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The Decolonization of Psychology Or the Science of the Soul

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The Decolonization of Psychology Or the Science of the Soul Samuel Bendeck Sotillos The Decolonization of Psychology or the Science of the Soul Since the inception of psychology as a distinct field of study Received March 23, 2021 in the modern West, it has been widely regarded as the only Revised April 3, 2021 Accepted April 4, 2021 valid form of this discipline, supplanting all other accounts of the mind and human behavior. The modern West is unique in having produced the only psychology that consciously severed itself from metaphysics and spiritual principles. Key words Postcolonial psychology, The momentous intellectual revolutions inaugurated by perennial psychology, the Renaissance and the European Enlightenment further perennial philosophy, entrenched the prejudices of its purely secular and reductionist modernity, scientism approach. Yet, across the diverse cultures of the world, we find spiritual traditions that embrace a fully integrated psychology, unsullied by the limitations of the modern scientific method. It is only by grounding psychology on a foundation of sacred and universal truths – found in all traditional civilizations – that we can begin to restore a true science of the soul that addresses the entire gamut of human needs and possibilities. 18 Spirituality Studies 7-1 Spring 2021 SAMUEL BENDECK Sotillos “[P]sychology as it is understood today – that is, the study of mental phenomena as such – is a natural product of Anglo-Sax- on empiricism and of the eighteenth century mentality [note: of the European Enlightenment project], and … the point of view to which it corresponds was so negligible for the ancient world that, even if it was sometimes taken incidentally into consider- ation, no one would have dreamed of making a special science of it, since anything of value that it might contain was trans- formed and assimilated in higher points of view.” – René Guénon (2004, 50) About the lead author “[T]he metaphysics of the universal and unanimous tradition, or ‘philosophia perennis,’ is the infallible standard by which not Samuel Bendeck Sotillos, LMFT, LPCC, NCC, only religions, but still more ‘philosophies’ and ‘sciences’ must be CPRP, CCMHC, MHRS, is a practicing psychotherapist, ‘corrected’ [note: correction du savoir-penser] and interpreted.” who has worked for years in the field of mental health and social services, focusing on the intersec- – Ananda K. Coomaraswamy (1988, 37) tion between spirituality and psychology. His works include Paths That Lead to the Same Summit: An An- “What modern psychology lacks entirely is criteria enabling it notated Guide to World Spirituality, Dismantling Freud: to situate the aspects or tendencies of the soul in their cosmic Fake Therapy and the Psychoanalytic Worldview (pre- context.” viously published as Psychology Without Spirit: The Freudian Quandary), and Behaviorism: The Quandary – Titus Burckhardt (1987, 48) of a Psychology without a Soul. He edited the issue on Psychology and the Perennial Philosophy for Studies It has become increasingly clear to many around the world in Comparative Religion, and his articles have ap- that rethinking psychiatry is an imperative task and, yet, what peared in numerous journals including Sophia, Sacred is often overlooked is that rethinking psychology is also es- Web, Parabola, Resurgence, and the Temenos Academy sential (see Bendeck Sotillos 2019). That the foundations Review. His email contact is samuelbendeck@yahoo. of contemporary psychology are giving way is by no means com. a new insight: “Psychotherapy is today in a state of disarray, al- most exactly as it was two hundred years ago.” (Zilboorg 1956, 108). Decolonizing the human psyche is needed more than ever today. The apparatus of oppression and control in mod- ern Western psychology is inseparable from its impoverished scientistic Weltanschauung and has become increasingly more nuanced and subtle. It privileges its own methodology above all other modes of knowing the world and appears oblivious to its own unquestioned theoretical assumptions. This tendency first became apparent when Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) triumphantly announced: “[I]t was no small thing to have the whole human race as one’s patient.” (Freud 1925, 261). He actually admitted that his role was to be a colonizer ← Sigmund Freud Spirituality Studies 7-1 Spring 2021 19 of the human psyche: “I am actually not at all a man of science, als. It is time, therefore, to challenge the ideological tyranny not an observer, not an experimenter, not a thinker. I am by tem- of psychology as practiced today and to consider how its per- perament nothing but a conquistador.” (Freud 1985, 398). nicious influence can be curtailed. The field of mental health can no longer turn a blind eye to The tendency of modern science to assert itself as the sole the inescapable fact that “modern Western psychology – is arbiter of what we can know about the human mind ne- a secular and largely culture-bound discipline” (Badri 2018, gates the crucial dimension that makes it conform to a true 1). It avows that modern science alone holds the key to metaphysical order as found in many of the world’s sapien- knowing truth and reality, but this dogmatic arrogance pre- tial traditions. This reductionism of modern psychology has vents it from noticing its own blind spot. It must be made rendered null and void any fuller understanding of what is crystal-clear that “[m]odern science is not – and never has still understood by many as the soul: “[P]sychology, having first been – the ‘disinterested quest of truth’.” (Smith 2019, 61). Many bargained away its soul and then gone out of its mind, seems practitioners today readily acknowledge these serious lim- now, as it faces an untimely end, to have lost all consciousness.” itations: “[Note: Modern] Western psychology and medicine are (Burt 1962, 229). incomplete both in their understanding of human nature and in their ability to promote health and well-being.” (Welwood 1985, That spirituality and metaphysics are deemed irrelevant vii). Although the situation is more dismal than this state- by modern science is the reason for the disarray in which ment suggests, it nonetheless distils the inherent errors of contemporary psychology finds itself. This claim will strike the discipline as practiced today. many as ludicrous because it suggests that we need to turn back the clock to the dark ages of knowledge. Yet it must We need to completely re-envisage modern Western psy- be understood that the exclusion of metaphysics from sci- chology and psychiatry in the context of addressing mental ence goes to the heart of modernism’s deviations. as Titus health issues. At the root of the problem is “the inherent Burckhardt (1908–1984) presciently observed, psychology limitation of the original epistemological premises of modern can only be authentic when it relies on metaphysics: The science” (Nasr 1989, 206) and the only way to overcome this “[note: perennial] psychology does not separate the soul either is to expose the “epistemological fallacies of Occidental civili- from the metaphysical or from the cosmic order. The connection zation” (Bateson 2000, 491). The impasse that faces modern with the metaphysical order provides spiritual psychology with Western psychology and its destructive consequences are qualitative criteria such as are wholly lacking in profane [note: clearly laid out by Gill Edwards (1998, 194–99): modern Western] psychology, which studies only the dynamic character of phenomena of the psyche and their proximate caus- [Note: Modern] science has claimed a monopoly on truth, es.” (Burckhardt 2008, 26–27). seeing the scientific method as the only valid path towards knowledge … as recent products of their culture, modern The belief that only the scientific method gives access to psychology and psychotherapy were built upon the shift- valid forms of knowledge is not only flawed but totalitari- ing sands of Cartesian-Newtonian assumptions – with an, having its roots in the European Enlightenment or the devastating consequences … [note: and] many therapists so-called Age of Reason. Without question, as Boaventura de are still clinging to the scientific tradition … and refusing Sousa Santos (2018, 181) rightly points out, the “understand- to open their eyes … the old paradigm gave birth to a pos- ing of the world far exceeds the Western understanding of the itivist, materialist psychology which values objectivity, world.” rationality and empiricism … The mechanistic, reduction- ist, determinist assumptions of the Cartesian-Newtonian This dogmatic outlook is not science, but an ideology known world view are endemic in psychology and psychotherapy. as scientism, which has nothing to do with the proper exer- cise of the scientific method. renowned scholar of islam and Without considering the historical antecedents and their Sufism, William Chittick (2009, 48), underscores how domi- connection to the development of modern science, this plight nant scientism is within modern intellectual discourse, even will continue unabated. Compelling mental health profes- though many may be oblivious to its overreach: “It is very dif- sionals to work in a theoretical and clinical vacuum will ficult to characterize the modern worldview with a single label. only perpetuate this crisis. Modern psychology is simply not One word that has often been suggested is ‘scientism,’ the belief prepared to accept valuable insights that differ from its own that the scientific method and scientific findings are the sole worldview, but which are sorely needed if we are to offer criterion for truth.” As the American psychiatrist M. Scott Peck more integrated and holistic treatment options for individu- (1936–2005) astutely noted (1985, 257–58), contemporary 20 Spirituality Studies 7-1 Spring 2021 SAMUEL BENDECK Sotillos science is largely relegated to dealing with approximations; that we assent to the rights of spiritual truth: “Psychology, in doing so, it is always modifying its understanding and thus we must remember, is the study of the soul, therefore the dis- is in no position to declare what can be finally known with cipline closest to the religious life.
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