsprings Soil • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown loam reestablishment of trees on the Teewee soil. 10 to 21 inches—brown loam 21 to 30 inches—dark brown clay Livestock grazing 30 to 36 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly sandy • Pond development on the Bodell soil generally is clay loam impractical because of the limited soil depth. 36 to 64 inches—dark brown loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and damage plants. Properties and Qualities of the Logsprings Wildlife habitat Soil • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown Drainage class: Moderately well drained closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Permeability: Slow provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Available water capacity: 8 to 13 inches • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 159

Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Typical Profile of the Kahneeta Soil Association 0 to 4 inches—black very cobbly silt loam • Teewee—PIPO/PUTR 4 to 16 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay loam • Logsprings—PIPO/GETR-WYAM (Mutton) 16 to 25 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay 25 to 38 inches—duripan Range Site 38 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay • Bodell—Moist Scabland 14-18 PZ Properties and Qualities of the Kahneeta Soil Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 30 inches) to a 141—Tenwalter-Kahneeta complex, 0 to 3 duripan; very deep to bedrock (more than 60 percent slopes inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Composition Permeability: Slow Tenwalter soil: 55 percent Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches Kahneeta soil: 35 percent Potential rooting depth: 20 to 30 inches Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Runoff: Slow Hazard of erosion: Slight Setting Depth to water table: 6 to 18 inches below the surface in March through June Landscape position: Tenwalter—scablands; Kahneeta—drainageways Contrasting Inclusions Landform: Outwash plains • Millcreek soils on mounds Parent material: Residuum derived from glacial outwash with an influence of loess in the upper Major Uses part • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Elevation: 2,800 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Tenwalter—Sandberg bluegrass, Major Management Limitations buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and Livestock grazing squirreltail; Kahneeta—tufted hairgrass, rushes, • Tenwalter and Kahneeta—surface cobbles and soil sedges, and bluegrass compaction Climatic factors: • Tenwalter—depth to duripan • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Kahneeta—high water table • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Use and Management Typical Profile of the Tenwalter Soil Livestock grazing 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly • If seeding is needed on the Kahneeta soil, select silt loam plants that tolerate seasonal wetness 11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay • Pond development on the Tenwalter soil generally is 15 to 27 inches—duripan impractical because of the limited soil depth. 27 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay • Range seeding with ground equipment is impractical because of cobbles on the surface. Properties and Qualities of the Tenwalter Soil • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Depth: Shallow to a duripan (10 to 20 inches); very compaction and damage plants. deep to bedrock (more than 60 inches) Wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Permeability: Slow animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Range Site Runoff: Slow Hazard of erosion: Slight • Tenwalter—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ • Kahneeta—Mountain Meadow 160 Soil Survey

142—Tenwalter-Milldam complex, 0 to 3 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches Composition Potential rooting depth: 30 to 40 inches Tenwalter soil: 60 percent Runoff: Slow Millcreek soil: 30 percent Hazard of erosion: Slight Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Kahneeta soils in concave drainageways Landscape position: Tenwalter—scablands of patterned ground; Milldam—mounds of patterned Major Uses ground • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Landform: Outwash plains Parent material: Residuum derived from glacial Major Management Limitations outwash with an influence of loess in the upper Livestock grazing part • Tenwalter and Milldam—soil compaction Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet • Tenwalter—depth to duripan and surface cobbles Native plants: Tenwalter—Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and Use and Management squirreltail; Milldam—Idaho fescue, bluebunch Livestock grazing wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg • Pond development on the Tenwalter soil generally is bluegrass, and buckwheat impractical because of the limited soil depth. Climatic factors: • Range seeding with ground equipment is • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches impractical because of the cobbles on the surface of • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F the Tenwalter soil. • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit is Typical Profile of the Tenwalter Soil difficult or impractical because of the pattern in which they occur with the less favorable areas. 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very cobbly • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil silt loam compaction and damage plants. 11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay 15 to 27 inches—duripan Wildlife habitat 27 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay • Some areas of this unit provide critical winter range Properties and Qualities of the Tenwalter Soil for deer. • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Depth: Shallow to a duripan (10 to 20 inches); very animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. deep to bedrock (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Range Site Permeability: Slow • Tenwalter—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ Available water capacity: 1 to 3 inches • Milldam—Shrubby Loam 12-16 PZ (Shrubby Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Rolling Hills) Runoff: Slow Hazard of erosion: Slight Typical Profile of the Milldam Soil 143—Tolius loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes 0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silt loam Composition 10 to 34 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Tolius soil: 85 percent 34 to 37 inches—brown cobbly clay Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent 37 to 51 inches—duripan 51 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay Setting Properties and Qualities of the Milldam Soil Landscape position: Nearly level benches Depth: Moderately deep to a duripan (30 to 40 Landform: Glacial outwash plains inches); very deep to bedrock (more than 60 Parent material: Glacial outwash with an influence of inches) volcanic ash Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 161

Elevation: 2,600 to 3,000 feet compaction. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and prairie because of inadequate moisture in the soil. junegrass • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Climatic factors: from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches reestablishment of trees. • Mean annual air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Typical Profile compaction and damage plants.

0 to 23 inches—very dark brown loam Wildlife habitat 23 to 49 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam and • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at sandy loam least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 49 to 60 inches—brown loam percent crown closure should be left in some Soil Properties and Qualities areas of this soil to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Drainage class: Well drained animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 7 to 11 inches Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Association Runoff: Slow or medium • PIPO/PUTR Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions 144—Typic Vitricryands, 2 to 70 percent • Skooker soils on shoulders and side slopes of slopes drainageways • Milldam soils in nonforested areas Composition Major Uses Typic Vitricryands: 75 percent Contrasting inclusions: 25 percent • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat Setting

Major Management Limitations Landscape position: Side slopes Landform: Mt. Jefferson and Olallie Butte Timber production Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived • Soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant dominantly from rhyolite, andesite, pyroclastic competition ashflow, and volcanic ash Livestock grazing Elevation: 5,000 to 7,000 feet • Soil compaction Native plants: Scattered, stunted conifers and shrubs, forbs, and grasses Use and Management Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—80 to 110 inches Timber production • Mean annual air temperature—34 to 36 • Conventional methods of harvesting timber degrees F generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground • Frost-free period—10 to 30 days equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil less and helps to maintain productivity. Reference Profile • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy base rock. 0 to 8 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandyloam • The surface layer has a severe compaction hazard 8 to 18 inches—very dark gray extremely cobbly because of the texture. loamy sand • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the 18 to 29 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. cobbly sand • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil 29 to 60 inches—very dark brown pyroclastic ashflow 162 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches Runoff: Slow to rapid Depth: Moderately deep to very deep (20 to 60 inches Hazard of erosion: Slight to high or more) Drainage class: Excessively drained Rock Outcrop Permeability: Moderately rapid Type of rock: Sedimentary Available water capacity: 2 to 7 inches Potential rooting depth: 20 to 60 inches Contrasting Inclusions Runoff: Slow to very rapid • Oldsferry soils on concave side slopes Hazard of erosion: Slight to very high Major Uses Contrasting Inclusions • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Jojo and Piumpsha soils on lower, concave side Major Management Limitations slopes and in concave pockets • Rubble land on convex side slopes Livestock grazing • Depth to bedrock, Rock outcrop, and droughtiness Major Use Use and Management • Wildlife habitat Livestock grazing • Pond development on this unit generally is 145—Venator-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to impractical because of the limited soil depth. 30 percent slopes • Low annual precipitation and the shallow rooting depth limit the choice of species for range seeding to Composition drought-tolerant varieties. Venator soil: 60 percent • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Rock outcrop: 30 percent suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent livestock. Setting Wildlife habitat Landscape position: South-facing side slopes • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available Landform: Mountains animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from sedimentary rock Range Site Elevation: 1,600 to 4,000 feet • JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure) Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope bitterbrush 146—Vitrandic Haploxerolls, 0 to 8 Climatic factors: percent slopes • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Composition • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Vitrandic Haploxerolls: 85 percent Typical Profile of the Venator Soil Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely Setting channery loam 4 to 18 inches—dark brown very channery and Landscape position: Drainageways extremely channery loam Landform: Mountains 18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources with an influence of volcanic ash Properties and Qualities of the Venator Soil Elevation: 2,600 to 3,800 feet Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, grand fir, Drainage class: Well drained common snowberry, golden chinkapin, and Permeability: Moderate starflower Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Climatic factors: Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 163

• Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches • To compensate for the expected high mortality • Mean annual air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F rate, plant larger seedlings or a higher number of • Frost-free period—60 to 90 days seedlings. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Reference Profile from undesirable plants can prevent natural or artificial 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam reestablishment of trees. 5 to 35 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam • Competing vegetation can be reduced by 35 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly mechanical or chemical treatment. sandy clay loam Wildlife habitat Soil Properties and Qualities • Forage for big game animals can be produced for Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 10 years or more after the canopy is opened by Drainage class: Well drained to somewhat excessively logging, fire, or other disturbance. drained • Dense, multistory stands of timber at least 30 acres Permeability: Moderate in size and with at least 70 percent crown closure Available water capacity: 6 to 10 inches should be left in some areas of this soil to provide Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches escape and thermal cover for elk. Runoff: Slow or medium • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this soil to Contrasting Inclusions provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • Millerflat soil on stream terraces • To reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of • Simnasho soils on side slopes of drainageways streams, areas of this soil adjacent to perennial streams may need to be maintained as buffers. Major Uses Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Timber production and wildlife habitat Association Major Management Limitations • MIXED CONIFER/SYMPH Timber production • Equipment limitations, soil compaction, seedling mortality, and plant competition 147—Wakamo-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes Use and Management Composition Timber production Wakamo soil: 50 percent • Conventional methods of harvesting timber Rock outcrop: 35 percent generally are suitable, but using low-pressure ground Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent equipment and designated skid trails damages the soil Setting less and helps to maintain productivity. • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Landscape position: Wakamo—ridgetops and convex base rock. side slopes; Rock outcrop—shoulders and upper • Logging may be restricted during November side slopes through April because of soil wetness. Landform: Mountains • The surface layer is subject to a severe soil Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived compaction hazard because of the texture and the low dominantly from sedimentary rock with an content of rock fragments. influence of volcanic ash • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the Elevation: 2,600 to 4,000 feet soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil white oak, common snowberry, and heartleaf compaction. arnica • Skid trails and landings that are not intended for Climatic factors: permanent use should be ripped when the soil is dry. • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days 164 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Wakamo Soil soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly compaction. loam • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer 11 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay because of inadequate moisture in the soil. loam • Trees are subject to severe windthrow damage 15 to 18 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay during periods of strong winds because of the 18 inches—fractured sedimentary rock restricted rooting depth, high content of rock Properties and Qualities of the Wakamo Soil fragments, and exposed topography. • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial Drainage class: Well drained reestablishment of trees. Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches • Pond development on this unit generally is Runoff: Slow to rapid impractical because of the limited soil depth. Hazard of erosion: Slight to high • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Rock Outcrop livestock. Type of rock: Sedimentary Wildlife habitat • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at Contrasting Inclusions least 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 • Mowako soils on concave side slopes percent crown closure should be left in some • Venator soils on nonforested, convex side slopes areas of this unit to provide escape and thermal cover for deer. Major Uses • On critical winter range, 50 percent of available • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. habitat Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Management Limitations Association Timber production • PIPO-PSME/SYMPH (Mutton) • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and plant competition 148—Walsey-Axford complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes Livestock grazing Composition • Depth to bedrock and Rock outcrop Walsey soil: 60 percent Use and Management Axford soil: 30 percent Timber production Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Setting temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or accumulating slash on the surface. Landscape position: Walsey—convex, north-facing • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the side slopes; Axford—concave, north-facing side more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally slopes is safer and disturbs the soil less. Landform: Canyons • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived base rock. from basalt with an influence of loess • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and Elevation: 1,200 to 2,800 feet hinder yarding. Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg • This unit is subject to a severe soil compaction bluegrass, Idaho fescue, big sagebrush, and hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and milkvetch the clayey subsoil. Climatic factors: • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 165

• Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F • Steep slopes and cobbles on the surface of the • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days Walsey soil may adversely affect livestock distribution and make range seeding with ground equipment Typical Profile of the Walsey Soil impractical. 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown extremely cobbly silt • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil loam compaction and damage plants. 11 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay Wildlife habitat loam • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 19 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam and percent of the available animal-unit-months should be extremely gravelly silt loam allocated to wildlife. 39 inches—weathered basalt Properties and Qualities of the Walsey Soil Range Site Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Droughty North 10-12 PZ (Droughty North Drainage class: Well drained Exposure) Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 2 to 5 inches Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches 149—Wapinitia silt loam, 0 to 8 percent Runoff: Rapid or very rapid slopes Hazard of erosion: High or very high Composition Typical Profile of the Axford Soil Wapinitia soil: 85 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown silt loam 11 to 24 inches—dark brown clay loam Setting 24 to 46 inches—yellowish brown silt loam and gravelly silt loam Landscape position: Nearly level benches 46 inches—weathered basalt Landform: Mesas Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an Properties and Qualities of the Axford Soil influence of loess in the upper part Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet Drainage class: Well drained Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Permeability: Moderately slow wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, Available water capacity: 6 to 9 inches and buckwheat Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches Climatic factors: Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Hazard of erosion: High or very high • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile • Antoken soils on foot slopes 0 to 14 inches—black silt loam Major Uses 14 to 22 inches—dark brown silt loam • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat 22 to 44 inches—dark brown clay loam 44 to 58 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Major Management Limitations 58 inches—basalt Livestock grazing Soil Properties and Qualities • Walsey and Axford—droughtiness, slope, and soil compaction Depth: Deep (40 to 60 inches) • Walsey—surface cobbles Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Use and Management Available water capacity: 7 to 12 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: 40 to 60 inches • Low annual precipitation limits the choice of Runoff: Slow or medium species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate 166 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part • Watama soils on moderately deep mounds Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet • Rockly soils on scablands Native plants: Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch Major Uses wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper; Rockly— • Cropland and livestock grazing Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail Major Management Limitations Climatic factors: Cropland • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Permeability, soil compaction, and slope • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • Soil compaction Typical Profile of the Watama Soil Use and Management 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam 11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Cropland 21 to 37 inches—dark brown silty clay loam • In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum 37 inches—basalt production of most crops. • Because of the moderately slow permeability of the Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil subsoil, care should be taken to prevent excessive Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow. Drainage class: Well drained • To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant Permeability: Moderately slow nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches rate, and the needs of the crop grown. Runoff: Slow or medium • The silt loam surface layer in this soil is subject to Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate compaction from excessive tillage. • Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony silt • Care should be taken when using surface irrigation loam on slopes of more than 3 percent. 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and Livestock grazing extremely cobbly silty clay loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 9 inches—basalt compaction and displacement and damage plants. Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil Range Site Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches) • Shrubby Loam 12-16 PZ (Shrubby Rolling Hills) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches 150—Watama-Rockly complex, 0 to 8 Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches percent slopes Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Composition Contrasting Inclusions Watama soil: 65 percent • Wapinitia soils on large mounds Rockly soil: 25 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Major Uses Setting • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Major Management Limitations Landscape position: Watama—mounds of patterned ground; Rockly—scablands of patterned ground Livestock grazing Landform: Mesas • Watama and Rockly—soil compaction Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 167

• Rockly—depth to bedrock, droughtiness, and 21 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay surface stones loam 37 inches—basalt Use and Management Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil Livestock grazing • Pond development on the Rockly soil generally is Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) impractical because of the limited soil depth. Drainage class: Well drained • Shallow rooting depth of the Rockly soil limits the Permeability: Moderately slow choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches varieties. Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches • Range seeding with ground equipment is Runoff: Slow impractical because of the stones on the surface of Hazard of erosion: Slight the Rockly soil. Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil • Seeding the more favorable areas of this unit may be difficult or impractical because of the pattern in 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony silt which they occur with the less favorable areas. loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and compaction and damage plants. extremely cobbly silty clay loam 9 inches—basalt Wildlife habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil percent of the available animal-unit-months should be Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches) allocated to wildlife. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Range Site Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches • Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills) Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches • Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ Runoff: Slow Hazard of erosion: Slight

151—Watama-Rockly complex, leveled, 0 to 3 percent slopes Composition • Variable because of land leveling Setting Landscape position: Leveled patterned ground Landform: Mesas Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, and western juniper; Rockly— Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Figure 19.—Established stand of intermediate wheatgrass in • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F an area of Watama-Rockly complex, leveled, 0 to 3 • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days percent slopes. Mutton Mountains in background. Typical Profile of the Watama Soil Major Uses 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam 11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam • Cropland and livestock grazing (fig. 19) 168 Soil Survey

Major Management Limitations Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Cropland • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Watama and Rockly—permeability and soil • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days compaction • Rockly—depth to bedrock Typical Profile of the Watama Soil 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silt Livestock grazing loam • Soil compaction 11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Use and Management 21 to 37 inches—dark brown silty clay loam 37 inches—basalt Cropland • In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil production of most crops. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Because of the moderately slow permeability of the Drainage class: Well drained subsoil, care should be taken to prevent excessive Permeability: Moderately slow irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow. Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches • To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be Runoff: Slow or medium adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate rate, and the needs of the crop grown. • The silt loam surface layer in this soil is subject to Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil compaction from excessive tillage. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely • Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue gravelly silt loam to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and Livestock grazing extremely cobbly silty clay loam • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil 9 inches—basalt compaction and damage plants. Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil Range Site Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches) • Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills) Drainage class: Well drained • Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches 152—Watama-Rockly complex, gravelly, 0 Runoff: Slow or medium to 8 percent slopes Hazard of erosion: Slight or moderate Composition Contrasting Inclusions Watama soil: 70 percent • Tenwalter soils on glacial outwash plains Rockly soil: 25 percent Major Uses Contrasting inclusions: 5 percent • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Setting Major Management Limitations Landscape position: Watama—mounds of patterned Livestock grazing ground; Rockly—scablands of patterned ground • Watama—soil compaction Landform: Mesas • Rockly—depth to bedrock and droughtiness Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part Use and Management Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet Livestock grazing Native plants: Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch • Pond development on the Rockly soil generally is wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope impractical because of the limited soil depth. bitterbrush, and western juniper; • Shallow rooting depth of the Rockly soil limits the Rockly—Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant onespike oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail varieties. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 169

• Grazing on the Watama soil during wet periods can Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches cause soil compaction and damage plants. Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Wildlife habitat • On noncritical winter and summer range, 20 Typical Profile of the Rockly Soil percent of the available animal-unit-months should be 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony silt allocated to wildlife. loam Range Site 3 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam and • Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills) extremely cobbly silty clay loam • Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ 9 inches—basalt Properties and Qualities of the Rockly Soil 153—Watama-Rockly-Prill complex, 2 to Depth: Very shallow (4 to 10 inches) 30 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Composition Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Watama soil: 40 percent Potential rooting depth: 4 to 10 inches Rockly soil: 25 percent Runoff: Slow to rapid Prill soil: 25 percent Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent Typical Profile of the Prill Soil Setting 0 to 6 inches—black gravelly silty clay loam Landscape position: Watama—mounds of patterned 6 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay ground; Rockly—scablands of patterned ground; 28 to 35 inches—brown extremely cobbly silty clay Prill—convex side slopes 35 inches—tuff Landform: Mesas and foothills Properties and Qualities of the Prill Soil Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from basalt and tuff with an influence of loess in Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) the upper part Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 2,400 to 3,400 feet Permeability: Slow Native plants: Watama—Idaho fescue, bluebunch Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches wheatgrass, buckwheat, big sagebrush, antelope Runoff: Slow to rapid bitterbrush, and western juniper; Rockly— Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, onespike Contrasting Inclusions oatgrass, lomatium, and squirreltail; Prill—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope • Wapinitia soils on mounds bitterbrush, Oregon white oak, western juniper, • Kaskela soils on concave side slopes and buckwheat Major Uses Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Major Management Limitations • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Livestock grazing Typical Profile of the Watama Soil • Watama, Rockly, and Prill—soil compaction 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam • Rockly—depth to bedrock and surface stones 11 to 21 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Use and Management 21 to 37 inches—dark brown silty clay loam 37 inches—basalt Livestock grazing • Pond development on the Rockly soil generally is Properties and Qualities of the Watama Soil impractical because of the limited soil depth. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) • Range seeding with ground equipment is Drainage class: Well drained impractical on the Rockly soil because of the stones Permeability: Moderately slow on the surface. Available water capacity: 3 to 8 inches • Seeding the more favorable areas of this 170 Soil Survey

unit may be difficult or impractical because of the Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches pattern in which they occur with the less favorable Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 inches areas. Runoff: Slow to rapid • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Hazard of erosion: Slight to high compaction and damage plants. Typical Profile of the Kishwalk Soil Wildlife habitat 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available 14 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. and extremely stony clay loam Range Site 31 to 38 inches—brown extremely stony clay 38 inches—basalt • Watama—Loamy 12-16 PZ (Juniper Rolling Hills) • Rockly—Very Shallow 14-18 PZ Properties and Qualities of the Kishwalk Soil • Prill—Juniper-Oak Clayey Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow 154—Waterbury-Kishwalk complex, 2 to Available water capacity: 3 to 7 inches 30 percent slopes Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Slow to rapid Composition Hazard of erosion: Slight to high Waterbury soil: 45 percent Contrasting Inclusions Kishwalk soil: 35 percent Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent • Kaskela soils on foot slopes • Prill soils on foot slopes Setting • Rock outcrop on shoulders Landscape position: Waterbury—convex, south-facing side slopes; Kishwalk—concave, south-facing side Major Uses slopes • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat Landform: Canyons Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt and Major Management Limitations rhyolite Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet Livestock grazing Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, • Waterbury—depth to bedrock buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope • Waterbury and Kishwalk—droughtiness and bitterbrush surface stones Climatic factors: Use and Management • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • Pond development on the Waterbury soil generally is impractical because of the limited soil Typical Profile of the Waterbury Soil depth. • Low annual precipitation and the shallow 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam rooting depth of the Waterbury soil limit the choice 3 to 8 inches—very dark brown very stony clay loam of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant 8 to 16 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay varieties. 16 inches—basalt • Range seeding with ground equipment is impractical because of the stones on the surface. Properties and Qualities of the Waterbury Soil Wildlife habitat Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the Drainage class: Well drained available animal-unit-months should be allocated to Permeability: Slow wildlife. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 171

Range Site Major Management Limitations • JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure) Livestock grazing • Droughtiness, surface stones, slope, Rock outcrop, and aspect 155—Waterbury-Rock outcrop complex, 55 to 80 percent slopes Use and Management Livestock grazing Composition • Low annual precipitation and shallow rooting depth Waterbury soil: 60 percent limit the choice of species for range seeding to Rock outcrop: 30 percent drought-tolerant varieties. Contrasting inclusions: 10 percent • Steep slopes and stones on the surface may adversely affect livestock distribution and make range Setting seeding with ground equipment impractical. • The Rock outcrop in this unit reduces the areas Landscape position: South-facing side slopes suitable for grazing and may restrict accessibility by Landform: Canyons livestock. Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt and • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to rhyolite grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Wildlife habitat buckwheat, western juniper, and antelope • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available bitterbrush animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Range Site • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Frost-free period—100 to 140 days • JD Clayey South 12-16 PZ (South Exposure) Typical Profile of the Waterbury Soil 0 to 3 inches—very dark brown extremely stony loam 156—Willowdale loam, 0 to 3 percent 3 to 8 inches—very dark brown very stony clay loam slopes 8 to 16 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay 16 inches—basalt Composition

Properties and Qualities of the Waterbury Soil Willowdale soil: 80 percent Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent Depth: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: 1 to 2 inches Landscape position: Bars and channels Potential rooting depth: 10 to 20 Landform: Flood plains Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Parent material: Alluvium derived from mixed sources Hazard of erosion: High or very high Elevation: 1,100 to 1,600 feet Native plants: Basin wildrye, bluegrass, slender Rock Outcrop wheatgrass, and basin big sagebrush Climatic factors: Type of rock: Basalt • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Mean annual air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions • Frost-free period—110 to 160 days • Kishwalk soils on concave side slopes and foot slopes Typical Profile Major Uses 0 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat (see fig. 17, 24 to 48 inches—very dark brown loam page 142) 48 to 60 inches—variegated sand and gravel 172 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities 157—Xerofluvents, 0 to 3 percent slopes Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Xerofluvents: 80 percent Permeability: Moderate Contrasting inclusions: 20 percent Available water capacity: 7 to 10 inches Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches Setting Runoff: Slow Landscape position: Small, irregular areas along Hazard of erosion: Slight major streams that include low flood plains, Depth to water table: More than 6 feet islands, bars, overflow channels, and oxbows Frequency of flooding: Rare Landform: Stream terraces Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Mixed alluvium Elevation: 1,400 to 2,600 feet • Pelton soils on back swamps Native plants: Grasses, sedges, shrubs, hardwoods, • Riverwash adjacent to channels and conifers Major Uses Climatic factors: • Mean annual precipitation—9 to 16 inches • Cropland and livestock grazing • Mean annual air temperature—48 to 52 Major Management Limitations degrees F • Frost-free period—100 to 160 days Cropland • Leaching, groundwater contamination, and soil Reference Profile compaction 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silt loam Livestock grazing 6 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly loam • Seepage and soil compaction 15 to 31 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly sandy Use and Management clay loam 31 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly sandy Cropland loam • Low annual precipitation restricts annual cropping 43 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loamy unless supplemental irrigation is used. sand • To avoid overirrigating and leaching of plant nutrients, applications of irrigation water should be Soil Properties and Qualities adjusted to the soil moisture content, the water intake rate, and the needs of the crop grown. Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Leaching of applied fertilizers and chemicals and Drainage class: Variable groundwater contamination may occur on this soil Permeability: Moderately slow to very rapid because of the rapid permeability of the substratum. Available water capacity: Variable • The loam surface layer in this soil is subject to Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches compaction from excessive tillage. Runoff: Slow • Reduce soil compaction by returning crop residue Hazard of erosion: Slight to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches below the surface in December through May Livestock grazing Frequency of flooding: Occasional • Pond development on this soil generally is Contrasting Inclusions impractical because of the risk of seepage. • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil • Pelton soils on flood plains compaction and damage plants. • Riverwash adjacent to channels

Range Site Major Uses

• Loamy Bottom (Moist Bottom) • Wildlife habitat Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 173

Major Management Limitations Typical Profile of the Jorn Soil • Streamside degradation 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown cobbly silt loam 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly silty Use and Management clay loam Wildlife habitat 12 to 21 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay • Because most areas of these soils are adjacent to 21 to 24 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay the Warm Springs River, above the fish hatchery, 24 inches—sedimentary rock areas adjacent to perennial streams may need to be Properties and Qualities of the Jorn Soil maintained as buffers to reduce siltation and maintain temperatures of streams. Depth: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow 158—Yawkola-Jorn-Rock outcrop Available water capacity: 3 to 5 inches complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes Potential rooting depth: 20 to 40 inches Runoff: Medium or rapid Composition Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high Yawkola soil: 35 percent Rock Outcrop Jorn soil: 30 percent Rock outcrop: 30 percent Type of rock: Sedimentary Contrasting inclusions: 5 percent Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Bodell soils on shoulders and convex side slopes Landscape position: Yawkola—concave, south-facing Major Uses side slopes; Jorn—convex, south-facing side slopes; Rock outcrop—shoulders and convex, • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife south-facing side slopes habitat Landform: Mountains Major Management Limitations Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from sedimentary rock with an influence of Timber production volcanic ash in the upper part • Yawkola and Jorn—soil erosion, equipment Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet operability, soil compaction, seedling mortality, and Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon plant competition white oak, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho fescue • Yawkola—fire damage Climatic factors: • Jorn—windthrow hazard • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Livestock grazing • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • Soil compaction Typical Profile of the Yawkola Soil Use and Management Timber production 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and silt loam temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, or 11 to 40 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay accumulating slash on the surface. 40 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the loam more gently sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Properties and Qualities of the Yawkola Soil • Logging roads for year-round use require heavy Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) base rock. Drainage class: Well drained • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and Permeability: Slow hinder yarding. Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches • This unit has a moderate or severe soil compaction Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches hazard because of the texture of the surface layer and Runoff: Medium or rapid the clayey subsoil. Hazard of erosion: Moderate or high • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the 174 Soil Survey

soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Mean annual air temperature—45 to 49 • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil degrees F compaction. • Frost-free period—90 to 120 days • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer because of inadequate moisture in the soil. Typical Profile of the Yawkola Soil • Trees are subject to moderate windthrow damage 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly during periods of strong winds because of the loam restricted rooting depth of the Jorn soil. 11 to 40 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition 40 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial loam reestablishment of trees. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Properties and Qualities of the Yawkola Soil repellency may result from fires that have moderate Depth: Very deep (more than 60 inches) fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be Drainage class: Well drained designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to Permeability: Slow the Yawkola soil. Available water capacity: 5 to 9 inches Livestock grazing Potential rooting depth: More than 60 inches • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Runoff: Rapid or very rapid compaction and damage plants. Hazard of erosion: High or very high Wildlife habitat Rock Outcrop • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least Type of rock: Sedimentary 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown closure should be left in some areas of this unit to Contrasting Inclusions provide escape and thermal cover for deer. • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available • Jorn soils on convex side slopes animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. • Logsprings soils on nearly level benches Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant Major Uses Association • Timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife • PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton) habitat Major Management Limitations 159—Yawkola-Rock outcrop complex, 30 Timber production to 55 percent slopes • Soil erosion, equipment operability, soil compaction, Composition soil displacement, seedling mortality, plant competition, and fire damage Yawkola soil: 55 percent Rock outcrop: 30 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions: 15 percent • Slope and aspect Setting Use and Management Landscape position: Yawkola—concave, south-facing Timber production side slopes; Rock outcrop—convex, south-facing • Steep yarding paths, skid trails, and firebreaks side slopes are subject to rilling and gullying unless plant Landform: Mountains cover or adequate water bars, or both, are Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived provided. from sedimentary rock with an influence of • Disturbance of this unit may result in instability volcanic ash in the upper part of the slope. The factors that affect the stability of Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet the slope should be evaluated before the soil is Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, Oregon disturbed. white oak, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho fescue • Because of the steepness of slope, logging Climatic factors: systems that fully or partially suspend logs are best • Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches suited. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 175

• Logging roads for year-round use require heavy designed carefully to minimize detrimental impacts to base rock. the soil. • Rock outcrop may cause breakage of timber and Livestock grazing hinder yarding. • Steep slopes may adversely affect livestock • This unit is subject to a moderate soil compaction distribution. hazard because of the texture of the surface • Steep, south-facing slopes are less suited layer. to grazing in hot periods during the grazing • Restrict the use of equipment to periods when the season. soil is dry or frozen to reduce compaction. • Use designated skid trails to minimize soil Wildlife habitat compaction. • Dense stands of shrubs, saplings, or trees at least • Using machinery only in areas covered with slash 2 to 5 acres in size and with at least 75 percent crown or brush reduces soil displacement. closure should be left in some areas of this unit to • The seedling mortality rate may be high in summer provide escape and thermal cover for deer. because of inadequate moisture in the soil. • On critical winter range, 50 percent of the available • Unless site preparation is adequate, competition animal-unit-months should be allocated to wildlife. from undesirable plants can prolong natural or artificial reestablishment of trees. Warm Springs Indian Reservation Plant • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Association repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. Prescribed burning should be • PIPO-PSME/PUTR (Mutton)

177

Prime Farmland

In this section, prime farmland is defined and periods and are not flooded during the growing discussed and the prime farmland soils in this survey season. The slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. area are listed. Soils that have a high water table, are subject to Prime farmland is of major importance in flooding, or are droughty may qualify as prime providing the nation’s short- and long-range needs for farmland soils if the limitations are overcome by food and fiber. The acreage of high-quality farmland is drainage, flood control, or irrigation. Onsite evaluation limited, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture is necessary to determine the effectiveness of recognizes that government at local, state, and federal corrective measures. More information on the criteria levels, as well as individuals, must encourage and for prime farmland soils can be obtained at the local facilitate the wise use of our nation’s prime farmland. office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Prime farmland soils, as defined by the U.S. A recent trend in land use has been the Department of Agriculture, are soils that are best conversion of prime farmland to urban and industrial suited to producing food, seed, forage, fiber, and uses. The loss of prime farmland to other uses puts oilseed crops. Such soils have properties that are pressure on lands that are less productive than prime favorable for the economic production of sustained farmland. high yields of crops. The soils need only to be treated About 18,238 acres, or approximately 3 percent of and managed using acceptable farming methods. the survey area, would meet the requirements for Adequate moisture and a sufficiently long growing prime farmland if an adequate and dependable supply season are required. Prime farmland soils produce of irrigation water were available. the highest yields with minimal inputs of energy and The following map units meet the soil economic resources, and farming these soils results in requirements for prime farmland when irrigated. On the least damage to the environment. some soils included in the list, measures should be Prime farmland soils may presently be in use as used to overcome a hazard or limitation, such as cropland, pasture, or woodland, or they may be in flooding, wetness, or droughtiness. The location of other uses. They either are used for producing food each map unit is shown on the detailed soil maps at and fiber or are available for these uses. Urban or the back of this publication. Soil qualities that affect built-up land, public land, and water areas cannot be use and management are described in the section considered prime farmland. Urban or built-up land is “Detailed Soil Map Units.” This list does not constitute any contiguous unit of land 10 acres or more in size a recommendation for a particular land use. that is used for such purposes as housing, industrial, and commercial sites and as sites for institutions or public buildings, small parks, golf courses, cemeteries, railroad yards, airports, sanitary landfills, sewage Map Soil Name treatment plants, and water control structures. Public Symbol land is land not available for farming in national forests, national parks, military reservations, and state 25 Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes parks. 77 Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Prime farmland soils commonly get an adequate 80 Maupin silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation 89 Olallie clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes or irrigation. Temperature and length of growing (where drained) season are favorable, and level of acidity or alkalinity 94 Pelton-Willowdale complex, 0 to 3 is acceptable. The soils have few, if any, rocks and percent slopes are permeable to water and air. They are not 149 Wapinitia silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes excessively erodible or saturated with water for long 156 Willowdale loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

179

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of and the estimated yields of the main crops and hay the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust and pasture plants commonly grown are listed for land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural each soil. Planners of management systems for resources and the environment. Also, it can help individual fields or farms should consider the detailed avoid soil-related failures in land uses. information given in the description of each soil under In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific conservationists, engineers, and others collect information can be obtained from the local office of the extensive field data about the nature and behavioral Natural Resources Conservation Service or the characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Cooperative Extension Service. erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that Approximately 26,000 acres of the survey area affect various soil uses and management. Field has favorable soil characteristics and climatic experience and collected data on soil properties and conditions for crop production. Currently, about 600 performance are used as a basis in predicting soil acres is used for crops. Of this, about 240 acres is behavior. irrigated. The majority of this cropland is adjacent to Information in this section can be used to plan the Tenino Creek and the Warm Springs River. Potential use and management of soils for crops and pasture; cropland is scattered throughout the eastern half of as rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, the survey area, but the majority of it is on Mill Creek sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation Flat, Schoolie Flat, and Webster Flat and adjacent to systems, and parks and other recreation facilities; and Tenino and Dry Creeks. for wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the Soils have properties that affect their response to potentials and limitations of each soil for specific land use and management. Susceptibility to erosion by uses and to help prevent construction failures caused water, leaching and groundwater contamination, and by unfavorable soil properties. soil compaction are important considerations in the Planners and others using soil survey information management of areas used for crops and pasture. can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on Proper irrigation water management also is important. productivity and on the environment in all or part of the Erosion results in the loss of organic matter, survey area. The survey can help planners to breakdown of soil structure, and change in soil texture maintain or create a land use pattern in harmony with through the loss of silt and clay, all of which degrade the natural soil. soil tilth and productivity. The replacement of soil lost Contractors can use this survey to locate sources through erosion takes many years. Many structural, of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use management, and vegetative practices are used to it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very reduce or control water erosion. Use of cover crops or firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. crop residue reduces the impact of raindrops and Health officials, highway officials, engineers and decreases the erosive energy of water. Plant cover others may also find this survey useful. The survey also allows water to infiltrate the soil profile instead of can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and running off the surface and causing accelerated locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, erosion. Slope is an important factor in determining playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. the hazard of water erosion. Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent are more susceptible to erosion, Crops and Pasture and thus more protection is needed. In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum General management needed for crops and for production of most crops. Various crops require hay and pasture is suggested in this section. The differing amounts of water for full production. system of land capability classification used by the Adequate water is needed during critical growth Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained, stages to maintain high production or desirable crop 180 Soil Survey

quality. Among the soil characteristics that affect the and Willowdale soils are subject to compaction from choice of irrigation systems are the available water excessive tillage and from grazing when the soils are capacity and the water intake rate. Available water wet. The Drybed and Madras soils are susceptible to capacity is the amount of water a soil can store for water erosion if surface irrigation is used in areas that crop growth. Available water capacity is dependent have slopes of more than 3 percent. The Willowdale upon soil texture, depth to bedrock, total rock fragment soils are limited by moderate permeability, which may content, and organic matter content. The water intake result in leaching and subsequent groundwater rate is determined by the soil texture, soil structure, contamination from plant nutrients and chemicals. and organic matter content. Sandy soils have a high The Maupin, Olallie, Wapinitia, and Watama soils water intake rate and a low available water capacity, also have favorable characteristics and climatic but clayey soils absorb water slowly and have a conditions for crop production. These soils are on relatively high available water capacity. nearly level to gently sloping mesas. Sprinkler irrigation is a suitable method of The Maupin soils are dominantly northeast and applying water. Use of this method permits the even, south of Warm Springs, adjacent to the Deschutes controlled application of water, reduces runoff, and River. Elevation is 2,000 to 2,400 feet. The mean minimizes the risk of erosion. To avoid overirrigating annual precipitation is 9 to 12 inches, the mean annual and leaching of plant nutrients and chemicals, air temperature is 50 to 52 degrees, and the frost-free applications of irrigation water should be adjusted to period is 110 to 160 days. Potential crops that can be the available water capacity, the water intake rate, and grown on the Maupin soils include winter wheat, the needs of the crop grown. barley, alfalfa hay, and pasture. Returning crop residue to the soil and using a The Olallie, Wapinitia, and Watama soils are cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or dominantly on Mill Creek Flat and Schoolie Flat. Most grass-legume mixtures helps to maintain organic areas of the Olallie soils are adjacent to Sidwalter matter content and soil tilth and reduces the risk of Buttes. Elevation is 2,400 to 3,000 feet. The mean compaction. annual precipitation is 12 to 16 inches, the mean The survey area has a wide range of soils and annual air temperature is 48 to 50 degrees, and the climatic conditions that influence the management of frost-free period is 100 to 140 days. Potential crops areas used for crops and pasture. that can be grown on the Wapinitia and Watama soils The Drybed, Madras (see fig. 14, page 102), include winter wheat, barley, alfalfa hay, and pasture. Pelton, and Willowdale soils have the most favorable Potential crops that can be grown on the Olallie soils if characteristics and climatic conditions for irrigated artificial drainage is provided are alfalfa hay and crop production. These soils are on flood plains and pasture. terraces adjacent to Dry and Tenino Creeks and the The Maupin soils are medium textured and are Warm Springs and Deschutes Rivers. Elevation is moderately deep to a duripan; the Olallie soils are 1,100 to 2,400 feet. The mean annual precipitation is moderately fine textured, very deep to mixed alluvium, 9 to 12 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 50 and poorly drained; the Wapinitia soils are moderately to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 160 fine textured and are deep to bedrock; and the days. Potential crops that can be grown under Watama soils are moderately fine textured and are irrigation include winter wheat, barley, alfalfa hay, and moderately deep to bedrock. The Maupin soils are pasture. limited by moderate permeability and depth to a The Drybed soils are moderately fine textured and duripan, which may result in leaching and subsequent are very deep to bedrock, the Madras soils are groundwater contamination from plant nutrients and moderately fine textured and are moderately deep to chemicals. The Olallie soils are limited by a high water bedrock, the Pelton soils are moderately coarse table, which can affect the season of use unless textured and are very deep to mixed alluvium, and the artificial drainage is provided. The Wapinitia and Willowdale soils are medium textured and are deep to Watama soils are limited by slow permeability in the variegated sand and gravel. The Drybed, Madras, and subsoil, which contributes to overland flow if the Pelton soils are limited by the slow permeability of the irrigation rate exceeds the permeability rate. Because subsoil, which contributes to overland flow if the of the texture of the surface layer, the Maupin, Olallie, irrigation rate exceeds the permeability rate. Wapinitia, and Watama soils are subject to compaction Soil material transported by water carries from excessive tillage and from grazing when the soils associated nutrients and chemicals into waterways are wet. The Maupin, Wapinitia, and Watama soils are and reservoirs and reduces water quality. As a result susceptible to water erosion if surface irrigation is of the texture of the surface layer, the Drybed, Madras, used in areas that have slopes of more than 3 percent. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 181

Yields per Acre for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering purposes. The average yields per acre that can be expected In the capability system, soils generally are of the principal crops under a high level of grouped at three levels: capability class, subclass, management are shown in table 5. In any given year, and unit. Only class and subclass are used in this yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in survey. These levels are defined in the following the table because of variations in rainfall and other paragraphs. climatic factors. Capability classes, the broadest groups are The yields are based mainly on the experience designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The and records of farmers, conservationists, and numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and extension agents. Available yield data from nearby narrower choices for practical use. The classes are counties and results of field trials and demonstrations defined as follows: are also considered. Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their The management needed to obtain the indicated use. yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil Class II soils have moderate limitations that and the crop grown. Management can include reduce the choice of plants or that require moderate drainage, erosion control, and protection from flooding; conservation practices. the proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; the choice of plants or that require special control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; conservation practices, or both. favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, Class IV soils have very severe limitations that phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, management, or both. and green-manure crops; and harvesting methods that Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other ensure the smallest possible loss. limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the Class VI soils have severe limitations that make irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the them generally unsuitable for cultivation. crops grown, that good quality irrigation water is Class VII soils have very severe limitations that uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to make them unsuitable for cultivation. a minimum. Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have The estimated yields reflect the productive limitations that nearly preclude their use for capacity of each soil for each of the principal crops. commercial crop production. Yields are likely to increase as new production Capability subclasses are soil groups within one technology is developed. The productivity of a given class. They are designated by adding a small letter, soil compared with that of other soils, however, is not e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. likely to change. The letter e shows that the main limitation is risk of erosion unless close-growing plant cover is Land Capability Classification maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils Land capability classification shows, in a the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial general way, the suitability of soils for most kinds drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly of field crops. Crops that require special because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used management are excluded. The soils are grouped in only some parts of the United States, shows that the according to their limitations for field crops, the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. risk of damage if they are used for crops, and In class I there are no subclasses because the the way they respond to management. The soils of this class have few limitations. Class V grouping does not take into account major and contains only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c generally expensive landforming that would change because the soils in class V are subject to little or no slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, erosion. They have other limitations that restrict their nor does it consider possible but unlikely major use to pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, reclamation projects. Capability classification is or recreation. not a substitute for interpretations designed to The capability classification for each soil is given show suitability and limitations of groups of soils in table 5. 182 Soil Survey

Rangeland and Grazeable Forest Land In 1984 a significant reduction in the number of horses resulted from a program initiated by the By David Smith, range conservationist, Bureau of Indian Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation Affairs. and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This program, known as the Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Program, was Rangeland and grazeable forest land comprise conducted between 1980 and 1983 to curb this approximately 450,000 acres, or about 69 percent of infectious disease in horses. The program effectively the survey area. Grazing by domestic livestock reduced the horse population by 50 percent. historically has been significant in the development of An increase in herd management by individual the land and the lifestyles of the Warm Springs Tribes. livestock owners and by grazing districts has led to Although the number of livestock has declined in further reductions in uncontrolled livestock recent years, grazing by cattle and horses still is vital populations. Overall, livestock populations have to the local economy and to the individual ranchers in rebounded since 1984 because most of the ranches in the area. the area are traditional cow-calf and mare-colt Historically, livestock grazing in the survey area operations. began in 1860 when settlers and traders introduced horses, sheep, and cattle into central Oregon. Tribal Grazing Allotments members primarily used horses as a means of transportation and cattle as a supplemental food The rangeland and grazeable forest land in the source. survey area are subdivided into eight distinct grazing In the early 1900’s, large bands of sheep owned units. These units are defined by natural topographic by tribal members and non-Indians were introduced boundaries and fencelines. Most of the grazing units into the area. The sheep extensively grazed the are subdivided into two or more pastures by interior forested areas and river canyons. By 1926, several fences. Grazing systems that regularly rotate livestock bands totaling 6,600 head had been driven from and incorporate “traditional use areas” are used on railheads in Portland, Oregon. These bands grazed in these pastures by tribal livestock owners. A few small, the high mountainous areas between Mt. Hood and Mt. isolated, individually owned allotments do not have Jefferson and in the Mutton Mountains and the fenced subdivisions. These allotments are used Deschutes River Basin. In 1931, the Tribal Council of primarily by the landowners during a specific season. the Warm Springs Tribes decided to reserve their Many upland areas in the grazing units have plant grazing lands exclusively for livestock owned by tribal communities that receive little, if any, use because of a members. Leases held by non-Indian sheep and lack of water or a low level of management. Annual cattle producers were terminated, and they have not grazing plans and ongoing range development been renewed. programs are being used to effectively manage this The number of tribal members involved in upland forage through herding, fencing, water livestock and agricultural production grew steadily developments, and livestock management practices. between 1900 and 1984. Entire families were involved Primary goals of the tribes include proper use of in the care, maintenance, and movement of livestock the forage in the survey area and reduction of use in herds and in farming. Livestock were grazed in the areas where livestock have concentrated in the past, lower, nonforested areas in winter and spring, and such as riparian areas. More intensive management they were slowly and systematically moved onto the and resource education programs are being used to higher grazeable forest land in summer and fall. help control use of the riparian areas. Any long-term Families moved their living facilities, called “summer changes in the number of livestock or season of use camps,” as the herds were moved. Livestock grazing in are subject to the specifications of updated grazing the forested areas of the survey area was reduced plans approved by the Tribal Council. significantly in the early 1960’s with the construction of the “APW” fence. Grazing since has been limited Grazing Districts primarily to areas at the lower elevations. The number of cattle and horses grazing on tribal The survey area is divided into eight grazing land and individually owned Indian land has varied districts. Boundaries were set by Tribal Council significantly over the past decade. The number of Resolution for the Sidwalter, Boulder/Miller Flat/Dry livestock climbed to a high of 2,500 cattle and 1,700 Creek/Webster, Metolius, and 4-H Grazing Districts. horses between 1900 and 1961, but the number was Since the development of the Range and Agriculture reduced significantly by severe winters or by Plan in 1984, the boundaries of the Simnasho/Log wholesale liquidation of stock by individual owners. Springs, Mutton Mountain, and Tenino Grazing Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 183

Districts officially have been defined. The McQuinn Management Concerns Act set the boundaries of the Wapinitia Grazing District. This section provides information about concerns Grazing districts were established by Tribal and limitations that are important to the management Council Resolution to govern and regulate grazing in of livestock grazing in the survey area. More the survey area. Through the adoption of Ordinance information is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map 66, the Tribal Council established a method whereby Units.” grazing districts would manage the grazing land under Aspect is the direction in which a slope faces. the Tribal Comprehensive Plan and Ordinances to North-facing slopes are cooler, more productive, and protect the grazing resources. slower in development of new growth than other Ordinance 66 provided the following: slopes. During hot periods in summer, north-facing 1. Tribal livestock owners in each grazing area slopes are preferred by livestock because they are would present, in writing for approval by the Tribal cooler and the forage stays green until later in Council, a document stating their organization and summer. operating procedures. South-facing slopes generally have the opposite 2. After approval of the organization and characteristics of north-facing slopes. South-facing operating procedures, grazing districts and the Tribal/ slopes are poorly suited to livestock grazing during hot Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Range and Agriculture periods in summer, and they produce less forage for Department would develop 5-year goals and an initial grazing. Most east- and west-facing slopes have soil annual grazing plan for approval by the Tribal Natural and site characteristics similar to those of south-facing Resources Director, the Tribal Council, and the Tribal slopes. Superintendent. Subsequent annual plans would be Slope affects livestock use and the feasibility of approved by the Natural Resources Director. range improvement. Steep slopes are less preferred 3. After approval of the grazing plan, a grazing for grazing than gentle slopes. Slopes of more than 50 authorization would be issued by the Tribal Council percent, such as those on canyonsides, generally are and Superintendent to the grazing district with the used very little even if the forage is abundant, because specific conditions of the 5-year plan. livestock prefer the gentler slopes. Light use of the 4. The Tribal/BIA Range and Agriculture steep slopes generally is anticipated, however, and Department would be responsible for assisting grazing proper stocking rates should be determined districts with development and implementation of the accordingly. plan and for monitoring the operations to ensure the Rock outcrop normally supports very little accomplishment of the grazing plan. vegetation. In areas that have a significant amount of Rock outcrop, the capacity of the land for grazing Grazing Management is reduced proportionately. Livestock access also may be restricted in these areas, further reducing As described in the preceding paragraphs, each the available forage, unless access trails are grazing district meets with the Tribal/BIA Range and developed. Agriculture Department to discuss and prepare an Droughtiness reduces forage production and limits annual grazing plan. Annual grazing plans are guides the choice of plants for seeding to drought-tolerant for stock rotations within the pastures that meet the species. Droughtiness is a result of low annual biological needs of the forage species; meet the precipitation or of soil characteristics such as coarse developmental needs, such as water developments, texture, shallow depth, or a high content of gravel or fencing, and enforcement problems; establish work stones, all of which restrict available water capacity. priorities; and schedule grazing rotations that eliminate Some soil characteristics affect the use and resource use conflicts among grazing stock and management of rangeland. Soil texture affects water wildlife, cultural food plants, fisheries, and riparian infiltration rates and the susceptibility of the soil to areas. damage from mechanical operations. Soil The Tribal/BIA Range and Agriculture temperature affects the rate of plant growth and Department annually assists in monitoring the maturation. Heavy-textured soils have a slow condition of the forage, the patterns of use, and infiltration rate, have a higher rate of runoff, and may the sale and movement of livestock within the be damaged easily by grazing during wet periods. districts. Coarse-textured soils are susceptible to wind erosion 184 Soil Survey

if left bare. Soil characteristics should be considered map included at the back of this publication. In in range management activities such as the timing, addition to the historic and economic importance of duration, and intensity of grazing to ensure the rangeland for livestock grazing, it is also important for protection of plant and soil resources. soil protection, flood control, water production, wildlife Water is the primary limiting factor in the habitat, fishery habitat, and recreational opportunities development and improvement of grazing land in the and as a source of firewood and juniper boughs. survey area. Although abundant water is available in Rangeland and grazeable forest land produce perennial streams and natural springs, development of edible native plants that are essential to the diet and these sources has been limited over the years. Water culture of the Warm Springs Tribes. Plants gathered is a key element in the proper management of grazing for food and medicine include roots, berries, moss, sites and in the protection and enhancement of the herbs, and bulbs. plant communities. The lower elevation rangeland consists of general Conflicts of land use among grazing areas, soil map units 1, 2, 3, and 4. The plant communities anadromous fish spawning areas, riparian areas, and range from high condition communities that support cultural plant-gathering sites increase when there is a Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and shortage of water during periods of continuous Idaho fescue to low condition communities that drought. An aggressive resource enhancement support dominantly medusahead and cheatgrass. The program has been undertaken by the Warm Springs plant communities that are in poor condition and are Tribes to reduce these conflicts and to improve water dominantly annual grasses are a direct result of conditions on grazing land. Using modern technology, prolonged, heavy grazing from the 1880's to the the tribes have improved water conditions and 1930's and from farming activities that were reduced the conflicts in the use of the land resources abandoned in the early 1960's. by developing water sources for livestock and wildlife. The middle elevation grazeable forest land These developments include construction of deep consists of general soil map units 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and wells and pipelines and troughs, use of an aggressive 11. It includes forest land in the pine and pine/ spring development program in areas of rangeland, Douglas fir zones. The plant communities within these use of solar-powered pumping systems, use of big zones range from bunchgrass/bitterbrush communities game guzzlers to capture precipitation and channel it to pine/bitterbrush and pine/Douglas fir/elk sedge to watering troughs, use of hydro-ram pumping communities. Primary forage species include systems to divert water away from sensitive riparian Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho areas and stream channels for use by livestock, and fescue, bitterbrush, and elk sedge. Lower condition construction of stock dams to capture overland flow. communities generally are dominated by squirreltail, Fencing is another key element in an effective cheatgrass, and some medusahead. Within the grazing management program. It is used to properly timbered areas, snowbrush ceanothus and greenleaf distribute livestock across a grazing area and to manzanita are shrub species that flourish following properly time the use of forage. Many methods of disturbances such as logging and fire. Some moist fencing can be used, including subdividing large meadows that yield large quantities of grasses and grazeable areas into smaller units. forbs are in these areas. The tribes have been constructing fences to High elevation grazeable forest land consists of divide each of the large grazing districts into more general soil map unit 12. It includes forest land manageable units. Approximately 30 miles of fence ranging from the Douglas fir/sedge zone to the true fir were built annually between 1984 and 1991. Dividing zone. Although grazing is limited in these areas, the the land into small units by using fences and natural forage is important to wildlife. The primary forage boundaries helps to improve grazing management. species are sedges, snowbrush ceanothus, greenleaf There are still some large areas of more than 45,000 manzanita, golden chinkapin, big huckleberry, and acres in the survey area, and additional fencing is common snowberry. Moist or wet meadows are needed to improve the movement of herds and the common, and they produce large quantities of camas, use of forage in these areas. sedges, rushes, and grasses.

Forage Resources Forage Production

The survey area is unique in its diversity and Forage production varies from site to site. complexity of plant community types and forage Characteristics such as precipitation, soil types, plant species, which is illustrated by the general vegetation community ecological conditions, soil surface Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 185

conditions, and overstory canopy closures contribute temperatures make growing conditions substantially directly to the production of forage. better than average. In a normal year, growing Approximately 60 percent of the rangeland in the conditions are about average. In an unfavorable year, survey area is producing less than half of its natural growing conditions are well below average, generally potential. Past grazing and farming activities, because of low available soil moisture. catastrophic fires, and drought have significantly Dry weight is the total annual yield per acre of air- altered the structure and production of the plant dry vegetation. Yields are adjusted to a common communities. percent of air-dry moisture content. The relationship In areas that have similar climate and topography, of green weight to air-dry weight varies according to differences in the kind and amount of vegetation such factors as exposure, amount of shade, recent produced on range sites are closely related to soil rains, and unseasonable dry periods. types. Effective management is based on the Characteristic vegetation, the grasses, forbs, relationship between the soils and the vegetation and and shrubs that make up most of the potential availability of water. natural plant community on each soil, is listed by Range site management requires a knowledge of common name. Under composition, the expected soil characteristics and the associated potential percentage of the total annual production is given for natural plant community. It also requires an evaluation each species making up the characteristic vegetation. of the present range condition. Range condition is The amount that can be used as forage depends on determined by comparing the present plant community the kinds of grazing animals and on the grazing with the potential native plant community on a season. particular range site. The more closely the existing An objective in range site management is to community resembles the potential community, the manage grazing so that the plants growing on a site better the range condition. Range condition is an are similar in kind and amount to the potential natural ecological rating only. It does not infer value of the plant community for that site, while improving the present plant community for a given use. overall ecological condition of the plant community. Table 6 shows, for each soil that is used as Management that improves range condition generally rangeland or grazeable forest land or is suitable for results in the optimal production of vegetation, a these uses, the range site; the total annual production reduction in undesirable brush species, conservation of vegetation in favorable, normal, and unfavorable of water, and reduced erosion. Sometimes, however, years; the characteristic vegetation; and the average based upon the needs of the tribes and the objectives percentage of each species. Explanation of the for the land in a given area, range conditions below the column headings in table 6 follows. ecological potential meet grazing needs, provide for A range site is a distinctive kind of rangeland that wildlife habitat, and adequately protect soil and water produces a characteristic natural plant community that resources. differs from natural plant communities on other range sites in kind, amount, and proportion of range plants. Special Provisions for Listing Range Sites The relationship between soils and vegetation was established during this survey; thus, range sites In 1983 a survey was conducted on the Warm generally can be determined directly from the soil Springs Indian Reservation of all low-elevation map. Soil properties that affect moisture supply and rangeland and some middle-elevation grazeable forest plant nutrients have the greatest influence on the land. The survey included all low-elevation grass, productivity of range plants. Soil reaction, salt content, shrub, and juniper plant associations as well as and a seasonal water table are also important. grazeable forest land in the middle-elevation pine Total production is the amount of vegetation that timber associations. can be expected to grow annually on well managed In order to maintain continuity between range data rangeland that is supporting the potential natural plant collected in the 1983 survey and the range sites community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it identified and described in this survey, a special is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current nomenclature was used in the section “Detailed Soil year’s growth of leaves, twigs, and fruit of woody Map Units.” Where applicable, the range site names plants. It does not include the increase in stem from the 1983 survey are in parentheses following the diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in new range site names. These are included at the end pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable, of each map unit description. By identifying both range normal, and unfavorable years. In a favorable year, site names in this report, previously mapped range the amount and distribution of precipitation and the sites can be compared and contrasted with the 186 Soil Survey

potential native plant community identified in each of larch, and subalpine fir. Many cover types are at the the current range site descriptions. higher elevations, but the coastal true fir/hemlock type is most common. The most prevalent species in this General Vegetation Zones type are Pacific silver fir, noble fir, western hemlock, Douglas fir, and western white pine. Other cover types The general vegetation map at the back of this at high elevations include mountain hemlock, publication shows broad areas, or zones, that have lodgepole pine, western hemlock, and Engelmann distinctive patterns of native plant community types. spruce/subalpine fir. The use of these zones permits a focus on Many diseases and insects affect the forests, and geographical differences in climate and vegetation and they can be a problem in individual stands of trees. the generalization of complex local vegetation Damage can vary from year to year. patterns. The zones also provide a basis for broad The western spruce budworm (Choristoneura management interpretations. The map should be used occidentalis) defoliates Douglas fir, grand fir, noble fir, in conjunction with information in the sections “General and Pacific silver fir. Occasional defoliation can Soil Map Units” and “Detailed Soil Map Units.” reduce tree growth, but defoliation for 2 to 3 Vegetation zones may cover large geographical consecutive years can cause death. The mountain areas, but a single set of potential native plant pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) commonly communities is throughout the zone. Vegetative attacks all species of pine, and the western pine patterns usually are predictable within the zones, beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomus) commonly attacks since they are related to local features, such as ponderosa pine. These beetles can be a severe aspect, soils, and landforms. Macroclimate generally problem in overstocked stands of ponderosa pine and is relatively similar throughout a given zone. Climate lodgepole pine. The larch casebearer (Coleophora and the associated landscapes and plant communities laricella) attacks western larch, and the pine engraver are expected to differ from zone to zone. beetle (Ips pini) commonly attacks ponderosa pine and occasionally other pines. Forest Land Management and Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) is a very Productivity destructive forest parasite that attacks western larch, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, and By Craig M. Ziegler, area forester, Natural Resources western hemlock. This parasite lives off the host by Conservation Service. absorbing food through roots that penetrate the bark of the tree. Laminated root rot (Phellinus weirii) The forest land in the survey area varies greatly. commonly attacks Douglas fir, grand fir, noble fir, and Not only do the tree species differ, but the soils, mountain hemlock. It can be a severe problem in topography, and precipitation also differ. There are locally isolated areas of forest land. This root rot approximately 320,000 acres of commercial forest occasionally also attacks western hemlock, western land, mainly in the western half of the survey area. larch, and Engelmann spruce. White pine blister rust The Mutton Mountains, which are in the northeastern (Cronartium ribicola) attacks western white pine, and part, also are forested. Precipitation in the forested western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii) areas ranges from 14 to 110 inches. The topography commonly attacks lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine. ranges from nearly level and gently sloping areas on Armillaria rot (Armillaria mellea) and Indian paint the eastern edge of the forest land to very steep fungus (Echinodontium tinctorium) commonly attack mountainsides in the western and southern parts of all species of pine. the forest land. The elevation ranges from 2,000 to Tables 7 and 8 provide important information to 6,400 feet, which is at the timberline on Mt. Jefferson. forest land managers as they seek ways to maximize The principal forest cover is the interior ponderosa the use of forest land. The information can be used to pine type. It is in the driest areas, which are mainly in help make sound management decisions. Only the the eastern, central, and southern parts of the forest soils suitable for producing timber are listed in these land. It also is on south aspects at the higher tables. elevations. Other species that are included in this In table 7, the potential productivity of common cover type are Douglas fir, western larch, grand fir, trees on a soil is expressed as a site index. This index incense cedar, and western juniper. At the middle is determined by taking height and age measurements elevations are the interior Douglas fir and grand fir on selected trees within stands of a given species. cover types. Tree species of lesser extent in these The procedures for determining site index of various types are ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western species are given in the site index publications used Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 187

for this survey (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, under certain conditions, and severe indicates that 24). The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged erosion control practices are needed under most stands. The highest timber yields can be expected conditions. from areas that have the highest site indexes. Site Factors considered. The hazard of cut and fill index values can be converted into estimated yields at erosion can be determined by considering the amount various ages by carefully using the appropriate yield and intensity of rainfall, soil erodibility (K factor) of the tables. exposed horizons, and angle and length of the slopes. Species preferred for wood production are those The risk of erosion becomes greater as the length of that are planted for reforestation or are allowed to cuts and fills and the weighted K factor value increase. regenerate naturally. The desired product, topographic Management implications. Erosion control position, and individual preference are only some of practices, such as seeding, mulching, and using the factors that can influence the choice of adapted sediment traps, may be needed. trees for reforestation. Table 8 can serve as a quick reference for forest Equipment Operability land interpretations. The soils are rated for a number of factors to be considered in woodland management. Definition. Equipment operability ratings refer to Slight, moderate, and severe indicate the degree of the difficulty of using wheeled or tracked ground the major soil limitations. For each soil that has a equipment because of certain soil, topographic, or rating of moderate or severe, additional information is climatic characteristics. given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Ratings. Slight indicates that equipment use may be restricted because of wetness for a period of as Sheet and Rill Erosion long as 3 months in a normal year. The kind of equipment and season of use normally are not Definition. Sheet and rill erosion ratings refer to restricted because of site features. Moderate the risk of off-road soil loss after fire, grazing, or forest indicates that equipment use is limited because of one management activities that expose the soil. or more site features. Equipment use may be Ratings. Slight indicates that no particular erosion restricted by slope, stones, soil wetness, soil control measures are needed under ordinary instability, extremes in soil texture (clayey or sandy), or conditions, moderate indicates that some erosion a combination of two or more factors. Equipment use control measures are needed, and severe indicates is restricted by soil wetness for a period of 3 to 6 that special precautions are needed to control erosion months in a normal year. Severe indicates that the in most silvicultural activities. kind of equipment or the season of use is severely Factors considered. Sheet and rill erosion ratings restricted because of one or more site features. are determined by considering the amount and Equipment use is restricted by soil wetness for a intensity of rainfall, the recovery rate of plant cover, period of more than 6 months in a normal year. soil erodibility (K factor), soil loss tolerance (T factor), Factors considered. Trafficability, soil-related and percent slope. Soil loss tolerance is defined as physical impediments, steepness of slope, and soil the maximum amount of erosion at which the quality of wetness are the main factors that result in equipment a soil as a medium for plant growth can be maintained. limitations. As slope gradient and length increase, use Management implications. A rating of severe of wheeled equipment becomes more difficult. Use of indicates the need for special harvesting systems or wheeled and tracked equipment is impractical on the alternative site preparation techniques and proper steepest slopes. Soil wetness, especially in areas of timing. fine-textured soils, can severely limit the use of equipment and make harvesting practical only during Cut and Fill Erosion periods when the soils are dry or frozen. Extreme soil textures commonly affect the use of equipment. Definition. Cut and fill erosion ratings refer to the Organic soil, clay, and loose sand are subject to risk that soil loss may occur from road cuts and fills. trafficability problems. Boulders and stones also may This rating does not consider dry ravel. limit the use of equipment. Ratings. Cuts and fills should be seeded. A rating Management implications. Equipment operability of slight indicates that no other preventative measures limitations indicate a need for choosing the proper are needed under ordinary conditions, moderate equipment and for properly timing operations to avoid indicates that erosion control measures are needed seasonal limitations. 188 Soil Survey

Soil Compaction Management implications. Restrictions on equipment use because of the soil displacement Definition. Soil compaction ratings refer to the risk hazard indicate the need to closely monitor activities that damage to the soil structure will occur as a result that disturb the soil, such as mechanical slash of equipment use during periods when the soils are disposal and site preparation, or to use alternative wet or moist. methods. In areas where excessive soil displacement Ratings. Slight indicates that no special has occurred, plant recovery rates may be impaired. equipment is needed and the season of use generally Prolonged exposure of bare soil may result in is not restricted. Moderate indicates that there increased erosion and further deterioration of may be some seasonal restrictions on the use of the site. ground equipment. Use of cable yarding systems may be advisable. Severe indicates the need for Seedling Mortality extreme caution. Some restorative practices, such as ripping or discing, may be needed following harvest Definition. Seedling mortality ratings refer activities. to the risk of death of natural or planted tree Factors considered. Surface texture, coarse seedlings as a result of soil or topographic fragment content, and plasticity are soil characteristics. Plant competition and characteristics considered in the compaction damage by animals are not considered in the ratings. The ratings assume that the soil is wet or ratings. moist. Soil compaction decreases air spaces in the Ratings. The ratings apply to naturally occurring soil. Air and water movement thus are reduced, seedlings and to healthy, dormant bare-root or restricting root growth and increasing the risk of containerized seedlings from good stock that are surface erosion. properly planted during a period of sufficient moisture. Management implications. Compaction should Slight indicates that no problem is expected under be considered during silvicultural activities. Use of normal conditions. Moderate indicates that some designated skid trails and protection of the duff layer problems of mortality can be expected. Extra are needed to minimize damage to the soil. A precautions are advised. Severe indicates that the moderate or severe rating indicates the need to rate of mortality will be high. Extra precautions are carefully choose the proper equipment and to be essential for successful reforestation. aware of seasonal limitations. Factors considered. Seedling mortality ratings are determined by the following factors. Soil Displacement • Soil chemistry. This influences the amount and kind of nutrients available to plants and affects the Definition. Soil displacement ratings refer availability of water in the soil. tto the risk of gouging, scraping, or pushing soil • Soil drainage. This indicates the degree, from its natural position by mechanical means. frequency, and duration of soil wetness. It most often is associated with mechanical slash • Available water capacity. The amount of disposal, tractor yarding operations, and site water held in the soil for plant use is determined preparation. by the available water capacity and effective rooting Ratings. Slight indicates that equipment use is depth of the soil. The amount of water held in the not restricted. Special precautions generally are not upper 20 inches is used as an indicator of needed. Moderate indicates that the use of droughtiness. specialized equipment, such as a brush rake, is • Temperature and moisture regime. Seedlings needed for mechanical slash disposal, site can survive in areas that have a low available water preparation, and other activities that disturb the soil. capacity if the frequency and duration of rainfall are Severe indicates that extreme caution is advised if sufficient. practices that disturb the soil are used. • Slope and aspect. Seedling mortality may be Factors considered. The texture of the surface affected by the high temperatures and rate of layer and the amount of rock fragments in the upper evaporation associated with steep, south-facing 12 inches influence how readily the soil will hold slopes. together when pushed as a result of contact with Management implications. To offset machinery or logs. Slope is a factor because more seedling mortality, it may be necessary to use maneuvering of machinery is needed in the steeper larger than normal planting stock, special site areas. Soil moisture is assumed to be at field preparation, surface drainage, or reinforcement capacity or drier. plantings. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 189

Windthrow Management implications. Moderate and severe ratings indicate the need for careful and thorough site Definition. Windthrow ratings refer to the risk of preparation and the potential need for mechanical or trees being tipped over and partially or fully uprooted chemical treatment to retard the growth of competing by strong winds during periods when the soil is moist vegetation. Reforestation for tree crop production or wet. should be established before competing plants can Ratings. Slight indicates that trees normally are invade. not blown down by the wind. Moderate indicates that occasionally a tree may be blown down during periods Fire Damage when the soil is wet and the winds are moderate or strong. Severe indicates that many trees may be Definition. Fire damage ratings refer to the risk blown down during periods when the soil is wet and that a fire of moderate fireline intensity (116 to 520 the winds are moderate or strong (see fig.13, page btu's/sec/ft), which is likely in a clearcut slash burn, 99). will have a negative impact on the nutrient content and Factors considered. This rating considers the soil the physical and biotic characteristics of the soil. characteristics that affect the development of tree Ratings. Slight indicates that negative impacts to roots and the ability of the soil to hold trees firmly. soil characteristics are not expected. Moderate Rooting depth may be restricted because of a high indicates that negative impacts, such as nonwettability water table, underlying bedrock, or an impervious and excessive erosion, may occur. Extra caution is layer. Loose soil may result in poor anchoring of roots. advised in planning prescribed fires. Severe indicates Management implications. Moderate and severe that negative impacts are likely to occur. Extreme ratings indicate the need for care in harvesting and caution is advised in planning prescribed fires. thinning forest stands. Use of seed tree systems or Factors considered. Fire damage ratings are regeneration with isolated single trees or groups of determined by the following factors. trees is not practical in areas that are subject to a • Surface layer thickness. Soils that have a moderate or severe windthrow hazard. Periodic shallow surface layer may not have the capacity to salvage of windblown trees may be needed in these absorb the effects of fire and may be prone to slower areas. Adequate road and trail systems are needed recovery rates. for salvage operations. • Slope. The steeper slopes are more likely to erode if the protective layer of duff is burned off. Plant Competition • Soil texture and coarse fragment content. Texture affects soil erodibility, plant recovery rates, and Definition. Plant competition ratings refer to productivity. Coarse-textured soils transmit heat to a the likelihood of an invasion of plants sufficient to greater depth in a shorter period of time and are more delay or prevent establishment of adapted tree prone to water repellency. Soils that have a high seedlings. content of gravel or stones respond to fire similarly to Ratings. Slight indicates that competing coarse-textured soils. Medium-textured soils have a vegetation will have little, if any, effect on the higher inherent available water capacity and are more establishment and development of seedlings. likely to be cooler and more productive. Moderate indicates that uncontrolled competition from • Organic matter content. Soils that have an understory vegetation may retard natural or planted organic matter content of less than 2 percent usually reforestation, but it will not prevent the eventual are prone to slow recovery rates. Soils that have a development of fully stocked stands. Severe indicates high organic matter content generally are more that uncontrolled competition from understory resistant to sheet and rill erosion. These soils also vegetation can be expected to prevent natural or have a higher available water capacity and are more planted reforestation. likely to be cooler for longer periods during the year. Factors considered. Climate and soil Management implications. Combustion of above- characteristics can result in plant competition and below-ground organic matter volatilizes nutrients, problems. Commonly, the key to predicting plant reduces soil organic matter content, and in some soils competition is the quantity and proximity of seed increases water repellency. Populations of some soil sources of undesirable plants or the quantity of organisms are at least temporarily reduced by the unwanted brush rootstock that will resprout after initial high soil temperatures during fire and by harvesting. subsequent changes in the chemical and physical 190 Soil Survey

properties of the soil. It may be necessary to consider Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most use of winter burning and alternate lighting vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and techniques, monitoring of the moisture content of fuel, parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm yarding of unmerchantable material, elimination of when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to prescribed burns, and use of erosion control flooding during the period of use, and do not have measures following burning. slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping sites or of building access roads and parking Recreation areas. Playgrounds require soils that can withstand The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9 intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level according to limitations that affect their suitability for and are not wet or subject to flooding during the recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil season of use. The surface is free of stones and features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock Not considered in the ratings, but important in or a hardpan should be considered. evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic should require little or no cutting and filling. The best quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty impoundment sites, and access to public sewerlines. when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent once a year during the period of use. They have and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for the surface. recreation use by the duration and intensity of flooding Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and and the season when flooding occurs. In planning some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be recreation facilities, onsite assessment of the height, required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not essential. subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or means that soil properties generally are favorable and greens is not considered in rating the soils. that limitations are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or Wildlife Habitat alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable and By Terry A. Luther, wildlife biologist, Confederated Tribes of the that limitations can be offset only by costly soil Warm Springs Reservation. reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a combination of these measures. The soils in the survey area provide habitat for The information in table 9 can be supplemented many kinds of fish and wildlife. The kinds and by other information in this survey; for example, numbers of most wildlife species in the area are interpretations for dwellings without basements and for related to the kinds of soil. This relationship is local roads and streets in table 10 and interpretations influenced primarily by the kinds of plant communities, for septic tank absorption fields in table 11. the topography, and the land use. Camp areas require site preparation such as The general soil map units have been grouped shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, according to their potential to provide similar kinds of stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and wildlife habitat. These groups and the kinds of fish and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp wildlife present are described in the following areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some paragraphs. vehicular traffic. The best soils are gently sloping and Group 1 (general soil map unit 1). This group are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of consists of warm, dry soils on terraces and low use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, foothills adjacent to the Deschutes and Warm Springs absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not Rivers and the Dry, Shitike, and Tenino Creeks, at the dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders eastern boundary of the survey area. The native can greatly increase the cost of constructing vegetation is mainly basin wildrye, bluebunch campsites. wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, basin big Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 191

sagebrush, and various forbs. The soils in this group bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, antelope are used for irrigated crops, livestock grazing, and bitterbrush, buckwheat, ponderosa pine, and various homesite development. The riparian areas in this forbs. The soils in this group are used for livestock group along with adjacent areas of cropland provide grazing and timber production. They also provide the best habitat for wildlife habitat. Wildlife commonly important forage for deer in winter and for elk that found in areas of this group include California quail, winter in the Beaver Creek Prairie area. Other wildlife ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, waterfowl, commonly found in areas of this group include badger, beaver, and mink. turkey, and coyote. The Deschutes and Warm Springs Rivers and The Warm Springs River and Mill and Boulder Shitike Creek provide important habitat for Chinook Creeks provide important habitat for Chinook salmon, salmon, steelhead trout, bull trout, and rainbow trout. steelhead trout, bull trout, and rainbow trout. The potential is good for improvement of the The potential is good for improvement of the habitat in this group by using agricultural and habitat by burning, seeding native or adapted plants, herbaceous plantings and by properly managing and properly managing existing vegetation. existing riparian vegetation. Group 5 (general soil map units 9, 10, and 11). Group 2 (general soil map units 2, 3, and 4). This This group consists of warm, moist soils on foothills group consists of warm, dry soils on high foothills, in and mountains in the central and northeastern part of canyons, and on mesas on the eastern side of the the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly Idaho survey area. The native vegetation is mainly fescue, antelope bitterbrush, common snowberry, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, and various forbs. The big sagebrush, and various forbs. The soils in this soils in this group are used for livestock grazing and group are used for livestock grazing, and they provide timber production. They also provide important forage important forage for herds of deer that winter on the for deer and elk in winter, and some areas provide mesas and in the canyons adjacent to the Deschutes important habitat for elk calving. Other wildlife River. Other wildlife commonly found in areas of this commonly found in areas of this group include eagles, group include chukar, badger, and coyote. hawks, turkey, rabbits, grey squirrel, porcupine, black The Warm Springs River and Shitike Creek bear, cougar, and bobcat. provide important habitat for Chinook salmon, Boulder and Shitike Creeks provide important steelhead trout, bull trout, and rainbow trout. habitat for steelhead trout, bull trout, and rainbow trout. The potential is good for improvement of the The potential is good for improvement of the habitat in this group by burning, seeding native or habitat by burning, seeding native or adapted plants, adapted plants, and properly managing existing and properly managing existing vegetation. The vegetation. habitat for big game can be improved by creating more Group 3 (general soil map units 5, 6, and 7). This dense stands of timber by removing fewer trees during group consists of warm, moist soils in canyons and on thinning or by not thinning at all in some areas. The mesas on the eastern side of the survey area. The more dense stands provide escape and thermal cover native vegetation is mainly bluebunch wheatgrass, for deer and elk. General soil map unit 10 also Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, and various forbs. supports habitat that has the potential for The soils in this group are used for livestock grazing, reintroduction of desert bighorn sheep. and they provide important forage for deer in winter. Group 6 (general soil map unit 12). This group Other wildlife commonly found in areas of this group consists of cool, moist soils at the lower elevations include badger, turkey, and coyote. of the Cascade Mountains, on the western side The Warm Springs River and Beaver, Mill, of the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly and Shitike Creeks provide important habitat for Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, grand fir, snowbrush Chinook salmon, steelhead trout, bull trout, and ceanothus, common snowberry, and various forbs. rainbow trout. The soils in this group are used for timber production The potential is good for improvement of the and wildlife habitat. They also provide important habitat by burning, seeding native or adapted plants, forage for deer and elk in mild winters. Stands and properly managing existing vegetation. of old-growth timber in this group provide critical Group 4 (general soil map unit 8). This group habitat for the threatened northern spotted owl. consists of warm, moist soils on outwash plains on Other wildlife commonly found in areas of this Miller and Mill Creek Flats, in the central part of the group include black bear, grey squirrel, and ruffed survey area. The native vegetation is mainly grouse. 192 Soil Survey

The Warm Springs River and Mill Creek provide The habitat for big game in general soil map unit important habitat for spawning Chinook salmon and 14 can be improved by clearcutting in some areas, steelhead trout. A small area of this group at the which provides excellent summer forage, and by southern end of the survey area, along Jefferson and creating dense stands of timber by removing fewer Mariel Creeks and the Metolius River, provide trees during thinning or not thinning at all in some important spawning habitat for kokanee salmon and areas. The dense stands provide escape and thermal bull trout. Badger, Boulder, Jefferson, and Shitike cover for elk and deer. Creeks also provide habitat for rainbow trout. The habitat for big game in this group can be Native Food Plants improved by creating more dense stands of timber by removing fewer trees during thinning or by not thinning Native foods, including wild roots, fruits, stems, at all in some areas. The more dense stands provide and leaves as well as fish and game, are an important escape and thermal cover for elk and deer. part of the cultural life of the Warm Springs Tribes. Group 7 (general soil map unit 13). This group Roots are dug from early in spring through late in consists of cool, wet soils at the middle elevations of summer. Fruit, especially huckleberries, is harvested the Cascade Mountains, on the western side of the in summer and fall. survey area. The native vegetation is mainly Douglas The Warm Springs Tribes annually observe two fir, western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, queencup religious feasts of thanksgiving—the Root Feast in beadlily, vine maple, and various forbs. The soils in spring and the Huckleberry Feast early in fall (16)— this group are used for timber production and wildlife that are based on important native foods. habitat. They also provide important summer forage There are nine native food plants that are for elk and deer and important habitat for elk calving. significant culturally to the Warm Springs Tribes. These Stands of old-growth timber provide critical habitat for include bitterroot, Canby’s desert parsley, biscuitroot, the threatened northern spotted owl. Other wildlife blue camas, Indian carrot, wild celery, big huckleberry, commonly found in areas of this group include black chokecherry, and black lichen. bear, pileated woodpecker, and blue grouse. Bitterroot, also known as “Pe ah ke” or macaroni The Warm Springs River and Beaver Creek root, is the most popular root. Bitterroot is cooked in provide important spawning habitat for Chinook water similar to potatoes or served fresh with salmon. salmon and steelhead trout as well as habitat for bull This plant grows in dry, rocky places and commonly is trout and rainbow trout. on the Bakeoven soils. The habitat for big game can be improved by Canby’s desert parsley, or “Luksh,” is a variety of clearcutting in some areas, which provides excellent biscuitroot. It is cooked fresh or is dried and pounded summer forage, and by creating dense stands of into meal for use in “palm” cakes. This plant grows on timber by removing fewer trees during thinning or not dry, rocky hillsides and flats and commonly is on the thinning at all in some areas. The dense stands Bakeoven and Rockly soils. provide escape and thermal cover for elk and deer. Biscuitroot, also known as “Coush” or bread root, Group 8 (general soil map units 14 and 15). This is the most abundant root harvested in the survey group consists of cold, wet soils at the high elevations area. It is cooked fresh or is chopped, dried, and of the Cascade Mountains, on the western boundary stored for later use. The small, dry pellets are used in of the survey area. The native vegetation is mainly soups or meat broths and provide a slight thickening Douglas fir, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, similar to potatoes or meal. This plant grows on dry, lodgepole pine, common beargrass, big huckleberry, rocky hillsides and flats and commonly is on the grouse blueberry, and Pacific rhododendron. This Bakeoven and Rockly soils. group provides important summer forage for elk and Blue camas, or “Wa ka mo,” grows in damp deer and important habitat for elk calving. Stands of places. The blue blossoms must be observable old-growth timber in general soil map unit 14 also at the time of harvest to avoid selecting the deadly provide critical habitat for the threatened northern white-flowering death camas. Blue camas should spotted owl. Other wildlife commonly found in areas of be peeled, and it can be eaten fresh or dried in this group include black bear, cougar, pine martin, and the sun for year-round use. Frequently, dried snowshoe hare. camas is cooked with dried biscuitroot. Camas Trout Lake provides habitat for rainbow trout. most commonly is in meadows of the ponderosa Most of the other high mountain lakes provide habitat pine zone, in areas associated with the Dahl, for brook trout. Kahneeta, and Olallie soils. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 193

Indian carrot, also known as “Saw-wictk” or wild limitations. For example, estimates and other data carrot, is eaten raw or cooked when fresh. It also is generally apply only to that part of the soil within a dried and pounded into meal for use in “palm” cakes. depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small This plant is in meadows of the ponderosa pine zone, areas of different soils may be included within the in areas associated with the Dahl, Kahneeta, and mapped areas of a specific soil. Logsprings soils. The information is not site specific and does not Wild celery, or “Cum-see,” is not preserved in any eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils way. The stem is eaten fresh during the season, which or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in usually lasts from April through June. This plant the design and construction of engineering works. commonly is on hillsides and meadows of the Government ordinances and regulations that ponderosa pine zone, in areas associated with the restrict certain land uses or impose specific design Logsprings and Dahl soils. criteria were not considered in preparing the Big huckleberries, or “We Woo no Wash,” are information in this section. Local ordinances and important in the rituals and festivals of the Warm regulations need to be considered in planning, in site Springs Tribes and are used fairly regularly in their selection, and in design. diet. In season, they are eaten fresh. They also are Soil properties, site features, and observed canned, frozen, sun dried, or barbecued for use during performance were considered in determining the the rest of the year. This plant is in areas of the Jojo ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil and Pinhead soils, from Olallie Butte north to the survey, determinations were made about grain-size survey area boundary. It is most abundant in forests distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, that have an open canopy. depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 to 6 Chokecherries, or “T-mish,” can be eaten fresh in feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal season, which is during August, but most are high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural preserved for later use. Chokecherries are not very soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were abundant in the survey area, and they usually are collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of associated with soils along drainageways, such as the sand and silt fractions, and the kind of adsorbed those of the Millerflat series and Vitrandic Haploxerolls cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, and Xerofluvents. permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, Black lichen, or “Koonts,” is differentiated from available water capacity, and other behavioral other lichens by it hairy characteristic. It is soaked in characteristics affecting engineering uses. water, cooked in a pit, and cut into small bars that are This information can be used to (1) evaluate the frozen or are ground and dried. The bars are cooked potential of areas for residential, commercial, in water with a little flour and sugar and eaten as a industrial, and recreation uses; (2) make preliminary dessert. Black lichen grows on fir, pine, and juniper estimates of construction conditions; (3) evaluate trees and most commonly is near Simnasho Butte. alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, Because of the way it grows, it cannot be correlated to pipelines, and underground cables; (4) evaluate any particular soil type. alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; (5) plan Engineering detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; (6) locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and This section provides information for planning land topsoil; (7) plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, uses related to urban development and to water ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and management. Soils are rated for various uses, and water conservation; and (8) predict performance of the most limiting features are identified. The ratings proposed small structures and pavements by are given for building site development, sanitary comparing the performance of existing similar facilities, construction materials, and water structures on the same or similar soils. management. The ratings are based on observed The information in the tables, along with the soil performance of the soils and on the estimated data maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in and test data in the “Soil Properties” section. this survey, can be used to make additional Information in this section is intended for land use interpretations. planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a planning site investigations prior to design and special meaning in soil science and are defined in the construction. The information, however, has “Glossary.” 194 Soil Survey

Building Site Development are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil or to a cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings large stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating with and without basements, small commercial and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and engineering classification of the soil), shrink-swell landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if potential, frost action potential, and depth to a high soil properties and site features generally are water table affect the traffic-supporting capacity. favorable for the indicated use and limitations are Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and maintained. The ratings are based on soil and special planning, design, or maintenance is properties, site features, and observed performance of needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to severe if soil properties or site features are so bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of design, significant increases in construction costs, and salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant possibly increased maintenance are required. Special growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the feasibility studies may be required where the soil amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface limitations are severe. layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established. Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, Sanitary Facilities utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil observed performance of the soils. The ease of limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense are considered slight if soil properties and site features layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time generally are favorable for the indicated use and of the year that excavations can be made is affected limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the soil properties or site features are not favorable for the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of indicated use and special planning, design, or the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the affected by soil texture and the depth to the water limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features table. are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that Dwellings and small commercial buildings are special design, significant increases in construction structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed costs, and possibly increased maintenance are soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family required. dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are Table 11 also shows the suitability of the soils for made for small commercial buildings without use as daily cover for landfills. A rating of good basements, for dwellings with basements, and for indicates that soil properties and site features are dwellings without basements. The ratings are based favorable for the use and good performance and low on soil properties, site features, and observed maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, properties and site features are moderately favorable shrink-swell potential, and organic layers can cause for the use and one or more soil properties or site the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to features make the soil less desirable than the soils bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, and rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil flooding affect the ease of excavation and properties or site features are unfavorable for the use construction. Landscaping and grading that require and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires cuts and fills of more than 5 to 6 feet are not special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. considered. Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which Local roads and streets have an all-weather effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills site features, and observed performance of the soils. generally are limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 195

a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented needs to be considered. pan interfere with installation. The ratings in table 11 are based on soil Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank properties, site features, and observed performance of absorption fields, including excessively slow the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of content of salts and sodium affect trench type landfills. the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that water table is near the surface. There must be part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. require that this material be of a certain thickness. Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed used to cover compacted solid waste in an area type to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to slope affect the ease of removing and spreading the hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are is required to minimize seepage and contamination of the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or ground water. cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are Table 11 gives ratings for the natural soil that subject to wind erosion. makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, After soil material has been removed, the soil generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface material remaining in the borrow area must be thick layer are excavated to provide material for the enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water embankments. The ratings are based on soil table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as properties, site features, and observed performance of final cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, The surface layer generally has the best workability, permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to more organic matter, and the best potential for plants. a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for organic matter. use as the final cover. Excessive seepage because of rapid permeability of the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise Construction Materials the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is Table 12 gives information about the soils as a excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils content of organic matter is detrimental to proper are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on cause construction problems, and large stones can soil properties and site features that affect the removal hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. of the soil and its use as construction material. Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is Normal compaction, minor processing, and other disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types standard construction practices are assumed. Each of landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the soil is evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at place and used in road embankments in another the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of successive layers on the surface of the soil. The roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a feet high and less exacting in design than higher thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. embankments. Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy The ratings are for the soil material below the vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed 196 Soil Survey

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and such as shale and siltstone, are not considered to be spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting sand and gravel. suitability within their profile. The table showing Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation engineering index properties provides detailed can be established and maintained. The upper 40 information about each soil layer. This information can inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also help to determine the suitability of each layer for use evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized area. with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by The ratings are based on soil properties, site such properties as soil reaction, available water features, and observed performance of the soils. The capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable high water table, and slope. How well the soil material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected performs in place after it has been compacted and by slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from toxic material. the engineering classification of the soil) and shrink- Soils rated good have friable, loamy material swell potential. to a depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of Soils rated good contain significant amounts of stones and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and sand or gravel, or both. They have at least 5 feet of have slopes of less than 8 percent. They are low in suitable material, low shrink-swell potential, few content of soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. well to fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils difficult. rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have They have moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They difficult. are wet, and the depth to the water table is less than 1 Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but less than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large the material is less than 3 feet thick. amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal water for commercial use with a minimum of processing. table at or near the surface. Sand and gravel are used in many kinds of The surface layer of most soils generally is construction. Specifications for each use vary widely. preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter In table 12, only the probability of finding material in content. Organic matter greatly increases the suitable quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for material for specific purposes is not evaluated, nor are plant growth. factors that affect excavation of the material. The properties used to evaluate the soil as a Water Management source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as indicated by the engineering classification of the Table 13 gives information on the soil properties soil), the thickness of suitable material, and the and site features that affect water management. The content of rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond stratification are given in the taxonomic unit reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and descriptions. Gradation of grain sizes is given in the aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are table on engineering index properties. considered slight if soil properties and site features A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of generally are favorable for the indicated use and clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is limitations are minor and are easily overcome; as much as 12 percent silty fines. This material must moderate if soil properties or site features are not be at least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by favorable for the indicated use and special planning, weight, large stones. All other soils are rated as an design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or improbable source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 197

site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to Drainage is the removal of excess surface and overcome that special design, significant increase in subsurface water from the soil. How easily and construction costs, and possibly increased effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to maintenance are required. bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that This table also gives for each soil the restrictive affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and to a high water table or depth of standing water if the diversions, and grassed waterways. soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to seepage potential is determined by the permeability of bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme storage capacity of the reservoir area. acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised salts, sodium, or sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet is not considered in the ratings. high, constructed to impound water or to protect land Irrigation is the controlled application of water to against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The source of material for embankment fill. The ratings design and management of an irrigation system are apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a affected by depth to the water table, the need for depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake be uniformly mixed and compacted during rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The construction. construction of a system is affected by large stones The ratings do not indicate the ability of the and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The natural soil to support an embankment. Soil performance of a system is affected by the depth of properties to a depth even greater than the height of the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil the embankment can affect performance and safety of reaction. the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite Terraces and diversions are embankments or a investigation is needed to determine these properties. combination of channels and ridges constructed Soil material in embankments must be resistant to across a slope to reduce erosion and conserve seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind or or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and usable material. It also affects trafficability. restricted permeability adversely affect maintenance. Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts Grassed waterways are natural or constructed that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bed rock or to a ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the cemented pan affect the construction of grassed original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the substances such as salts or sodium, and restricted salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content permeability adversely affect the growth and of large stones affect the ease of excavation. maintenance of the grass after construction.

199

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil during the course of the soil survey. The data and that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and the estimates of soil and water features listed in tables less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles are explained on the following pages. coarser than sand is as much as 15 percent, an Soil properties are determined by field appropriate modifier is added; for example, “gravelly.” examination of the soils and by laboratory index Textural terms are defined in the “Glossary.” testing of some benchmark soils. Established Classification of the soils is determined according standard procedures are followed. During the to the Unified soil classification system (4) and the survey, many shallow borings are made and system adopted by the American Association of State examined to identify and classify the soils and Highway and Transportation Officials (3). to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples The Unified system classifies soils according to are taken from some typical profiles and tested properties that affect their use as construction in the laboratory to determine grain-size material. Soils are classified according to grain-size distribution, plasticity, and compaction distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in characteristics. diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, Estimates of soil properties are based on field and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting observations, verify properties that cannot be engineering properties of two groups can have a dual estimated accurately by field observation, and help to classification; for example, SP-SM. characterize key soils. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to The estimates of soil properties shown in the those properties that affect roadway construction and tables include the range of grain-size distribution and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral Atterberg limits, the engineering classifications, and soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified the physical and chemical properties of the major in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the layers of each soil. Pertinent soil and water features basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and also are given. plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other Engineering Index Properties extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering visual inspection. classification and of the range of index properties for Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a soils have layers of contrasting properties within the percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The upper 5 to 6 feet. percentages are estimates determined mainly by Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each converting volume percentage in the field to weight layer is indicated. The range in depth and information percentage. on other properties of each layer are given for each Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated taxonomic unit under the heading “Taxonomic Units sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 and Their Morphology.” inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The Texture is given in the standard terms used by the sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area 200 Soil Survey

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic field. matter, and soil structure. Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The transmit water or air. The estimates indicate the rate estimates are based on test data from the survey area of downward movement of water when the soil is or from nearby areas and on field examination. saturated. They are based on soil characteristics The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, limit, and plasticity index are rounded to the nearest 5 and texture. Permeability is considered in the design percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and Atterberg of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage fields and in construction where the rate of water points) across classification boundaries, the movement under saturated conditions affects classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the behavior. table. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storing for use by Physical and Chemical Properties plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil Table 15 shows estimates of some characteristics layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates properties that affect the retention of water and the are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey depth of the root zone. The most important properties area. The estimates are based on field observations are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk and on test data for these and similar soils. density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to layer is indicated. The range in depth and information be grown and in the design and management of on other properties of each layer are given for each irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an taxonomic unit under the heading “Taxonomic Units estimate of the quantity of water actually available to and Their Morphology.” plants at any given time. Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in and is expressed as a range in pH values. The range diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of in pH of each major horizon is based on many field each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by tests. For many soils, values have been verified by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in millimeters in diameter. selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in fertility and physical condition of the soil. They determining the risk of corrosion. determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil Volume change occurs mainly because of the dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and interaction of clay minerals with water and varies with kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The operations. size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of the Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) change in soil moisture content influence the amount per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content measurements of swelling of undisturbed clods were at 1/3 bar moisture tension. Weight is determined made for many soils. For others, swelling was after drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, estimated on the basis of the kind and amount of clay the estimated moist bulk density of each major soil minerals in the soil and on measurements of similar horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soils. soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage potential, available water capacity, total pore space, to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a design is often needed. soil indicates the pore space available for water and Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 201

change is based on the soil fraction less than 2 Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low millimeters in diameter. The classes are low, a change runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist of less than 3 percent; moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained high, more than 6 percent. Very high, more than 9 sand or gravelly sand. These soils have a high rate of percent, is sometimes used. water transmission. Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate soil to sheet and rill erosion. Factor K is one of six when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or (USLE) to predict the average rate of soil loss by sheet well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The moderately coarse texture. These soils have a estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, moderate rate of water transmission. very fine sand, sand, and organic matter (as much as Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when 4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability. The thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a estimates are modified by the presence of rock layer that impedes the downward movement of water fragments. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. The or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. higher the value the more susceptible the soil is to These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. sheet and rill erosion. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These average rate of soil erosion by wind or water that can consist chiefly of clay that has high shrink-swell occur without affecting crop productivity over a potential, soils that have a permanent high water sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly have similar properties affecting their resistance to impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate of water transmission. the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion and the Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is amount of soil lost. Soils are grouped according to the caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from amount of stable aggregates 0.84 millimeters in size. adjacent slopes, or by tides. Shallow water standing These are represented idealistically by USDA textural for short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not classes. Soils containing rock fragments can occur in considered to be flooding. Standing water in swamps any group. and marshes or in closed depressional areas is Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in considered to be ponding rather than flooding. the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table Table 16 gives the frequency and duration of 15, the estimated content of organic matter is flooding and the time of year when flooding is most expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil likely to occur. Frequency, duration, and probable material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. dates of occurrence are estimated. Frequency is The content of organic matter of a soil can be expressed as none, rare, occasional, or frequent. maintained or increased by returning crop residue to None means that flooding is not probable; rare that it is the soil. Organic matter affects the available water unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of (the chance of flooding is 0 to 5 percent in any year); nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. occasional that it occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 Soil and Water Features percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs often under normal weather conditions (the chance of Tables 16 gives estimates of various water flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). features. The estimates are used in land use planning Duration is expressed as very brief (less than 2 that involves engineering considerations. days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month), Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff and very long (more than 1 month). The time of year from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation that flooding is most likely to occur is expressed in are assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped months. November-May, for example, means that according to the intake of water when the soils are flooding can occur during the period November thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long- through May. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all duration storms. flooding occurs during the stated period. The four hydrologic soil groups are: The information is based on evidence in the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay 202

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic A cemented pan is a cemented or indurated matter content with increasing depth; and absence of subsurface layer at a depth of 5 feet or less. Such a distinctive horizons, which is characteristic of soils that pan causes difficulty in excavation. Pans are classified are not subject to flooding. as thin or thick. A thin pan is less than 3 inches thick Also considered are local information about the if continuously indurated or less than 18 inches thick extent and level of flooding and the relation of each if discontinuous or fractured. Excavations can be soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on made by trenching machines, backhoes, or small the extent of flooding based on soil data is less rippers. A thick pan is more than 3 inches thick if specific than that provided by detailed engineering continuously indurated or more than 18 inches thick surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific if discontinuous or fractured. Such a pan is so thick flood frequency levels. or massive that blasting or special equipment is High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of needed in excavation. a saturated zone in the soil in most years. The depth Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or given applies to undrained soils. The estimates are lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone, segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on in table 16 are the depth to the seasonal high water thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves table; the kind of water table—that is, perched, into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, artesian, or apparent; and the months of the year that texture, density, permeability, content of organic the water table usually is highest. A water table that is matter, and depth to the water table are the most seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated important factors considered in evaluating the in the table. potential for frost action. It is assumed that the An apparent water table is a thick zone of free soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate clayey soils that have a high water table in winter time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. are most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, An artesian water table is under hydrostatic head, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least generally below an impermeable layer. When this susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an uncased thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and borehole. A perched water table is water standing other rigid structures. above an unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced perched, water table is separated from a lower water electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or table by a dry zone. weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of The two numbers in the column showing depth to corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors the water table indicate the normal range in depth to a as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion The first numeral in the range indicates the highest of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the indicates that the water table is above the surface of soil. Special site examination and design may be the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table needed if the combination of factors creates a severe is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that 6 feet for less than a month. intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more Table 17 gives estimates of various soil features. susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations The estimates are used in land use planning that that are entirely within one kind of soil or within one involves engineering considerations. soil layer. Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, a depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many expressed as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil soil borings and on observations during soil drainage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near mapping. The rock is either soft or hard. If the field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the rock is soft or fractured, excavations can be saturation extract. made with trenching machines, backhoes, or small For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also rippers. If the rock is hard or massive, blasting or expressed as low, moderate, or high. It is based on special equipment generally is needed for soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the excavation. saturation extract. 203

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the FAMILY. Families are established within a National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical (19). Beginning with the broadest, these categories properties and other characteristics that affect are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, management. Mostly the properties are those of and series. Classification is based on soil properties horizons below plow depth where there is much observed in the field or inferred from those biological activity. Among the properties and observations or from laboratory measurements. Table characteristics considered are particle-size class, 18 shows the classification of the soils in the survey mineral content, temperature regime, thickness of the area. The categories are defined in the following root zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, slope, paragraphs. and permanent cracks. A family name consists of the ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The name of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- soil properties. An example is loamy-skeletal, mixed, forming processes and the degree of soil formation. mesic Typic Haploxerolls. Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An SERIES. The series consists of soils that have example is Mollisol. similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are SUBORDER. Each order is divided into similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, suborders primarily on the basis of properties that consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and influence soil genesis and are important to plant arrangement in the profile. The texture of the surface growth or properties that reflect the most important layer or of the substratum can differ within a series. variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Taxonomic Units and Their Xeroll (Xer, meaning xeric moisture regime, plus oll, Morphology from Mollisol). GREAT GROUP Each suborder is divided into In this section, each taxonomic unit recognized in great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, the survey area is described. The descriptions are arrangement, and degree of development of arranged in alphabetic order. pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature Characteristics of the soil and the material in regimes; and base status. Each great group is which it formed are identified for each unit. A pedon, a identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of that indicates a property of the soil. An example is the unit in the survey area is described. The detailed Haploxerolls (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, description of each soil horizon follows standards in plus xerolls, the suborder of the Mollisols that have a the Soil Survey Manual (20). Many of the technical xeric moisture regime). terms used in the descriptions are defined in Keys to SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic Soil Taxonomy (19). Unless otherwise stated, colors in subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or the descriptions are for moist soil. Following the extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the pedon description is the range of important great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. characteristics of the soils in the unit. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, The map units of each taxonomic unit are or great groups. Extragrades have some properties described in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other known kind of soil. Allingham Series Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The adjective The Allingham series consists of very deep, well Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great drained soils on stream terraces. These soils formed group. An example is Typic Haploxerolls. in mixed alluvium and glacial outwash with a mantle of 204 Soil Survey

volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and the mean to glacial outwash is 20 to 40 inches. The umbric annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. epipedon is 10 to 18 inches thick. Typical pedon of Allingham sandy loam, 0 to 3 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,500 feet dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry. It east and 1,500 feet north of the southwest corner of is 0 to 10 percent gravel. sec. 34, T. 11 S., R. 9 E. The 2Bwb horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. 5 to 15 percent gravel. A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) The 3Btb horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 4 or 5 moist or dry. It is moderate medium platy structure; soft, friable, clay loam or loam and is 30 to 40 percent gravel and nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and 10 to 20 percent cobbles. medium roots and common coarse roots; many very fine, fine, and medium irregular pores and Antoken Series common coarse irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. The Antoken series consists of very deep, well A2—4 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from subangular blocky structure parting to weak thin basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part. platy structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular air temperature is about 51 degrees F. pores and few medium tubular pores; 5 percent Typical pedon of Antoken extremely cobbly silt gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth loam in an area of Simas-Antoken complex, 2 to 30 boundary. percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,500 feet 2Bwb1—15 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown east and 1,000 feet north of the southwest corner of (10YR 4/4) loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; sec. 10, T. 8 S., R. 13 E. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; extremely cobbly silt loam, grayish brown common very fine, fine, and medium tubular (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium platy structure pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); parting to moderate fine granular structure; slightly clear smooth boundary. hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very 2Bwb2—22 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse (10YR 4/4) gravelly loam, light yellowish brown roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium subangular few medium and coarse irregular pores; 50 blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; neutral plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. very fine and fine tubular pores; many iron and AB—6 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown manganese coatings on peds; 15 percent gravel; (10YR 3/2) very cobbly silty clay loam, grayish slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium 3Btb—33 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, (10YR 4/4) very gravelly clay loam, light yellowish slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium subangular and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and many very fine and fine tubular pores and few plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common medium and coarse tubular pores; 40 percent very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct cobbles and 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 30 abrupt smooth boundary. percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly 2Bt1—10 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very acid (pH 6.2). cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 205

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, 60 percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel. The sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots horizon is slightly acid or neutral. and few medium and coarse roots; common very The AB horizon has color similar to that of the A fine and fine tubular pores and few medium and horizon. The AB horizon is very cobbly silty clay loam coarse tubular pores; common prominent clay or extremely cobbly silt loam. It is 40 to 50 percent films on faces of peds and lining pores; 25 percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel. The horizon is cobbles and 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); slightly acid or neutral. clear smooth boundary. The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 2Bt2—17 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is cobbly silty clay, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate silty clay or clay. It is 25 to 35 percent cobbles, 10 to medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, 20 percent gravel, and 0 to 5 percent stones. The 2Bt sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots horizon is neutral to moderately alkaline. and common medium and coarse roots; many The 3Bk horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7 very fine and fine tubular pores and common or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is medium and coarse tubular pores; common strongly effervescent or violently effervescent and has prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining 5 to 10 percent calcium carbonate equivalent. It is 30 pores; 25 percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel; to 40 percent cobbles, 15 to 25 percent stones, and 15 neutral (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. to 20 percent gravel. 2Btk—22 to 30 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very cobbly silty clay, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; Aridic Haploxerolls moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine Aridic Haploxerolls are very deep, well drained and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular soils on terrace escarpments. These soils formed in pores; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; medium- to coarse-textured alluvium derived from slightly effervescent; 35 percent cobbles and 15 mixed sources with an influence of volcanic ash. percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear Slopes are 30 to 80 percent. The mean annual smooth boundary. precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual 3Bk1—30 to 38 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely air temperature is about 51 degrees F. cobbly loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry; Reference pedon of Aridic Haploxerolls, 30 to 80 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; percent slopes; 2,500 feet south and 1,000 feet east of slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few the northwest corner of sec. 30, T. 9 S., R. 12 E. very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; violently effervescent with soft A1—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown masses of secondary lime; 40 percent cobbles, 15 (10YR 3/2) very stony loam, grayish brown (10YR percent stones, and 15 percent gravel; moderately 5/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular alkaline (pH 8.4); gradual smooth boundary. structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and 3Bk2—38 to 60 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many extremely stony sandy loam, pinkish white very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 percent (7.5YR 8/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, cobbles, 20 percent gravel, and 10 percent nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine stones; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; A2—10 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very violently effervescent with soft masses of cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and secondary lime; 25 percent stones, 40 percent medium subangular blocky structure parting to cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; moderately weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, alkaline (pH 8.4). nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular Depth to bedrock and depth of the solum are pores; 30 percent cobbles, 20 percent gravel, and more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 5 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth inches thick. Depth to secondary calcium carbonates boundary. is 20 to 30 inches. The particle-size control section is 2C1—17 to 33 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) 50 to 60 percent clay and 35 to 50 percent rock extremely gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) fragments. dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 50 to common very fine and fine tubular pores; 40 206 Soil Survey

percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky percent stones; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and smooth boundary. few medium roots; many very fine and fine 2C2—33 to 38 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) irregular pores and few medium irregular pores; 5 extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, brown percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth (10YR 5/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky boundary. and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very AB—5 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt fine tubular pores; 50 percent gravel and 20 loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak percent cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear fine and medium subangular blocky structure; wavy boundary. slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly 2C3—38 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few extremely gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular (10YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, pores and few medium tubular pores; 5 percent nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 50 gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; neutral Bt1—11 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay (pH 7.2). loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Depth to waterlain sediment or paralithic volcanic firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine tuff of the Deschutes Formation is more than 60 roots and few medium roots; many very fine and inches. Depth to the 2C horizon ranges from 15 to 40 fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; inches or more. The profile has mollic colors to a common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 depth of 38 inches, but the organic carbon content is percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual smooth less than 0.6 percent below a depth of 17 inches. boundary. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 Bt2—15 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate typically is very stony loam. It is 15 to 50 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, gravel, 20 to 40 percent cobbles, and 10 to 20 percent firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and stones. medium roots; few very fine, fine, and medium The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. The of peds; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear upper part is sandy clay loam or sandy loam, and the smooth boundary. lower part is sandy loam or loamy sand. The horizon 2Bk1—24 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt is 30 to 60 percent gravel, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and 0 to 10 percent stones. and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Axford Series very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; few faint clay films The Axford series consists of deep, well drained on faces of peds; slightly effervescent; soft soils in canyons. These soils formed in residuum and masses of segregated lime in blotches; 10 percent colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 2 to 55 boundary. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 2Bk2—33 to 46 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly silt inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak fine 51 degrees F. and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Typical pedon of Axford silt loam in an area of friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very Walsey-Axford complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes, in an fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular area of rangeland; 2,050 feet north and 3,000 feet east pores; strongly effervescent; soft masses of of the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 8 S., R. 13 E. segregated lime in blotches; 10 percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; moderately alkaline A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt (pH 8.4); gradual smooth boundary. loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak 2Cr—46 inches; weathered basalt; violently fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak effervescent with disseminated lime in fractures. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 207

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The mollic slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. Depth to secondary fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse carbonates is 20 to 30 inches. The particle-size roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and control section averages 27 to 35 percent clay and 15 few medium tubular pores; few faint discontinuous to 30 percent fine sand or coarser material. clay films on faces of rock fragments; 50 percent The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 cobbles and 25 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to abrupt smooth boundary. 10 percent gravel. The horizon is slightly acid or R—9 inches; basalt. neutral. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or Depth to bedrock is 6 to 10 inches. The particle- 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is size control section averages 20 to 30 percent clay. silty clay loam or clay loam and is 0 to 10 percent The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. The Bt horizon is dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very neutral or mildly alkaline. cobbly loam, extremely gravelly loam, or extremely The 2Bk horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 stony loam and is 0 to 30 percent stones, 20 to 40 or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is percent cobbles, and 10 to 50 percent gravel. loam, gravelly loam, or silt loam and is 10 to 20 The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. It is of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 slightly effervescent to strongly effervescent and is moist or dry. It is loam or clay loam. It is 30 to 50 moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline. percent cobbles and 15 to 30 percent gravel.

Bakeoven Series Belrick Series

The Bakeoven series consists of very shallow, The Belrick series consists of very deep, well drained soils on mesas. These soils formed in somewhat excessively drained soils on glacial residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from moraines. These soils formed in glacial till and basalt. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean air temperature is about 51 degrees F. annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F. Typical pedon of Bakeoven very cobbly loam, 2 to Typical pedon of Belrick fine sandy loam in an 15 percent slopes; 2,000 feet north and 500 west of area of Douthit-Belrick complex, 12 to 30 percent the southeast corner of sec. 20, T. 6 S., R. 13 E. slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,500 feet west and 400 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 10 A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very S., R. 9 E. cobbly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft, very Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and fine roots and common medium and coarse fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting common medium and coarse irregular pores; 35 to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; slightly and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent BA—3 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth (10YR 3/2) very cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) boundary. dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky A2—5 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, yellowish brown nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky common medium and coarse roots; many very structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and fine and fine tubular pores and common medium nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles and 15 percent very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. Bw—6 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely 2C1—15 to 25 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and 208 Soil Survey

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few difference, however, does not significantly affect use medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular and management. pores and few medium tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel; slightly acid Bluesters Series (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. 2C2—25 to 37 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly The Bluesters series consists of very deep, fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; excessively drained soils on cinder cones. These soils massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and formed in volcanic ash and cinders. Slopes are 15 to nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium 40 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 35 roots; common very fine, fine, and medium tubular inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about pores; 10 percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; 42 degrees F. slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Bluesters gravelly sandy loam, 3Bwb—37 to 48 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very 15 to 40 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,000 stony sandy loam, light yellowish brown feet west and 1,200 feet south of the northeast corner (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular of sec. 9, T. 8 S., R. 9 E. blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. medium roots; common very fine, fine, and A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly medium tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 20 sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; slightly granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and acid (pH 6.2); gradual smooth boundary. nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium 3C1—48 to 58 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) roots; many very fine, fine, and medium irregular extremely stony sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; pores; 25 percent gravel-sized cinders and 10 massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and percent cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine diameter; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 30 percent A2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) gravelly cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; slightly acid sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine (pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary. and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly 3C2—58 to 65 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) extremely hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very stony sand, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; single grain; fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 40 percent roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and cobbles, 20 percent stones, and 10 percent few medium and coarse tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2). gravel-sized cinders and 10 percent cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. to buried glacial till is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- C—10 to 18 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) size control section averages 10 to 15 percent clay. gravelly sandy loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. It and nonplastic; common fine and medium is 0 to 10 percent gravel. roots; common fine and medium tubular pores; The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 30 percent gravel-sized cinders and 15 percent 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry. cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent diameter; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth cobbles. boundary. The 3Bwb horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 2C—18 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) cinders, or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) dry; single grain; 20 to 30 percent cobbles, 15 to 30 percent stones, and loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine 10 to 20 percent gravel. and fine roots; many fine vesicular pores; neutral The 3C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or (pH 6.6). 7 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 4 moist or dry. It is 20 to 40 percent cobbles, 15 to 30 percent stones, and 10 Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to 20 percent gravel. to cinders is 15 to 20 inches. The Belrick soils in this survey area are a The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, taxadjunct to the Belrick series because they have a value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma slightly warmer mean summer soil temperature. This of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to 30 percent Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 209

basaltic gravel-sized cinders and 10 to 20 percent coarse subangular blocky structure; extremely cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of few very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist along faces of peds; few very fine, fine, and or dry. It is 25 to 35 percent basaltic gravel-sized medium tubular pores; continuous prominent clay cinders and 10 to 20 percent cinders that are 0.5 to films on faces of peds and lining pores; neutral 2.0 millimeters in diameter. (pH 7.0). The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 to 7 moist or dry, and chroma of 4 to 8 moist or dry. Depth to sedimentary rock is more than 60 inches. It is 80 to 95 percent basaltic gravel-sized cinders. Depth to the discontinuity is 25 to 35 inches. The lower part of the particle-size control section averages Boardflower Series 35 to 45 percent clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel. The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. The Boardflower series consists of very deep, well The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from 10 percent gravel. sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash in The BA horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or the upper part. Slopes are 2 to 20 percent. The mean 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 15 annual precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean to 25 percent clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel. annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. The Bt1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or Typical pedon of Boardflower loam, 2 to 20 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 600 feet east clay loam or silty clay loam and is 30 to 40 percent and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel. 26, T. 6 S., R. 11 E. The 2Bt2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. clay or silty clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay and 0 to 5 A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam, light percent gravel. brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium platy structure parting to moderate medium granular; Bodell Series slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; The Bodell series consists of shallow, well drained many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse irregular soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.3); and colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an gradual smooth boundary. influence of volcanic ash in the upper part. Slopes are BA—8 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam, 0 to 55 percent. The mean annual precipitation is light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium about 18 inches, and the mean annual air temperature subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly is about 48 degrees F. sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, Typical pedon of Bodell very cobbly loam, 30 to 55 medium, and coarse roots; many very fine, fine, percent slopes; 1,200 feet west and 600 south of the medium, and coarse irregular pores; 5 percent northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 6 S., R. 11 E. gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual smooth boundary. A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very cobbly Bt1—25 to 34 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine and loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky medium subangular blocky structure; very and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine, many very fine and fine irregular pores; 20 fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; slightly common very fine and fine tubular pores and few acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films Bw1—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; moderate gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt smooth medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine 2Bt2—34 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay, roots and few medium roots; many very fine and light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak medium and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 210 Soil Survey

30 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral roots; many very fine, fine, and medium tubular (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. pores; 5 percent gravel-sized pumice; slightly acid Bw2—10 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. extremely gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) Bt1—13 to 23 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular roots; many very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; 50 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; pores; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt wavy boundary. percent gravel-sized pumice; slightly acid (pH 6.4); 2R—14 inches; basalt. clear smooth boundary. Bt2—23 to 30 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The particle- pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium and size control section averages 18 to 30 percent clay. coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 very fine and fine roots and few medium and dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular cobbly loam or very stony loam and is 10 to 30 pores and few medium and coarse tubular pores; percent gravel, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 to 35 few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent percent stones. gravel-sized pumice; neutral (pH 6.6); clear The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or smooth boundary. 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 10 Bt3—30 to 44 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) to 60 percent gravel, 10 to 55 percent cobbles, and 0 gravelly clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; to 15 percent stones. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Booten Series very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 30 The Booten series consists of very deep, well percent gravel-sized pumice; neutral (pH 6.8); drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in clear smooth boundary. residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from C—44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely volcanic ash and pumice. Slopes are 0 to 65 percent. gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; The mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches, and massive; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine F. tubular pores; 65 percent gravel-sized pumice; Typical pedon of Booten loam, 0 to 12 percent neutral (pH 6.8) slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,200 feet west and 2,300 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 10, T. Depth to the bedrock is more than 60 inches. The 10 S., R. 11 E. mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. The particle- size control section is 18 to 30 percent clay. Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate is 0 to 10 percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 to 20 fine and medium granular structure; soft, friable, percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine diameter. roots and common medium roots; common very The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or fine, fine, and medium irregular pores; 5 percent 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is gravel-sized pumice; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam and is 5 to 35 smooth boundary. percent gravel-sized pumice. It is slightly acid or A2—6 to 13 inches; very dark grayish brown neutral. (10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 fine and medium subangular blocky structure; dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very sandy loam or loam and is 40 to 70 percent gravel- fine, fine, and medium roots and common coarse sized pumice. It is slightly acid or neutral. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 211

Dahl Series moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and The Dahl series consists of very deep, moderately fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; well drained soils in basins. These soils formed in common intersecting slickensides; strongly mixed alluvium and colluvium derived dominantly from effervescent with segregated lime in seams; sedimentary rock. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The moderately alkaline (pH 7.9). mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. Depth to sedimentary rock is more than 60 inches. Typical pedon of Dahl silty clay, 0 to 3 percent Depth to the 3Bkss horizon is 40 to 55 inches. The slopes, in an area of rangeland; 400 feet south and particle-size control section averages 35 to 55 percent 300 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 6 clay. S., R. 11 E. The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. A—0 to 3 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, The Bss horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong thick platy or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very silty clay or clay. fine and fine roots and common medium and The 2Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 6 coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is pores and common medium and coarse irregular silt loam or loam. pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. The 3Bkss horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 Bss1—3 to 20 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong coarse mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. prismatic structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; many very fine Day Series and fine roots and common medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and The Day series consists of very deep, well common medium and coarse irregular pores; drained soils on foothills. These soils formed in many intersecting slickensides; neutral (pH 7.0); residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from clear smooth boundary. sedimentary rock. Slopes are 0 to 55 percent. The Bss2—20 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong coarse mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F. subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, Typical pedon of Day clay in an area of Day extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; many complex, 8 to 40 percent slopes, in an area of very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; rangeland; 4,000 feet north and 4,050 feet west of the many very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; southeast corner of sec. 10, T. 8 S., R. 13 E. many intersecting slickensides; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 8 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, dark Bss3—27 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; moderate medium loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate subangular blocky structure parting to strong thick medium subangular blocky structure; hard, very platy; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine many very fine and fine roots and common roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular many intersecting slickensides; neutral (pH 7.2); pores and common medium tubular pores; mildly clear smooth boundary. alkaline (pH 7.6); gradual wavy boundary. 2Bw—35 to 45 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, AB—8 to 16 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, dark very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; weak coarse medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very very sticky and very plastic; common very fine fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4) clear smooth pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary. boundary. 3Bkss—45 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay ABkss—16 to 39 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; common faint dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; weak coarse dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottles; prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very 212 Soil Survey

sticky and very plastic; few very fine, fine, and irregular pores; 20 percent gravel, 10 percent medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular cobbles, and 5 percent stones; moderately acid pores; many intersecting slickensides; slightly (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. effervescent; few very fine blotches of segregated A2—5 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very lime; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth cobbly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak boundary. fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Bkss—39 to 49 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, dark slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) dry; massive; hard, many very fine and fine roots and few medium firm, sticky and plastic; common intersecting roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and slickensides; few very fine roots; few very fine few medium tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and tubular pores; strongly effervescent; few very fine 15 percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 6.0); blotches of segregated lime; moderately alkaline clear wavy boundary. (pH 8.4); clear smooth boundary. 2C1—16 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) Bk—49 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam, dark extremely stony sandy loam, yellowish brown red (2.5YR 3/6) dry; massive; hard, firm, sticky (10YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, and plastic; strongly effervescent; common very nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, fine blotches of segregated lime; moderately and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and alkaline (pH 8.4). medium tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 20 percent gravel; Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. profile has hue of 10R to 5YR. The particle-size 2C2—26 to 49 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) control section averages 60 to 70 percent clay. extremely stony sandy loam, yellowish brown The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5 (10YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is silty nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, clay loam, silty clay, or clay and is 0 to 30 percent and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and stones and 0 to 20 percent cobbles. medium tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 30 The AB horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist or dry percent cobbles, and 20 percent gravel; slightly and chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is mildly alkaline acid (pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary. to strongly alkaline. 3C3—49 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely The Bk horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist or dry cobbly loamy sand, light yellowish brown and chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay, clay loam, (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, nonsticky or silty clay loam. and nonplastic; 40 percent cobbles, 20 percent gravel, and 10 percent stones; moderately acid Douthit Series (pH 5.8);

The Douthit series consists of very deep, Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The somewhat excessively drained soils on glacial particle-size control section averages 10 to 15 percent moraines. These soils formed in glacial till and clay. volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 65 percent. The mean The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. It annual air temperature is about 41 degrees F. is very cobbly sandy loam or very stony sandy loam Typical pedon of Douthit very cobbly sandy loam and is 15 to 25 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent in an area of Douthit-Belrick complex, 12 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 to 30 percent stones. slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,200 feet west and The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 10 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 20 S., R. 9 E. to 30 percent stones, 20 to 35 percent cobbles, and 10 to 20 percent gravel. Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. The 3C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very cobbly 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; loamy sand or sand and is 30 to 50 percent cobbles, weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft, 10 to 30 percent stones, and 10 to 20 percent gravel. very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very The Douthit soils in this survey area are a fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many taxadjunct to the Douthit series because they have a very fine and fine irregular pores and few medium slightly warmer mean summer soil temperature. This Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 213

difference, however, does not significantly affect use blotches; 3 percent gravel; strongly alkaline and management. (pH 8.8); gradual smooth boundary. 2Ck2—40 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown Drybed Series (10YR 4/4) sandy clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; The Drybed series consists of very deep, well violently effervescent with disseminated lime and drained soils on stream terraces. These soils formed segregated lime in blotches; 3 percent gravel; in alluvium derived from mixed sources with an moderately alkaline (pH 8.4). influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. Depth to 51 degrees F. secondary carbonates is 10 to 20 inches. The Typical pedon of Drybed silt loam, 0 to 8 percent particle-size control section averages 27 to 35 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 500 feet west and clay and 15 to 30 percent fine sand and coarser 1,500 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 9 material. S., R. 13 E. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt 5 percent gravel and 1 to 2 percent organic matter. loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate thin The Btk horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 5 or platy structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium silty clay loam or clay loam and is 0 to 5 percent gravel roots; common very fine, fine, and medium and less than 1 percent organic matter. irregular pores; 3 percent gravel; mildly alkaline The 2Ck horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is A2—4 to 13 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt sandy clay loam or loam and is 0 to 5 percent gravel. loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate thick platy structure; slightly hard, firm, Dryhollow Series slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine, The Dryhollow series consists of very deep, well fine, and medium tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; drained soils in canyons. These formed in residuum mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary. and colluvium derived dominantly from volcanic ash Btk1—13 to 22 inches; very dark grayish brown and pumice. Slopes are 0 to 55 percent. The mean (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium subangular annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F. blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and Typical pedon of Dryhollow loam, 12 to 30 percent plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,800 feet west and fine and fine tubular pores; common faint clay 400 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 11 films on faces of peds; slightly effervescent with S., R. 12 E. segregated lime in filaments or threads; 3 percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, boundary. dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine Btk2—22 to 29 inches; very dark grayish brown subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and strong medium subangular blocky structure; very nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.0); and lining pores; strongly effervescent with clear smooth boundary. segregated lime in seams; 3 percent gravel; BA—3 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown strongly alkaline (pH 8.8); clear smooth boundary. (10YR 3/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 2Ck1—29 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; very structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few violently effervescent with segregated lime in medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular 214 Soil Survey

pores and few medium tubular pores; 10 percent The C horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 or 6 gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is loam 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.2); or sandy loam and is 20 to 40 percent gravel-sized clear smooth boundary. pumice and 10 to 20 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 Bw1—11 to 20 inches; very dark grayish brown millimeters in diameter. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky Eaglespring Series structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium The Eaglespring series consists of deep, well roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in and few medium tubular pores; 10 percent gravel- residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash. 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.2); clear Slopes are 12 to 80 percent. The mean annual smooth boundary. precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual Bw2—20 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly air temperature is about 49 degrees F. sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate Typical pedon of Eaglespring channery loam, 30 fine and medium subangular blocky structure; to 55 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,000 hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very feet west and 250 feet north of the southeast corner of fine and fine roots and few medium roots; sec. 25, T. 7 S., R. 12 E. common very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles, 10 A—0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) channery loam, percent gravel-sized pumice, and 10 percent very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak fine granular pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. many very fine and fine roots and common C1—35 to 47 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; pores and common medium irregular pores; 30 hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine percent channers; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular boundary. pores; 25 percent gravel-sized pumice and 15 AB—7 to 13 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in channery loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; diameter; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); gradual smooth moderate medium subangular blocky structure boundary. parting to weak fine granular; soft, friable, C2—47 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; roots and common medium roots; many very fine massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly and fine tubular pores and common medium plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 45 percent channers; neutral and fine tubular pores; slightly effervescent; 40 (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. percent gravel-sized pumice and 15 percent Bw1—13 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; extremely channery sandy loam, brown mildly alkaline (pH 7.6). (10YR 4/3) dry; weak very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle- fine and fine roots and few medium roots; size control section averages 10 to 18 percent clay. common very fine and fine tubular pores and few The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 medium tubular pores; 70 percent channers; dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 5 to neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. 15 percent gravel-sized pumice and 5 to 15 percent Bw2—31 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. (10YR 3/4) extremely channery loam, yellowish The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak very fine and fine 4 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very It is loam or sandy loam and is 5 to 15 percent friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and gravel-sized pumice, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 75 5 to 15 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in percent channers; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy diameter. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. boundary. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 215

R—43 inches; fractured sedimentary rock. The Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is 25 Depth to fractured bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. to 35 percent gravel. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick. The particle-size control section averages 18 to 25 percent Fawnspring Series clay. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 The Fawnspring series consists of deep, well dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 15 to drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in 35 percent channers. residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from The AB horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash. 4 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 25 Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. The mean annual to 50 percent channers. precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or air temperature is about 47 degrees F. 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is Typical pedon of Fawnspring very gravelly silt sandy loam or loam and is 60 to 75 percent channers. loam in an area of Littlefawn-Fawnspring complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 400 feet Evick Series east and 700 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 7 S., R. 13 E. The Evick series consists of shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils on south-facing canyonsides. Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived A—0 to 3 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) very dominantly from tuff with an influence of volcanic ash. gravelly silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Slopes are 30 to 65 percent. The mean annual dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure precipitation is about 17 inches, and the mean annual parting to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, air temperature is about 48 degrees F. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine Typical pedon of Evick gravelly loamy sand in an and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; area of Evick-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 65 percent many very fine and fine tubular pores and few slopes; 2,000 feet west and 2,100 feet south of the medium tubular pores; 40 percent gravel; neutral northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 10 S., R. 11 E. (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. Bw—3 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. (10YR 3/2) very gravelly silty clay loam, dark gray A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) gravelly (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine and medium loamy sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, fine granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; common medium and coarse roots; many very many very fine and fine tubular pores and few fine and fine irregular pores and common medium medium and coarse tubular pores; many organic and coarse irregular pores; 25 percent gravel; stains on faces of peds and lining pores; 40 neutral (pH 6.6); gradual smooth boundary. percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt Bw—3 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) smooth boundary. gravelly loamy sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; 2Bt1—8 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong very coarse slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse very sticky and very plastic; common very fine, roots; common very fine, fine, medium, and fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; coarse tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; neutral common very fine and fine tubular pores and few (pH 6.6); abrupt smooth boundary. medium tubular pores; many prominent clay films R—11 inches; tuff. on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth Depth to tuff is 10 to 14 inches. The particle-size boundary. control section averages 5 to 10 percent clay. 2Bt2—16 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay, The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong very coarse dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, 30 percent gravel. extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; few 216 Soil Survey

very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular and fine tubular pores; continuous prominent clay structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine boundary. irregular pores and few medium and coarse 3C1—26 to 34 inches; weak red (10R 4/4) clay, red irregular pores; 35 percent gravel; strongly acid (2.5YR 4/6) dry; massive; extremely hard, (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; few AB—4 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine gravelly sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; tubular pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting boundary. to weak medium granular; soft, very friable, 3C2—34 to 43 inches; weak red (10R 4/4) clay, red nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine (2.5YR 4/6) dry; massive; hard, firm, sticky and roots and few medium and coarse roots; many plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium and fine tubular pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear and coarse tubular pores; 50 percent gravel; smooth boundary. strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth boundary. 3Cr—43 inches; sedimentary rock. Bw1—12 to 21 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) extremely gravelly sandy loam, white (10YR 8/1) Depth to sedimentary rock ranges from 40 to 60 dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, inches. Depth to the discontinuity is 8 to 15 inches. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very The mollic epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick. The fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine particle-size control section averages 50 to 60 percent tubular pores; 60 percent gravel and 5 percent clay. cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.2); clear smooth The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 boundary. dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 25 to Bw2—21 to 36 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) 40 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. extremely gravelly loamy sand, white (10YR 8/1) The Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, 5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is silt friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very loam or silty clay loam and is 25 to 40 percent gravel fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. tubular pores; 70 percent gravel and 5 percent The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth 5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is boundary. clay or silty clay and is 0 to 10 percent gravel. Cr—36 inches; tuff. The 3C horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 10R, value of 4 or 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 moist Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile or dry. It is clay or silty clay and is 0 to 10 percent has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particle-size control gravel. section averages 10 to 18 percent clay and is 35 to 80 percent rock fragments. Grenet Series The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 35 to The Grenet series consists of moderately deep, 50 percent gravel. somewhat excessively drained soils on mountains. The Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7 These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is from tuff and volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 65 percent. sandy loam or loamy sand and is 50 to 70 percent The mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. the mean annual air temperature is 42 degrees F. Typical pedon of Grenet very gravelly sandy Happus Series loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,500 feet east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest The Happus series consists of soils that are corner of sec. 20, T. 6 S., R. 10 E. moderately deep to pumice and are somewhat excessively drained. These soils are on toe slopes of Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs canyons. They formed in residuum and colluvium A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very derived dominantly from volcanic ash and pumice. gravelly sandy loam, light brownish gray Slopes are 12 to 30 percent. The mean annual Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 217

precipitation is about 17 inches, and the mean annual Depth to fragmental pumice is 20 to 40 inches. air temperature is about 48 degrees F. The particle-size control section averages 5 to 10 Typical pedon of Happus very gravelly sandy percent clay, 65 to 85 percent gravel-sized pumice, loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; and 30 to 40 percent volcanic glass. 1,000 feet east and 1,500 feet north of the southwest The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and corner of sec. 7, T. 11 S., R. 11 E. chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 40 to 55 percent gravel-sized pumice and 5 to 15 percent pumice that is Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; 6 or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, It is sandy loam or loamy sand. It is 65 to 80 percent nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and gravel-sized pumice and 10 to 20 percent pumice medium roots; many very fine, fine, and medium that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. irregular pores; 45 percent gravel-sized pumice The C horizon has value of 7 or 8 moist or dry and and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. millimeters in diameter; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. Hehe Series AB—2 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly sandy loam, light brownish gray The Hehe series consists of moderately deep, (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and medium well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, residuum and colluvium derived from andesite or nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine basalt with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 roots and few medium and coarse roots; many to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium 20 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is and coarse tubular pores; 50 percent gravel-sized about 47 degrees F. pumice and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 Typical pedon of Hehe very stony loam in an area millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 6.8); clear of Hehe-Teewee complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes, in smooth boundary. an area of woodland; 1,300 feet west and 900 feet Bw1—9 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely south of the northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 8 S., gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; R. 10 E. weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very stony common medium and coarse roots; many very loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and fine and fine tubular pores and common medium medium subangular blocky structure parting to and coarse tubular pores; 65 percent gravel-sized weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky pumice and 15 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 6.6); clear few medium roots; many very fine and fine smooth boundary. irregular pores and few medium irregular pores; Bw2—17 to 29 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely 30 percent stones and 20 percent cobbles; gravelly loamy sand, light yellowish brown moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky A2—4 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very stony structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and common very fine and fine roots; common very medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, fine and fine tubular pores; 80 percent gravel- friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very sized pumice and 15 percent pumice that is 0.5 to fine and fine roots and few medium roots; 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 6.6); common very fine and fine tubular pores; common abrupt wavy boundary. organic coatings on faces of peds; 30 percent C—29 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) fragmental stones and 20 percent cobbles; slightly acid pumice, white (10YR 8/2) dry. (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. 218 Soil Survey

Bt1—11 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine bouldery loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate roots and few medium roots; many very fine and medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; fine irregular pores; 35 percent gravel and 10 slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common smooth boundary. very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct A2—5 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent boulders, gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak 10 percent stones, and 15 percent cobbles; fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly acid (pH 6.2); gradual irregular boundary. soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; Bt2—19 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very common very fine and fine roots and few medium bouldery clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 40 moderate fine and medium subangular blocky percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary. plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common Bw1—14 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent boulders, weak fine and medium subangular blocky 10 percent stones, and 15 percent cobbles; structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt wavy boundary. nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and Cr—38 inches; weathered andesite. few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 35 percent gravel and 10 percent Depth to weathered bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. The mollic boundary. epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle-size Bw2—22 to 32 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly control section averages 20 to 35 percent clay and 35 sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; to 70 percent rock fragments. weak fine and medium subangular blocky The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and stony loam or very cobbly loam. The horizon is 5 to 35 few medium roots; common very fine and fine percent stones, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, 0 to 10 tubular pores; 35 percent gravel and 15 percent percent gravel, and 0 to 5 percent boulders. It is 2 to 4 cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth percent organic matter. boundary. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or Bw3—32 to 48 inches; dark yellowish brown 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is (10YR 4/4) very cobbly loam, light yellowish loam or clay loam. It is 10 to 25 percent boulders, 10 brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium and coarse to 20 percent stones, 15 to 25 percent cobbles, and 0 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, to 5 percent gravel. nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and Howash Series fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; The Howash series consists of very deep, moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary. somewhat excessively drained soils on mountains. C—48 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived extremely cobbly loam, light yellowish brown dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash. Slopes (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, are 12 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and about 65 inches, and the mean annual air temperature fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 50 is about 40 degrees F. percent cobbles, 15 percent gravel, and 20 Typical pedon of Howash very gravelly sandy percent soft andesite fragments; strongly acid loam, 30 to 65 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; (pH 5.4). 2,600 feet west and 600 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 6 S., R. 9 E. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The particle-size control section is 35 to 55 percent rock Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. fragments, and it averages 10 to 18 percent clay. The A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) umbric epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. very gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, gravelly sandy loam, very cobbly sandy loam, and Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 219

very stony sandy loam. The horizon is 10 to 45 brown (5YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, percent gravel, 0 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 to 30 nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few percent stones. very fine tubular pores; 55 percent gravel and 15 The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or percent cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.5); abrupt 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is wavy boundary. loam or sandy loam. The horizon is 25 to 35 percent 2Cr1—32 to 36 inches; dusky red (2.5YR 3/2) gravel, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent pyroclastic ashflow. stones. 3Cr2—36 to 60 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) The C horizon is loam or sandy loam. It is 30 to pyroclastic ashflow. 50 percent cobbles, 15 to 25 percent gravel, and 0 to 5 percent stones. Depth to pyroclastic ashflow or andesite is 20 to 40 inches. The particle-size control section averages Jojo Series less than 15 percent clay, and it is 40 to 80 percent rock fragments. The Jojo series consists of moderately deep, The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of somewhat excessively drained soils on mountains. 3 or 4 moist or dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived It is very stony sandy loam or very bouldery sandy dominantly from pyroclastic ashflow, andesite, and loam. The horizon is 0 to 30 percent boulders, 10 to volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean 40 percent stones, 5 to 10 percent cobbles, and 5 to annual precipitation is about 90 inches, and the mean 10 percent gravel. annual air temperature is about 36 degrees F. The 2C horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR; Typical pedon of Jojo very stony sandy loam in an value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry; and chroma of 3 area of Pinhead-Jojo complex, 12 to 30 percent or 4 moist or dry. It is sandy loam or loamy sand and slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,000 feet north and is 35 to 55 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, 100 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 25, T. 8 and 0 to 5 percent stones. S., R. 8 E. The 2Cr horizon is pyroclastic ashflow or highly weathered andesite. Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very stony Jorn Series sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure parting to The Jorn series consists of moderately deep, well weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, drained soils on concave mountainsides. These soils nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly roots and few medium roots; many very fine and from sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic fine irregular pores and few medium irregular ash in the upper part. Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The pores; 35 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches, and the 10 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. wavy boundary. Typical pedon of Jorn cobbly silt loam in an area 2C1—7 to 18 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very of Yawkola-Jorn-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 30 gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; percent slopes; 1,000 feet north and 500 feet east of massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 6 S., R. 11 E. common very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 40 percent gravel, 10 A—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) cobbly percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary. medium platy structure; slightly hard, friable, 2C2—18 to 28 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, extremely gravelly sandy loam, light brown fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine, (7.5YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, nonsticky fine, medium, and coarse irregular pores; 10 and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; few percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; neutral very fine and fine tubular pores; 50 percent gravel (pH 7.0); gradual smooth boundary. and 20 percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); Bt1—5 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown clear wavy boundary. (10YR 3/2) gravelly silty clay loam, grayish brown 2C3—28 to 32 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium subangular extremely gravelly loamy sand, light reddish blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; 220 Soil Survey

many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; Kahneeta Series many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds The Kahneeta series consists of soils that are and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 10 moderately deep to a duripan and are somewhat percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth poorly drained. These soils are on outwash plains. boundary. They formed in alluvium and glacial outwash with an Bt2—12 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 3 silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 medium prismatic structure parting to moderate inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about medium subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, 49 degrees F. very sticky and very plastic; common very fine Typical pedon of Kahneeta very cobbly silt loam in and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; an area of Tenwalter-Kahneeta complex, 0 to 3 common very fine and fine tubular pores and few percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 500 feet east medium and coarse tubular pores; many and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining 23, T. 8 S., R. 10 E. pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very cobbly silt 2Bt3—21 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine and (10YR 3/4) gravelly silty clay, yellowish brown medium subangular blocky structure parting to (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular weak fine granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky and blocky structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine few medium roots; many very fine and fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films irregular pores; 30 percent cobbles and 15 on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 percent hard percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear gravel and 50 percent soft gravel-sized fragments; smooth boundary. neutral (pH 6.6); gradual wavy boundary. BA—4 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) 2Crt—24 inches; sedimentary rock with prominent clay cobbly silty clay loam, dark grayish brown films in fractures. (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Depth to sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 inches. The slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick, and it fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine includes the upper part of the Bt horizon. The profile tubular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 15 percent has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particle-size control gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth section is 30 to 50 percent clay, but the weighted boundary. average is 35 to 45 percent. Bt1—9 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very The A horizon has value 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 cobbly silty clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 10 to common fine distinct dark reddish brown 20 percent cobbles and 5 to 10 percent gravel. (5YR 3/4) mottles; moderate medium and coarse The Bt1 horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common silty clay loam or clay loam and is 30 to 40 percent very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct clay clay. It is 5 to 15 percent gravel and 5 to 10 percent films on faces of peds and lining pores; 25 percent cobbles. cobbles and 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); The Bt2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or abrupt wavy boundary. 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 2Bt2—16 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely silty clay or clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. It is 15 to cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; common 30 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. medium distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) The 2Bt3 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 mottles; strong medium and coarse subangular or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky silty clay or clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. It is 15 to and very plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine 30 percent hard gravel and 30 to 50 percent soft tubular pores; many prominent clay films on faces gravel-sized fragments. of peds and lining pores; 40 percent cobbles and Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 221

25 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt smooth 1,700 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 7 boundary. S., R. 12 E. 2Btqm—25 to 38 inches; indurated and strongly cemented duripan; extremely hard, very fine silica A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay, dark cap 1 millimeter thick; many prominent clay films gray (5YR 4/1) dry; moderate very fine and fine in fractures; clay and silica pendants on bottom of subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, fractures; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt wavy boundary. very sticky and very plastic; common very fine 2Btq—38 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; massive; hard, pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. firm, sticky and plastic; many prominent clay films Bt—4 to 10 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) clay, on faces of rock fragments; 60 percent cobbles dark gray (5YR 4/1) dry; strong fine and medium and 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0). subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; Depth to the duripan is 20 to 30 inches. Depth to common very fine, fine, and medium roots; bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon common very fine, fine, and medium tubular is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle-size control pores; continuous prominent clay films on faces of section is 30 to 50 percent clay, but the weighted peds and lining pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear average is more than 35 percent. smooth boundary. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 Bss1—10 to 19 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 20 to clay, dark gray (5YR 4/1) dry; strong medium and 30 percent cobbles and 15 to 30 percent gravel. coarse subangular blocky structure; extremely The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 few fine and medium roots; few very fine, fine, and moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay loam and is 30 medium tubular pores; common intersecting to 40 percent clay. The horizon is 10 to 30 percent slickensides; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth cobbles and 20 to 30 percent gravel. It has few faint to boundary. common medium distinct mottles. The horizon is Bss2—19 to 31 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay, slightly acid or neutral. dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) dry; strong medium The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value and coarse subangular blocky structure; very of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few fine and or 4 moist or dry. It has 40 to 50 percent clay, and is medium roots; few fine and medium tubular pores; 20 to 40 percent cobbles, and 20 to 40 percent gravel. common intersecting slickensides; neutral Mottles range from few fine distinct to common (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. medium distinct. It is slightly acid or neutral. Bk—31 to 42 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay The 2Btqm horizon is indurated and has 1- to 2- loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine and millimeter-thick laminar bands or is strongly cemented medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, and indurated in the upper part. The horizon is 10 to friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very 25 inches thick. fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular The 2Btq horizon is silty clay or clay and is 40 to pores; strongly effervescent with disseminated 50 percent clay. It is 40 to 60 percent cobbles and 10 lime; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth to 20 percent gravel. boundary. Cr—42 inches; weathered sedimentary rock. Kaskela Series Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The profile The Kaskela series consists of deep, well drained has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR. The particle-size control soils on foothills. These soils formed in residuum and section averages 60 to 70 percent clay. colluvium derived dominantly from sedimentary rock. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 dry. It is clay or cobbly precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual clay and is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 30 percent air temperature is about 49 degrees F. cobbles. Typical pedon of Kaskela clay in an area of Prill- The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist or dry Kaskela-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 30 percent and chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 400 feet west and gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. 222 Soil Survey

The Bss horizon has color similar to that of the Bt structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common horizon. It has moderate or strong blocky structure very fine and fine roots; common very fine and and common or many intersecting slickensides. It is 0 fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. faces of peds and lining pores; 40 percent stones, The Bk horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 15 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; neutral 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. silty clay loam or clay loam and is 30 to 40 percent Bt3—31 to 38 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely clay. It is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline. stony clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; Kishwalk Series hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many The Kishwalk series consists of moderately deep, prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining well drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in pores; 50 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and colluvium derived dominantly from basalt and rhyolite. 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy Slopes are 2 to 80 percent. The mean annual boundary. precipitation is about 13 inches, and the mean annual R—38 inches; basalt. air temperature is about 49 degrees F. Typical pedon of Kishwalk very stony loam in an Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The mollic area of Waterbury-Kishwalk complex, 2 to 30 percent epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. The particle-size slopes, in an area of rangeland; 500 feet east and control section averages 35 to 55 percent clay. 1,200 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 8 S., R. 12 E. dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is very stony loam or very cobbly silt loam. The horizon is 5 A—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very to 30 percent stones, 10 to 35 percent cobbles, and 10 stony loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; to 20 percent gravel. weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to The Bt1 and Bt2 horizons have value of 3 or 4 weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, moist and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 to 4 nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine moist or dry. These horizons are silty clay loam or clay roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 loam. They are 15 to 40 percent stones, 10 to 30 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent gravel. percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth The Bt3 horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or boundary. 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is BA—5 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown clay or silty clay. The horizon is 20 to 50 percent (10YR 3/2) very stony loam, grayish brown stones, 10 to 35 percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and medium gravel. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Kuckup Series and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, The Kuckup series consists of very deep, and 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear excessively drained soils on cinder cones. These soils smooth boundary. formed in volcanic ash and cinders. Slopes are 15 to Bt1—14 to 23 inches; very dark grayish brown 40 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 95 (10YR 3/2) very stony clay loam, brown inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium and coarse 35 degrees F. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Typical pedon of Kuckup gravelly sandy loam, 15 slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine and to 40 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,500 fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular feet west and 1,000 feet south of the northeast corner pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds of sec. 20, T. 6 S., R. 9 E. and lining pores; 30 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly Bt2—23 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine extremely stony clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 223

roots; many very fine, fine, and medium irregular and colluvium derived dominantly from tuff and pores; 25 percent gravel-sized cinders and 10 volcanic ash. Slopes are 2 to 65 percent. The mean percent cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in annual precipitation is about 30 inches, and the mean diameter; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. boundary. Typical pedon of Kusu very gravelly loam, 30 to 55 Bw1—6 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,000 feet gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; east and 3,000 feet north of the southwest corner of moderate fine and medium subangular blocky sec. 30, T. 7 S., R. 13 E. structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) tubular pores and few medium and coarse tubular very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; pores; 25 percent gravel-sized cinders and 10 weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, percent cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine diameter; neutral roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 35 (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth Bw2—13 to 29 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) boundary. gravelly sandy loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; AB—4 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moderate fine and medium subangular blocky gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine common fine and medium tubular pores; 30 roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 25 percent gravel-sized cinders and 15 percent percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth cinders that are 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; boundary. neutral (pH 6.8); gradual wavy boundary. Bw1—14 to 22 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very 2C—29 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) cinders, gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) dry; single grain; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft, loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine fine roots; common very fine and fine vesicular and fine roots and common medium roots; many pores; less than 10 percent of voids are filled; very fine and fine tubular pores and common neutral (pH 6.8). medium tubular pores; 35 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. Depth to the 2C horizon is 20 to 30 inches. Depth Bw2—22 to 32 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The upper part of extremely gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) the particle-size control section averages 20 to 35 dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky percent cinders, and the lower part averages 90 structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; percent cinders or more. many very fine and fine roots and common The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist pores and common medium tubular pores; 65 or dry. It is 20 to 30 percent gravel-sized cinders and percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual 5 to 10 percent clay. smooth boundary. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value Bw3—32 to 51 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 gravelly loam, light pale brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moist or dry. It is 25 to 35 percent gravel-sized cinders moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and 5 to 15 percent clay. structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR or 2.5YR; plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry; and chroma of 2 very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 percent to 6 moist or dry. It is 80 to 100 percent gravel-sized cobbles and 65 percent gravel; slightly acid cinders. (pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary. R—51 inches; fractured tuff. Kusu Series Depth to tuff is 40 to 60 inches. The particle-size The Kusu series consists of deep, well drained control section averages 15 to 25 percent clay. It is soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum neutral to moderately acid. 224 Soil Survey

The A and AB horizons have value of 2 or 3 moist 2Bt2—28 to 38 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 to 4 moist cobbly clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; or dry. They are very gravelly loam and very gravelly moderate medium subangular blocky structure; sandy loam and are 35 to 50 percent gravel. hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 to very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces loam or sandy loam and is 35 to 65 percent gravel and of peds and lining pores; 60 percent cobbles and 0 to 20 percent cobbles. 10 percent stones; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear wavy boundary. Kutcher Series 2Cr—38 inches; weathered andesite.

The Kutcher series consists of moderately deep, Depth to weathered andesite is 20 to 40 inches. well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particle- residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from size control section is 35 to 85 percent rock fragments. andesite with a mantle of volcanic ash in the upper The upper part is 10 to 15 percent clay, and the lower part. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual part is 25 to 35 percent clay. The profile is moderately precipitation is about 65 inches, and the mean annual acid or strongly acid. air temperature is about 40 degrees F. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 Typical pedon of Kutcher very cobbly sandy loam dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 5 to in an area of Mackatie-Kutcher complex, low 10 percent gravel, 25 to 35 percent cobbles, and 5 to precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes, in an area of 10 percent stones. woodland; 1,200 feet north and 500 feet west of the Texture of the AB horizon is similar to that of southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 5 S., R. 10 E. the A horizon. The AB horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. 4 moist or dry. It is 5 to 10 percent gravel, 25 A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very cobbly to 35 percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate stones. medium granular structure; soft, very friable, The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is roots and few medium and coarse roots; many loam or clay loam and is 60 to 70 percent cobbles, 5 to very fine and fine irregular pores and few medium 10 percent stones, and 0 to 5 percent gravel. and coarse irregular pores; 25 percent cobbles, 10 percent gravel, and 5 percent stones; Lavey Series moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth boundary. AB—5 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very The Lavey series consists of moderately deep, cobbly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak well drained soils on low foothills. These soils formed medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, in loess over colluvium derived from sedimentary rock nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine or tuff. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual roots and few medium and coarse roots; many precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium air temperature is about 51 degrees F. tubular pores; 25 percent cobbles, 10 percent Typical pedon of Lavey gravelly silt loam, 2 to 15 gravel, and 5 percent stones; moderately acid percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 100 feet east (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary. and 300 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 25, 2Bt1—18 to 28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) T. 9 S. R. 12 E. extremely cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly silt slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium platy structure parting to weak fine medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly pores and few medium tubular pores; few faint sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 60 fine roots; common very fine and fine irregular percent cobbles and 5 percent stones; strongly pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth boundary. smooth boundary. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 225

Bt1—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty Lickskillet Series clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; The Lickskillet series consists of shallow, well hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine, drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in fine, and medium roots; common very fine and colluvium derived dominantly from basalt. Slopes are fine tubular pores; many faint clay films on faces 15 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is of peds and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. is about 51 degrees F. Bt2—12 to 21 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Typical pedon of Lickskillet extremely stony loam, clay, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong medium 40 to 70 percent slopes; 1,400 feet east and 1,000 and coarse subangular blocky structure; very south of the northwest corner of sec. 21, T. 6 S., hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few R. 13 E. very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent extremely stony loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.0); clear wavy weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft, boundary. very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very Btk—21 to 25 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine and fine roots and common medium and silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular moderate fine and medium subangular blocky pores and common medium and coarse irregular structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very pores; 35 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular 20 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds smooth boundary. and lining pores; slightly effervescent with BA—4 to 9 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) segregated lime in soft masses 1 to 2 millimeters extremely stony loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; in diameter; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt moderate fine and medium subangular blocky wavy boundary. structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and 2Crkq—25 to 28 inches; paralithic tuff with coatings of nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and silica and calcium carbonate; strongly common medium and coarse roots; many very effervescent with disseminated lime. fine and fine tubular pores and common medium 2R—28 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes tubular pores; 30 percent stones, 15 percent Formation. cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. Depth to a Crkq horizon over a lithic contact is 20 Bw1—9 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) to 40 inches. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches extremely stony clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; thick. Depth to secondary carbonates is 20 to 36 moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky inches. The particle-size control section averages 35 structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and to 45 percent clay. slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; It is gravelly silt loam or very cobbly silty clay loam 45 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 25 and is 15 to 30 percent gravel and 0 to 40 percent percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual wavy cobbles. boundary. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or Bw2—15 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) extremely 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is stony clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate silty clay loam or clay and is 5 to 15 percent gravel and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, 0 to 5 percent cobbles. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. friable, slightly sticky and plastic; many very fine The Btk horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of and fine roots and few medium roots; many very 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 fine and fine irregular pores and few medium moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay and is 0 to 10 irregular pores; few faint clay films on rock percent gravel. fragments; 45 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, The 2Crkq horizon is paralithic tuff or waterlain and 25 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt sediment of the Deschutes Formation. It is strongly smooth boundary effervescent or violently effervescent. 2R—18 inches; basalt. 226 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The particle- hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and size control section averages 20 to 30 percent clay. fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 common distinct clay films on faces of peds and dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to lining pores; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid 35 percent stones, 15 to 30 percent cobbles, and 15 to (pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary. 25 percent gravel. 3Bt2—22 to 32 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value gravelly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; massive; of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and moist or dry. It is 30 to 50 percent stones, 10 to 30 very plastic; few fine and medium roots; few fine percent gravel, and 10 to 20 percent cobbles. tubular pores; continuous prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; Littlefawn Series 20 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); abrupt wavy boundary. The Littlefawn series consists of moderately deep, 3Cr—32 inches; sedimentary rock. well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from Depth to sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 inches. sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash. Depth to the discontinuity is 14 to 20 inches. The Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual particle-size control section is 35 to 50 percent clay precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual and 20 to 35 percent rock fragments. air temperature is about 47 degrees F. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of Typical pedon of Littlefawn gravelly loam in an 2 or 3 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist area of Littlefawn-Fawnspring complex, 2 to 30 or dry. It is 15 to 30 percent gravel. percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,000 feet The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 sec. 16, T. 7 S., R. 13 E. moist or dry. It is 15 to 35 percent gravel. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay loam and is 35 loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak to 40 percent clay. It is 20 to 35 percent gravel and 0 fine and medium granular structure parting to to 5 percent cobbles. weak thin platy; soft, very friable, nonsticky and The 3Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is few medium roots; common very fine and fine clay or silty clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. It is 20 to tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); 35 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. clear smooth boundary. A2—3 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly Logsprings Series loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; The Logsprings series consists of very deep, slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; moderately well drained soils on benches of foothills. common very fine and fine roots and few medium These soils formed in alluvium and colluvium over roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 30 residuum derived dominantly from sedimentary rock percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth with an influence of volcanic ash in the upper part. boundary. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual Bw—10 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and air temperature is about 47 degrees F. medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Typical pedon of Logsprings loam, 0 to 8 percent friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,300 feet east and very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; 2,500 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 16, T. common very fine and fine tubular pores; 15 6 S., R. 11 E. percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 2Bt1—17 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly silty loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine moderate medium platy structure; slightly hard, and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 227

and fine roots and common medium and coarse The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to common medium and coarse irregular pores; few 5 percent gravel. fine faint organic stains on faces of peds and The Bt1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or lining pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 gradual smooth boundary. to 27 percent clay and is 0 to 10 percent gravel. Bt1—10 to 21 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) loam, pinkish The 2Bt2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, clay or silty clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine The 3Bt3 horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 and fine roots and common medium and coarse or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and sandy clay loam or clay loam and is 30 to 40 percent common medium and coarse tubular pores; clay. It is 60 to 70 percent gravel. common distinct clay films on faces of peds and The 4BCt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 lining pores; few fine faint organic stains on faces or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is of peds and lining pores; 10 percent gravel; loam or silt loam and is 10 to 20 percent clay. It is 0 to slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt smooth boundary. 10 percent gravel. 2Bt2—21 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; strong coarse Mackatie Series prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very fine, fine, The Mackatie series consists of deep, well and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in medium tubular pores; continuous prominent clay residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from films on faces of peds and lining pores; common andesite with a mantle of volcanic ash in the upper very fine and fine manganese stains; many part. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual distinct organic stains on faces of peds and lining precipitation is about 65 inches, and the mean annual pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth air temperature is about 40 degrees F. boundary. Typical pedon of Mackatie sandy loam in an area 3Bt3—30 to 36 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) of Mackatie-Kutcher complex, low precipitation, 0 to 12 extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, light brown percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 3,000 feet (7.5YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium subangular west and 2,000 feet north of the southeast corner of blocky structure; very hard, very firm, slightly sec. 20, T. 5 S., R. 10 E. sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very Oi—3 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and fine and fine tubular pores and few medium twigs. tubular pores; many distinct clay films on faces of A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy loam, peds and lining pores; many distinct organic brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak medium subangular stains on faces of peds and lining pores; 65 blocky structure parting to weak fine granular percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and boundary. nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few 4BCt—36 to 64 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) loam, medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium irregular pores and few medium and coarse and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, irregular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth coarse roots along faces of peds; common very boundary. fine and fine tubular pores; many faint clay films AB—6 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy on faces of peds; many organic stains on faces of loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine peds; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2). subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine Depth to sedimentary rock is more than 60 inches. roots and few medium and coarse roots; many Depth to the discontinuity is 20 to 30 inches. The very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium upper part of the particle-size control section is 20 to and coarse tubular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 27 percent clay, and the lower part is 40 to 50 percent percent cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.3); clear clay. The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. smooth boundary. 228 Soil Survey

2Bt1—18 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, or tuff. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, air temperature is about 51 degrees F. firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very Typical pedon of Madras loam, 0 to 8 percent fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,000 feet north and roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and 1,000 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 13, T. few medium tubular pores; few faint clay films on 12 S., R. 9 E. faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth boundary. A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown 2Bt2—28 to 41 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, (10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate very thin platy structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very and few medium roots; few very fine and fine fine and fine roots and few medium roots; irregular pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy common very fine and fine tubular pores and few boundary. medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent (10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.9); abrupt smooth medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, boundary. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very 3C—41 to 51 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few very cobbly clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine and fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly wavy boundary. plastic; 50 percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; Bt1—10 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay strongly acid (pH 5.2); clear wavy boundary. loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium 3Cr—51 inches; weathered andesite. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium Depth to weathered andesite is 40 to 60 inches. roots; common very fine tubular pores; few faint The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. The upper part clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; of the particle-size control section averages 10 to 15 neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. percent clay, and the lower, contrasting part averages Bt2—16 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) 25 to 35 percent clay. The profile is moderately acid or clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; strongly acid. moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. common distinct clay films on faces of peds and Texture of the AB horizon is similar to that of the A lining pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent horizon. The AB horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and pumice fragments 1 to 5 millimeters in diameter; 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear wavy boundary. is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. Bt3—25 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, loam or clay loam and is 10 to 20 percent gravel and 0 firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; to 10 percent cobbles. common very fine tubular pores; common distinct The 3C horizon, where present, has color similar clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 2 to that of the 2Bt2 horizon. The 3C horizon is 45 to 60 percent cobbles and 10 percent pumice fragments percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel. 1 to 5 millimeters in diameter; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt smooth boundary. Madras Series 2Crkq—33 to 35 inches; paralithic tuff with coatings of silica and calcium carbonate; strongly The Madras series consists of moderately deep, effervescent with disseminated lime. well drained soils on low foothills. These soils formed 2R—35 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes in loess over colluvium derived from sedimentary rock Formation. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 229

Depth to hard bedrock is 22 to 40 inches. The The bottom tier has value 2 to 4 moist and mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. The particle- chroma of 1 or 2 moist. It is 30 to 50 percent size control section averages 27 to 35 percent clay. unrubbed sapric material and 5 to 15 percent rubbed The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 sapric material. dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 10 to 30 percent volcanic glass. Maupin Series The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0 The Maupin series consists of soils that are to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. moderately deep to a duripan and are well drained. The 2Crkq horizon is paralithic tuff or waterlain These soils are on mesas. They formed in loess. sediment of the Deschutes Formation. It is strongly Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual effervescent or violently effervescent. precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F. Mariel Series Typical pedon of Maupin silt loam in an area of Bakeoven-Maupin complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes, in The Mariel series consists of very deep, very an area of rangeland; 2,500 feet north and 1,500 feet poorly drained organic soils in mountain bogs. These east of the southwest corner of sec. 2, T. 9 S., R. 13 E. soils formed in organic material. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 95 A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine 35 degrees F. subangular blocky structure parting to weak Typical pedon of Mariel mucky peat, 0 to 3 moderate granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky percent slopes, 3,000 feet west and 500 feet north of and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; the southeast corner of sec. 8, T. 9 S., R. 9 E. many very fine and fine irregular pores; 3 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. Oe1—0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) hemic material, AB—4 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, rubbed and pressed; about 100 percent unrubbed grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and fibers, 40 percent rubbed; many very fine, fine, medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, and medium roots; strongly acid (pH 5.4); gradual slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine smooth boundary. and fine roots and few medium roots; many very Oe2—7 to 14 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine and fine tubular pores and few medium hemic material, rubbed and pressed; about 90 tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); percent unrubbed fibers, 30 percent rubbed; many clear smooth boundary. very fine and fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.4); Bw1—7 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, clear wavy boundary. brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium Oe3—14 to 34 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, hemic material, rubbed and pressed; about 60 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very percent unrubbed fibers, 25 percent rubbed; many fine and fine roots and few medium roots; very fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear common very fine and fine tubular pores and few smooth boundary. medium tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral Oa—34 to 60 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) (pH 7.3); clear smooth boundary. sapric material, rubbed and pressed, about 40 Bw2—14 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt percent unrubbed fibers, 10 percent rubbed; many loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong medium very fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.2); subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, and Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth medium roots; common very fine, fine, and to sapric material is 28 to 35 inches. medium tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly The surface tier has chroma of 1 or 2 moist. It is alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary. 80 to 100 percent unrubbed fibric material and 30 to Bk—20 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, 40 percent rubbed. The subsurface tier has value 2 or pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine subangular 3 moist and chroma of 1 or 2 moist. More than half of blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and this tier is 50 to 60 percent unrubbed hemic material slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine and 25 to 35 percent rubbed hemic material. tubular pores; strongly effervescent with 230 Soil Survey

segregated lime in blotches; 25 percent gravel; Bt1—10 to 34 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay moderately alkaline (pH 7.9); abrupt smooth loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium boundary. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Bkqm—25 to 31 inches; indurated duripan; platy slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very structure; extremely hard, very firm; continuous fine and fine roots and few medium roots; silica laminar cap 1 millimeter thick; violently common very fine and fine tubular pores and few effervescent; abrupt smooth boundary. medium tubular pores; many distinct clay films on 2R—31 inches; basalt. faces of peds and lining pores; 2 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock is 25 to 40 inches. Depth to the 2Bt2—34 to 37 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly clay, duripan is 20 to 30 inches. The mollic epipedon is 10 yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate to 15 inches thick. medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine, dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to fine, and medium roots; few very fine, fine, and 10 percent gravel. medium tubular pores; continuous prominent clay The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or films on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 percent 6 dry. It is silt loam or loam and is 0 to 10 percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); gravel. abrupt wavy boundary. The Bk horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 2Btqm—37 to 51 inches; duripan; indurated and 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silt strongly cemented; extremely hard and very firm; loam or loam and is 20 to 30 percent gravel. silica cap 1 millimeter thick; many prominent clay The Bkqm horizon is indurated throughout. It is 5 films in fractures; pendants of clay and silica on to 10 inches thick. bottom of fractures; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt wavy boundary. Milldam Series 2Btq—51 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; massive; hard, The Milldam series consists of soils that are firm and brittle, sticky and plastic; many prominent moderately deep to a duripan and are well drained. clay films on faces of rock fragments; 60 percent These soils are on outwash plains. They formed in cobbles and 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0). glacial outwash with an influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual Depth to the duripan is 30 to 40 inches. Depth to precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon air temperature is about 49 degrees F. is 20 to 35 inches thick. The particle-size control Typical pedon of Milldam silt loam in an area of section is 27 to 40 percent clay, but the weighted Milldam-Tenwalter complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in average is less than 35 percent. an area of rangeland; 2,200 feet west and 1,300 feet The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or north of the southeast corner of sec. 18, T. 8 S., 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 R. 11 E. to 5 percent gravel. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak thin loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam and is 25 to 30 platy structure parting to weak fine granular; soft, percent clay. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel. It is slightly very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very acid or neutral. fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value irregular pores; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 6.2); gradual smooth boundary. moist or dry. It is clay or silty clay loam and is 35 to 45 A2—2 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown percent clay. The horizon is 10 to 20 percent cobbles (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and 0 to 10 percent gravel. It is slightly acid or neutral. dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky The 2Btqm horizon is indurated and has a 1- to 2- structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and millimeter-thick laminar cap or is strongly cemented in nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many the upper few inches. It is 10 to 25 inches thick. very fine and fine irregular pores; 2 percent The 2Btq horizon is clay or silty clay and is 40 to gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth 50 percent clay. It is 40 to 60 percent cobbles and 10 boundary. to 20 percent gravel. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 231

Millerflat Series fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary. The Millerflat series consists of very deep, 2Bt1—35 to 48 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely moderately well drained soils on stream terraces. gravelly sandy clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) These soils formed in alluvium derived from mixed dry; many fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) and sources with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly 35 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine about 42 degrees F. tubular pores; few faint thin clay films on rock Typical pedon of Millerflat loam, 0 to 3 percent fragments and faces of peds; 55 percent gravel slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,500 feet west and and 10 percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); 2,000 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 14, clear wavy boundary T. 6 S., R. 10 E. 2Bt2—48 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. dry; many fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) loam, mottles; weak medium subangular blocky dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; weak medium platy structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct many very fine and fine roots and few medium clay films on rock fragments and faces of peds; 60 and coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; pores and few medium and coarse irregular pores; moderately acid (pH 5.6). 10 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth boundary. Depth to stratified gravelly and sandy alluvium is A2—6 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam, more than 60 inches. The particle-size control section brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium is 45 to 80 percent rock fragments and 25 to 35 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, percent clay. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine thick. Depth to mottles that have chroma of 2 or less roots and few medium and coarse roots; many is 20 to 30 inches. Depth to the 2Bt horizon is 30 to 40 very fine and fine irregular pores and few medium inches. and coarse irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth boundary. dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to A3—14 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam, 10 percent gravel. brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak medium subangular The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots loam or silt loam and is 15 to 20 percent clay. It is 0 to and few medium roots; common very fine and fine 10 percent gravel. tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 5 The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 smooth boundary. moist or dry. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam and is Bw1—22 to 29 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) 45 to 80 percent gravel and 5 to 20 percent cobbles. loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; Mowako Series moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very The Mowako series consists of moderately deep, fine and fine roots and few medium roots; ommon well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from tubular pores; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash. smooth boundary. Slopes are 30 to 80 percent. The mean annual Bw2—29 to 35 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam, light precipitation is about 17 inches, and the mean annual brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; common fine distinct dark air temperature is about 48 degrees F. brown (7.5YR 3/2) and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Typical pedon of Mowako extremely channery mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and 1,000 feet east and 1,500 feet north of the southwest nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very corner of sec. 23, T. 7 S., R. 13 E. 232 Soil Survey

Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs loam or clay loam and is 18 to 30 percent clay. It is 65 A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) to 80 percent channers. extremely channery loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, Mutton Series very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine The Mutton series consists of very deep, well irregular pores; 65 percent channers; slightly acid drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from tuff AB—3 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are 12 to 80 channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 18 fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine 47 degrees F. and fine roots and few medium roots; many very Typical pedon of Mutton gravelly loam in an area fine and fine tubular pores and few medium of Mutton-Littlefawn complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes, tubular pores; 65 percent channers; slightly acid in an area of woodland; 500 feet east and 400 feet (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. north of the southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 7 S., Bw1—9 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) R. 13 E. extremely channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak few medium roots; common very fine and fine fine granular structure; very soft, very friable, tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine organic stains on faces of peds; 65 percent roots and common medium roots; many very fine channers; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth and fine irregular pores and common medium boundary. irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH Bw2—16 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely 6.8); clear smooth boundary. channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate BA—8 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine and medium subangular blocky structure; gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; weak fine and medium subangular blocky many very fine and fine roots and few medium structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium few medium tubular pores; organic stains on faces roots; common very fine, fine, and medium of peds; 70 percent channers; neutral (pH 6.8); tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. clear smooth boundary. Bw3—23 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely Bw1—17 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very structure; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine, fine, nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and and medium tubular pores; organic stains on few medium roots; common very fine and fine faces of peds; 70 percent channers; neutral tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. organic stains on faces of peds and lining pores; R—27 inches; fractured sedimentary rock. 35 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. Depth to sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 inches. The Bw2—28 to 36 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle- gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; size control section averages 18 to 30 percent clay moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky and more than 65 percent rock fragments. structure; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and The A and AB horizons have value of 2 or 3 moist nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 or 3 moist few very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; or dry. They are 60 to 70 percent channers. organic stains on faces of peds and lining pores; The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 45 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is smooth boundary. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 233

Bw3—36 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) Ap2—3 to 13 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay loam, very extremely gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; many fine moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; few medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine, and medium tubular pores; organic stains on very fine and fine roots; common very fine and faces of peds and lining pores; 65 percent gravel; fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. (pH 6.4); clear wavy boundary. 2Bt—44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely Bw—13 to 23 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very stony silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, dry; many fine distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common distinct mottles; black (10YR 2/1) organic stains; clay film on faces of peds and lining pores; 40 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 10 hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2). common very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent gravel and 5 Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth particle-size control section is 15 to 25 percent clay. boundary. The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. 2C1—23 to 33 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 extremely gravelly fine sandy loam, brown dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to (10YR 5/3) dry; many fine distinct reddish brown 35 percent gravel. (5YR 4/4) mottles; massive; hard, friable, The BA horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 30 fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; to 40 percent gravel. 60 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 35 2C2—33 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) to 65 percent gravel. extremely gravelly fine sandy loam, brown The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It (10YR 5/3) dry; many fine distinct reddish brown is silty clay loam or clay loam. The horizon is 10 to 40 (5YR 4/4) mottles; massive; slightly hard, friable, percent stones, 15 to 20 percent cobbles, and 10 to 20 nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; common percent gravel. fine tubular pores; 50 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth Olallie Series boundary. 3C—44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely The Olallie series consists of very deep, poorly gravelly loamy sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in many distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) mottles; alluvium derived from mixed sources. Slopes are 0 to massive; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 70 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; neutral inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about (pH 7.0). 49 degrees F. Typical pedon of Olallie clay loam, 0 to 3 percent Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The slopes, in a pasture; 1,500 feet east and 2,200 feet mollic epipedon is 25 to 40 inches thick. The particle- south of the northwest corner of sec. 5, T. 8 S., size control section is 20 to 35 percent clay, and it R. 11 E. averages 35 to 55 percent rock fragments. The profile has common fine distinct mottles to many fine Ap1—0 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay loam, very prominent mottles throughout. dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; many fine The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; weak medium dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 27 to platy structure parting to weak fine granular; 35 percent clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel. slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and The Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 moist or dry. It is many very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent clay loam or silty clay loam and is 27 to 35 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual smooth clay. It is 25 to 40 percent gravel and 5 to 10 percent boundary. cobbles. 234 Soil Survey

The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to nonplastic; 70 percent channers; slightly acid 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 15 (pH 6.4); gradual wavy boundary. to 25 percent clay. It is 40 to 60 percent gravel and 5 R—35 inches; fractured sedimentary rock to 20 percent cobbles. The 3C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 4 to Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is size control section averages 15 to 25 percent clay. sandy loam or loamy sand and is 5 to 10 percent clay. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 It is 60 to 70 percent gravel and 5 to 15 percent dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to cobbles. 70 percent channers. The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 Oldsferry Series or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 50 to 70 percent channers. The Oldsferry series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in Peahke Series residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from sedimentary rock. Slopes are 30 to 80 percent. The The Peahke series consists of moderately deep, mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches, and the well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F. residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from Typical pedon of Oldsferry extremely channery sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash. loam in an area of Oldsferry-Venator complex, 30 to Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual 55 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,000 feet precipitation is about 23 inches, and the mean annual west and 1,500 feet north of the southeast corner of air temperature is about 43 degrees F. sec. 36, T. 7 S., R. 12 E. Typical pedon of Peahke extremely channery loam, 2 to 30 percent slope, in an area of woodland; A—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) 500 feet west and 2,000 feet south of the northeast extremely channery loam, grayish brown corner of sec. 22, T. 7 S., R. 13 E. (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine subangular structure parting to weak fine granular structure; soft, Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine A—0 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) extremely and fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular channery loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; pores; 65 percent channers; neutral (pH 6.8); weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, clear smooth boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine A2—5 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown roots and few medium roots; many very fine and (10YR 3/2) extremely channery loam, dark brown fine irregular pores and few medium irregular (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky pores; 65 percent channers; slightly acid (pH 6.2); structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and clear smooth boundary. nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many Bw1—4 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very fine and fine tubular pores; 65 percent extremely channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; channers; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting boundary. to moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard; Bw1—12 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) friable; nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, extremely channery loam, yellowish brown fine, and medium roots; many very fine, fine, and (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium medium tubular pores; 65 percent channers; subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and Bw2—13 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine roots and few medium roots; common very extremely channery loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine and fine tubular pores and few medium dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky tubular pores; 70 percent channers; neutral (pH structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and 6.6); clear wavy boundary. nonplastic; many very fine roots and common fine Bw2—21 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely and medium roots; many very fine tubular pores channery loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and common fine and medium tubular pores; 75 dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky percent channers; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual wavy structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and boundary. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 235

R—32 inches; fractured sedimentary rock. gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth Depth to sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 inches. The boundary. mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle- 2C2—37 to 47 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) size control section averages 18 to 30 percent clay. extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, brown The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 (7.5YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 70 percent channers. few very fine tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or and 30 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is clear smooth boundary. loam or clay loam and is 60 to 75 percent channers. 2C3—47 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) extremely cobbly loamy sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) Pelton Series dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 40 percent cobbles and 30 The Pelton series consists of very deep, well percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2). drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in alluvium derived from mixed sources. Slopes are 0 to Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 to the discontinuity is 10 to 20 inches. The particle- inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about size control section averages 18 to 25 percent clay, 51 degrees F. more than 50 percent sand, and 40 to 85 percent rock Typical pedon of Pelton sandy loam in an area of fragments. Pelton-Willowdale complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 an area of rangeland; 2,000 feet east and 2,200 feet dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 5 to north of the southwest corner of sec. 21, T. 8 S., 10 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. R. 14 E. The A2 horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy very gravelly sandy loam or sandy loam and is 10 to loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate 25 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. thin and medium platy structure parting to The 2Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 moderate fine and medium granular; soft, friable, or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine It is 40 to 50 percent gravel and 5 to 15 percent roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 cobbles. percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.9); gradual smooth The 2C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or boundary. 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. The A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown upper part is sandy clay loam, and the lower part is (10YR 3/2) gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown sandy loam or loamy sand. The horizon is 40 to 50 (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine and medium subangular percent cobbles and 25 to 40 percent gravel. blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many Pinhead Series very fine and fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral The Pinhead series consists of very deep, (pH 7.0); abrupt smooth boundary. somewhat excessively drained soils on mountains. 2Bw—10 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; dominantly from andesite and volcanic ash. Slopes moderate fine and medium subangular blocky are 0 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; about 90 inches, and the mean annual air temperature few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine is about 36 degrees F. tubular pores; 45 percent gravel and 5 percent Typical pedon of Pinhead very gravelly sandy cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt smooth loam, warm, 0 to 12 percent slopes, in an area of boundary. woodland; 1,500 feet south and 2,500 feet east of the 2C1—18 to 37 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) northwest corner of sec. 14, T. 6 S., R. 9 E. extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very gravelly tubular pores; 50 percent cobbles and 30 percent sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine 236 Soil Survey

granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine loamy sand or sandy loam. It is 60 to 85 percent rock irregular pores and few medium and coarse fragments, of which 20 to 30 percent is cobbles, 30 to irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and 5 percent 40 percent is gravel, and 10 to 15 percent is stones. cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth boundary. Pipp Series AB—8 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very gravelly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown The Pipp series consists of deep, somewhat (10YR 4/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular excessively drained soils on mountains. These soils blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few from andesite and volcanic ash. Slopes are 12 to 65 medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 32 pores and few medium tubular pores; 40 percent inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about gravel and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid 43 degrees F. (pH 5.5); clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Pipp very stony sandy loam, 30 Bw—18 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) to 65 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,500 extremely gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown feet north and 2,500 feet west of the southeast corner (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium of sec. 9, T. 9 S., R. 9 E. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very pores; 50 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; stony sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strongly acid (pH 5.5); clear wavy boundary. moderate medium granular structure; soft, very C1—30 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine extremely cobbly sandy loam, yellowish brown and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; (10YR 5/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and many very fine and fine irregular pores and few nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very medium and coarse irregular pores; 30 percent fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent cobbles stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent and 40 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6); gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth clear wavy boundary. boundary. C2—38 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) A2—3 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very stony extremely cobbly sandy loam, light yellowish sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, moderate medium granular structure; soft, very nonsticky and nonplastic; 30 percent cobbles, 30 friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine percent gravel, and 15 percent stones; moderately and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; acid (pH 5.6) many very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium and coarse tubular pores; 30 percent Depth to andesite is more than 60 inches. The stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent particle-size control section is 45 to 80 percent rock gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8 ); clear smooth fragments and 10 to 15 percent clay. The profile has boundary. hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. It is moderately acid or Bw1—12 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely strongly acid. stony sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine gravelly sandy loam, very bouldery sandy loam, or and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; very stony sandy loam. It is 5 to 55 percent gravel, 5 many very fine and fine tubular pores and few to 20 percent cobbles, 0 to 30 percent stones, and 0 to medium and coarse tubular pores; 40 percent 30 percent boulders. stones and 15 percent cobbles; moderately acid The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or (pH 5.6 ); clear smooth boundary. 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 45 Bw2—20 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown to 80 percent rock fragments, of which 30 to 50 (10YR 4/4) extremely stony sandy loam, light percent is gravel and 15 to 30 percent is cobbles. yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 237

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly roots and common medium and coarse roots; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common many very fine and fine irregular pores and very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common medium and coarse irregular pores; 15 common very fine and fine tubular pores percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear and few medium tubular pores; 35 percent smooth boundary. stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 20 percent A2—5 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4 ); clear smooth sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; boundary. weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to Bw3—32 to 51 inches; dark yellowish brown weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft, (10YR 4/4) extremely stony sandy loam, light friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly common very fine, fine, and medium tubular hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very pores; 15 percent gravel; moderately acid fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. tubular pores; 50 percent stones and 20 percent Bw1—8 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); gradual wavy gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) boundary. dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; R—51 inches; fractured andesite slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The profile roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particle-size control and few medium tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; section averages 10 to 18 percent clay. The mollic moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear wavy boundary. epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. Bw2—22 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 (10YR 3/4) gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is very brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium stony sandy loam or very cobbly sandy loam. The subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, horizon is 10 to 40 percent stones, 5 to 40 percent nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent gravel. fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or pores; 20 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 30 moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. to 50 percent stones, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 0 2Bt1—27 to 43 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly to 10 percent gravel. loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky Piumpsha Series structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common The Piumpsha series consists of very deep, well very fine and fine tubular pores; common faint clay drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in films on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 percent residuum and colluvium derived from andesite with a gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth mantle of volcanic ash in the upper part. Slopes are 2 boundary. to 40 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 2Bt2—43 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly 95 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; about 35 degrees F. moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky Typical pedon of Piumpsha gravelly sandy loam in structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; an area of Piumpsha-Jojo complex, 2 to 30 percent common very fine and few fine roots; common slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,500 feet west and very fine and few fine tubular pores; common 2,500 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 29, T. distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining 10 S., R. 9 E. pores; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0). Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. Depth to bedrock and depth of the solum are 60 A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) inches or more. The particle-size control section gravelly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; averages less than 35 percent total rock fragments. weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, The upper part is 10 to 15 percent clay, and the lower nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine part is 20 to 30 percent clay. 238 Soil Survey

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 and lining pores; 25 percent gravel; neutral dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. It (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. is gravelly sandy loam or very bouldery sandy loam 2Bt3—20 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly and is 15 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 30 percent clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong medium and cobbles. coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 15 fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular to 35 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or and lining pores; 30 percent gravel; neutral 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is (pH 6.6); gradual wavy boundary. loam or clay loam and is 15 to 40 percent gravel and 0 3Bt4—28 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely to 10 percent cobbles. The horizon is moderately acid cobbly silty clay, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; or strongly acid. moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very Prill Series fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds The Prill series consists of moderately deep, well and lining pores; 70 percent cobbles and 5 drained soils on foothills. These soils formed in percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from tuff boundary. and sedimentary rock. Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. 3Cr—35 inches; tuff. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees Depth to tuff or sedimentary rock is 20 to 40 F. inches. Depth to the discontinuity is 5 to 15 Typical pedon of Prill gravelly silty clay loam in an inches. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches area of Prill-Kaskela-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 30 thick. The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,500 feet particle-size control section averages 50 to 60 percent east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of clay. sec. 10, T. 7 S., R. 13 E. The A horizon has value 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 30 to A—0 to 6 inches; black (10YR 2/1) gravelly silty clay 40 percent clay and is 15 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate 5 percent cobbles. fine and medium subangular blocky structure; The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine and 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry. fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine It is 15 to 30 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular cobbles. pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt The 3Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 smooth boundary. or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 2Bt1—6 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown clay or silty clay and is 40 to 70 percent cobbles and 0 (10YR 3/2) gravelly clay, dark grayish brown to 10 percent gravel. (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to strong medium and coarse Racing Series subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine The Racing series consists of very deep, poorly roots and few medium roots; common very fine drained soils in mountain basins. These soils formed and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular in mixed ash and alluvium derived from mixed pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds sources. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual and lining pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral precipitation is about 95 inches, and the mean annual (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. air temperature is about 35 degrees F. 2Bt2—14 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly Typical pedon of Racing sandy loam, 0 to 3 clay, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong medium and percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 2,000 feet coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, west and 500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very 8, T. 9 S., R. 9 E. fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds Oi—3 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 239

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy loam, iron; massive; very hard, very firm, nonsticky and dark brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; common distinct nonplastic; 80 percent gravel; 20 percent iron- strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium manganese concretions; moderately acid (pH 5.6) granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and clear wavy boundary. nonplastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and 3Cg2—51 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very coarse roots; many very fine, fine, medium, and gravelly sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; coarse irregular pores; moderately acid (pH 5.8); many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clear smooth boundary. mottles; massive; hard; firm, slightly sticky and Oa—7 to 11 inches; black (N 2/0) muck, rubbed and slightly plastic; 50 percent gravel; moderately acid pressed, very dark gray (7.5YR 3/1) dry; about 40 (pH 5.6). percent fibers, 5 percent rubbed; weak medium platy structure; very friable, nonsticky and Depth to the weakly cemented substratum is 40 to nonplastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. coarse roots; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear The particle-size control section averages 20 to 30 smooth boundary. percent clay, more than 15 percent fine sand or Bg1—11 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, coarser material, and less than 35 percent total rock light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; common fragments. The profile is mottled throughout. distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6 ) and The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5 yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; moderate dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. It medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, has moist bulk density of 0.80 to 0.90 grams per friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common centimeter and has andic properties. very fine and fine roots and few medium and The Oa horizon, where present, has value of 2 or coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular 3 moist or dry and chroma of 0 to 2 moist or dry. pores and few medium tubular pores; common The Bg horizon has value of 4 to 6 moist and 6 to faint organic coatings on faces of peds and lining 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is silt pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6); loam or silty clay loam and is 0 to 5 percent gravel. clear smooth boundary. The 2Bg horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7 Bg2—16 to 22 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is silty clay loam, white (10YR 8/1) dry; many distinct clay loam or loam and is 35 to 80 percent gravel. yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; strong coarse The 3Cg1 horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7 subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist and 2 or 3 sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and dry. It is 60 to 85 percent gravel and 15 to 25 percent fine roots and few medium roots; common very iron-manganese concretions. fine and fine tubular pores and few medium The 3Cg2 horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist and 7 tubular pores; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear or 8 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is smooth boundary. sandy loam or loam and is 35 to 80 percent gravel. 2Bg3—22 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very gravelly clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; Rockly Series many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky The Rockly series consists of very shallow, well structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; drained soils on mesas. These soils formed in few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an tubular pores; 40 percent gravel; moderately acid influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 30 (pH 5.6); gradual wavy boundary. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 2Bg4—30 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about extremely gravelly loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; 49 degrees F. many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Typical pedon of Rockly very stony silt loam in an mottles; weak medium subangular blocky area of Watama-Rockly complex, 0 to 8 percent structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,900 feet east and plastic; 60 percent gravel; moderately acid 2,100 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 9 (pH 5.6); clear wavy boundary. S., R. 12 E. 3Cg1—41 to 51 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) extremely gravelly sand, very pale brown A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) (10YR 7/3) dry; many distinct dark yellowish very stony silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) brown (10YR 4/6) mottles; weakly cemented with dry; weak thin and medium platy structure; soft, 240 Soil Survey

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common 30 percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; neutral very fine and fine roots; common very fine and (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. fine tubular pores; 40 percent stones and 10 Bt1—4 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth extremely gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown boundary. (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium subangular Bw1—3 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; cobbly silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate common very fine, fine, and medium roots; fine and medium subangular blocky structure; common very fine, fine, and medium tubular slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; pores; common distinct films on faces of peds; 20 common very fine and fine roots; common very percent cobbles and 45 percent gravel; neutral fine and fine tubular pores; 35 percent cobbles (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary. and 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear Bt2—8 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very smooth boundary. gravelly clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong Bw2—7 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, cobbly silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few moderate fine and medium subangular blocky very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular percent cobbles and 35 percent gravel; neutral pores; 50 percent cobbles and 25 percent gravel; (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary. R—18 inches; tuff. 2R—9 inches; basalt. Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The particle- Depth to bedrock is 4 to 10 inches. The particle- size control section averages 35 to 60 percent clay. size control section averages 20 to 30 percent clay. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is very dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to cobbly loam, very stony loam, or very cobbly silt loam. 30 percent stones, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 10 to It is 15 to 30 percent cobbles, 0 to 20 percent stones, 55 percent gravel. and 5 to 20 percent gravel. The Bw horizon has chroma of 2 to 4 moist and 4 The Bt1 horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is silt loam or silty clay loam and is 30 to 50 percent clay loam or clay. It is 25 to 45 percent gravel, 10 to cobbles and 15 to 25 percent gravel. In some pedons, 20 percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent stones. faint clay films line pores in a thin layer above the The Bt2 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or bedrock. 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 25 to 45 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 0 Ruckles Series to 20 percent stones.

The Ruckles series consists of shallow, well Ruclick Series drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from The Ruclick series consists of moderately deep, basalt or tuff. Slopes are 2 to 80 percent. The mean well drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F. basalt or tuff. Slopes are 12 to 55 percent. The mean Typical pedon of Ruckles very cobbly loam in an annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean area of Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 12 to 30 percent annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F. slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,000 feet west and Typical pedon of Ruclick very stony loam in an 1,500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 1, area of Ruclick-Ruckles complex, 30 to 55 percent T. 9 S., R. 12 E. slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,000 feet north and 1,500 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 21, A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very T. 8 S., R. 13 E. cobbly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak thin platy structure; soft, friable, nonsticky A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and stony loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak few medium roots; many very fine and fine fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak irregular pores and few medium irregular pores; fine granular; soft, friable, nonsticky and Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 241

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 12 to very fine and fine irregular pores; 25 percent 55 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 13 stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. 49 degrees F. Bt1—4 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown Typical pedon of Sagley silt loam in an area of (10YR 3/2) very cobbly silty clay loam, brown Sagley-Kishwalk complex, 30 to 55 percent slopes, in (10YR 5/3) dry; strong medium and coarse an area of rangeland; 600 feet north and 1,500 feet subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, east of the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 8 S., slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very R. 12 E. fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces A—0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, very dark of peds and lining pores; 30 percent cobbles and grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak fine 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine Bt2—14 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 cobbly clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth strong medium subangular blocky structure; very boundary. hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine AB—7 to 18 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky and lining pores; 30 percent cobbles and 20 structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; boundary. common very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 Bt3—24 to 37 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth cobbly clay, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate boundary. fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Bt1—18 to 26 inches; very dark grayish brown hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and (10YR 3/2) very cobbly clay loam, brown fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium and coarse common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 30 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, percent cobbles and 30 percent gravel; neutral sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. fine roots and few medium roots; common very R—37 inches; basalt. fine and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- and lining pores; 30 percent cobbles and 15 size control section averages 35 to 50 percent clay. percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 boundary. dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 10 to Bt2—26 to 34 inches; very dark grayish brown 30 percent stones, 15 to 25 percent cobbles, and 5 to (10YR 3/2) cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) 15 percent gravel. dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky The Bt1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is few very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very clay loam or silty clay loam. The horizon is 20 to 40 fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; common percent cobbles, 10 to 20 percent gravel, and 0 to 5 faint clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; percent stones. 15 percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; neutral The Bt2 and Bt3 horizons have value of 3 or 4 (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. moist and 5 or 6 dry, and they have chroma of 3 or 4 Bt3—34 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very moist or dry. They are 30 to 40 percent cobbles, 10 to cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate 30 percent gravel, and 0 to 5 percent stones. medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and Sagley Series fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds and The Sagley series consists of deep, well drained lining pores; 40 percent cobbles and 15 percent soils in canyons. These soils formed in residuum and gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary. colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an R—50 inches; basalt. 242 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The particle- medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; size control section averages 27 to 35 percent clay slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; many and more than 35 percent total rock fragments. The very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. many very fine and fine tubular pores and few The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 medium tubular pores; 15 percent gravel-sized dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 to pumice and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 10 percent gravel. millimeters in diameter; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or smooth boundary. 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is Bw3—28 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly silty clay loam or clay loam and is 15 to 50 percent fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; cobbles and 10 to 25 percent are gravel. moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and Shiva Series nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine The Shiva series consists of very deep, well tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 20 drained soils in canyons. They formed in residuum percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent and colluvium derived dominantly from volcanic ash pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; and pumice. Slopes are 0 to 55 percent. The mean neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. annual precipitation is about 13 inches, and the mean C—44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F. fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; Typical pedon of Shiva fine sandy loam, 30 to 55 massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 300 feet east common very fine and fine roots and few medium and 1,100 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores 23, T. 9 S., R. 11 E. and few medium tubular pores; 35 percent gravel- sized pumice and 15 percent pumice that is 0.5 to A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine 2.0 millimeters in diameter; mildly alkaline sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; (pH 7.6). weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle- percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent size control section averages 10 to 18 percent clay. pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 5 to BA—4 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown 10 percent gravel-sized pumice and 5 to 20 percent (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine and medium subangular The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; It is loam or fine sandy loam. The horizon is 5 many very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent to 25 percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 to 25 gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 6.6); diameter. clear smooth boundary. The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 Bw1—9 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is loam sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine or fine sandy loam and is 20 to 40 percent gravel- and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly sized pumice and 15 to 30 percent pumice that is 0.5 hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium Simas Series tubular pores; 10 percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in The Simas series consists of very deep, well diameter; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth drained soils on foothills. These soils formed in boundary. residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from Bw2—18 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sedimentary rock with an influence of loess in the fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate upper part. Slopes are 2 to 80 percent. The mean Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 243

annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean 2Bk2—46 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F. gravelly clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Typical pedon of Simas silt loam in an area of dry; massive; hard, friable, nonsticky and Simas-Antoken complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, in an nonplastic; violently effervescent with area of rangeland; 2,000 feet west and 2,500 feet disseminated lime; 15 percent gravel; moderately south of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 8 S., R. 13 E. alkaline (pH 8.4).

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak particle-size control section averages 50 to 60 percent fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak clay. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick, and fine granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky and it may include the upper part of the argillic horizon. slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; The A horizon has value 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 many very fine and fine irregular pores; neutral dry. It is silt loam, cobbly silt loam, or very stony loam. (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. The horizon is 0 to 20 percent gravel, 0 to 20 percent A2—3 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) cobbles, and 0 to 20 percent stones. silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or fine and medium subangular blocky structure; 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0 slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly to 15 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common The 2Btk horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 very fine and fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.2); or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is abrupt smooth boundary. 0 to 20 percent gravel and 0 to 15 percent cobbles. 2Bt1—9 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay, The 2Bk1 horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong medium and or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, clay or clay loam and is 15 to 40 percent gravel and 0 very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very to 15 percent cobbles. The horizon is strongly fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular effervescent to violently effervescent. pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline Simnasho Series (pH 7.4); gradual smooth boundary. 2Bt2—18 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay, The Simnasho series consists of moderately yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate deep, well drained soils on mountains. These soils medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very from andesite with a mantle of volcanic ash in the fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular upper part. Slopes are 0 to 40 percent. The mean pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds annual precipitation is about 32 inches, and the mean and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. alkaline (pH 8.4); abrupt smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Simnasho very stony sandy 2Btk—26 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay, loam in an area of Smiling-Simnasho complex, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine and high precipitation, 0 to 12 percent slopes, in an medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, area of woodland; 2,000 feet west and 500 feet friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine north of the southeast corner of sec. 35, T. 10 S., roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many R. 9 E. distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; strongly effervescent with segregated lime Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. in soft masses and seams; 10 percent gravel; A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very stony moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine boundary. granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and 2Bk1—35 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few gravelly clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine dry; massive; hard, friable, nonsticky and irregular pores and few medium and coarse nonplastic; strongly effervescent with irregular pores; 30 percent stones and 20 percent disseminated lime; 30 percent gravel; moderately cobbles; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth alkaline (pH 8.4); gradual smooth boundary. boundary. 244 Soil Survey

AB—7 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very Skooker Series stony sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; The Skooker soils consists of deep, well drained soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very soils on outwash plains. These soils formed in glacial fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many outwash with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium 0 to 20 percent. The mean annual precipitation is tubular pores; 30 percent stones and 20 percent about 18 inches, and the mean annual air temperature cobbles; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth is about 48 degrees F. boundary. Typical pedon of Skooker gravelly loam, 8 to 20 Bw—16 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,500 feet cobbly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; east and 300 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. moderate fine and medium subangular blocky 29, T. 7 S., R. 11 E. structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. few medium roots; common very fine and fine A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 30 gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; percent cobbles; 10 percent stones; slightly acid moderate thick platy structure parting to moderate (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. coarse granular; soft, friable, nonsticky and 2Btb—24 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and (10YR 4/4) extremely cobbly loam, pale brown few medium and coarse roots; common very fine (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium subangular and fine irregular pores and few medium and blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky coarse irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. few fine and medium tubular pores; common A2—4 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining (10YR 3/2) gravelly loam, grayish brown pores; 45 percent cobbles and 20 percent stones; (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium and coarse slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure parting to 2Cr—33 inches; weathered andesite. moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Depth to weathered andesite is 20 to 40 inches. common very fine, fine, and medium roots; The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The particle- common very fine, fine, and medium tubular size control section is 35 to 85 percent rock fragments. pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear The upper part is 10 to 15 percent clay, and the lower smooth boundary. part is 25 to 35 percent clay. The horizon is slightly Bt1—16 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly acid or moderately acid. silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is very sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine stony sandy loam or very cobbly sandy loam, and is 5 roots and few medium roots; common very fine to 40 percent stones, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular to 10 percent gravel. pores; common distinct clay films on faces of Texture of the AB horizon is similar to that of the A peds; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.3); horizon. The AB horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and gradual smooth boundary. 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. Bt2—31 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or extremely cobbly silty clay loam, brown 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0 to (10YR 5/3) dry, moderate medium subangular 5 percent gravel, 20 to 40 percent cobbles, and 10 to blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few 20 percent stones. fine and medium roots; few fine and medium The 2Btb horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is of peds; 25 percent cobbles and 40 percent loam or clay loam. The horizon is 0 to 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.3); gradual wavy gravel, 30 to 50 percent cobbles, and 10 to 25 percent boundary. stones. 2Cr—50 inches; highly fractured sandstone. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 245

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The profile faces of peds and lining pores; 70 percent gravel; has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The mollic epipedon is 20 neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary. to 30 inches thick, and it may include the upper part of 2Crkq—11 to 21 inches; paralithic tuff with coatings of the argillic horizon. The particle-size control section silica and calcium carbonate. averages 27 to 35 percent clay. 2R—21 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or Formation 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to 30 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. It is Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The particle- 2 to 3 percent organic matter. size control section averages 35 to 45 percent clay. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to silty clay loam or clay loam. The Bt1 horizon is 20 to 80 percent gravel. It is 10 to 30 percent volcanic 30 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. The glass. Bt2 horizon is 25 to 35 percent cobbles and 30 to 40 The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR or 10YR; percent gravel. value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry; and chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay and is 40 Skoven Series to 70 percent gravel. The 2Crkq horizon is paralithic tuff or waterlain The Skoven series consists of shallow, well sediment of the Deschutes Formation. drained soils on low foothills. These soils formed in loess and colluvium over sedimentary rock or tuff. Smiling Series Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual The Smiling series consists of deep, well drained air temperature is about 51 degrees F. soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum Typical pedon of Skoven extremely gravelly silt and colluvium derived dominantly from andesite with a loam in an area of Skoven-Lavey complex, 2 to 15 mantle of volcanic ash in the upper part. Slopes are 0 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,000 feet to 12 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about south and 2,500 feet west of the northeast corner of 32 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is sec. 9, T. 8 S., R. 13 E. about 43 degrees F. Typical pedon of Smiling sandy loam, in an area of A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Smiling-Simnasho complex, high precipitation, 0 to 12 extremely gravelly silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 1,300 feet moderate medium platy structure parting to weak east and 500 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, 3, T. 11 S., R. 9 E. nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. fine irregular pores and few medium irregular A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy pores; 70 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak medium smooth boundary. granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and Bt1—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and gravelly silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common medium roots; many very fine and fine moderate medium subangular blocky structure; irregular pores and common medium irregular slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common pores; 3 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); very fine and fine roots; common very fine and clear smooth boundary. fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on A2—3 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy faces of peds and lining pores; 50 percent gravel; loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak fine neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine Bt2—8 to 11 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and extremely gravelly clay, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and dry; strong fine and medium subangular blocky common medium roots; many very fine and fine structure; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; tubular pores and common medium tubular pores; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear tubular pores; continuous prominent clay films on smooth boundary. 246 Soil Survey

Bw1—9 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine sedimentary rock with an influence of loess. Slopes subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual precipitation is nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature roots and few medium and coarse roots; many is about 51 degrees F. very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium Typical pedon of Sorf very gravelly loam in an and coarse tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly area of Sorf-Simas complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, in acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. an area of rangeland; 4,000 feet east and 4,050 feet Bw2—15 to 33 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy south of the northwest corner of sec. 3, T. 8 S., loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium R. 13 E. subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) roots and few medium and coarse roots; many very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium weak very fine subangular blocky structure and coarse tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; parting to weak very fine granular; slightly hard, slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many 2Btb1—33 to 43 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate many very fine and fine irregular pores and few medium subangular structure; slightly hard, firm, medium irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and 10 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine boundary. tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of A2—2 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) peds; 20 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderately acid (pH 6.0); gradual wavy boundary. moderate fine and medium subangular blocky 2Btb2—43 to 56 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) slightly hard, fine and fine roots and few medium roots; firm; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common common very fine and fine tubular pores and few very fine and few fine roots; common very fine medium tubular pores; 35 percent gravel; neutral and few fine tubular pores; common distinct clay (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy boundary. films on faces of peds and lining pores; 20 percent 2Bt1—6 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, gravel and 10 percent cobbles; moderately acid brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong coarse subangular (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky 2Cr—56 inches; weathered andesite. and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct clay Depth to weathered andesite is 40 to 60 inches. films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. The upper part gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. of the particle-size control section is 10 to 15 percent 2Bt2—17 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay, clay, and the contrasting, lower part is 25 to 35 percent brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong medium and coarse clay. subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. continuous prominent clay films on faces of peds The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or and lining pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0 wavy boundary. to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. 2Btk—23 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown The 2Btb horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 (10YR 4/6) clay loam, yellowish brown or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular loam or clay loam and is 10 to 20 percent gravel and blocky structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films Sorf Series on faces of peds and lining pores; strongly effervescent; soft masses of segregated lime; The Sorf series consists of moderately deep, well moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy drained soils on foothills. These soils formed in boundary. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 247

2Cr—26 inches; calcareous tuff; violently effervescent prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse with disseminated lime. subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine Depth to tuff ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth roots and few medium and coarse roots; common to the discontinuity is 5 to 15 inches. The particle-size very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent control section averages 50 to 60 percent clay and clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; less than 35 percent total rock fragments. The profile neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. 2Bt3—21 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown The A horizon has value 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 (10YR 4/4) clay, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 35 to dry; strong medium subangular blocky structure; 50 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or very fine and fine roots and few medium and 6 dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is 0 coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular to 10 percent gravel. pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds The 2Btk horizon or the 2Bk horizon, where and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH present, has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and it 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. has chroma of 5 or 6 moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent 2Bt4—32 to 41 inches; dark yellowish brown gravel. It is strongly effervescent or violently (10YR 4/4) clay, light yellowish brown effervescent. (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, Spilyay Series sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent The Spilyay series consists of very deep, well clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from boundary. semiconsolidated conglomerate and tuff. Slopes are 0 2BCt—41 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; 17 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; about 48 degrees F. common distinct clay films along broken planes; 5 Typical pedon of Spilyay very cobbly loam in an percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0). area of Spilyay-Bodell complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, 1,500 feet west and 2,500 north of the Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 10 S., R. 11 E. mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. The particle- size control section averages 35 to 55 percent clay. Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 20 to very cobbly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; 30 percent cobbles and 15 to 25 percent gravel. moderate medium granular structure parting to The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or moderate very fine subangular blocky; soft, friable, 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 0 nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, to 10 percent gravel. medium, and coarse roots; many very fine, fine, The 2BCt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 medium, and coarse irregular pores; 25 percent or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is cobbles and 20 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); silt loam or loam and is 0 to 10 percent gravel. abrupt smooth boundary. 2Bt1—8 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay Suppah Series loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and The Suppah series consists of soils that are plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and moderately deep to pumice and are somewhat coarse roots; common very fine, fine, medium, excessively drained. These soils are in canyons. They and coarse tubular pores; common distinct clay formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly films on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent from volcanic ash and pumice. Slopes are 12 to 30 gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 2Bt2—15 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay, inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; strong medium 51 degrees F. 248 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Suppah very gravelly sandy 55 percent gravel-sized pumice and 5 to 15 percent loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. 2,200 feet west and 1,400 feet south of the northeast The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or corner of sec. 10, T. 10 S., R. 12 E. 7 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is sandy loam or loamy sand. It is 45 to 80 percent A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very gravel-sized pumice and 10 to 20 percent pumice that gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, The C horizon has value of 7 or 8 moist or dry, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fragmental pumice and is less than 10 percent fine irregular pores and few medium irregular particles that are less than 2 millimeters in diameter. pores; 50 percent gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in Teewee Series diameter; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. AB—3 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown The Teewee series consists of deep, well drained (10YR 3/2) very gravelly sandy loam, pale brown soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium subangular and colluvium derived from andesite or basalt with an blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are from 0 to 12 nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 20 medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about pores and few medium tubular pores; 45 percent 47 degrees F. gravel-sized pumice and 10 percent pumice that is Typical pedon of Teewee loam, 0 to 3 percent 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.1); slopes, in an area of woodland, 2,500 feet west and clear smooth boundary. 1,600 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 36, Bw1—10 to 18 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) T. 8 S., R. 10 E. very gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam, nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak fine subangular medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular pores and few medium tubular pores; 55 percent structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; gravel-sized pumice and 15 percent pumice that is many very fine and fine roots and few medium 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; neutral (pH 7.3); roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores and clear smooth boundary. few medium irregular pores; moderately acid Bw2—18 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. extremely gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish A2—4 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam, brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine subangular brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, few medium roots; common very fine and fine and medium roots and few coarse roots; common tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores and few slightly effervescent with disseminated lime; 70 coarse tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly percent gravel-sized pumice and 15 percent acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. pumice that is 0.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter; Bt1—11 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam, slightly acid (pH 6.5); abrupt wavy boundary. brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium C—26 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) pumice, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, white (10YR 8/2) dry. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth common very fine and fine tubular pores and few to fragmental pumice is 20 to 40 inches. The upper 20 medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films to 40 inches of the particle-size control section on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid averages 5 to 10 percent clay. (pH 6.4); clear wavy boundary. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 5 or 6 Bt2—18 to 27 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 45 to loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 249

and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly slopes, in an area of rangeland; 2,200 feet west and hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 1,300 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 18, common very fine, fine, and medium roots; T. 8 S., R. 11 E. common very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces of A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) peds; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); very cobbly silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clear smooth boundary. dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting Bt3—27 to 43 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; and coarse subangular blocky structure; very many very fine and fine irregular pores; 30 hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; slightly fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. many distinct clay films on faces of peds; 10 BA—3 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth cobbly silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate boundary. fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Bt4—43 to 53 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly stony clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent very hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly cobbles and 10 percent gravel; slightly acid plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 20 2Bt—11 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 10 extremely cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual wavy strong fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, boundary. sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine 2Cr—53 inches; weathered andesite. roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds and Depth to weathered bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. lining pores; 50 percent cobbles and 15 percent The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The mollic gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt smooth epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle-size boundary. control section averages 25 to 35 percent clay. 2Btqm—15 to 27 inches; duripan; indurated and The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 strongly cemented; extremely hard and very dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to brittle; silica cap 1 millimeter thick; many 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. It is 2 prominent clay films in fractures; pendants of clay to 4 percent organic matter. and silica on bottom of fractures; neutral (pH 7.2); The Bt1, Bt2, and Bt3 horizons have value of 3 or abrupt wavy boundary. 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and they have chroma of 3 or 4 2Btq—27 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely moist or dry. They are loam or clay loam and are 0 to cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; massive; hard, 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. firm and brittle, sticky and plastic; weak silica The Bt4 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or cementation; many prominent clay films on faces 6 dry, and it has chroma of 4 or 5 moist or dry. It is 0 of rock fragments; 60 percent cobbles and 20 to 15 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0). to 20 percent stones. Depth to the duripan is 10 to 20 inches. Depth to Tenwalter Series bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. The particle-size control The Tenwalter series consists of soils that are section averages 35 to 45 percent clay. shallow to a duripan and are well drained. These soils The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and are on outwash plains. They formed in glacial outwash 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It with an influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes is 25 to 40 percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is gravel. about 14 inches, and the mean annual air temperature The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value is about 49 degrees F. of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 Typical pedon of Tenwalter very cobbly silt loam in moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay and is 40 to 60 an area of Milldam-Tenwalter complex, 0 to 3 percent percent cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel. 250 Soil Survey

The 2Btqm horizon is indurated with 1- to 2- Bt2—35 to 49 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy millimeter-thick laminar bands, or it is strongly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium cemented and is indurated in the upper part. It is 10 to and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly 25 inches thick. hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; The 2Btq horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 10YR, common fine and medium roots; common fine value of 4 to 6 moist or dry, and chroma of 4 or 5 moist tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds or dry. It is clay or silty clay and is 40 to 60 percent and lining pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth cobbles and 10 to 20 percent gravel. The horizon is boundary. weakly cemented or strongly cemented. C—49 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium and Tolius Series coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and The Tolius series consists of very deep, well medium roots; common fine tubular pores; 10 drained soils on outwash plains. These soils formed in percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0). glacial outwash with an influence of volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. A precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual weakly cemented duripan is below a depth of 60 air temperature is about 48 degrees F. inches in some pedons. The mollic epipedon is 20 to Typical pedon of Tolius loam, 0 to 8 percent 30 inches thick, and it may include the upper part of slopes, in an area of woodland; 650 feet east and 200 the argillic horizon. The particle-size control section feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 6, T. 9 S., averages 18 to 30 percent clay. It is slightly acid or R. 11 E. neutral. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 Oi—2 inches to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 to A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, 10 percent gravel and 2 to 3 percent organic matter. dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak very fine The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam and is 0 to 15 nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many percent gravel. very fine and fine irregular pores; neutral (pH 6.6); The C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 clear smooth boundary. dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is loam A2—5 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown or sandy loam and is 10 to 30 percent gravel and 0 to (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; 15 percent cobbles. weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; Typic Vitricryands many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth Typic Vitricryands are moderately deep to deep, boundary. excessively drained soils on mountains. These soils A3—11 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium from pyroclastic ashflow, andesite, and volcanic ash. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Slopes are 2 to 70 percent. The mean annual nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and precipitation is about 95 inches, and the mean annual fine roots and few medium roots; common very air temperature is about 35 degrees F. fine and fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear Reference pedon of Typic Vitricryands, 2 to 70 smooth boundary. percent slopes; 2,500 feet south and 2,500 feet west Bt1—23 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy of the northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 10 S., R. 8 E. clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; stony sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak common very fine and fine roots and few medium fine and medium subangular blocky structure roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; parting to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, common distinct clay films on faces of peds and nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine lining pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth roots and few medium roots; many very fine and boundary. fine irregular pores and few medium irregular Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 251

pores; 30 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and pores; 65 percent channers; neutral (pH 7.0); 20 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear clear smooth boundary. wavy boundary. AB—4 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very 2C1—8 to 18 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) channery loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine extremely cobbly loamy sand, light brownish gray subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 50 percent channers; neutral (pH 6.8); pores; 30 percent gravel, 30 percent cobbles, and clear smooth boundary. 5 percent stones; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear Bw1—7 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very smooth boundary. channery loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate 2C2—18 to 29 inches; very dark grayish brown fine and medium subangular blocky structure; (10YR 3/2) extremely cobbly sand, pale brown slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; (10YR 6/3) dry; loose; nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; common very few very fine and fine roots; 40 percent cobbles, fine and fine tubular pores; 50 percent channers; 30 percent gravel, and 5 percent stones; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. moderately acid (pH 5.6); abrupt wavy boundary. Bw2—13 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown 3Cr—29 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) (10YR 3/4) extremely channery loam, yellowish pyroclastic ashflow. brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Depth to bedrock is 20 to 60 inches. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 roots; few very fine tubular pores; 75 percent dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It channers; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy typically is sandy loam. The horizon is 30 to 40 boundary. percent stones, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 10 to 40 R—18 inches; fractured sedimentary rock. percent gravel. The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The mollic 6 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It is epipedon is 7 to 15 inches thick. The particle-size sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand. The horizon is 30 to control section averages 15 to 25 percent clay. 50 percent cobbles, 10 to 30 percent gravel, and 0 to The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 20 percent stones. dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to The 3Cr horizon is pyroclastic ashflow or highly 70 percent channers. weathered andesite. The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist and dry. It is Venator Series 50 to 75 percent channers.

The Venator series consists of shallow, well Vitrandic Haploxerolls drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from Vitrandic Haploxerolls are very deep, well drained sedimentary rock. Slopes are 2 to 80 percent. The to somewhat excessively drained soils in narrow mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches, and the drainageways of mountains. These soils formed in mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F. medium- to coarse-textured alluvium derived from Typical pedon of Venator extremely channery mixed sources with an influence of volcanic ash. loam in an area of Venator-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual 30 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,300 feet precipitation is about 28 inches, and the mean annual east and 100 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. air temperature is about 45 degrees F. 1, T. 8 S., R. 12 E. Reference pedon of Vitrandic Haploxerolls, 0 to 8 percent slopes; 2,000 feet north and 1,000 feet east of A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) the southwest corner of sec. 26, T. 7 S., R. 10 E. extremely channery loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) structure parting to weak fine granular; soft, very very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine weak fine and medium granular structure; soft, and fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very 252 Soil Survey

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from pores; 25 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic ash. moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear smooth boundary. Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. The mean annual AB—5 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak air temperature is about 47 degrees F. fine and medium subangular blocky structure Typical pedon of Wakamo very gravelly loam parting to weak fine granular; soft, friable, in an area of Wakamo-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and 30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 3,000 fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular east and 800 feet south of the northwest corner pores; 30 percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and of sec. 14, T. 7 S., R. 13 E. 5 percent stones; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs. Bw1—11 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) extremely gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine very fine and fine roots; common very fine and roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 45 fine tubular pores; 40 percent gravel, 15 percent percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth cobbles, and 10 percent stones; slightly acid (pH boundary. 6.4); clear smooth boundary. A2—3 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very Bw2—20 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 5/3) dry; gravelly silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky moderate medium subangular blocky structure; structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 40 percent gravel and 10 percent tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 50 cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear wavy boundary. percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth C—35 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) boundary. very gravelly sandy clay loam, yellowish brown Bt1—11 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) (10YR 5/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky extremely gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; 40 percent dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2). structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; few fine and Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. medium tubular pores; few distinct clay films on The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 faces of peds and lining pores; 60 percent gravel; dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry. It neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth boundary. typically is loam. The horizon is 20 to 40 percent Bt2—15 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravel, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 percent extremely gravelly clay, brown (10YR 5/3) stones. dry; strong fine and medium subangular The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is few fine and medium roots; few fine and sandy loam, loamy sand, loam, or silt loam. The medium tubular pores; many distinct clay horizon is 25 to 50 percent gravel, 10 to 20 percent films on faces of peds and lining pores; 70 percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent stones. gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); abrupt smooth The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 boundary. dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is R—18 inches; fractured sedimentary rock. sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or loam. The horizon is 30 to 60 percent gravel, 10 to 30 percent Depth to sedimentary rock is 10 to 20 inches. The cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent stones. mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle- size control section averages 35 to 50 percent clay Wakamo Series and 60 to 70 percent rock fragments. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 The Wakamo series consists of shallow, well dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 35 to drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in 55 percent gravel. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 253

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or faint clay films on faces of peds; neutral (pH 7.2); 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is clear smooth boundary. clay loam or clay and is 60 to 70 percent gravel. Bt2—35 to 44 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; Walsey Series moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly The Walsey series consists of moderately deep, plastic; few fine roots; few very fine and fine well drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in tubular pores; many distinct clay films on faces of residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from peds and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly basalt with an influence of loess in the upper part. alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. The mean annual 2C—44 to 58 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; air temperature is about 51 degrees F. moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky Typical pedon of Walsey extremely cobbly silt structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly loam in an area of Walsey-Axford complex, 30 to 55 plastic; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,500 feet percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt north and 1,500 feet west of the southeast corner of smooth boundary. sec. 11, T. 8 S., R. 13 E. 2R—58 inches; basalt with discontinuous silica cap 1 millimeter thick. A—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) extremely cobbly silt loam, dark grayish brown Depth to basalt ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium granular mollic epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick. The particle- structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; size control section averages 27 to 35 percent clay. many very fine, fine, and medium roots; many The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or very fine, fine, and medium irregular pores; 45 5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 0 percent cobbles and 25 percent gravel; neutral to 10 percent gravel. (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or AB—6 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is extremely cobbly silt loam, dark grayish brown clay loam or silty clay loam and is 0 to 10 percent (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate very fine and fine gravel. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, Watama Series fine, and medium roots; many very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles and 20 The Watama series consists of moderately deep, percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth well drained soils on mesas. These soils formed in boundary. colluvium derived dominantly from basalt with an Bt—11 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very influence of loess in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 30 cobbly silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 dry; strong medium subangular blocky structure; inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common very 49 degrees F. fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Typical pedon of Watama silt loam in an area of common very fine and fine tubular pores and few Watama-Rockly complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes, in an medium tubular pores; common distinct blocky area of rangeland; 200 feet east and 300 feet south of structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and the northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 8 S., R. 11 E. nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak thin boundary. and medium platy structure; soft, very friable, Bt1—22 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common A2—4 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) common very fine and fine tubular pores; common dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky 254 Soil Survey

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and east and 2,500 feet south of the northwest corner of slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; sec. 21, T. 8 S., R. 12 E. common very fine and fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Bw1—11 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely stony loam, dark grayish brown silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky medium and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very plastic; common very fine and fine roots and fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine few medium roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 40 percent stones, 20 percent tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); boundary. clear smooth boundary. Bw2—21 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty AB—3 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine stony clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly common very fine and fine roots; common very plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common fine and fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline very fine and fine tubular pores; 30 percent (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; Bw3—28 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary. (10YR 3/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown Bt1—8 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium (10YR 3/2) extremely stony clay, grayish brown subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, (10YR 5/2) dry; strong medium subangular blocky slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common roots; few very fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline very fine and fine roots; common very fine and (pH 7.4); abrupt wavy boundary. fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films on 2R—37 inches; basalt. faces of peds and lining pores; 45 percent stones and 20 percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); clear Depth to basalt is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has smooth boundary. hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The mollic epipedon is 20 to Bt2—11 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) 30 inches thick. The particle-size control section extremely stony clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) averages 20 to 30 percent clay. dry; strong coarse subangular blocky structure; The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; It has platy or subangular blocky structure. It is silt many prominent clay films on faces of peds and loam or gravelly silt loam and is 0 to 20 percent lining pores; 50 percent stones and 20 percent gravel. cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt smooth The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and boundary. 5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. R—16 inches; basalt. It is silt loam, gravelly silt loam, or silty clay loam and is 0 to 20 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The particle- cobbles. size control section averages 50 to 60 percent clay. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. Waterbury Series The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is 30 to The Waterbury series consists of shallow, well 45 percent stones, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 5 to drained soils in canyons. These soils formed in 10 percent gravel. colluvium derived dominantly from basalt. Slopes are The AB horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 2 to 80 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is about 13 inches, and the mean annual air temperature clay loam or silty clay loam. The horizon is 20 to 30 is about 49 degrees F. percent stones, 10 to 20 percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 Typical pedon of Waterbury extremely stony loam percent gravel. in an area of Waterbury-Kishwalk complex, 2 to 30 The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1,800 feet of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 255

moist or dry. It is 30 to 50 percent stones, 10 to 20 masses; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear wavy percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent gravel. boundary. Ck1—40 to 48 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, Willowdale Series pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very The Willowdale series consists of very deep, well fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; strongly drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in effervescent with segregated lime in soft masses; alluvium derived from mixed sources. Slopes are 0 to moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 boundary. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 2Ck2—48 to 60 inches; variegated sand and gravel; 51 degrees F. loose; nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly Typical pedon of Willowdale loam, 0 to 3 percent effervescent with disseminated lime; moderately slopes, in an area of rangeland; 890 feet west and 110 alkaline (pH 8.4). feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 17, T. 9 S., R. 15 E. Depth to the 2Ck horizon is 40 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The Ap1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown particle-size control section is 0 to 10 percent sand- (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; sized pumice and 18 to 27 percent clay. weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, The Ap horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very 4 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 0 fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; slightly to 10 percent gravel. effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear The Ak and ACk horizons have value of 2 or 3 smooth boundary. moist and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 or 3 Ap2—5 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist or dry. They are loam, gravelly sandy loam, or loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; massive; sandy loam and are 0 to 20 percent gravel. hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; The Ck1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 common fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or loam and is 0 to 20 clear smooth boundary. percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. Ak1—11 to 18 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak coarse Xerofluvents prismatic structure and weak medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Xerofluvents are very deep, somewhat poorly slightly plastic; common very fine roots; many very drained to well drained soils on flood plains. These fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent with soils formed in medium textured or moderately fine segregated lime in soft masses; 15 percent textured alluvium derived from mixed sources. Slopes pumice sand; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is wavy boundary. about 12 inches, and the mean annual air temperature Ak2—18 to 24 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) is about 50 degrees F. loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak Reference pedon of Xerofluvents, 0 to 3 percent coarse prismatic structure and moderate medium slopes; 1,100 feet south and 600 feet east of the subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and northwest corner of sec. 28, T. 8 S., R. 12 E. slightly plastic; common very fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent with A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) segregated lime in soft masses; 10 percent gravelly silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; pumice sand; moderately alkaline (pH 8.3); abrupt weak fine and medium granular structure; soft, wavy boundary. very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very ACk—24 to 40 inches; very dark grayish brown fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; pores; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; weak coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common A2—6 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly very fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine strongly effervescent with segregated lime in soft and medium subangular blocky structure parting 256 Soil Survey

to weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 2/2) nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and very gravelly silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular dry; moderate medium platy structure; slightly pores; 30 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt smooth boundary. fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very 2C1—15 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) fine, fine, medium, and coarse irregular pores; 30 extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, brown percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; neutral (7.5YR 5/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, slightly (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary. sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very A2—7 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown fine tubular pores; 50 percent cobbles and 30 (10YR 3/2) very gravelly silt loam, grayish brown percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium and fine smooth boundary. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, 2C2—31 to 43 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, extremely cobbly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) medium, and coarse roots; many very fine, fine, dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and medium, and coarse irregular pores; 35 percent nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine gravel and 15 percent cobbles; neutral (pH 6.8); tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles and 30 percent abrupt smooth boundary. gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); gradual wavy 2Bt1—11 to 30 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very boundary. gravelly silty clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong 2C3—43 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate extremely cobbly loamy sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) medium subangular blocky; extremely hard, dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; extremely firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine few very fine roots; 40 percent cobbles and 30 and fine roots and common medium and coarse percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2). roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores and common medium and coarse tubular pores; Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth continuous prominent clay films on faces of peds to the 2C horizon is 15 to 40 inches or more. and lining pores; 35 percent gravel and 15 percent The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 cobbles; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is boundary. sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. The horizon is 10 to 30 2Bt2—30 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. (10YR 3/4) extremely gravelly silty clay, The 2C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is medium subangular blocky structure; very sandy clay loam, loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common very The horizon is 15 to 50 percent gravel and 10 to 40 fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine percent cobbles. tubular pores; continuous prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; common fine Yawkola Series manganese stains; 45 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear The Yawkola series consists of very deep, well smooth boundary. drained soils on mountainsides. These soils formed 3Bt3—40 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown in residuum and colluvium derived dominantly from (10YR 4/4) gravelly silt loam, light yellowish brown sedimentary rock with an influence of volcanic (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium and fine ash in the upper part. Slopes are 2 to 55 percent. subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly The mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches, and sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; F. common distinct clay films; 25 percent gravel; Typical pedon of Yawkola very gravelly silt loam in slightly acid (pH 6.2). an area of Yawkola-Jorn-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, in an area of woodland; 100 feet Depth to sedimentary rock is more than 60 inches. west and 1,800 feet north of the southeast corner of The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick, and it sec. 24, T. 6 S., R. 11 E. includes all or part of the argillic horizon. The particle- size control section is 40 to 50 percent clay and 45 to Oi—1 inch to 0; organic layer of needles and twigs 70 percent rock fragments. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 257

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 silty clay or clay and is 40 to 50 percent clay. It is 35 to dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 10 to 50 percent gravel and 10 to 25 percent cobbles. 20 percent clay and is 25 to 40 percent gravel and 5 to The 3Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 15 percent cobbles. 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silt The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or loam or loam and is 20 to 27 percent clay. It is 20 to 5 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is 30 percent gravel.

259

Formation of the Soils

Soil is the collection of natural bodies on the 1,100 to 2,800 feet, and the average annual Earth’s surface that contains living matter and is precipitation is about 9 to 12 inches. The soils in this capable of supporting plants (5). The nature of a soil zone have an aridic moisture regime and a mesic soil depends upon the combination and interaction of five temperature regime (19). The soils are dominantly in factors—climate, plant and animal life, parent material, general soil map units 1, 2, 3, and 4. topography, and time. On the young surfaces in zone 1, such as flood The relative influence of each factor varies from plains, the soils are moist for long periods, which place to place, and in some places a single factor can allows for abundant plant growth and organic matter determine most properties of the soil. Parent material, accumulation. Cumulic Haploxerolls and Torrifluventic climate, and topography are responsible for most Haploxerolls have formed on these surfaces. On the differences in the soils in this survey area. older surfaces, such as terraces, arid foothills, and In this section the soil-forming factors of climate canyons, the soil-forming factors have been active for and plant and animal life are discussed separately. long periods of time. Aridic Calcic Argixerolls, Aridic The factors of time, parent material, and topography Argixerolls, Aridic Palexerolls, and Lithic Argixerolls are grouped together and discussed under the have formed on these surfaces. On the active heading “Geomorphic Surfaces and Soil surfaces in this zone, Lithic Haploxerolls have formed. Development.” In moisture and temperature zone 2, summers are hot and dry and winters are cool and wet. The Climate growing season is long; plant growth begins late in spring and continues through late in summer. The Climate, particularly moisture and temperature, soils in this zone have a xeric moisture regime and a greatly influences soil formation. The chemical and mesic soil temperature regime. Elevation is 1,800 to physical reactions taking place in the soil largely are 3,800 feet, and the average annual precipitation is influenced by climate. Water dissolves soluble about 12 to 25 inches. The soils are dominantly in material in the soil, and it transports material from one general soil map units 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. They part of the soil to another. Water is necessary for the are on foothills, mesas, outwash plains, and mountains growth of plants and soil organisms that contribute and in canyons. These soils support contrasting organic matter to the soil. vegetative types that are adapted to the various soils Temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions and their topography. and of physical breakdown as a result of the freezing On the younger, active surfaces in zone 2, soil of water. Freezing and thawing of water cause formation is minimal. Pachic Haploxerolls, Ultic expansion and contraction and influence the Haploxerolls, Vitrandic Haploxerolls, and Lithic movement of soil particles and rock fragments in the Haploxerolls have formed on these surfaces. On the soil. The kind and amount of living organisms in and older, metastable and stable surfaces, the soil-forming on the soil determine the kind and amount of organic factors have been active for long periods of time. matter added to the soil. The rate of decomposition of Pachic Argixerolls, Pachic Palexerolls, Vitrandic the organic matter is influenced by temperature and Argixerolls, Typic Durixerolls, Vitrandic Haploxeralfs, moisture. and Alfic Vitrixerands have formed on these surfaces. In this survey area, there are five major moisture In moisture and temperature zone 3, summers are and temperature zones that greatly influence soil hot and dry and winters are cold and wet. The genesis. growing season is shorter than that in warmer areas at In moisture and temperature zone 1, summers are the lower elevations. The soils in this zone have a hot and dry and winters are cool and moist. The xeric moisture regime and a frigid soil temperature growing season is long; plant growth begins early in regime. Elevation is 2,200 to 4,500 feet, and the spring and continues through midsummer. Elevation is average annual precipitation is about 20 to 40 inches. 260 Soil Survey

The soils are on stream terraces and mountains and material. Plants contribute to important processes, are in general soil map unit 12. such as organic matter accumulation, mixing of the On the younger, active surfaces in zone 3, soil profile, cycling of nutrients, stabilization of soil formation is minimal. Ultic Haploxerolls, Typic structure, and addition of nitrogen. Vitrixerands, and Humic Vitrixerands have formed on In this survey area, the soils formed under two these surfaces. On the older, metastable and stable major types of plant cover. Grasses and shrubs are surfaces, the soil-forming factors have been active for dominant in the warmer, more dry areas, and conifer long periods of time. Pachic Ultic Argixerolls and Alfic forests are dominant in the cooler, more moist areas. Vitrixerands have formed on these surfaces. Small animals, earthworms, insects, and micro- In moisture and precipitation zone 4, summers are organisms influence the formation of soils in several warm and moist and winters are cool and wet and are ways. They mix organic matter into the mineral soil characterized by abundant rain and snow. The material and accelerate the decomposition of organic growing season is shorter than that in warmer areas at matter by breaking down the remains of plants. Small the lower elevations. The soils in this zone have a udic animals burrow into the soil and mix the layers. moisture regime and a frigid soil temperature regime. Earthworms and other small invertebrates feed on the Elevation is 3,000 to 5,600 feet, and the average organic matter in the upper few inches of soil material. annual precipitation is 40 to 90 inches. The soils are They slowly, but continually, mix the soil material and dominantly in general soil map unit 13. alter its chemistry. Bacteria, fungi, and other micro- This zone is typified by active surfaces on steep organisms hasten the weathering of rocks and the mountains, where Typic Udivitrands have formed, and decomposition of organic matter. by stable benches, where Alfic Udivitrands have Conditions in the survey area are generally formed. favorable for most organisms. Earthworms are very In moisture and precipitation zone 5, summers are common in all areas except in the cooler frigid and cool and moist and winters are cold and wet and are cryic soil temperature zones. Small animals, such as characterized by abundant snow. The growing season gophers, moles, and ground squirrels, are common is very short as compared to that of the lower throughout the survey area. elevations. The soils in this zone have a udic moisture Man has also played a prominent role in soil regime and a cryic soil temperature regime. Elevation development by leveling agricultural soils on Schoolie is 4,200 to 10,500 feet, and the average annual Flat and in The Island area. precipitation is 70 to 110 inches. The soils are dominantly in general soil map units 14 and 15. Geomorphic Surfaces and Soil This zone is typified by active surfaces on steep Development mountains, where Vitric Haplocryands and Typic Vitricryands have formed, and by stable benches, Geomorphic surfaces consist of a landform or where Alfic Vitricryands have formed. group of landforms that represent an episode of landscape development. In general, landforms exhibit Living Organisms more soil development as the age of the landscape increases. The kind of soil associated with a surface Living organisms, especially the higher plants, are is the result of the interaction of parent material, active in soil formation. The changes they bring about climate, topography, and living organisms. In soil depend mainly on the life processes peculiar to each genesis, the factor of time is considered a constant. kind of organism. The kinds of organisms that live on The major landforms recognized in the survey and in the soil are determined, in turn, by climate; area are flood plains, terraces, foothills, canyons, parent material; topography, or relief; and the age of mesas, outwash plains, and mountains. the soil. In this survey area, climate is the dominant Within the major upland landforms (foothills, soil-forming factor that affects vegetation. canyons, mesas, outwash plains, and mountains), Plants provide a cover that helps to reduce three significant gradient breaks have been erosion and stabilize the soil surface. Leaves, twigs, recognized and correspond to active, metastable, and roots, and the remains of entire plants accumulate on stable slopes (15). In general, soils that exhibit the the surface of soils and are decomposed by micro- least amount of soil development formed on active organisms, earthworms, and other soil fauna. Plant slopes, soils that exhibit stronger development formed roots widen cracks in the underlying rock, permitting on metastable slopes, and soils that exhibit the water to penetrate. The uprooting of trees by wind strongest soil development formed on stable slopes. also mixes soil layers and loosens the underlying Differences among the active, metastable, and stable Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 261

slopes are reflected in the composition of the parent Low foothills. This surface is the oldest material and the slope gradients. geomorphic surface related to the major streams in Flood plains. This is the oldest surface related to the survey area. It occurs as remnants of extensive the present drainage systems in the survey area. flats that have been dissected to form rolling Most of this surface has morphology typical of topography above the main valley floor. It is abandoned flood plains of aggrading streams, and it is dominantly adjacent to Tenino Creek and Dry Creek characterized by bar and channel topography with a and on fans adjacent to the higher foothills of the defined backswamp in some areas. Relief between Mutton Mountains. Elevation is about 1,400 to 2,400 the bars and channels is largely a result of the feet. Geomorphically, this surface is between the competence of the stream that flowed through the stream terraces and foothills of canyons and area. This surface is dominantly adjacent to the mountains. It is considered to be early to middle Deschutes River, the Warm Springs River, and Shitike Pleistocene because of its position on the landscape. Creek, generally at elevations of 1,100 to 1,600 feet. Typically, these low foothills have gently sloping tops Geomorphically, it is between the active flood plain, and highly dissected sides that have slopes of 30 to 80 which was too insignificant to be recognized in this percent. survey area, and the older terraces above the valley Soils on this surface exhibit much stronger floors. It is considered to be middle to early Holocene. development than the soils on other geomorphic Sediment associated with this surface is dominantly surfaces in the survey area because of the older age fine sand and clay, and it commonly is underlain by of the surface and, therefore, the time available for stratified sand and gravel at a depth of 4 to 6 feet. pedogenesis to take place. Aridic Calcic Argixerolls, Horizon development in the soils on the flood such as the Lavey soils, are dominant on this surface. plains is mainly limited to the accumulation of organic These soils are clayey and have a strongly developed matter. Cumulic Haploxerolls, such as the Willowdale argillic horizon and an accumulation of calcium soils, are dominant on this surface. These soils have a carbonates in the subsoil. The soils are underlain by mollic epipedon and an irregular decrease in organic welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation. Other soils matter as depth increases. Torrifluventic Haploxerolls, associated with this surface are Aridic Argixerolls, such as the Pelton soils, also are common on this such as the Madras and Skoven soils. surface. These soils have a cambic horizon, which is High foothills. This surface is on the oldest an indication of some soil development. Other soils geological formation in the survey area, the Clarno associated with flood plains are Cumulic Endoaquolls, Formation, which is considered to be middle Eocene such as the Olallie soils. and early Oligocene, or about 30 to 50 million years Stream terraces. This surface occurs as older old. It consists of very resistant andesitic and basaltic stream terraces adjacent to major streams in the rock, breccia, tuff, and tuffaceous siltstone. In many survey area. It is above the valley floors and consists places, the top layer of the Clarno Formation is of the lowest terraces not related to the present distinctive soft, reddish residual clay or silt saprolite drainage systems. The most extensive area of this (23). This surface is dominantly adjacent to the surface exhibits low relief and slight incision by Mutton Mountains and Laughlin Hills and below drainageways. This surface is dominantly adjacent to canyonsides in the eastern part of the survey area. Dry Creek, Tenino Creek, Dry Hollow Creek, and the Elevation is about 1,400 to 3,800 feet. Slopes range Warm Springs River, at elevations of about 1,200 to from 0 to 55 percent, but they typically are less than 2,000 feet. Geomorphically, it is between the flood 30 percent. plains and low foothills and is considered to be late The degree of soil development on this surface Pleistocene. Sediment associated with this surface is reflects long periods of geologic time. Soils on these dominantly silt and clay. stable slopes exhibit strong development, are clayey, Soils on this surface exhibit stronger development and do not have rock fragments in the profile. Soils than the soils on younger geomorphic surfaces in the associated with this surface are Chromic Haploxererts, survey area. This is partially because of the time such as the Day soils; Typic Haploxererts, such as the available for pedogenesis to take place. Aridic Calcic Kaskela soils; Pachic Palexerolls, such as the Prill Argixerolls, such as the Drybed soils, are dominant on soils; Aridic Palexerolls, such as the Simas soils; and this surface. These soils have a well-developed argillic Xeric Paleargids, such as the Sorf soils. horizon and an accumulation of carbonates in the Canyons. This surface occurs on fluvial and subsoil. lacustrine sediment of the Deschutes Formation, 262 Soil Survey

which was deposited 2 to 6 million years ago. those on active slopes. The soils in this area exhibit Included in the formation are welded tuff as well as very little development, are sandy or loamy, and have interbedded basalt flows that form rimrock (fig. 20). an influence of volcanic ash throughout the profile. The canyons trend west to east and are represented Soils associated with this area are Vitrandic by precipitous walls 400 to 800 feet high. They are Haploxerolls, such as the Shiva soils; Vitritorrandic dominantly along major drainageways in the eastern Haploxerolls, such as the Dryhollow soils; Vitrandic half of the survey area, from the Mutton Mountains Xerochrepts, such as the Happus soils; and south to the Metolius River. Elevation is about 1,200 Vitrixerandic Haplocambids, such as the Suppah soils. to 3,000 feet. Slopes range from 12 to 80 percent, but Mesas. This surface occurs as nearly level to they typically are less than 55 percent. gently rolling mesas underlain by basalt flows from Cascade Range shield volcanoes of the early Pliocene. It is in the central part of the survey area, flanked by the Cascade Range to the west and precipitous canyons to the east. Also included in this surface are small areas of the Columbia River Basalt Group, northeast of Warm Springs and north of the Mutton Mountains, that consist of Miocene flood basalt flows. Elevation is about 2,500 to 3,600 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. This surface represents a kind of ground surface that commonly occurs under glacial influence. It is referred to as patterned ground, locally called “biscuit scabland” (see fig. 15, page 135). The main climatic significance of the soil patterns on this surface is that frozen ground apparently existed in front of the continental glacier during glacial invasion. A regular pattern of polygonal fractures could have formed in ground frozen to a uniform depth as a result of contraction during periods of subfreezing Figure 20.—A cross section of various depositions along temperatures. Ice wedges could have formed in these Seekseequa Creek, showing the complex geology in the fractures if the temperature fluctuated but generally survey area. The three major deposits are tuff composed remained below freezing (12). As the climate became of sand-sized ashfall in the lower third, various debris- warmer and the front of the continental glacier flow deposits in the middle third, and columnar basalt of retreated northward, the ice wedges apparently began the Columbia River Basalt Group in the upper third. to melt. The runoff could have caused the erosion and Soils on these metastable slopes exhibit moderate modification of the polygons, or mounds. Also, frost development, are loamy or clayey, and have a high heaving probably mixed the genetically formed content of rock fragments in the profile. Soils on horizons. The removal of large amounts of mineral soil north-facing slopes have an influence of loess in the in the formation of the mounds is evident from the surface layer and a significant amount of organic scabland that surrounds the mounds. The soils in the matter. Soils associated with this surface are Pachic scablands formed mainly in remnants of material not Argixerolls, such as the Kishwalk and Sagley soils; removed during the thawing of the ice wedges and in Aridic Calcic Argixerolls, such as the Axford and material more recently washed from the mounds. Walsey soils; Aridic Argixerolls, such as the Ruclick Although this surface is stable, the soils exhibit soils; and Vitrandic Argixerolls, such as the Booten weak development, are silty, and have an influence of soils. loess in the surface layer. Soils associated with this Other soils associated with this surface, typically surface are Lithic Haploxerolls, such as the Bakeoven in areas that have slopes of more than 55 percent, are and Rockly soils; Pachic Haploxerolls, such as the Lithic Haploxerolls, such as the Lickskillet soils, and Watama soils; and Pachic Argixerolls, such as the Lithic Argixerolls, such as the Waterbury and Ruckles Wapinitia soils. Soils on the part of this surface soils. associated with the Columbia River Basalt Group are In the southeastern corner of the survey area, Haploduridic Durixerolls, such as the Maupin soils. where the rimrock has been eroded, deep beds of Outwash plains. This surface occurs as pumice are exposed and the soils reflect properties of Pleistocene glacial outwash deposits underlain by Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 263

basalt flows from shield volcanoes of the early Peahke soils; and Typic Vitrixerands, such as the Kusu Pliocene. It is in the central part of the survey area, soils. flanked by the Cascade Mountains to the west and Soils on the stable slopes associated with the basalt mesas to the east. Elevation is about 2,500 to Clarno Formation exhibit strong development, are 3,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent, but ashy or clayey, and typically do not have rock they typically are less than 8 percent. fragments in the profile. Soils associated with these Soils on this stable surface exhibit moderate to slopes are Pachic Palexerolls, such as the Fawnspring strong development, are loamy or clayey, and have an and Yawkola soils; Vitrandic Haploxeralfs, such as the influence of loess and volcanic ash in the surface Boardflower, Littlefawn, Logsprings, and Mutton soils; layer. Soils associated with this surface are Typic and Vitrandic Argixerolls, such as the Jorn soils. Durixerolls, such as the Milldam soils; Palexerollic Cascade Mountains. This surface occurs on Durixerolls, such as the Tenwalter soils; Argic andesite flows from Cascade Range volcanoes of the Duraquolls, such as the Kahneeta soils; and Vitrandic late Pliocene that are buried in volcanic ash from Argixerolls, such as the Skooker and Tolius soils. recent eruptions in the Cascade Range. This surface Mutton Mountains. This surface occurs on the encompasses the entire Cascade Range, in the John Day and Clarno Formations, the oldest western third of the survey area, and it occurs as geological formations in the survey area. The John broad, level to rolling lava flows with precipitous side Day Formation overlies the Clarno Formation and was slopes along major drainageways. Elevation is about formed in late Oligocene and early Miocene, or about 2,600 to 10,500 feet. On the stable tops and 20 to 30 million years ago. It consists of air-fallen and metastable shoulders of this surface, slopes range waterlain ash, tuff, ashflow, welded tuff, and rhyolitic from 0 to 40 percent but they typically are less than 30 flows. The Clarno Formation was formed in middle percent. On the active, precipitous side slopes of Eocene and early Oligocene, or about 30 to 50 million drainageways, slopes range from 12 to 70 percent but years ago. It consists of very resistant andesitic and they typically are more than 30 percent. basaltic rock, breccia, tuff, and tuffaceous siltstone. In Soils on the stable and metastable slopes of this many places, the top layer of the Clarno Formation is surface exhibit moderate development in the subsoil, a distinctive soft, reddish residual clay or silt saprolite and they typically have a low content of rock (5). North-facing slopes on this surface have deposits fragments in the profile. Soils associated with these of air-fallen ash on the surface as a result of recent slopes are Vitrandic Argixerolls, such as the Hehe and eruptions in the Cascade Range. This surface is in the Teewee soils; Alfic Vitrixerands, such as the Simnasho northeastern corner of the survey area, and it is and Smiling soils; Alfic Udivitrands, such as the composed of the Mutton Mountains and Laughlin Hills. Kutcher and Mackatie soils; and Alfic Vitricryands, Elevation is about 1,200 to 4,500 feet. On the John such as the Piumpsha soils. Day Formation, slopes range from 2 to 80 percent but Soils on the active slopes of this surface exhibit they typically are more than 30 percent. On the weak development and have a high content of rock Clarno Formation, slopes range from 2 to 55 percent fragments in the profile. The volcanic ash in the soils but they typically are less than 30 percent. at the high elevations exhibits a higher degree of Soils on the active slopes associated with the weathering than that in the soils at the lower John Day Formation exhibit weak development, are elevations. Soils associated with the active slopes are ashy or loamy, and have a high content of rock Humic Vitrixerands, such as the Pipp soils; Typic fragments in the profile. Soils associated with these Vitrixerands, such as the Grenet and Kusu soils; Typic slopes are Typic Haploxerolls, such as the Oldsferry Udivitrands, such as the Howash soils; Typic soils; Ultic Haploxerolls, such as the Mowako soils; Vitricryands, such as the Jojo soils; and Vitric Vitrandic Haploxerolls, such as the Eaglespring and Haplocryands, such as the Pinhead soils.

265

References

(1) Alexander, R.R. 1967. Site index for Engelmann spruce. R.P. RM-32.

(2) Alexander, R.R. 1967. Site indexes for lodgepole pine with correction for stand density: Instructions for field use. R.P. RM-24.

(3) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1982. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 13, 2 vols.

(4) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1985. Standard test method for classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2497.

(5) Balster, C.A., and R.B. Parsons. 1968. Geomorphology and soils, Willamette Valley, Oregon. OR Agric. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rep. 265.

(6) Barnes, G.H. 1962. Yield of even-aged stands of western hemlock. Tech. Bull.1273.

(7) Cochran, P.H. 1979. Site index and height growth curves for managed, even- aged stands of Douglas fir east of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington. R.P. PNW-251.

(8) Cochran, P.H. 1979. Site index and height growth curves for managed, even-aged stands of white or grand fir east of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington. R.P. PMW-251.

(9) Haig, I.T. 1932. Second-growth yield, stand, and volume tables for the western white pine type. Tech. Bull. 323.

(10) Herman, F.R., R.O. Curtis, and D.J. DeMears. 1978. Height growth and site index estimates for noble fir in high elevation forests of the Oregon-Washington Cascades. R.P. PNW-243.

(11) Hoyer, Gerald E., and Francis R. Herman. 1989. Height-age and site index curves for Pacific silver fir in the Pacific Northwest. R.P. PNW-418.

(12) Kaatz, M.H. 1959. Patterned ground in central Washington: A preliminary report. Northwest Sci. 33:145-146.

(13) McArdle, R.E., W.H. Meyer, and D. Bruce. 1961. The yield of Douglas fir in the Pacific Northwest. Tech. Bull. 201.

(14) Meyer, W.H. 1938. Yield of even-aged stands of ponderosa pine. Tech. Bull. 630. 266

(15) Nettleton, W.D., R.B. Parsons, A.O. Ness, and F.W. Gelderman. 1982. Spodosols along the southwest Oregon coast. Soil Sci Soc. Am. Proc. 34: 485-491.

(16) Oregon State University Extension Service. 1980. Nutritive values of native foods of Warm Springs Indians. Ext. Circ. 809.

(17) Schmidt, W.C. 1976. Ecology and silviculture of western larch. Tech. Bull. 1520.

(18) Society of American Foresters. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada.

(19) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1996. Keys to soil taxonomy. 7th ed.

(20) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1951. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18. (Supplements replacing pp. 173-188 issued May 1962)

(21) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1970. Soil survey of Trout Creek-Shaniko Area, Oregon.

(22) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. Soil survey of Wasco County, Oregon, Northern Part.

(23) United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Water resources of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon. Water Resour. Invest. 76-26, pp. 4.

(24) Wiley, K.N. 1970. Site index curves for western hemlock in the Pacific Northwest. Weyerhauser For. Pap.17. 267

Glossary

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single the higher lying bars erode into the channels. The mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as ridgelike bars commonly consist of accumulations granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. of coarse-textured sediment, and the channels Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or are finer textured material. The relief between the logging. bars and channels largely is related to the Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, competence of the stream. deposited on land by streams. Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, Animal-unit-month (AUM). The amount of forage generally referring to the section at breast height required by one mature cow of approximately and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 stand density, commonly expressed in square month. feet. Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim Base saturation. The degree to which material after the removal of soil for construction and other having cation-exchange properties is saturated uses. Revegetation and erosion control are with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K), extremely difficult. expressed as a percentage of the total cation- Ash. Fine, pyroclastic material less than 2 millimeters exchange capacity. in all dimensions. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Ashflow. A highly heated mixture of volcanic gases other unconsolidated material or that is exposed and ash that moves down the flank of a volcano at the surface. or along the surface of the ground. It is produced Bog. Waterlogged, spongy ground consisting by the explosive disintegration of viscous lava primarily of mosses and including acidic, decaying in a volcanic crater or by the explosive emission vegetation, such as sphagnum, sedges, and of gas-charged ash from a fissure or group of heaths, that develops into peat. fissures. The solid material in a typical Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, ashflow generally is unsorted and includes subject to flooding. volcanic dust, pumice, scoria, and blocks in Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 addition to ash. centimeters) in diameter. Available water capacity (available moisture Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water above the ground surface; the point on a tree available for use by most plants. It is commonly where diameter measurements are ordinarily defined as the difference between the amount of taken. soil water at field moisture capacity and the Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed or biological methods to reduce or eliminate as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, competition of woody vegetation to allow in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer understory grasses and forbs to recover or to is expressed as: make conditions favorable for reseeding. Brush management increases production of forage and Very low...... 0 to 3 thus reduces the risk of erosion. It can improve Low...... 3 to 6 the habitat for some species of wildlife. Moderate ...... 6 to 9 Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a High ...... 9 to 12 nearby central area for transport to a processing Very high ...... More than 12 facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of Bar and channel relief. The microrelief common to a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement flood plains and relatively young alluvial terraces. similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. Over time, the microrelief becomes subdued as To reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees 268 Soil Survey

generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly the entire log is suspended. rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium centimeters) in diameter. carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, steep-sided valley with is 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and high, precipitous walls in an area of high local extremely cobbly soil material is more than 60 relief. percent. Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. Colluvium. Soil material, rock fragments, or both, The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, moved by creep, slide, or local wash and magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. deposited at the base of steep slopes. Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of Compaction, soil. An alteration of soil structure that exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, ultimately can affect the biological and chemical expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 properties of soil. Soil compaction decreases grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some voids and increases bulk density. other stated pH value. The term, as applied to Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil soils, is synonymous with base-exchange or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate capacity but is more precise in meaning. pattern or so small in area that it is not practical to Channery soil. A soil that is, by volume, more than map them separately at the selected scale of 15 percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone, mapping. The pattern and proportion of the soils shale, slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6 or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in inches along the longest axis. A single piece is all areas. called a channer. Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation volume of soft soil under load. by use of chemicals. Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various Cinder cone. A conical hill formed by the sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of accumulation of volcanic ejecta, generally with concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains. slopes of more than 20 percent. The composition of most concretions is unlike that Cinders. Uncemented vitric, vesicular, pyroclastic of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and material more than 2 millimeters in at least one iron oxide are common compounds in dimension, with an apparent specific gravity concretions. (including vesicles) of more than 1.0 and less than Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock 2.0. composed of rounded to subangular rock Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured textural class, soil material that is 40 percent clay material. Conglomerate is the consolidated or more, less than 45 percent sand, and less than equivalent of gravel. 40 percent silt. Consistence, soil. The “feel” of the soil and the ease Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root Terms commonly used to describe consistence channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. are: Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does contains much more clay than the horizons above not hold together in a mass. it. A claypan commonly is hard when dry and Friable.—When moist, crushes easily under plastic or stiff when wet. gentle pressure between thumb and forefinger Climax plant community. The plant community on a and can be pressed together into a lump. given site that will become established if present Firm.—When moist, crushes under moderate environmental conditions do not change and the pressure between thumb and forefinger, but site is properly managed. resistance is distinctly noticeable. Coarse fragments. Mineral or rock particles larger Plastic.—Readily deformed by moderate pressure than 2 millimeters in diameter. but can be pressed into a lump; will form a “wire” Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. when rolled between thumb and forefinger. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 269

Sticky.—Adheres to other material and tends to Excessively drained.—These soils have very high stretch somewhat and pull apart rather than to pull and high hydraulic conductivity and low water free from other material. holding capacity. They are not suited to crop Hard.—When dry, moderately resistant to production unless irrigated. pressure; can be broken with difficulty between Somewhat excessively drained.—These soils thumb and forefinger. have high hydraulic conductivity and low water Soft.—When dry, breaks into powder or individual holding capacity. Without irrigation, only a narrow grains under very slight pressure. range of crops can be grown and yields are low. Cemented.—Hard; little affected by moistening. Well drained.—These soils have intermediate Control section. The part of the soil on which water holding capacity. They retain optimum classification is based. The thickness varies amounts of moisture, but they are not wet close among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that enough to the surface or long enough during the part of the soil profile between depths of 10 growing season to adversely affect yields. inches and 40 or 80 inches. Moderately well drained.—These soils are wet Corrosive, soil. High risk of corrosion of uncoated close enough to the surface or long enough that steel or of deterioration of concrete. planting or harvesting operations or yields of Crop residue management. Returning crop residue some field crops are adversely affected unless to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, artificial drainage is provided. Moderately well organic matter content, and fertility and helps to drained soils commonly have a layer with low control erosion. hydraulic conductivity, a wet layer relatively high in Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). the profile, additions of water from seepage, or a The average annual increase per acre in the combination of these. volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total Somewhat poorly drained.—These soils are wet volume of the stand by its age. As the stand close enough to the surface or long enough that increases in age, the mean annual increment planting or harvesting operations or crop growth is continues to increase until mortality begins to markedly restricted unless artificial drainage is reduce the rate of increase. The point where the provided. Somewhat poorly drained soils stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth commonly have a layer with low hydraulic is called the culmination of the mean annual conductivity, a wet layer high in the profile, increment. additions of water from seepage, or a combination Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations of these. tend to cave in or slough. Poorly drained.—These soils commonly are so Debris flow (mass movement). A general term for a wet at or near the surface during a considerable mass-movement landform and a process part of the year that field crops cannot be grown characterized by a flowing mass of dominantly under natural conditions. Poorly drained coarse-grained material (particles more than 2 conditions are caused by a saturated zone, a layer millimeters in diameter comprise more than 50 with low hydraulic conductivity, seepage, or a percent of the solid material) that has a high combination of these. degree of fluidity during movement. Very poorly drained.—These soils are wet to the Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range surface most of the time. They are wet enough to plants. Because they are the most palatable, they prevent the growth of important crops (except are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. rice) unless artificially drained. Deferred grazing. Postponing or resting grazing for a Drainageway. A general term for a channel or course prescribed period. along which water moves from an area. Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of surface for the specified use. mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and that is in the process of decomposition and duration of periods of saturation or partial includes everything from the litter on the surface saturation during soil formation as opposed to to underlying pure humus. altered drainage, which is commonly the result of Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused or colloidal suspension from one place to another by the sudden deepening of channels or the within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost blocking of drainage outlets. Seven classes of material through eluviation are eluvial; those that natural soil drainage are recognized: have received material are illuvial. 270 Soil Survey

Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated accumulated through wind action; commonly soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in the downhill side of the road. blankets on the surface. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders that flows only in direct response to precipitation. a stream and is subject to flooding unless It receives no long-continued supply from melting protected artificially. snow or other source, and its channel is above the Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as water table at all times. much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by mountan range or high-plateau escarpment. water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. such processes as gravitational creep. Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition processes acting over long geologic periods and and development because of given physical and resulting in the wearing away of mountains and biological factors by which it may be differentiated the building up of such landscape features as from other stands. flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil erosion. moisture. Frost action can damage roads, Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid buildings and other structures, and plant roots. than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of the Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers activities of man or other animals or of a especially to the processes or soil-forming factors catastrophe in nature, such as a fire, that exposes responsible for the formation of the solum, or true the surface. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Glacier. A large mass of ice formed, at least in part, or cliff breaking the general continuity of more on land by the compaction and recrystallization of gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from snow, creeping slowly downslope or outward in all erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. directions because of the stress of its own weight, Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the and surviving from year to year. Included are soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel small mountain glaciers as well as ice sheets that or sand for construction purposes. are continental in size and ice shelves that float Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of on the ocean but are fed in part by ice formed on active deposition, incised by younger and lower land. alluvial surfaces. Glacial outwash (geology). Gravel, sand, and silt, Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water commonly stratified, deposited by glacial into the soil. meltwater. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to Glacial till (geology). Unsorted, nonstratified glacial provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and drift consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders in proper balance, for the growth of specified transported and deposited by glacial ice. plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and Glaciofluvial deposits (geology). Material moved by other growth factors are favorable. glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed by streams flowing from the melting ice. The of all organic soil material. Peat contains a large deposits are stratified and occur as kames, amount of well preserved fiber that is readily eskers, deltas, and outwash plains. identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as has the lowest bulk density and the highest much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 water content at saturation of all organic soil centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a material. pebble. Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Very days after a soaking rain; also called normal field gravelly soil material is 35 to 60 percent of these capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary rock fragments, and extremely gravelly soil capacity. material is more than 60 percent. Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 271

Ground water (geology). Water filling all the C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, unblocked pores of the underlying material below excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected the water table. by soil-forming processes and does not have the Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by properties typical of the overlying soil material. running water and through which water ordinarily The material of a C horizon may be either like or runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a unlike that in which the solum formed. If the gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is material is known to differ from that in the solum, an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to the number 2 precedes the letter C. be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser R layer.—Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary rock commonly underlies a C horizon, but it can tillage. be directly below an A or a B horizon. Hard rock. Rock that cannot be excavated except by Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable blasting or by the use of special equipment that is part of the organic matter in mineral soils. not commonly used in construction. Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil according to their runoff potential. The main material intermediate in degree of decomposition consideration is the inherent capacity of bare soil between the less decomposed fibric material and to permit infiltration. The slope and the kind of the more decomposed sapric material. plant cover are not considered but are separate Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as factors in predicting runoff. Soils are assigned to much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, four groups. In group A, at one extreme, are soils commonly of limited summit area and having a that have a low runoff potential. They are mainly well-defined outline; hillsides generally have deep, well drained, and sandy or gravelly. In slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction group D, at the other extreme, are soils that have between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is a very slow infiltration rate and thus a high runoff dependent on local usage. potential. They have a claypan or clay layer at or Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to near the surface, have a permanent high water the surface, having distinct characteristics table, or are shallow over nearly impervious produced by soil-forming processes. In the bedrock or other material. A soil is assigned to identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter two hydrologic groups if part of the acreage is represents the major horizons. Numbers or artificially drained and part is undrained. lowercase letters that follow represent Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a subdivisions of the major horizons. An molten or partially molten state. Major varieties explanation of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are Survey Manual.” The major horizons of mineral andesite, basalt, and granite. soil are as follows: Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, decaying plant residue. material is removed from an upper horizon and A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the deposited in a lower horizon. surface in which an accumulation of humified Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. increase in amount as the more desirable plants Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was are reduced by close grazing. Increasers originally part of a B horizon. commonly are the shorter plants and the less B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A palatable to livestock. horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates transition from the overlying A to the underlying C the surface of the soil at any given instant, horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate characteristics such as (1) accumulation of clay, can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; or the rate at which water is applied at the (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or surface. browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the a combination of these. soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the rate; the rate decreases with application time. main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a aluminum, or some combination of these. constant but is a variable depending on the net 272 Soil Survey

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay inches per hour, is expressed as follows: loam, or silty clay loam. Moraine (geology). An accumulation of earth, stones, Less than 0.2 ...... Very low and other debris deposited by a glacier. Some 0.2 to 0.4 ...... Low types are terminal, lateral, medial, and ground. 0.4 to 0.75 ...... Moderately low Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, 0.75 to 1.25 ...... Moderate including the texture, structure, porosity, 1.25 to 1.75 ...... Moderately high consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, 1.75 to 2.5 ...... High and biological properties of the various horizons, More than 2.5 ...... Very high and the thickness and arrangement of those Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, horizons in the soil profile. that flows for prolonged periods only when it Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that receives ground-water discharge or long, vary in number and size. Mottling generally continued contributions from melting snow or indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage. other surface and shallow subsurface sources. Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance— Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area few, common, and many; size—fine, medium, and and grow after the climax vegetation has been coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade prominent. The size measurements are of the following disturbance of the surface. diameter along the greatest dimension. Fine Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of indicates less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch); soil and loose rock, generally when wet or medium, from 5 to 15 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 saturated. The speed and distance of movement, inch); and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about as well as the amount of soil and rock material, 0.6 inch). vary greatly. Mound. A low, rounded, natural or artificial hill of Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches earth. (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, adversely affect the specified use of the soil. rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding Light textured soil. Sand and loamy sand. lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep passes from a plastic to a liquid state. sides and considerable bare rock surface. A Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay mountain can occur as a single, isolated mass or particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less in a group forming a chain or range. than 52 percent sand particles. Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) particles, deposited by wind. Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to of three simple variables—hue, value, and support loads. chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, is a color in hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma silt loam, or silt. of 4. Mesa. A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6 isolated upland mass characterized by summit and 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.) widths that are more than the heights of bounding Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant erosional scarps. essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, mineralogical composition, chemical composition, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and water. low in organic material. Its bulk density is more Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil than that of organic soil. in various stages of decomposition. Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no Outcrop. That part of a geologic formation or natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. structure that appears at the surface of the Earth. Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 273

outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on it generally is low in relief. features that affect its use and management. For Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes example, slope, stoniness, and thickness. the movement of water and the growth of roots. pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and For example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) plowpan, and traffic pan. Plasticity index. The numerical difference between Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of mineral material in which soil forms. moisture content within which the soil remains Patterned ground. A general term for any surface plastic. exhibiting a discernibly ordered, more or less Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil symmetrical, morphological pattern of ground changes from semisolid to plastic. and, where present, vegetation. Patterned ground Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed is characteristic of, but not confined to, permafrost depressions. Unless the soils are artificially regions or areas subjected to intense frost action. drained, the water can be removed only by Patterned ground is classified by type of pattern percolation or evapotranspiration. and presence or absence of sorting and includes Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid permeability unsorted and sorted circles, nets, polygons, steps or an impermeable layer near the surface, the soil and stripes, garlands, and solifluction features. In may not adequately filter effluent from a waste permafrost regions, the most common macroform disposal system. is the ice wedge polygon and a common Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where microform is the unsorted circle. Stone polygons surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult generally form on slopes of less than 8 percent, or expensive to install. while garlands are on slopes of 8 to 15 percent Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil and stripes are on slopes of more than 15 material consisting mainly of particles of nearly percent. the same size. Because there is little difference in Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely size of the particles, density can be increased undecomposed organic matter, that has only slightly by compaction. accumulated under excess moisture. (See Fibric Potential native plant community. (See climax plant soil material.) community.) Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). granule, a prism, or a block. Depth to which roots could penetrate if the Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a content of moisture in the soil were adequate. soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large The soil has no properties restricting the enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area penetration of roots to this depth. ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1 Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for square meter to 10 square meters), depending on producing a specified plant or sequence of plants the variability of the soil. under specific management. Percolation. The downward movement of water Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending through the soil. through all its horizons and into the parent Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water material. through the soil, adversely affecting the specified Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that use. maintains enough cover to protect the soil and Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the water to move downward through the profile. desirable vegetation. This practice increases the Permeability, measured in inches per hour, is the vigor and reproduction of the key plants and rate that water moves downward through the promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch saturated soil. Terms describing permeability are: necessary to conserve soil and water. Pumice. A light-colored, vesicular, glassy rock Very slow ...... Less than 0.06 commonly having the composition of rhyolite. Slow...... 0.06 to 0.2 It commonly is sufficiently buoyant to float on Moderately slow...... 0.2 to 0.6 water. Moderate ...... 0.6 to 2.0 Pyroclastic. Pertaining to fragmental material Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 produced by usually explosive, aerial ejection of Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 clastic particles from a volcanic vent. Such Very rapid ...... More than 20 material may accumulate on land or under water. 274 Soil Survey

Range condition. The present composition of the Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The plant community on a range site in relation to soil is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts the potential natural plant community for that site. roots. Range condition is expressed as excellent, Root zone. The part of the soil that can be good, fair, or poor on the basis of how much the penetrated by plant roots. present plant community has departed from the Rubble. Accumulation of loose angular rock potential. fragments, commonly overlying rock Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural outcroppings; the unconsolidated equivalent of vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike breccia. plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream browsing. It includes natural grasslands, channels from an area. The water that flows off savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, the surface of the land without sinking into the soil and areas that support certain forb and shrub is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil communities. before reaching surface streams is called ground- Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil, water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral distinct natural plant community. A range site is fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters the product of all the environmental factors in diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. responsible for its development. It is typified by an As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or association of species that differ from those on more sand and not more than 10 percent clay. other range sites in kind or proportion of species Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly or total production. sand-sized particles. Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in has the least amount of plant fiber, the highest reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline. bulk density, and the lowest water content at The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as saturation of all organic soil material. pH values, are: Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated residual material underlying the soil and grading to hard Extremely acid ...... Below 4.5 bedrock below. Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Scabland. An elevated, flat, basalt-floored area with Strongly acid...... 5.1 to 5.5 little if any soil cover, sparse vegetation, and Medium acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 usually deep, dry channels scoured into the Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 surface, especially by glacial meltwaters. Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching, Mildly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to Moderately alkaline...... 7.9 to 8.4 increase water absorption or to provide a more Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 tillable soil. Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, deposited from suspension in water. The main weathered or partly weathered mineral material kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, that accumulated as consolidated rock formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; disintegrated in place. shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm sand is consolidated into sandstone. machinery. Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified means during road construction. It is commonly use. on the uphill side of the road. Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a are almost alike, except for differences in texture diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, of the surface layer or of the underlying material. gravel, cobbles, stones, and boulders. All the soils of a series have horizons that are Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon 275

similar in composition, thickness, and Percent arrangement. Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer Gently sloping...... 2 to 5 of soil material from the land surface by the action Moderately sloping ...... 5 to 9 of rainfall and runoff water. Strongly sloping ...... 9 to 15 Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when Moderately steep ...... 15 to 30 dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and Steep ...... 30 to 50 swelling can damage roads, dams, building Very steep ...... 50 and higher foundations, and other structures. It can also damage plant roots. Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special Shoulder. The landform position that forms the practices are required to ensure satisfactory uppermost inclined surface near the top of a performance of the soil for a specific use. hillside. It comprises the transition zone from the Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water backslope to the summit. The surface is into the soil. dominantly convex and is erosional in origin. Soft rock. Rock that can be excavated with trenching Side slope. The slope bounding a drainageway and machines, backhoes, small rippers, and other lying between the drainageway and the adjacent equipment commonly used in construction. interfluve. It is generally linear along the slope Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the Earth’s width, and overland flow is parallel down the surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has slope. properties resulting from the integrated effect of Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles climate and living matter acting on earthy parent that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay material, as conditioned by relief over periods of (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine time. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than horizon, in which the processes of soil formation 12 percent clay. are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of silt-sized particles. the material in these horizons are unlike those of Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest the underlying material. The living roots and plant site based on the height of the dominant stand and animal activities are largely confined to the at an arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if solum. the average height attained by dominant and Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 codominant trees in a fully stocked stand centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 at the age of 50 years is 75 feet, the site index inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. is 75. Stony soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent, Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock produced by one mass sliding past another. In fragments 10 to 24 inches in diameter. Very stony soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip soil material is 35 to 60 percent of these rock surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of fragments, and extremely stony soil material is blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling more than 60 percent. clayey soils, where there is marked change in Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil moisture content. particles into compound particles or aggregates. Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to The principal forms of soil structure are—platy movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates wet. longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical and granular. Structureless soils are either single distance divided by horizontal distance, then grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a massive (the particles adhering without any drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). In this survey the following slope classes are Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part recognized: of the solum below plow depth. 276 Soil Survey

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in emergence, and root penetration. color and lower in content of organic matter than Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the the overlying surface layer. base of a hill; part of a foot slope. Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). rich in organic matter and is used to topdress Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. “Ap horizon.” Tuff. Compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more Tephra. A collective term for all clastic volcanic volcanic ash and dust. material that is ejected from a vent during an Weathering. All physical and chemical changes eruption and transported through the air, including produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the volcanic ash, cinders, scoria, pumice, and blocks. Earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These Tephra is a general term which, unlike many changes result in disintegration and volcaniclastic terms, does not denote properties decomposition of the material. of composition, vesicularity, or grain size. Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, much that it does not recover when placed in a and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic humid, dark chamber. textural classes, in order of increasing proportion Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy by the wind. loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay Yarding. A logging term referring to moving a log from loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and the area in which it was cut to a landing or loading clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam area. classes may be further divided by specifying Yarding, cable. Moving a log with a suspended cable “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” rather than with a wheeled or tracked vehicle. Texture classes. The need for fine distinctions in the texture of the soil layers results in a large number

of classes of soil texture. Often it is convenient to Sand—2.0 to 0.05 millimeters in diameter speak generally of broad groups or classes of Silt—0.05 to 0.002 millimeters in diameter Clay—less than 0.002 millimeters in diameter texture (fig. 21). An outline of soil texture groups follows. In some areas where soils are high in silt, a fourth general class, silty soils, may be used for silt and silt loam. Sandy soils Coarse textured: Sands—coarse sand, sand, fine sand, and very fine sand Loamy sands—loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, and loamy very fine sand Loamy soils Moderately coarse textured: Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, and fine sandy loam Medium textured: Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, and silt Moderately fine textured: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam Clayey soils Fine textured: Figure 21.—U.S. Department of Agriculture textural Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay classification chart.