ISBN 978-3-934401-20-4 Independent Review on European Security & Defence Volume No 4/2009

Main Topic Europe an d Afghanistan

No 4/2009

What strategy for Europe, a real heavyweight The EU-Counter Terrorism Afghanistan after eight in international policy Strategy years of war

Prof. Dr. Lothar Rühl, Prof. Dr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani, Gilles de Kerchove, States Secretary (ret), President of the Robert Schumann EU-Counter Terrorism Coordinator, Bonn Foundation, Paris Brussels

EDITORIAL

Editorial

Was the Irish “Yes” a response to Ireland’s fear of economic response to Mos cow’s growing concern decline and at the same time an expression of yearning for the about existing security and defence continuing protection of the mutually supportive community structures; and also to the question as to that is the European Union? Pure reason it may not have been, how the different responsibilities of but without going overboard the EU itself showed flexibility in European and na tional parliamentarians the run-up to the Irish referendum, thus emboldening the Irish can be best accommodated. to vote for the Treaty. The Irish “Yes”, and Poland’s ratification 1. With defence budgets under increasing of the Reform Treaty short ly afterwards increased the pressure pressure, national parliamentarians need on the Czech President and on Conservatives in London, to be involved much more. Because de- prompting a certain malicious satisfaction among those who cisions on defence spending and troop Hartmut Bühl believe it is time at long last to see reason and accept the deployment are na tio nal, national parlia - Lisbon Treaty. It does, after all, in theory give countries the ments should have a bigger role in ESDP. right to withdraw from the EU. The most important thing is that The ESDA/WEU Assembly performs a very the Treaty will enter into force. important consensus building role among national parliamen - tarians who deal with security and defence. A sound and The stakes are high in Europe workable solution has to be found giving the ESDA/WEU As - The entry into force of the Reform Treaty will ring in a new era sembly a more fitting status – one that will enable the EU the course of which can only be set tentatively as yet. What can derive more benefit from the contribution the Assembly can the EU achieve? The accession to the EU of further countries in make to a European defence. southeastern Europe will certainly take place, as it is needed to 2. The EU is not a collective defence orga nization like NATO or bring peace to that part of the continent once and for all and to WEU. The Lisbon Treaty contains two solidarity clauses, one of offer the people living there a better future. But will the EU find them dealing with cases of external aggression. But it does not the strength to take on a controversial project like Turkish explicitly mention military assistance. Consequently, the accession before the day dawns when Turkey itself announces Lisbon. Treaty cannot replace Article V of the 1954 WEU Treaty. it is giving up its attempt to join? Will the EU succeed in refo - The issue is whether the WEU Treaty should be retained until cusing its “Ostpolitik”? And yet another question that still such time as “real” defence capabilities form part of Union remains unanswered, will Lisbon be the culmination of Eu - structures. rope’s ambitions, or does the EU intend to develop further, and 3. With respect to Russia, President Medvedev’s invitation to if so, in what direction? Lisbon allows no time to draw breath hold a dialogue on European Security Architecture should be and take stock. The debate about where the Union should be taken seriously. There is no security against Russia, only in headed must be honest, creative, and short. Stagnation would cooperation with it. Great care should also be taken that within be the enemy of progress going forward. the global reach of the EU Security Concept, European interests are respected. The Concept should better integrate Russia, Security and Defence Policy while not excluding the North American partners. This policy is beset by a number of challenges. Apart from the financial crisis and the question of where the money for equip - ment and operations will come from, there needs to be a

Impressum The European − Security and Defence Union Publisher and Editor-in-Chief: Hartmut Bühl ProPress Publishing Group Brussels/Berlin Publishing House: ProPress Verlagsgesellschaft mbH President ProPress Publishing Group: R. Uwe Proll Headquarter Berlin: E-Mail: [email protected] Kaskelstr. 41, D-10317 Berlin Layout: SpreeService- und Beratungsgesellschaft mbH Phone: +49/30/557 412-0, Fax: +49/30/557 412-33 Print: Heider Druck GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach Brussels Office: The European − Security and Defence Union Magazine is published by the ProPress Hartmut Bühl Publishing Group. The ProPress Publishing Group is the organizer of the congress on Avenue des Celtes, 30, B-1040 Brussels European Security and Defence (Berliner Sicherheitskonferenz), the European Police Phone/Fax: +32/2732 3135, GMS: 0049-1723 282 319 Congress and the European Congress on Disaster Management. E-Mail: [email protected] For further information about the magazine and the congresses please visit Bonn Office: www.euro-defence.eu Am Buschhof 8, D-53227 Bonn Suscription: This magazine is published quarterly in Brussels and Berlin. Phone: +49/228/970 97-0, Fax: +49/228/970 97-75 The copy price is 16 Euro: 4 copies for one year: 56 Euro ( Euro EU Subscription ). Advertisement Office Bonn: 4 copies for one year: 88 Euro ( International subscription ) Marco Saalbach Quarterly, including postage and dispatch (4 issues) Phone: +49/228/970 97-80 E-Mail: [email protected] © 2009 by ProPress Publishing Group Bonn/Berlin

3 THE EUROPEAN − SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

Dr. Lothar Rühl, States Secretary (ret.) The European Union

POLITICS and POLICIES Europe, a real heavyweight in international policy Editorial ...... 3 by Professor Dr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani, Chairman, Robert Schumann Foundation, Paris ... 17 Europe and Afghanistan Europe after the Irish referendum – more coherent, more decisive, more democratic by Willem van Eekelen, Chairman, Center of the European Security Studies, Groningen ...... 19

The European Parliament and ESDP? by Christoph Raab, General Manager, COPURA and Director, European Security Round Table (ESRT) ...... 21

The way towards a European White Book on Security and Defence by Dr. Karl von Wogau, Secretary General of the European Security Foundation (ESF), Brussels ... 22

What strategy for Afghanistan after eight years of war by Professor Dr. Lothar Rühl, States Secretary (ret.), Bonn ...... 7

2009 – A crucial year for Afghanistan by Françoise Hostalier MEP, Paris and Jean Pierre Koucheida MEP, Paris ...... 9

Building Afghan Security Forces: the solution to the security situation Towards a new European security architecture − by Dr. Christopher M. Schnaubelt, Transformation what is Russia’s place in Europe? Desk, NATO Defense College, Rome ...... 14 by Arcadio Diaz Tejera, Senator, Madrid ...... 25

Are we doing enough to protect our soldiers? Half full or half empty? Comparing EU military An opinion contributed by Hartmut Bühl ...... 16 capabilities in 1999 and 2009 by Daniel Keohane, EUISS, Paris ...... 29

European Civil Protection Review on the 5 th European Congress on Civil Protection and Disaster Management ...... 31

4 CONTENT

Gilles de Kerchove Head of EU-Counter Terrorism Unit, Brussels North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO’s new Strategic Concept should be more than a “Shopping List” by Brigadier General (ret.) Dr. Klaus Wittmann, Berlin ...... 35 DEFENCE and ARMED FORCES

The US needs a strong Europe – the transatlantic NATO Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) – relationship is irreplaceable. The multi-national solution for a by Professor Dr. Sven Biscop, Director at the transformational capability for NAT0 Egmont – Royal Institute for International by Hartmut Bühl, Brussels ...... 52 Relations, Brussels ...... 38 SECURITY

The EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy by Gilles de Kerchove, Head of EU Counter- Terrorism Unit, Brussels ...... 41

Anti-terrorism – the role of Europol in the international process by Robert Wainwright, Executive Director of Europol, London ...... 44 INSTITUTIONS and ASSOCIATIONS

The European Union’s Think Tank by Álvaro de Vasconcelos, Director of the European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), Paris ...... 55 ESDP and NATO NEWS

European Union European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) ... 57 INDUSTRIES North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ...... 60 IT International and the economic crisis in Europe Interview with Barbara Wittmann, Sales Director Public Segment, Dell Germany, and Mike Migdal, Account Executive Defence & Security, Germany, Halle ...... 47

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Afghanistan

“In the next 12 months we have to make a change in Afghanistan. If not, we risk failure. The criteria of our success in Afghanistan will not be measured by how many Taliban fighters we kill, but on how many civilians we are able to protect. “

Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, US Armed Forces, Washington

From destruction by Soviet forces to reconstruction by NATO and other nations in the civil and military field

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What strategy for Afghanistan after eight years of war by Professor Dr. Lothar Rühl, States Secretary (ret.), Bonn

The general consensus reads that NATO must not lose and cannot lose in Afghanistan, after having borne the responsibil - Professor Dr. Lothar Rühl ity for security over the last five years. However, the facts of Professor Dr.Lothar Rühl was born in 1927. today, the developments since the critical year 2005, when He studied law and political science at the Universi - things began to seriously deteriorate, and the near term ty of Bonn. Doctorate at the Sorbonne in Paris. perspective point to a different conclusion: The West, led by 1969 to 1973 Deputy Editor-in-chief of Die Welt, 1973 to 1980 Special Correspondent for the TV the US, can lose and probably will lose the conflict with mili - channel ZDF in Brussels. tant Islam and various national or ethnic-tribal forces in South 1981 to 1982 Deputy Spokesman of the German West Asia in the coming years if control cannot be regained in Government, 1982 to 1989 State Secretary in the the next two years in large parts of the country and particularly MOD, Bonn. Since 1986 Professor for Political in the border region with Pakistan. Science and European Affairs at the University of Cologne. Dr. Rühl publishes regular articles in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and the Neue Zürcher Zeitung. His significant publications include Is there still time to succeed? “Russia’s Way to World Power” (1987), and “Germany as a European This is the conclusion at which the US generals arrived in the Power: National Identity and International Responsibility” (1996). autumn of 2009. Admiral Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the US armed forces, gave the assessment early in September to the NATO Military Committee in Portugal that American and allied troops had 18 to 24 months to succeed. Lessons to learn from the Soviet retreat This calculation is, of course, a political one on the American The Soviet army staged its retreat from Afghanistan between electoral calendar: The autumn of 2011 is the time when the 1986 and January 1989 over three years, flanked by agree - pre-campaign for the US presidential election of 2012 will ments with the main resisting forces not to interfere, particu - begin. But beyond this point of time the war will somehow larly in the Tajik and Uzbek north of the country. The agree - continue in Afghanistan, as it will probably in Pakistan. ments were kept by the “Mujahideen” combatants and the In political-strategic terms the conflict is a spreading civil war civil war in Afghanistan went on until the victory of the “Tal - in both countries with the tendency to tie both into a long iban”, backed by the Pakistani army and military intelligence drawn-out conflict of a systemic, societal and cultural nature: service. Of course, it is difficult and risky trying to repeat the It is about political power, but also about political, social and exercise under different conditions and late in the political religious order. It is, above all, about self - identification and season of post-Soviet Asia. The spectre of Vietnam haunts the hence about independence from foreign intervention. Americans. But the example of the political evolution of post- American South East Asia since 1975 shows that there may be Prepare an exit strategy al ways hidden prospects for ultimately positive developments, If this assumption is correct, there is but one reasonable once the foreigners have left. Why should this be different in strategy: withdrawal. Therefore a practical “exit strategy” is South West Asia with Pakistan still standing? It could be diffe - the necessity of the day. History does not need to be evoked, rent if and when Pakistan falls and chaos spreads. Of course, the present is enough to make the case. the US and NATO could remain until then and withdraw to Foreign forces will remain just that and their continued pres - Central Asia beyond the border, at least as long as the Ger - ence can only worsen the problem. Whatever good -willed and mans hold the escape routes in the north open for ISAF to interested Afghan politicians, clan chiefs and progressive withdraw and the Americans can use the port of Karachi. The intellectuals with a Western education maintain, it is high time Western forces will not be militarily beaten in Afghanistan, as for all the Western forces to leave Afghanistan. For this pur - the US forces were not beaten in Vietnam. But unable to win a pose, it is high time for the Western powers and the entire decisive and lasting victory, assure self-supporting stability for “international community” (as far as such a political entity a decade in Afghanistan and reorganize the country into a really exists) to separate the fight with Islamist terrorism from loose confederation of ethnic and tribal regions with only a the situation in Afghanistan and negotiate a withdrawal with nominal central authority, they will not overcome the guerrilla the tribal and regional leaders. “insurgency”.

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Some strategic questions that the European allies make forces available to be engaged The first strategic question is: “insurgency” against whom or in the Gulf region in case of a Soviet attack. Several NATO what? The present government in Kabul is neither a “national” allies, in particular Germany, refused and in 1981 the project nor a democratic authority. It has no “national” roots and it was definitely abandoned by NATO. It was concluded in has no political or ethnic legitimacy. Brussels that Afghanistan had no strategic or geopolitical importance for the defence of the Euro-Atlantic area and that Insurgency South West Asia including Iran was no place for European General elections will not suffice to confer legitimacy to the “out-of-area” force deployments, given the central East-West Afghan government, not even with a new “national compact” confrontation on the European continent. as between the tribal and regional leaders in 2001 after the US armed intervention. That perspective has disappeared as a The geostrategic role of Afghanistan result of the war. President Karzai is and will remain unable after the Cold War and unsuited to rally a stable majority of the Afghan people; What has changed since then? Afghanistan is still a land- the Pachtun tribes, of which he is a representative, have re - bound country between Central Asia, Iran and Pakistan. Both jected him in their majority. The Tajik and Uzbek want con trol Iran and Pakistan have political interests in it, mostly not to of the north as before, which they now enjoy, and they do not see it in hostile hands, in particular not under the direct influ - need a government in Kabul. Whether the artificial frontier ence of the other or of a foreign power. That was the main between Afghanistan and Pakistan can be controlled by reason for Pakistan to support the Islamic resistance against anybody from outside the border regions is an unanswered the pro-Communist and pro-Soviet regime in Kabul and later question apart from the partial answer given by the last eight the militant Islamist zealots of the Taliban movement. The years: certainly not by the US and its foreign allies as occupa - Soviet Union is no more since 1991. Russian power in Asia has tion forces, which they have become in spite of all the assis - waned, although Moscow’s influence in Central Asia is still tance they offer to the population. active and competing with that of Peking. For Pakistan, Afghanistan is no longer essential, even as it remains a play - The “insurgents” are of various kinds, mostly tribes hostile to ground for its secret services and for politics against India. any central authority, partly bandits out for booty, partly the India’s economic influence in Afghanistan is more worrisome narcotics producers and traders, partly the religious funda - to Islamabad in light of the Cashmere conflict with India than mentalists of a medieval Islam fighting for the old customs, the internal politics of the chaotic Afghan neighbour. The the old order and their hold over their families without outside combination of American and Indian interests make for a interference. They oppose American “nation building”, eman - complex pattern of foreign involvement, over which Pakistan cipation of women, schooling of girls and foreign influence. has little influence. The small minority of militant Islamists with the jihadist appeal The ancient and durable problems of central authority on both tries to reconquer the power the “Taliban” lost in 2001 to the sides of the border have caused a gradual unification of the Americans. They try to use all the rest for this purpose. The border areas under the rule of guerrilla forces and tribal “insurgency” is not only against the government in Kabul, but assertiveness. After having intervened in the Afghan troubles also against the foreigners. This is not new in Asia. There is no and wars, Pakistan now sees itself threatened by the exten - simple solution, but taking away the main cause of the “insur - sion of unrest and rebellion as well as by Taliban power ex - gency” would probably not worsen the problem but rather pan sion on the Pakistani side of the artificial border with the alleviate the burden. northwestern frontier and Waziristan, uncontrolled by the Pakistani government. The geostrategic role of Afghanistan in the Cold War The second strategic question is about the significance of No EU interest to continue war Afghanistan and its place in South West Asia next to Central There is no strategic geopolitical position to be gained in Asia. After the USSR had intervened in December 1979 in the Afghanistan for either Pakistan or Iran and less for India or Afghan civil war to save the socialist government in Kabul, America. Europe has no active interest there to be promoted or official American thinking assumed that the real aim of protected. For Europe the intervention in the civil war in Afgha - Moscow’s strategy was the Persian Gulf, and that the Soviet nistan was a war of choice in 2001/02, not a war of necessity. government wanted to build air bases in southwestern Afgha - Solidarity with America was the critical issue, not the forward nistan for long range flights into the Gulf region and into the defence of Europe or even of the North Atlantic alliance. For Indian Ocean, out -flanking Iran and Pakistan. America it seemed different, but only seen under the influence The administrations of presidents Carter and Reagan imposed of the traumatic shock of “9/11”. In reality, Afghanistan posed a “South West Asia Study” on NATO with the official demand no vital threat to the US.

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2009 – A crucial year for Afghanistan by Françoise Hostalier MP*, Paris and Jean Pierre Koucheida MP*, Paris

It was predicted that 2009 would be a tough year for Afgha - nistan. All the countries with a presence there are suddenly in Françoise Hostalier favour of a solution that is not solely military but based also Françoise Hostalier was born in Beauvais. on the country’s economic and social development. However She holds a master’s degree in mathematics and none have actually changed their position, reduced their was a certified teacher from 1976 until 1993. 1981 joined the Republican Party military footprint or made any significant increase in their civil 1993 to 1995 Member of Parliament. commitment. 1995 Secretary of State to the Minister of National For all the international conferences on reconstruction assis - Education. Formerly head of the Popular Party for tance, economic, social and cultural development plans, pro - French Democracy (PPDF) and Vice-President of the mised billions, plans to replace opium poppy with alternative Liberal Democracy (DL) party, is she now a member of the National Bureau of the Radical Party and the Union for a Popular crops and the commitment to crack down on producers and Movement (UMP). 2007 elected under UMP as Member of Parliament. traffickers, poverty and malnutrition are still rife and nothing is 2009 Vice President of the French-Afghan Friendship Group of the being done to help an essentially peasant society make a National Assembly. Mrs Hostalier is also Inspector General of Education, decent living from agriculture. Established Groups and Schooling. There are frequent accusations of corruption. International audits reveal that more than half of the promised financial aid goes on security, while most of the rest subsidises non-go - Jean Pierre Koucheida vernmental organisations and pays the wages of the interna - Jean-Pierre Kucheida was born in Lievin on 24 tional regulators and experts who manage and administer the February 1943. A specialist in geography, he taught aid programmes on the ground. Even though these activities at the Lycee Henri Darras Liévin. directly or indirectly serve to fuel the country’s economy, there Since 1981 continuously elected as Member of have not been enough tangible achievements to meet the Parliament of the 12th District of Pas-de-Calais. 1981 to 2001 Mayor of Lievin and a Member of the expectations and needs of the population. General Council of Pas-de-Calais (1981 to 1988), 1995 to 1997 Questeur of the National Assembly. The role of the Afghan state in security A Member of the Finance Committee, Mr. Kucheida is Vice President of From a security perspective, the Afghan state is both strong the study group on the development of social and healthy living, and and weak. The national army and police, constantly growing in Rapporteur on budget appropriations for fisheries. Mr. Kucheida is numbers, are now better trained and better equipped. Armed President of the French-Nepali Friendship Group. groups with different tribal, ethnic or religious allegiances and security companies complement and sometimes replace government forces. over the areas where this ethnic group predominates. The police force is experiencing the kinds of problems faced in Afghanistan and Pakistan are bound together in a complex many countries in transition, such as lack of motivation, low relationship. wages, lack of equipment and inconsistent levels of training War prevails on both sides of the Afghan-Pakistan border. In and support, while their opponents continue their long-term Afghanistan, the conflict has taken on an international dimen - efforts to undermine the government. The combatants retreat sion. There are troops participating in the International Securi -

“We face a security situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan that demands urgent attention… ”

Barack Obama, President of the United States of America to their rear bases and sanctuary in Pakistan where they ty Assistance Force (ISAF, NATO) and still others engaged in contribute to that country’s destabilisation. Afghanistan and Operation Enduring Freedom led by the United States. Over Pakistan have two things in common: the role played by the 30 000 European soldiers are deployed in the Afghan theatre Pashtun tribes and the attempt by the Taliban to gain control of operations.

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Mrs Hostalier and Mr Koucheida on ESDA Mission in Afghanistan with officers of the Afghan National Security Forces Photo: ESDA Paris

A conflict with international dimensions Afghan government and foreign troops, and buildings and The European armed presence has not translated into political structures are destroyed. In Afgha nistan, violence is not influence, however, and is not reflected in the strategic deci - residual, it is constant. sions regarding Afghanistan and the wider region. Each coun - try applies its own rules of engagement and acts according to President Obama’s new strategy national priorities. The response of the Obama administration was to send in Seven years after the fall of the Taliban regime, Afghanistan is more troops and step up military operations – in keeping with still synonymous with war, insecurity and economic and social its predecessor’s decision. Such fighting talk does not scare underdevelopment. the AOG – there is no sign of a mass surrender as yet – but it The spiral into violence has both endogenous and exogenous does raise further doubts about the real reasons behind this explanations. In 2001 the defeated Taliban fighters left the engagement with the public in contributor countries and with towns and cities and withdrew to the villages or found refuge the Afghan government which is trying to increase its authority in Pakistan. They were able to regroup and reorganise thanks and become less dependent on foreign forces. to the vast Pashtun support network that had grown during In an effort to moderate the warlike tone of such messages, the years of war against the Soviet occupation and the Afghan political and military leaders from Europe and America put communist regime. forward arguments in support of economic and social recon - struction. However, an investment and infrastructure develop - Reasons for the rise in violence ment plan has yet to be launched and is waiting on the pay - The country experienced a period of relative stability between ment of contributions from donor states and international 2002 and 2006, despite the persistent violence. The armed institutions facing a global economic crisis. opposition groups – Taliban and others – were active in the east and south of the country, but were held in check by a Majority of funding goes on the military relatively small international and Afghan military presence. For a country of 32 million inhabitants, the 10 billion dollars In 2009 the Afghan National Army has 80 000 troops (with pledged over five years (2006-2010) under the London plans for its expansion to 134 000 by 2014) and the national Afghanistan Compact represents five dollars per capita per police force has 80 000 officers; ISAF numbers 55 000 troops month. At the Paris Conference in 2008, the European states, and there are 18 000 American soldiers deployed in Operation the United States and the other countries concerned, in partic - Enduring Freedom-Afghanistan (OEF-A). These numbers will be ular Japan, pledged a further 21 billion over five years (in boosted by 21 000 American combat troops, including 4 000 reality only a further 14 billion), which represents seven dollars devoted to training, plus equipment. Some 5 000 additional per capita per month. European troops were deployed for the duration of the presi - dential elections in August 2009. Too little budget for civil operations Meanwhile, the security situation in the Pakistani territories on These pledges for reconstruction and social and economic the border with Afghanistan continues to deteriorate with development and assistance represent one tenth of the sums persistent fighting – and the ensuing mass displacement of devoted to military operations. For the 2009-2010 period, the civilians – in the Swat valley and inside Waziristan between budget allocated for American military operations in Afghanis - the Pakistan army and militia on the one hand and the Pak - tan is over 24 billion dollars, almost half a billion per week. istani Taliban on the other. In Afghanistan, the Armed Opposi - The United States has also promised 3.6 billion dollars of tion Groups (AOG) regularly attack or attempt to attack the assistance for the Afghan National Security Forces (army and

10 POLITICS and POLICIES

players. Climate problems and recurrent droughts, war dam - age (particularly in irrigation areas), returning refugees and a rising population are creating an explosive social situation.

Lack of organisation Several economic and industrial programmes have been laun - ched which were soon been hampered by the lack of orga nisa - tion, the inadequacy and poor quality of infrastructure and the shortage of qualified staff. The volume of contraband trade with neighbouring states exceeds that of legal trade, particu - larly in the case of Pakistan (by a ratio of 1 to 10, according to various international sources).

Afghan heroin market One of the most serious consequences of this situation is the increase in opium poppy cultivation. Afghan heroin has a mar - ket value of four billion dollars per year, of which just over 100 million is said to fund the Taliban. Compared to the opium poppy, alternative crops such as wheat, cotton or fruit are more exacting as regards climate conditions, irrigation and technical requirements (fertilisers, machinery). French Soldiers in Afghanistan Photo: ISAF

The situation of women Another reason put forward to justify the international military police). While American rhetoric claims that the military solu - presence is the situation of women. From an Afghan viewpoint tion is not the only one, the majority of funding continues to the matter remains controversial, given the differences bet - be poured into military and security resources. ween ethnic groups and in social and economic status, educa - tion and religion. Women represent 47% of the population Urgent attention to Afghanistan between 14 and 65 years old. Their situation has improved in The reality behind the words is clearly set out in the first lines urban areas, but very little has changed in the countryside of President Obama’s letter to Congress regarding the supple - where two thirds of the population live. Tradition and the strict mental appropriations request: “We face a security situation in interpretation of the precepts of Islam are also factors to be Afghanistan and Pakistan that demands urgent attention. The taken into account and should not be underestimated. Seek - Taliban is resurgent and al-Qa’ida threatens America from its ing to impose rules of conduct and dictating behaviour within safe haven along the Afghan-Pakistan border”. In plainer families without any prior attempt at education and without terms, the situation is the same as it was back in September accompanying social measures and economic aid to raise the 2001 when it justified the US-led intervention. standard of living is bound to result in resistance and rejection from part of the population. The main difficulties with reconstruction Beyond questions of funding, some of the main difficulties Health care with reconstruction are the Afghan administration’s inexperi - Women suffer greatly from the fact that there is no public ence, corruption and the lack of transparency in the distribu - health system covering the whole country, because of a lack of tion of aid, most of which does not materialise in the form of infrastructure, staff and the necessary financial investment in practical action that is visible and beneficial to the population. this area in particular. The persistently high rates of child mor - A further obstacle is that initiatives are scattered among NGOs, ta lity, maternal death and complications arising from repeated state and cooperation bodies – the EU and its member states childbirth are a direct result of the inadequate public health have separate programmes in the same areas – and the fact services. that aid is being militarised. The Afghan people have been left disappointed by the way Education reconstruction has been managed, which has in part con - It is not so much the number of schools or the number of tributed to public distrust of the government and foreign children attending school that matters here, but the quality

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and type of education given. Schoolteachers do not receive strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan. The continuation of adequate training. Schooling for girls often ends at age 12 be - military operations and the definition of tactical and strategic cause there are no female teachers to teach them. They are objectives stem for the most part from decisions taken first by then confined to the home, often as a prelude to marriage. American Central Command (CENTCOM) then passed on to The majority of the adult population remains illiterate and, NATO via the Brunssum Headquarters in the Netherlands. apart from an educated elite, those who are literate have only The European Union is in a position to provide massive aid to a very basic education. As a result most of the urban popula - all sectors, from economic and social development to security. tion is condemned to low-skilled, poorly paid work and does But in reality, the EU is just one player among others such as not earn enough to support their clan-based extended fami - the United Nations, the World Bank, China, India and Japan. lies. In terms of financial aid, the EU does both a lot and little, providing 3.4 billion euros for the 2002-2006 period, but only Justice and law two billion in the framework of the London Afghanistan Com - When it comes to applying the law, the traditional Afghan pact (2006-2010): in total, five or six billion euros from an system prevails. Seeking to impose a secular justice system in economic entity that is “worth” 14.7 thousand billion euros or a country where the Koran (Sharia) is the primary source of law 30% of world GDP. is a dangerous social and political experiment. There is a shor - What Afghanistan really needs is investment to create jobs tage of courts, judges and lawyers, and most of the population and build transport infrastructure, dams, irrigation systems, would not have the means to access a system that had to be and an energy and food industry. There are any number of paid for. European firms specialised in these areas, yet few, if any are, Meanwhile, the various tribal value systems and religious actually on the spot, in either a national or European capacity. interpretation apply, particularly when it comes to matters of family and property. This form of justice is more accessible to Conclusion the poor, especially the rural poor, and as far as lawsuits are The European Union and its member states do not seem any concerned, provides the straightforward solutions that com - more inclined than in the past to become decision-making plainants expect. This is also true of criminal cases, which are partners alongside the Afghan state and the United States. resolved according to principles of punishment and compen - They are complementary partners, donors, providers of assis - sation. tance and major troop contributors. The situation is described as alarming, yet governments are The regional environment sending a limited number of troops with restricted rules of Afghanistan cannot be reconstructed without taking into engagement, and the political objectives are not clearly de - account the regional environment. Apart from China, all the fined. Financial aid is limited and there is very little invest - states bordering Afghanistan are Muslim states. There is a ment. There is no grand strategy, no European Great Game for greater degree of religious influence in Iran and Pakistan than Afghanistan, Pakistan and central Asia. The future of the in the central Asian states, but the latter are also experiencing country still depends on decisions taken in the United States security problems as a result of radical religious opposition. and above all on Afghanistan’s internal dynamics, develop - Regional economic and social development varies widely. The ments in Pakistan and initiatives taken by other regional whole region is the scene of struggles for geopolitical influ - players such as India, Iran and Russia. ence and efforts to control energy and trade routes and estab - 2009 is undoubtedly a crucial year for Afghanistan. The Afghan lish military bases. Afghanistan is now once again the focus of people have already won the first round of this terrible combat attention. against the barbarity of the Taliban, refusing to be cowed by their threats and showing a fair voter turnout in the recent Lack of an EU “grand strategy” presidential elections. All local and regional players alike will What is striking about this geopolitical maelstrom is that the be paying close attention to developments in the wake of EU is not playing a decisive role. Over 30 000 European troops those elections and to the results of the civil and military are deployed in Afghanistan, participating in military, security action by the forces on the ground. and stability, training, and reconstruction operations. The EU has a Special Representative on the spot and is conducting a *The authors are members of the French Parliament (Assembleé Nationale) and police training operation. The European Commission is provid - rapporteurs for the Defence Committee of the European Security and Defence ing financial and technical aid. Assembly/Assembly of Western European Union (ESDA/AWEU), Paris.

And yet aside from talk of governance, democracy and This article will be published in the French language in “Défense”, Paris, N° 143/ women’s rights, it is hard to discern any kind of European January 2010 www.revue-defense-ihedn

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THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

Building Afghan Security Forces: the solution to the security situation by Dr. Christopher M. Schnaubelt, Transformation Desk, NATO Defense College, Rome 1

There should be little surprise at reports the commander of the Dr. Christopher Schnaubelt NATO International Security Assistance Force-Afghanistan Dr. Christopher M. Schnaubelt was born in San (ISAF) has requested up to 40,000 additional troops. The dete - Diego, holds the Transformation Chair at the NATO rioration of the security environment in Afghanistan is well- Defense College in Rome, Italy. In 2000, he known. Given the priority of protecting the Afghan population received a Ph.D. in political science from the within the current strategy, the need for additional coalition University of California Santa Barbara and is also a forces is obvious. graduate of the US Army War College. He served as an officer in the California Army National Guard from 1981 to 2005, with assign - More troops from NATO members and partner nations, howev - ments that included Chief of the Training Division er, are only a part of the additional means needed to improve at the National Interagency Civil-Military Institute, Commander of the security. It is equally − if not more − critical to accelerate 223rd Training Regiment (Combat Arms), and Chief of Policy for Com - efforts to improve the capability of the Government of the bined Joint Task Force–Seven in Iraq. Prior to coming to the NATO Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to eventually provide Defense College in March 2008, Dr. Schnaubelt worked for the US Department of State as the Deputy Director for National Security Affairs, for its own security. Joint Strategic Planning and Assessment Office, in the US Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq. During the “surge” in 2007 that turned around the situation in Iraq, most of the media attention was paid to the additional five brigades of US troops sent by President Bush to bring the coalition troop total up to approximately 169,000. However, Assessment released to the Washington Post put it: “The the personnel available to conduct operations in Iraq also insurgents wage a ‘silent war’ of fear, intimidation, and per - included roughly 440,000 members of the Iraqi Security Forces suasion…to gain control over the population.” (soldiers and police) that had been trained and equipped by the US-led coalition. While it seems clear that the surge of US Building Afghanistan’s Army and National Police forces had a considerable effect, the Iraqi Security Forces also An intervening force, such as ISAF, can temporarily 3 improve played a vital part. 2 security by protecting the population from the insurgents while the national government increases its own ability to Fundamental Role of provide such protection. In the long run, however, to be Afghan National Security Forces perceived as the legitimate state authority the GIRoA itself An essential attribute of a legitimate government is the ability must be able to effectively secure the population. to protect its own people. Sociologist Max Weber referred to As was the case with the Bush administration’s approach, an this as having a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. indispensable component of the Obama administration’s By threatening the civilian population while simultaneously Afghanistan-Pakistan strategy is to help build capable and claiming to have moral superiority, insurgents attempt to reliable Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). Besides the undermine the most basic foundations of a government and 17,000 additional US troops that President Obama had ap - thus overthrow it. proved in February 2009, another 4,000 are being deployed specifically as trainers for the Afghan National Army (ANA) and The keystone of modern counterinsurgency strategy is getting Afghan National Police (ANP). the population to perceive the national government as being The creation of NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan (NTM-A) legitimate and capable. Conversely, insurgents are using a was approved during the April 2009 summit in Strasbourg- combination of “propaganda of the deed” and quiet local Kehl. It will oversee higher level training of the ANA and assist threats to make the GIRoA appear impotent. They are trying to with its development. The intent is to better integrate all of the disrupt the national government and spread terror in order to allied efforts to increase the ability of the GIRoA to protect its convince the population that supporting them is a better population and defeat the insurgents. choice than the GIRoA, or that other than death, there is no In addition to providing institutional training such as initial choice at all. As the unclassified version of the McChrystal entry, non-commissioned officer, and officer training, a signifi -

14 POLITICS and POLICIES

cant increase in operational training will be accomplished by of casualties. This hinders recruitment, particularly in the boosting the number of coalition troops embedded in ANSF heavily contested Pashtun-dominated south. units. These efforts will be combined with a considerable The creation of NTM-A could prove to be a significant contribu - expansion of partnering between ISAF and ANSF units. The tion, but results remain to be seen. Even in the best case, the ISAF commander envisions these training, mentoring, and creation of sufficiently large and capable ANSF is probably partnering efforts as the best and most rapid means to in - years away. A March 2009 report by Oxford Analytica argued crease ANSF capability. that a rapid, significant expansion of the Afghan National Army may be problematic due to a retention rate of only 53% and Afghan soldiers receive their initial entry training at the Kabul shortfalls of volunteers, qualified officer candidates, and Combined Training Center, where they complete a ten-week logistical support capabilities. In May 2009, General George Basic Warrior Training Course. The ANA’s Training Command Casey, the US Army Chief of Staff, said that “training of local runs the center with instructor support and advice from inter - police and military in Afghanistan was at least a couple years national trainers. France and the United Kingdom provide behind the pace in Iraq….” advisory teams for officer candidate school and officer training programs. Either a NATO Operational Mentor and Liaison Team A Race against Time? or a US Embedded Training Team is embedded with each ANA There is a tangible feeling that ISAF is battling the clock as combat unit to provide unit leaders with advice and greater much as it is fighting the insurgents. Policy makers are con - ability to rapidly access US and ISAF resources. cerned about declining domestic support for the war in Afgha - nistan. Some elected officials are posing a choice of either In addition to the Kabul Police Academy, most of the initial rapid demonstrable progress or a drastic reduction in the training for the ANP currently takes place at seven regional commitment of troops and financial resources. Assumption of training centers using private contractors hired by the US State greater responsibility by capable Afghan National Security Department. Important European providers of police training Forces would be both a demonstration of progress and an include Italy, which announced a “Carabinieri Surge” at the effective means to overcome the insurgency. Yet, it is impor - April 2009 NATO summit. Additionally, Germany is creating tant to avoid a rush to failure that would place too much reli - another training center that will increase the number of Afghan ance on the ANSF before they can accomplish the job. It is not police officers trained each year, EUPOL is working to double just quantity that matters. Quality is also an important factor. its current training force to 400, and the UK, Germany, and the Netherlands have agreed to provide Police Mentor Teams to A critical element of executing the present strategy is to decide support focused training in specified districts. France has been how much and how quickly Afghanistan’s army and police can providing training to the Afghan counternarcotics police and be relied upon to secure the population. An early failing in Iraq promoting an increased role for the European Gendar merie was too much hurry in handing security responsibilities over to Force in training Afghan police officers. 4 unreliable and inadequately trained Iraqi forces in lieu of deploying the necessary level of US troops. Blunders such as Challenges ahead in ANA and ANP Expansion the creation of the Fallujah Brigade in Iraq, 5 described by Developing ANSF ability to secure the Afghan population is Thomas Ricks as having “far more in common with the insur - one of the most important pillars of ISAF operations. Yet at gents than they ever would with the [US] Marines,” proved to this stage of the insurgency, this goal still presents more of a be steps backward instead of the hoped for shortcuts to challenge than a solution. Allied and GIRoA efforts remain victory. Building large and capable enough Afghan army and some distance away from a quantity and quality of Afghan police forces may indeed be the solution to the insurgency in forces that would enable the withdrawal of coalition forces to Afghanistan. However, this will not produce a rapid exit for begin. ISAF. The Obama administration’s “Af-Pak” strategy announced in March 2009 committed to a goal of expanding the ANSF to 1 Dr. Schnaubelt holds the Transformation Chair at the NATO Defense College in 134,000 soldiers and 82,000 police officers by 2011. New Rome, Italy. The opinions expressed here are his own and do not represent the proposals include accelerated efforts to reach the goal of official position of NATO, the NATO Defense College, or the US Government. 2 134,000 for the ANA by October 2010 instead of 2011, and to Furthermore, Iraqi Security Forces were complemented by approximately 92,000 “Sons of Iraq” irregular forces. continue ANSF expansion to approximately 240,000 soldiers 3 Experience in successful counterinsurgency efforts has shown that “tempo - and 160,000 police by 2013. rary” can nonetheless be a period of many years — often more than a decade. 4 In a counterinsurgency effort, a credible police force is more This force includes police officers from France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Romania. critical to securing the population than an army. Unfortunately, 5 A former Republican Guard brigade commander was placed in charge of an in addition to significant problems with corruption and inade - Iraqi Army unit in an attempt to quickly break the impasse with insurgents in quate resources, the ANP is suffering the highest percentage Fallujah. The effort failed miserably.

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Are we doing enough to protect our soldiers? An opinion contributed by Hartmut Bühl

The lives of soldiers deployed to Afghanistan are being put at In its 31/08/2009 issue the “Spiegel” magazine reported the even greater risk through shortcomings on their own side. Air insightful comment of a German commander in Kabul: “the reconnaissance and surveillance is patchy and does not best protection in the Afghan capital is not to get noticed”. operate round-the-clock. Their equipment is not up to scratch, particularly their vehicles and helicopters. Replacement per - Blending in sonnel are too few in number and are not always properly What is true for the above-mentioned VIPs also applies to a prepared for the mission. This is not only true of the soldiers wide and varied range of military tasks, including those of the fighting the Taliban insurgents; it also applies to military and dispatch riders and supply drivers. civilian personnel involved in nation building and humanitari - It is clear from TV footage that the streets of Kabul are an aid work. crammed with look-alike Japanese vehicles whose occupants are difficult to make out. It would be a relatively simple matter Chinks in the armour to fit this kind of vehicle with armour plating and, if the right The loss of a group of Italian soldiers specifications were followed, to keep this summer unleashed controversy the vehicle’s interior safe from small over whether their vehicles were “The shortfalls in the fleets of arms fire, hand grenades, mortar and properly equipped and protec ted. At vehicles need to be sorted out artillery shrapnel. Only a few compa - the same time, fierce debate in the nies in Europe are capable of refitting British Parliament in the wake of quickly. One way would be to civilian vehicles with the latest equip - further losses in recent months procure inexpensive armoured ment to meet the most stringent brought to light undeniable shortco - safety standards and blend inconspic - mings in the equipment of helicopters civilian transport uously into their surroundings. and transport vehicles. Germany’s vehicles...fast. ” former Defence Minister, in spite of The Military and the NGOs con tinued losses, and the contrary NGOs in Brussels have complained opinion of operational commanders in that the military vehicles sent to the field, remains convinced that the Bundes wehr is well guarantee their safety actually put them at risk. The aid work - equipped to cope with conditions in Afghanistan. The losses ers want protection but are reluctant to cooperate too closely speak for themselves. with the military for fear of becoming “military targets” them - selves. The European Union has just issued a call for tenders Priority n°1 – protect the troops for a dozen more specially fitted vehicles for its personnel. The In the short term, resourcefulness and effort may be able to news from Berlin is that local company STOOF, specialised in solve the technical shortcomings and supply bottlenecks that converting civilian vehicles to operate in crisis areas, and have dogged transport and liaison vehicles. However, the which has introduced its vehicles in Afghanistan with great much needed information from continuous airborne ground success, will be one of the bidders. surveillance will not be available until NATO’s AGS enters service in 2012 at the earliest. Only when that resource is Save lives, and money, fast available will field commanders be able correctly assess the Public opinion in Europe is highly sensitive to the welfare of its enemy’s strength and movements and successfully plan their soldiers and will soon make itself heard if they are sent away own operations. Even then, it will not be possible to achieve to fight with the wrong, or inadequate, equipment. It is also total protection against mines and ambushes. Transport essential to make sure the soldiers themselves have faith in vehicles considered safe on account of their armour and their the tools of their trade. Forces of all nations engaged in opera - mine protection equipment are not foolproof. They could tions in the field would be rightly underwhelmed if they actually appeal to the Taliban as particularly worthwhile and learned in 2011 that their Parliaments had decided to procure easily identifiable targets. High ranking military leaders and one or two dozen replacement vehicles to be delivered over a other prominent figures visiting the troops blithely rely on the period of several years. The shortfalls in the fleets of vehicles protection of these vehicles... without realising they may have need to be sorted out quickly. One way would be to procure become a military target themselves. inexpensive armoured civilian transport vehicles...fast.

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Europe, a real heavyweight in international policy by Professor Dr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani, Chairman, Robert Schumann Foundation, Paris

With 23 per cent of the worldwide GDP, the EU is undoubtedly Dr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani the most important economic and commercial actor, but it has Jean-Dominique Giuliani was born in 1956. to think about the means to convert its economic power into He has a degree in law from the Institute of Political being a real heavyweight in international policy. In 2007, the Studies and was nominated in 2000 Chairman of EU was the top exporter in the world with about 17 per cent of the Robert Schuman Foundation, of which he was the global exchange of goods. Since its latest enlargement in one of the founders. 2007, the EU has become the hugest area of democratic stabili - 1981 - 1992 Secretary General of the Centrist Union of the Senate in Paris; 1992 - 1998 Director of the cabinet of Mr René ty and prosperity in the world. Its GDP, which was 37 per cent Monory, President of the Senate. Designated Council of the Council of inferior to the US one in 1957, has become nowadays superior State (1995), he resigned to continue as the President of the Senate. by 6 per cent. The common market is a huge success: 500 Director for the General Management of the TNS Sofres, Paris 1998 - 2001. million inha bitants with the highest average by purchase 2002 founded JD-G.Com International Consultants and is currently Special power. Finally, the Euro, which is an incredible asset of eco - Adviser for the European Commission (2006). Jean-Dominique Giuliani has published among others „Pour l’Europe nomic and poli tical weight, is the second currency after the réunie“ - 2 tome-collection „Les Notes“ by the Robert Schuman Founda - dollar. Nevertheless, Europe fails to be considered as a “global tion (2002). actor” on the international scene. This weakness results mainly from political difficulties. The EU is made of multiple Nation States which have difficulties to accept global long term Euro - ment are financed with the CFSP budget (300 million Euro in pean interests. This is nonetheless crucial as regards the eco- 2008 against 62 million Euro in 2005), which is a part of the no mic growth of Asian countries led by China. Union budget, military operations have to be financed directly by Members States but only ten per cent of these expenses are Europe on the way to a strategic actor pooled and shared out according to the Member States’ GDP. The materialization of a European capacity in crisis manage - ment is the result of two common evolutions: the growth of the EU presence abroad in 23 successful missions economic and commercial competences of the EU since 1957 From 2003 to 2008, the EU set up 23 missions which show its and the appearance of the EU’s Common Foreign and Se curity significant presence abroad. Six of them where important Policy (CFSP) in the Maastricht treaty (1992). The Treaty of military operations (for example in the Democratic Republic of Amsterdam (1999) provides new tasks to be included in the the Congo, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Chad). The scope of ESDP Treaty on the EU known as „Petersberg tasks“*. In the same missions can largely vary (from 10 persons in Georgia between time, to make its diplomacy more powerful and visible, the EU 2005 and 2007 to 7000 in Bosnia since 2004). crea ted the position of High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy who works as a coordinator between EU coun - Atalanta- a new dimension of coopration tries to shape and carry out the EU foreign policy. But the real The Union recently came to a new level in intervening for the start of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is the first time in the naval field during the “Atalanta” operation. All establishment of the “global objective” during the Helsinki these operations have either been planned autonomously or European Council (one year after the Franco-British Saint-Malo with the help of NATO’s resources. From time to time they may Summit in 1998) that provided the EU with autonomous civil even be built in complement to NATO’s, the United States’ or and military capacities. Finally, in December 2002, the EU and the African Union’s own operations. This diversity underlines NATO signed a strategic partnership agreement on crisis ma na- Europe’s capacity to intervene whatever the context is and its ge ment called „Berlin Plus“ allowing the Union to have an various competences despite the lack of an integrated and immediate access to NATO’s logistical and planning resources, autonomous decision-making body. including intelligence, when NATO is not involved itself. The EU’s challenge ESDP has become a financial issue The lack of a unique body responsible for the security and The emergence of a strong European Defence Policy is a finan- defence policy is undoubtedly a fundamental obstacle to an cial issue as well. Whereas civil operations of crisis manage - efficient and sustainable international policy. The competence

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is currently divi ded between the European The vital conditions to ESDP Commission and the Council, in which The Treaty of Lisbon constitutes an im por- decisions have to be taken unanimously. tant evolution. ESDP will become a common policy. A “minister” in charge of From now on: No „ad hoc“ solutions foreign policy will be established. His or The failure of the institutional reforms that her functions will be combined with those should have unified the post of High Re- of Vice-President of the Commission and pre sentative and the post of Com mis sio- Commissioner for External Relations, ner for External Relations con demn the creating a new institutional player Member States to find “ad hoc” means of strengthening coherence in external cooperation. They have so far succeeded action to act by mutual agree ment because ope- rations were often planned or decided in Adapted decision taking accordance to NATO or the UN. But also It is necessary to accept the heteroge - because Mem bers States are close neous States interests within the EU, enough to gather autonomously around Lisbon Treaty: Yes prevailed while arranging an institutionalised hard common values to resolve grave crises Photo: Irish Government core. The treaty will thus introduce new (the financial and the Russo-Georgian ways of decision-taking (the “constructive crisis) in spite of its institutional failure and inadequate capabil - abstention”, the permanent structured cooperation) to make ities. Nevertheless, they may have divergent traditions and their the development of an integrated defence policy possible involvement abroad may depend on different geogra phical between the Member States that are the most ready to go tropism. Whereas some of the “powerful” ones in tend to forward together. preserve their prestige, rank or nuclear capabilities, the new ly The scope of backlog compared to the US seems important but integrated ones wish to safeguard their newly recovered so ve- there are reasons for looking at the future with confidence. On reignty. They consequently consider NATO to be more able to the one hand, the European spirit of unity has so far prevailed take care of their national security, which contributes to make over a lack of institutions. On the other hand, EU now benefits the integration of defence policy so lengthy. from favourable world circumstances. Globalization gave birth to a less western and more multi-polar world (G20 stood out as EU has to acquire more capabilities to face current crises the relevant level to resolve the world financial crisis) and the In terms of physical presence abroad, Europe is a real heavy - newly elected American administration concedes that the weight but it needs to improve its credibility as it lacks material contemporary crisis cannot be faced alone and that their inte- capacities to face the current crises. The European Defence rest could be better defended like this. That is why it recently Agency (EDA) established in 2004 has failed to fulfil its aim to gave up its antimissile shield project in Central Europe. Howev - develop defence capabilities in the field of crisis management, er, the multipolarity and the interdependence should neither be to enhance European armaments cooperation and to strength - a value nor an aim. Multipolar relations can lead to a conflicting en the European industrial and technological collaboration. anarchy fatal for each country. There is no EU army but only battlegroups of about 1 500 sol- diers each that are not comparable to US capabilities. Out of 2 Well balanced transatlantic relations million soldiers that are in principle able to be mobilized, only Transatlantic relations must exist only in a well-balanced and 20 % can nowadays be sent abroad, and only 3 % are engaged egalitarian way. Therefore, to become a real international in an operation. Since 2007 the EU and its members have spent heavyweight, the EU will have to seize these realities to elabo - about 200 billion euro every year on defence policy, whereas rate an appropriate, autonomous and courageous political stra- the US has spent twice more in 2009. Furthermore, the expens - tegy that goes beyond the plain improvement of its material es are unequally distributed between States (France and Great capa bilities. We used to say that the emergence of a European Britain assume more than a third of them). In addition, the awareness would appear from the shock provoked by imminent “Euro pean army” remains an army of protection of the territory outer dangers. These dangers exist today, they are more and and not an army able to intervene outside its borders. Finally, more diversified and globalized. Europe will thus have to tackle Europe should also improve its technological investments. this issue which constitutes without doubt the next decisive Europe spent only 4.7 per cent of its defence budget in R&D in step to its political achievement after the Euro. 2008 (six times less than its American ally) and only 1.28 per cent in research and technology, while economic success also depends on the strength of the civil and military research. * Title V, article 17.2

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Europe after the Irish referendum – more coherent, more decisive, more democratic by Willem van Eekelen, Chairman of the Center of European Security Studies, Groningen

In Europe, Murphy’s law seems to apply. If things may go Dr. Willem van Eekelen wrong, they will, and everything takes longer than you think. Dr Willem F. van Eekelen was born 1931 in Utrecht, Yet, progress over the past half century has been remarkable NL and started his career in the Netherlands foreign in terms of reconciliation, stability and a force for good in the service with postings in New Delhi, London, Accra world. Fortunately, the Irish people have realised that their and NATO in Paris/Brussels. He was the Dutch national interest lies with the European Union, although “correspondant européen” for the European Political Cooperation in 1971-74 and head of the asking any nation to correct itself within sixteen months of NATO and OSCE Department. Elected to Parliament their earlier negative referendum was risky. Apparently the in 1977, he served as State Secretary for Defence, concessions made to Dublin by making clear that its strict State Secretary for Foreign Affairs and as Minister of Defence. He was abortion laws would not be affected, nor its traditional neu - Secretary General of the WEU in 1989-1994 and subsequently a member trality, have had a positive impact, and above all the arrange - of the Netherlands Senate till 2003. Currently he is a member of the ment that every country would keep its member of the Euro - Netherlands Advisory Commission on European Integration and chair - man of the Center of European Security Studies in Groningen. pean Commission. A second refusal would have the paradoxi - cal impact of a return to the Nice treaty with its provisions for a reduction of the number of Commissioners. That amendment also serves as a deterrent against other countries, like the Czech Republic, to frustrate ratification. nal Relations, and as the chair of the Council of Foreign Minis - ters. An External Action Service will replace the delegations of The EU’s astonishing multifariousness the European Commission and represent the EU across the The EU remains a curious mix of an integrated internal market board. with a rules-based communitarian system, and a fairly classical These innovations, along with the further perfection of the intergovernmental approach to foreign affairs and security. internal market and increase in the policy areas decided by Not surprisingly, the ambition to be a global player, combining qualified majority voting and subject to co-decision with the the large set of instruments at our disposal, has not fully mate - European Parliament, will change the way in which the EU rialised. With a membership of 27 and more to come, the functions. Some have raised objections: are we getting three consensus rule in the CFSP does prevent the EU from acting captains (European Council, Commission and High Represen - quickly enough in managing crises, while the coordination tative) on the ship? How will the new High Representative with the European Commission leaves much to be desired. The relate to his colleagues on the Commission, notably those situation borders on the paradoxical. Javier Solana, the enthu - responsible for trade and development? Yet, the new package siastic High Representative, possesses some meaningful com - is worth trying, for it favours effective implementation of petences, but has no access to the Union budget, while the agreed policies and separates the function of chairman from Commissioner for External Relations has such access, but only that of national representative. limited competences in the field of civilian crisis management. A hybrid nature of the EU What will change For the foreseeable future we have to accept the hybrid nature The Lisbon Treaty, which now is likely to enter into force soon, of the EU. Nobody has an appetite for new constitutional makes a more coherent approach possible. changes. At the highest level, a semi-permanent President of the Euro - • The communitarian system with the Commission proposing, pean Council of heads of state and government, appointed for • the Council and Parliament deciding and 2 1/2 years and once renewable, will do away with the six- • the Court of Justice ensuring a uniform application of the monthly presidency, which usually was too short to make any rules, is unlikely to be extended to foreign affairs and de - significant impact on the implementation of the Union’s agen - fence. da. Improved continuity will also favour sustained long-term So the emphasis should be on the agenda-setting and policy- policies. Solana’s successor will be double-hatted, as a Vice initiating roles of the new functions. They should be more that President of the European Commission responsible for Exter - of a chairman than of a president.

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WEU with its automatic military assistan - ce clause under another name. But the EU is not a collective defence organisation. The Lisbon treaty contains two solidarity clauses. One in case a member asks for help after a terrorist attack, and one in case of armed aggression. The latter is not as clear as Article V of NATO and the WEU (e.g. it does not explicitly mention military assistance), which means that WEU members will have to decide whether they want to keep the WEU treaty as an added security guarantee even if for ESDA/WEU Assembly fact-finding mission to the EU forces in Chad Photo: ESDA, Paris all practical purposes its functions have been transferred to the EU. European Defence Agency (EDA) In any case, a solution will have to be found, possibly by Fortunately, the European Defence Agency has been lifted out giving it a new legal basis, for maintaining the WEU Assembly, of the first version of the European Constitution of 2003 and is already rebaptised as the European Security and Defence now well established in Brussels. Its aim of combining require - Assembly (ESDA), which performs an important consensus- ments, research and development, joint production and building role for national parliamentarians dealing with securi - procurement is still far from being reached, but at least the ty and defence. It includes the NATO Member States which do European defence equipment market has become substantial - not belong to the EU as Associate Members and EU members ly more transparent. which do not belong to NATO as observers. Its reports are of high quality, but the dialogue with the WEU Council, which Permanent Structured Cooperation does not formally meet any more, only takes place in the form The Lisbon Treaty opens the possibility of Permanent Struc - of written questions and answers and the Council’s replies to tured Cooperation within the Union framework, a form of the Assembly’s Recommendations. As long as the European enhanced cooperation among those countries whose military Parliament has no formal competence in this intergovernmen - capabilities fulfil higher criteria and which have made more tal area, the political relevance of the ESDA should be en - binding commitments to one another with a view to the most hanced and its links with the new High Representative demanding missions. strengthened. So far nothing has come of it, nor of other forms of enhanced cooperation, and the strongest protagonist, France, has A new start possible refrained from pushing it from fear of complicating the Irish Without the Irish yes, the EU would have landed in a serious vote. Will they return to this proposal? That will depend on the crisis and a mental depression. A new constitutional confer - willingness of the other members to do something meaningful ence would have been unlikely, so the danger of splitting up in the security and defence field. into different camps would have been serious at a time that In a Union of 27 members, more differentiation will probably the economic crisis needed more cohesion than ever in order be necessary. The option of enhanced cooperation in itself has to maintain the benefits of the internal market and the stabilis - a function in persuading stragglers not to fall too far behind, ing effect of the Euro. Some of the changes made by the because actual implementation would cut them out of the Lisbon treaty could have been made without legal ratification, loop. Then implementation would not be necessary. Yet, the but would have been doubtful without the momentum of a emphasis on higher capabilities could be divisive between the perspective of a coherent role in world affairs. larger and the smaller members and it will be difficult to define objective criteria which could be attained by all those having Much remains to be done. The new office holders will have to the political will to join in. work together; the Council and Commission should stop their bickering; EU - NATO relations should improve with the new The solidarity clauses and the role of the WEU multilateral approach of the Obama administration and France As a former Secretary General of the Western European Union back in the military integration of the Alliance; military capabil - (WEU), I could not help smiling when the proposal came up in ities should be better geared to the required missions of our the European Convention, because it smacked of reviving the time. But at least we can move forward again.

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The European Parliament and ESDP? by Christoph Raab, General Manager, COPURA and Director, European Security Round Table (ESRT)

With the arrival of the Lisbon Treaty, everything will become keep up with a policy domain that develops quantitatively and better, so we have heard now for a while. But what will Lisbon qualitatively at a tremendous speed. mean for the European Parliament? Will it become stronger as an actor and what is its exact role in these areas? The oversight case Since 2004 the Parliament claims that it is the primary institu - It is certainly very constructive to have regular meetings with tion of parliamentary oversight of the European Security and the national parliaments, even though those national col - Defence Policy (ESDP) and it has built up key oversight ele - leagues tend not to be experts on security and defence mat - ments such as annual reports on the Common Foreign and ters. Such sessions in the European Parliament combine the Security Policy (CFSP) and ESDP, which provides continuity. right location with an appropriate mix to handle ESDP over - The Subcommittee on Security and Defence also made it a sight, because if there is one huge advantage Brussels has routine to pass a resolution before each ESDP mission and over other national capitals, then that it is less shaped by regularly, MEP delegations go on-site to make their own national history and therefore policies are less tied down by assessment of the mission performance. In general, Parliament traditions, political reflexes and restrictions: Brussels is clearly has been very supportive of the development of ESDP. Howev - a hub for innovative thinking. er, should the Parliament be shaping policies pro-actively? The budget case Scrutiny There are by now some 5-6 bn Euro in the Community budget Generally, the two central functions of any parliament in which are spent on security-related matters and that does not security and defence are parliamentary oversight and budget - include the whole development policy of the EU. With this ary control. Today, there is still the question of where the core tool, Parliament can effectively shape the longer-term struc - of the oversight of ESDP should be situated: With national ture of ESDP but in order to do so it needs- as an institution- parliaments, with the European Security and Defence Assem - to develop a sense of the whole security picture in the budget. bly (ESDA)/WEU Assembly) or with European Parliament? Each of these has its specific drawbacks: The diplomacy case National parliaments will certainly focus more on their own There is another area where the European Parliament can play piece of the cake rather than the full picture. an important role and that is parliamentary diplomacy. The The ESDA/WEU Assembly certainly gets the framework right, bilateral parliamentary relations with third countries or with but doesn’t represent all member states as active members regional assemblies are important because they take place and more importantly, wasn’t it supposed to cease existing if some what under the threshold of day-to-day media attention, it weren’t for the famous mutual defence clause that the EU but can promote our values in other parts of the world in a did not want to take on? non-aggressive and effective way. The European Parliament on the other hand sees the full European picture, but has the drawback of low voter turn-out The European Parliament is still to define and, so some say, therefore less democratic legitimacy. It its role in security and defence therefore seems a pragmatic if somewhat unsatisfying solution The consequence for the moment is that the European Parlia - to have parliamentary oversight hover between all three ment should concentrate on overseeing ESDP, raise its voice, places. develop a more strategic vision on the budget and fully play the diplomacy role in close liaison with the EU High Represen - The role of the European Parliament in ESDP tative and his diplomatic services. If the EU will show an ambition during this decade to move Rather than major direct changes for the Parliament in the area ESDP from a show-case of European Integration to a policy of ESDP, the Lisbon Treaty will bring about structural, personal through which it wants to defend its interest in the world, I and political changes for the Council and ESDP. In that sense think it is time to make the divisions of responsibilities be - the Parliament will become a different role in ESDP. Thus, as tween who makes the policy and where exactly parliamentary ESDP will develop in terms of policies and capabilities, it will oversight is happening clearer. become a more important parliamentarian policy area for the The European Parliament is in a dilemma: It claims the respon - European Parliament, but it may have to move more into a sibility for ESDP oversight but lacks the resources to really classic role of a parliament if it is to play its part.

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The way towards a European White Book on Security and Defence by Dr. Karl von Wogau, General Secretary of the European Security Foundation, (ESF), Brussels

In December 2003 the European Council adopted the Euro - pean Security Strategy (ESS), a lead document for the Com - Dr. Karl von Wogau mon Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European was born 18th July 1941 in Freiburg Union, including its European Security and Defence Policy Studies in Law and Economics in Freiburg, Munich and Bonn. Doctorate on the constitu - (ESDP). This document was completed five years later in tional history of Vorderösterreich. December 2008. Diploma Insead. 1971 - 1984 Manager at Sandoz Ltd. in Basel. The Solana document from 2008 identifies common threats Since 1984 partner in the law firm Graf von and advocates a modus operandi (‘effective multilateralism’) Westphalen in Freiburg. Member of the European Parliament from 1979- but it can in no way be compared to the White Books adopted 2009. Cofounder and Chairman of the Kangaroo Group. 1994-1999 Chairman of the European Parliament’s Committee on Eco - by certain Member States, such as that of France. The latter nomic and Monetary Affairs and Industrial Policy. Since 2001 President does not only highlight the threats and the challenges France of the yearly Berlin Security Conference. is going to face in the years and decades to come, but it is also 2004-2009 Chairman of the Subcommittee in the European Parliament an operational document as it spells out the capabilities and on Security and Defence. Substitute Member in the Committee on equipment needed for the country’s own security and foreign Foreign Affairs. 2009 Secretary General of the European Security Founda - tion (ESF), Brussels. policy. Concerning the method, the French White Book was Last publication „The Path to European Defence - New Roads, New based on a broad consultation of many actors, including trade Horizons“, (Hrsg.) John Harper Publishing, 2009 unions and churches.

The French White Book 2008: a shining example The French White Book also invites the European Union to sibility of the High Repre sentative, should be based not only prepare its own White Book, which could lead finally to the on the concerns of the EU Member States but should also emergence of a more coherent and decisive foreign policy and reflect the concerns of our citizens. a more efficient and cost-effective security and defence policy. The time has come for the EU to think strategically. The EU How to proceed needs a European In a first step, a European White Book on Security and Defence White Book on Securi - should ty and Defence. If we • start by asserting the common interests of the European do not want a Euro - Union. This exercise should lead to a more coherent foreign pean White Book to policy and put an end to some unfortunate national initia - become a technocratic tives which, on the whole, are undermining the credibility of exercise or just an the EU as an autonomous actor. intergovernmental The second step is to one, we have to get • identify the threats against our common interests and indi - some inspiration from cate how we could face them. This would be an affirmation of the method used by our will to face the threats together and to reinforce our the French govern - common security and defence policy. ment, which set up an The third and final step is to ad hoc Committee in • commit ourselves to buy the equipment necessary to protect charge of drafting the our citizens, our interests and values against the threats French White Book. identified. This means that we would have to fill the loop - This means that the holes, to pool our assets and to move toward some form of European White Book, specialisation among the Member States. Such a move which should be draf - presupposes a high degree of confidence and solidarity. We ted under the respon - can summarise this by saying that less individual sovereignty

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Karl von Wogaus’s visit to Eufor as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence. First briefing after landing in Chad.

Photo :von Metternich, Brussels

would lead to more capacity to act together and therefore to new threats, Europe [and not the European Union by the way] more collective sovereignty. This would be a hard choice for should actually be capable, in the framework of the level of our Member States, but do they really have the choice? ambition established, inter alia • of deploying 60 000 troops within 60 days for a major opera - Adaptation of ESDP to the global geopolitical tion, within the range of operations envisaged in the Head - changes line Goal 2010 and in the Civilian Headline Goal 2010, Today’s world is characterised by the still predominant posi - • of planning and conducting simultaneously a series of tion of the US, the comeback of Russia, the rise of China, India operations and missions, of varying scope: and Brazil, and the challenges posed by climate change, • two major stabilisation and reconstruction operations, poverty, religious fanatism, etc. with a suitable civilian component, supported by up to A European White Book on Security and Defence has to ad - 10, 000 troops for at least two years; dress the issue of capabilities in relation to the role the EU • two rapid-response operations of limited duration wants to play in the world. In the short term our ambitions are using inter alia EU battle groups; limited by our capabilities. There is no point to play along the • an emergency operation for the evacuation of lines of the US if we cannot deliver. In this regard, the idea European nationals (in less than ten days), bearing in that we should limit the scope of our ESDP to our neighbour - mind the primary role of each Member State as regards hood is understandable but this assertion is a bit ambiguous. its nationals and making use of the consular lead State Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, is our ‘far abroad’. What concept; about our warships deployed in the Gulf of Aden and off the • a maritime or air surveillance/interdiction mission; coast of Somalia to fight piracy? What can we say of the en - • a civilian-military humanitarian assistance operation gagement of several Member States in Iraq and now lasting up to 90 days; Afghanistan? Instead of putting a geographical limit to our • around a dozen ESDP civilian missions (inter alia ESDP/CSDP based on past experiences and the limitation of police, rule-of-law, civilian administration, civil protec- our capabilities, shouldn’t we adopt a more dynamic approach tion, security sector reform, and observation missions) and think according to our interests and values which deserve of varying formats, including in rapid-response to be protected? The first EU naval operation ‘Atalanta’ is situations, together with a major mission (possibly up based on this assumption. to 3000 experts) which could last several years. Our Member States, which have been shaped by history, have This ambitious declaration could become a milestone if imple - different traditions. Some have developed high seas navies, mented because the EU would be able to ‘go global’ in crisis others have continental armies, but this approach belongs to management, civil as well as military. the past. In December 2008 nations came together and de - signed a picture of future reasonable capabilities. The EU can deliver more than just military power. The EU com - prehensive approach, based on a mix of instruments, under - The will to go ahead pins our ESDP. Its distinctive civil-military approach to crisis The European Council adopted a Declaration on Strengthening management is imitated by others, starting with NATO. This is Capabilities: the case for example with the operation ‘Ocean Shield’ which In order to rise to current security challenges and respond to duplicates (or complements) the EU operation ‘Atalanta’.

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DEFINING THE COMMON INTERESTS OF THE EU MEMBER STATES

• Defending Europe’s values • Protecting (if not defending) our external borders against • Illegal immigration • Terrorism (outside the EU) • attack against the territory of our Member states • Protecting vital or critical infrastructures on land, at sea and in space developing the notion of EU critical infrastructure • Contributing to peace and stability in the world (= addres sing regional conflicts, state failure, natural or man-made catastro - phes) • Combating terrorism and organized crime inside the EU • Acting against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction • Securing our energy supply (and beyond the supply of strategic commodities) • Protecting vital sea lanes from any disruption by what ever actor • Anticipating the consequences of climate change

Welcome by local Authorities in Chad Photo : Franjulien, Brussels 50,000 troops, is not “joint” yet. Or don’t we need a small, strong and deployable force which could permanently be at the disposal of the EU?

Critical issues Troops we deployed in an operation A White Book must address other critical issues: Shouldn’t we develop for troops under the EU flag a common status for our soldiers? They should benefit from similar social Shall the EU have at its disposal a permanent force? conditions and protection when they are involved in an EU For the time being we have the Battle Groups, which until now operation. have never been used. We have Euroforces like Eurocorps, Eurofor and Euromarfor, which also have never been used by After the new attitude shown by the new US administration the EU. The European Parliament recommended to put the Concerning nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, a Eurocorps at the disposal of the EU, but this large corps, with European White Book on Security should examine its conse - quen ces for the security of the European Union and its Mem - ber States.

LIST OF RISKS AND THREATS Conclusion AGAINST EU’s SECURITY INTERESTS All these examples demonstrate the benefit the European • Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction Union can draw from a White Book on Security and Defence. • Terrorism and organised crime On the one hand it would contribute to reinforce its Common • Cyber security Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and European Security and • Energy security • Protecting our vital infrastructures Defence Policy (ESDP), but on the other hand it would trigger a • Climate change public debate which is badly needed when certain circles put • Regional conflicts into question the ‘raison d’être’ of the European Union. The EU • Pandemics is there to protect our citizens, our way of life and our cultural • State fragility and failed states identity. Through its collective strength it can do much better • Piracy • SALW, Cluster munitions and landmines than any individual country. The White Book exercise would • Weaponization of space make this very clear to our citizens. And there is no time to • Financial threats lose because the world is going forward: the EU as a major economic power cannot allow itself to stay behind.

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Towards a new European security architecture – what is Russia’s place in Europe? by Arcadio Diaz Tejera, Senator, Madrid*

The question as to whether Europe needs a new security architecture was put back on the international agenda in June Arcadio Diaz Tejera 2008 by President Dmitry Medvedev of Russia. His move is a Arcadio Diaz Tejera from Spain, born in 1954, is a sign both of growing concern in Moscow about its perception Socialist Senator who represents his birthplace of Las Palmas in Gran Canaria. Before becoming a that Russian views tend to be ignored and of the country’s member of parliament he was a Criminal Court increasing self-confidence, which emboldens it to aim for the judge dealing with terrorist cases. revision of the existing security structures. He has been a member of the Political Committee This was before the war in Georgia that brought Russia and of the European Security and Defence Assembly/As - NATO back to a cold war-style confrontation and shook the sembly of WEU since June 2008. He is also active in foundations of Europe’s security structures. the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe where he is a member of the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population as well as of the Sub-committee on Crime and Terrorism, Russia’s security interests Legal Affairs and Human Rights. Additionally, he sits on the Committee In Russia’s view, a new architecture should be based on a on the Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights. legally binding treaty and provide equal security for all. The treaty should be signed not only by all OSCE member states but also by the existing security organisations such as NATO, the CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organisation) and the from the inside. In Russia’s case, external and internal reforms OSCE itself. go hand in hand. In fact, internal reform is almost a pre-condi - Russia wants to correct three major trends that it has observed tion for successful efforts to review the external security since the end of the cold war and which it perceives as threat - system. In the end, it all boils down to creating the necessary ening its security interests: confidence in Russia’s readiness to become part of the larger - no country must be allowed to assure its own security at the transatlantic family of democracies interested in an active expense of others; governance of the common security challenges they face. - measures on the part of military alliances or coalitions of However, given the difficulties with Moscow in other areas of countries that undermine the unity of the common security international cooperation, such as the issue of Russia’s acces - area should not be permitted; and sion to WTO or its attitude towards a new partnership agree - - there should be no expansion of military alliances in a way ment with the EU, many take the view that Mr Medvedev must that threatens the security of other parties to the new treaty. do a lot more in order to show that Russia is serious about Collective conflict prevention with resolution mechanisms and change. new forms of cooperation in the fields of non-proliferation and the fight against terrorism and organised crime should be How Russia could meet its security interests etablished. Ever since the end of the cold war and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, two important underlying questions have re - The pan-European approach versus inner reforms mained unanswered: firstly, what is Russia’s place in Europe? Moscow has often felt that its proposals for pan-European And secondly, how can the security requirements of eastern security have not been taken seriously. I believe that this will European countries and the successor states of the former not be the case again. Russia rightly points to the curious Soviet Union best be met? situation in which the principle of equal security for all is being proclaimed at the same time at the OSCE level and within Russia is a major geopolitical player and one of Europe’s most other regional security organisations such as NATO and the important actors in addressing a number of security concerns, CSTO. The core of the Russian proposal is to strengthen pan- including arms control, non-proliferation and missile defence, European commitments and to raise their political level from as well as terrorism and organised crime and related issues that of an undertaking within the OSCE to a treaty-based such as the energy trade, piracy and cyber security. obligation. The Russian President’s initiative also needs to be As far as the second question goes, expanding NATO east - seen in the context of his parallel efforts to reform his country wards may not in every case be the right answer. Among other

25 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

things, it risks confining our perspective Georgia and theoretical concepts were to a mainly military one, leading us to overtaken by events and the attempt to neglect other dimensions of security. A create new realities on the ground by NATO expansion resulting in a more military force. Russia ceased to show hostile attitude towards Russia within patience and restraint and acted instead. NATO would be counterproductive. For Russia, the war proved President But if NATO membership is not the right Medvedev right: the existing institutions answer at this point in time for those are not up to dealing with the current countries, what should we be offering challenges. them? The recent launch of the EU’s President Medvedev’s critics believe his Eastern Partnership (on 6 May 2009 in proposal is a ploy to set the NATO allies Prague with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, and the OSCE, Council of Europe and EU Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine as partici - members wondering whether the set-up pants, is an example of what we can do. they have is the right one, by creating But while the Partnership aims to contri - unwarranted uncertainty about the The President of Russia, Dmitry Anatolye - bute to economic stability and coopera - legitimacy, efficiency and credibility of witsch Med ve dev. Photo: www.eng.kremlin.ru tion in the region, it lacks a security di - those institutions. Many suspect Moscow men sion. The EU, despite the consider - of wanting to weaken the human rights able progress of its European Security dimension of the OSCE, which it increas - and Defence Policy (ESDP), is not yet ca - “The time has come for ingly regards as biased and one-sided. pable of providing collective security for the new generations to Other critics fear that Russia’s aim is to its members. It is worth men tioning, how - effectively veto further NATO expansion ever, that the Eastern Partnership has profoundly change and by seeking to maintain a recognised ope ned up the potential for a nor malisa - modernize Russia ” sphere of influence in its own neighbour - tion of relations with Belarus. We should hood and to keep the United States – make sure that the EU’s initiative cannot Dmitry Anatolyewitsch Med ve dev, President often perceived as synonymous with of Russia, Moscow,12.11.2009 be misconstrued as a partnership against NATO - at bay. Russia. Our common history demands that we continue looking for new and bet - What Russia should do ter ways to cooperate with one another. to convince critics The Russian proposal was then taken to What are Moscow’s real objectives? the OSCE, which is the natural and most relevant forum in President Medvedev’s proposal first met with a degree of which to discuss pan-European security issues. The OSCE suspicion, not least because it was short on detail and few summit in Corfu in June 2009 launched the “Corfu Process” people could see the point being made. Then came the war in which aims to structure the further dialogue on European

Russians forces answering Georgian aggression Destroyed Georgian tank Photos:www.armyrecognition.com

26 POLITICS and POLICIES

Russian missile destroyer used in the 2008 Russian-Georgian war at the coast of Sevastopol (Ukraine). Photo: commons.wikimedia.org security. This is a good start: we parliamentarians need to from its current strategic course, which could be defined as follow this closely and make our own contribution to the seeking to remain a power in its own right. But the long-term debate. A first step was an interparliamentary conference consequences of such stagnation of the strategic environment recently hosted by the Ukrainian Parliament. We need to are not satisfactory for anyone. deepen this dialogue further and Russia should make best use of all opportunities to further explain and promote its ideas There is hope when they run up against a wall of scepticism. I very much welcome that Washington has understood the need to improve its relations with Russia. Presidents Medve - How then to define Russia’s place in Europe? dev and Obama have put forward a common agenda for nego - Russia itself has not fully made up its mind about the geopolit - tiations on disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation. ical role that it wishes to play. Geographically speaking, a part But so far, there has been little of the progress on such press - of Russia is European and about 75 % of its population lives in ing issues as Iran’s nuclear and missile programmes that could its European part. But Russia is also a Eurasian power that mark a new level of mutual confidence and unite us all. shares borders with both China and India. The United States is considered “European” in the political sense and is a military The chance of a truly new beginning ally of 26 European countries. Any successful future European This is the third time since the end of the Cold War that the security architecture would integrate Russia better into Euro - chance of a truly new beginning in our relations has presented pe’s security structures without in any way excluding the itself. On previous occasions, following the break-up of the United States. Soviet Union and in the wake of the 11 September 2001 terror - ist attacks, the potential for cooperation was not exploited to It is time to create negotiated setups the full. The US, Russia, the EU – all of us – must grasp this The current set-up is insufficient to do this. It has clearly not new opportunity, which, if lost, may not return for many years. been successful for keeping the peace, as we saw recently in • Need for an open-ended dialogue Georgia. The existing structures such as the NATO-Russia This is why we aim for an open-ended dialogue, involving all Council have weaknesses that prevent us from efficiently Euro-Atlantic countries willing to participate, on the ways and tackling other “frozen” conflicts, as they are known, in Transd - means of improving the existing European security architec - nistria, Nagorno-Karabakh and the Crimea, for example, or the ture. This dialogue should first and foremost cover new meas - Bal kans still. ures for building mutual confidence and transparency. Without trust and transparency there is no point in trying to set up a Stay away from illusions new architecture or sign a new treaty. Germany’s former Foreign Affairs Minister, Joschka Fischer, has • Preserving the transatlantic links suggested transforming NATO into a real European security I believe that preserving the transatlantic link will prove essen - system that includes Russia as a member. NATO has been so tial for a successful security structure. But like many people in central to the security of its current members that he believes Russia and elsewhere, I believe that there should not be one it also needs to play a central role in a new European security country whose status towers above that of the rest. I find the system. But it is currently as unlikely that NATO will undergo new approach by President Obama to his country’s foreign the necessary transformation as it is that Russia will deviate policy very encouraging.

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• Thorough review of Russia’s foreign policy That is why President Medvedev should also conduct a thor - ough review of Russia’s foreign policy, in particular as regards its own neighbourhood. He must have realised how damaging Opinion it is for his proposal and for Russia itself that the relations with almost all of Russia’s neighbours are characterised by lack of Does the OSCE secretary general have nothing mutual confidence or outright tensions. better to do than to slam the EU? Russia’s heavy involvement in the frozen conflicts has not always been constructive. Its recognition of the two breakaway Marc Perrin de Brichambaut must be bored out of his mind at the regions of Georgia, its military build-up there and continuing Hofburg to slam the European Union as he does in an article difficulties over its observance of international commitments published by Europe’s World. The OSCE secretary general reproaches the EU for undermining his organisation through made in August 2008 raise question marks over the very unilateralism that has no cause to be jealous of that of Moscow principles President Medvedev has set out as integral to the or Washington. He accuses it of having deliberately ignored the kind of new security architecture he wants for Europe, and he OSCE by rolling out strategies for Central Asia and the Black Sea, should explain what role Russia intends to play in the world. while his own organisation was already active in both these regions. The same thing, he says, is true for South East Europe, The utmost importance of EU-Russia cooperation Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia (…). Russia needs to decide whether it wants to be part of the The secretary general is of the view that the OSCE is what might greater Euro-Atlantic community of modern democracies and be termed an “actor of urgency” to whom the EU can turn for open societies joining forces with those seeking to define the lessening tensions in situations where other forms of engage - future European and global security architecture. A common ment have either been blocked or have proven ineffective. As security system in which all countries enjoy equal security can proof of this, he points to the role played by the OSCE in Georgia last year, speaking of the deployment of additional military only work if all partners share common values. monitoring officers in the conflict zone almost immediately after If Russia prefers to remain aloof, resting on its laurels as a per - the hostilities had ceased. This, he says, was an important manent member of the UN Security Council and possessor of underpinning of the French EU Presidency’s actions and since an aging nuclear arsenal, its inclination might be to do little then the EU and the OSCE have co-chaired negotiations in more than wield its power to disrupt. In such a scenario, which Geneva. The Union’s monitoring mission is only mentioned a I hope we can avoid, and in view of demographic trends within little further on to affirm that the EU has a “vital interest” in a continuing OSCE presence at its side on the ground. the country and its heavy dependence on energy exports, it faces the risk of decline. Standing alone will not be sustain - Would it be unseemly to remind Mr Perrin de Brichambaut that able. the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe was unable to ease tension in Georgia or to prevent the conflict in We should strive for a win-win position August 2008? As for the rest, there is the impression in Brussels that – with the intervention of the French president followed up for all partners by very swift deployment of a monitoring mission – the EU was Russia, its neighbours, the EU and the United States have the only effective mediator in that crisis. And the presence of the everything to gain from a serious dialogue on the strengths OSCE in Geneva is generally seen around Schuman Square as a and weaknesses of the current security architecture and ways gesture of goodwill towards a paralytic organisation. of improving it. Arms control, nuclear proliferation, interna - tional terrorism, climate change and the security of our energy Attack is the best form of defence but it cannot conceal the OSCE’s inability to carry out in-depth reform. The Union and its trade are questions that concern us all in one way or another. member states no doubt have a role to play in this, but they I believe a dialogue on the new security architecture should cannot achieve it on their own. The secretary general’s initiatives first address those issues and only then focus on institutional on this are awaited with interest because if, as Marc Perrin de aspects. The frozen conflicts, the CFE crisis and the numerous Brichambaut says, the OSCE is the “natural place” for dialogue on non-proliferation issues provide us with ample opportunity to the new pan-European security treaty proposed by President Medvedev, then it cannot remain so without a complete overhaul show that we are able and willing to find common ground even first. where we used to differ. As members of parliament, we know that our citizens, our voters, do not want us to create yet more institutions or sign yet another treaty. Rather, they look to us Olivier Jehin, Chief Editor to find answers to the pressing challenges of our times, in EUROPE DIPLOMATIE AND DEFENCE in Europe and worldwide. THE AGENCE EUROPE BULLETIN ON ESDP & NATO, Nr. 262, 20.October 2009, Brussels www.agenceurope.com *Rapporteur for the European Security and Defence Assembly(ESDA) / Assembly of WEU, Paris

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Half full or half empty? Comparing EU military capabilities in 1999 and 2009 by Daniel Keohane, EUISS, Paris

EU governments formally launched the European Security and Defence Policy in June 1999, shortly after NATO’s war in Koso - Daniel Keohane vo. That war exposed huge equipment gaps between US and Daniel Keohane was born in 1975 in Ireland. European armed forces. Europeans did not have adequate He received his MA from the Johns Hopkins Univer - transport or communications equipment, or enough deploy - sity School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS able soldiers. Since 1999 therefore, EU governments have Bologna/Washington), and his BA from Trinity College, Dublin. Previously, he was Senior Re - committed themselves to a number of military reform plans, to search Fellow for security and defence policy at the develop more useful equipment for international peacekeep - Centre for European Reform in London and a ing, such as transport planes and helicopters, and to encour - Research Associate at the Institute for National age a reform of national armies oriented away from territorial Strategic Studies, National Defense University, in defence towards external deployments. Washington DC. In 2000 he was a Visiting Fellow at the WEU-ISS. At the EUISS, Daniel Keohane deals with ESDP, counter-terrorism and defence industry issues. Military reform in Europe A comparison of EU governments’ military capabilities be - tween 1999 and 2009 shows that some success has been achieved in reforming Europe’s armies, even if much more cialised activities, how the largest (and richest) countries could be done. Estimates from the 1999-2000 and 2009 spend their defence budgets has an enormous impact on editions of The Military Balance – published each year by the overall EU figures. London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies – show a mixed picture. While military reform in Europe is a slow Too many soldiers… process, some concrete progress has been made by EU gov - In 1999 the 27 EU governments had almost 2.5 million person - ernments over the last decade – and this despite falling de - nel in their collective armed forces, including more than 1.1 fence budgets combined with a constant growth in operational million conscripts, which are costly and much less preferable commitments in places such as Afghanistan, Bosnia, Chad, for international peacekeeping operations than professional Kosovo and Lebanon. soldiers. In 2008, the 27 EU governments had reduced their The 27 EU governments spent just over 160 billionEuro on armed forces to 2 million personnel, and just over 200,000 defence in 1999, which has since risen to almost 210 billion conscripts. European Defence Agency (EDA) data shows that in Euro in 2008. However, this apparent rise is misleading, since 2007 the 26 Member States of the EDA (Denmark is not a defence expenditure as a percentage of GDP has fallen in the member) can deploy 444,000 soldiers, but can only sustain last ten years, from 2.1 % in 1997 to 1.7% in 2007. The figures for defence budgets – which should not be confused with defence expenditure – are even lower, having fallen from 1.8% of GDP in 1998 to 1.4% of GDP in 2008. Defence expenditure almost always exceeds planned budgets, not least because of operational pressures.

Highly unequal defence spending of Member States Furthermore, four countries provide roughly 75 percent of EU defence spending – the UK and France (43 percent) and Ger - many and Italy. Add the Dutch and Spanish defence budgets to the four bigger countries, and those six accounts for around 80 percent of EU spending. Add in Greece, Poland, Sweden and Belgium and only ten countries account for 90 percent of EU defence spending. Even if the other 17 EU countries re-pro - gramme their defence spending and focus on specific spe - Mi-17 Transport Helicopter in Afghanistan. Photo: Archive CAE, Stolberg

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110,000 on international operations – which nevertheless re - which are very expensive to maintain. For example, France and presents an increase of 10 percent from the previous year. This Germany train their Tiger helicopter pilots together, and could looks like progress, but according to a 2008 report from the use the same combat helicopter units. But pooling the support European Council on Foreign Relations, written by the former operations for fighter aircraft and transport planes could yield Chief Executive of the EDA, a massive 70 percent of Europe’s even more considerable savings. The EDA is already drafting land forces remain unusable outside national territory. proposals for pooling some of the 180 A400M transport planes that six EU countries plan to buy. In order to achieve signifi - Too few capabilities cant cost savings, a transport fleet would have to operate from For different types of equipment, there are similar trends. In one main base, using a single planning, servicing and logistics the land equipment sector, the total inventoried numbers of organisation to support the fleet. In a similar vein, ten EU main battle tanks, armoured fighting vehicles and personnel countries own 136 Hercules C-130 transport aircraft; five carriers have all fallen, but their numbers are still high. For smaller EU countries own 430 F-16 fighter aircraft between instance, the number of tanks has almost halved since 1999, them; Germany, Italy and the UK operate 570 Tornadoes, and but there are still close to 10,000 in total, many more than are those three countries plus Spain have started deploying needed for peacekeeping missions. For aircraft, the number of Eurofighters. fighter jets has fallen from 3,800 to 2,400. Helicopters have also been reduced from 4,700 to 3,500, And then the maritime dimension came up although the number of utility helicopters – a category which Until the EU initiated an anti-piracy operation off the coast of includes vital transport helicopters – has doubled. The prob - Somalia in 2008, the maritime dimension of ESDP had general - lem, however, is the quality and availability, not the quantity, ly been ignored. Military ships, like military aircraft, are expen - of EU transport helicopters. Many of the EU’s transport heli - sive, and EU defence ministries have reduced their numbers of copters are not usable in certain types of conditions, such as destroyers, frigates and mine warfare vessels. Conversely they in the desert. Javier Solana, the High Representative for CFSP, have increased their numbers of aircraft carriers (by one), described the problem at an EDA conference in the following patrol boats and amphibious vehicles (some of which are vital terms: ‘We are all aware that there is no shortage of helicop - for logistical support to operations). In the same way as they ters in Europe. Inventories are high in numbers but the prob - could do with aircraft, defence ministries could save money by lem is that they are not deployable outside Europe in sufficient pooling some naval resources, or at least coordinating their numbers.’ naval deployments. At a Franco-British summit in February 2003, the two governments agreed to improve interoperability A long list of deficiencies among their aircraft carriers and, in particular, harmonise One of the biggest equipment weaknesses EU defence min - activity cycles and training, so that one carrier is permanently istries identified in 1999 was a lack of transport planes (includ - available to support EU missions. ing air-to-air refuelling planes) and they have increased their number by almost 50 percent since that time. However, EU There has been some progress made armed forces still lack strategic transport planes which can A comparison of EU military capabilities in 1999 and 2009 carry the heaviest loads. Transport planes are crucial for most shows that some progress has been made, especially in types of military operations, including humanitarian missions cutting conscripted personnel and inventories of outdated – one of the reasons EU governments could not get aid quickly equipment. Military reform is not easy, and it encompasses a to South East Asia after the 2004 tsunami was because they number of areas, such as types of troops, equipment acquisi - did not have enough long-range transport planes. They only tion and development, and doctrine. But the EU has only have access to 8 C-17s, and are still waiting for the first deliver - slowly woken from the slumber of Cold War military thinking ies of the A400M transport plane. over the last decade, and some countries are more awake than In December 2008, EU governments agreed to a ‘Declaration others. As a result, there are still a number of key capability on strengthening military capabilities’, which highlighted the weaknesses, such as strategic transport assets. need for EU Member States to develop more military capabili - The good news is that in the coming years, based on their ties together. Tentative efforts to encourage greater pooling of current procurement plans, EU countries should have a num - military resources have already started, such as the multina - ber of new strategic capabilities such as: A400M and more C- tional ‘battle groups’ – formations of 1,500 well-equipped 17 transport planes; A330 air tankers; Eurofighter, Rafale and soldiers – to which most Member States contribute. Joint-Strike-Fighter jets; and Franco-British aircraft carriers. EU defence ministries will also be able to use Galileo – a satellite Looking for solutions to spend better navigation system – to guide their equipment and define their A number of EU governments would also save money by positions. All this equipment will greatly add to the military pooling more of their military equipment, especially aircraft, prowess of Europe’s armies in the future.

30 ISBN 978-3-934401-20-4 Independent Review on the 5 th European Congress on Civil Protection and Disaster Management Volume No 4/2009

Rev iew 2009

European Civil Protection Review of the 5 th European Congress on Civil Protection and Disaster Management

This was the 5 th Congress Cooperation partners Preview on 2010 More than 1.000 particpants and New technologies, border surveil - 90 international experts as speakers lance simulation and training. from Europe and from Outside- What did we learn from the Europe, 27 international exhibitors Pandemie in the winter 2009/2010? THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

6th European Congress on Civil Protection and Disaster Management 2009 New Ideas and Technologies for Civil Protection an Disaster Management

This year’s convention covered a wide-ranging field of issues China is looking for cooperation with 80 worldwide speakers and 27 international exhibitors. Dr. Jürgen Steiger, Deputy Head of the German Association for The tandem of the President of the Federal Agency for Techni - Technological Cooperation in China, and Dr. Getu Zhuoli, cal Relief (THW), Albrecht Broemme, and the President of the Division Director of the China Earthquake Administration, Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance, lectured the audience about the joint project of the organisa - Christoph Unger, both cooperation partners of the Congress, tions aiming to improve the Chinese organisation of civil showed how efficiently different institutions disaster manage - protection and disaster management. “ We have an earth ment are able to cooperate. quake nearly every day and we are operationally prepared. But to be on top of technology we need cooperation, and we have EU-NATO cooperation versus abstention also skills to give.” Civil protection and disaster management Hans Das, Head of Unit Civil Protection and Disaster Response Cooperation in the field of fire defence for the Department of Environment from the European Com - The Vice President of the Association of Fire Defence, Dr. Ralf mission, strongly emphasised the importance of the sub - Ackermann, described the magnitude of the varying levels of sidiary principle when it comes to successful cooperation national associations’ organisation and recruiting ability: between the European Union and the Member States. Whereas “Cooperation is not always easy, but we learn from each other, the responsibility to respond quickly in urgent situations is an especially in the field of training.” issue of the Member States, the European Union is the provider of a frame in which common guidelines shall be fixed First Priority: Communication Exchange but not exclusively held from one authority. Dr. Markus Hellenthal, CEO of Thales Germany stressed on NATO – Joker for support of nations in the case of disasters Networked Security through the use of innovative technolo - The second international expertise on civil protection and gies. Solutions have to match the different requirements of disaster management came from Ambassador Maurits safety and security in order to guarantee the application on Jochems, Deputy Assistant Secretary General of NATO. Since various levels of civil protection and disaster management. the NATO does not offer support in the management of disas - ter in the first place, he argued that NATO is the “joker”, only Pandemic to be used if the national capacities were limited to execute The national focus was taken in a debate with three Federal disaster responses. Ministers of the Interior: Joachim Herrmann, Bavaria, Uwe Schünemann, Lower- Saxony, and Dr. Ingo Wolf, North Rhine- Real progress on cooperation Westphalia, discussed together with Dr. Manfred Schmidt, Two Parliamentarian State Secretaries, Joachim Fuchtel and head of the Unit Crisis Management at the Federal Ministry of Thomas Rache, and the former State Secretary Dr. August the Interior. In forum the current civil protection topic were Hanning, mentioned the importance of a smooth and faithful attracted the special interest: Swine Influenza. When the flu communication between different institutions to guarantee became a pandemic, there was a truly fascinating effect: A successful action in times of crisis. They agreed for strengthen - conference of concerned ministers stated that only 30 per cent ing research. Modern advices of training -as cooperation is a of the population was supposed to be immunised. The media great weapon of prevention, it has to be supported. Modern and the “Bund”, however, started lobbying for the need of an devices for training – as CAE Electronic presented its simula - overall immunisation of the population, whereas the course of tion tools for common training and exercises – should to be the disease was not as strong as expected. A wise advice supported all over Europe. Border crossing training by simula - could be given. Through honest information everyone should tion would increase efficiency. decide for him- or herself for the need of own immunisation.

32 REVIEW OF THE 5 th CONGRESS ON CIVIL PROTECTION AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Programme 2009

Thursday, November 5 th , 2009 Friday, November 6 th , 2009

Welcome to the Conference Conference continued Christoph Unger, President, BBK Reimar Scherz, Chairman of the Conference Albrecht Broemme, President, THW National and international modernisation concepts R. Uwe Proll, Editor in Chief, Behörden Spiegel Modernisation of Fire Brigades within the context of national and Reimar Scherz, Conference Chairman European Requirements New Ideas and Impetus for Civil Protection Jochen Stein, German Fire Brigades Association and Head of Bonn Civil Protection in Europe: The way forward and required impetus Fire Brigade Hans Das, DG Environment, Head of Unit Civil Protection and Visualise, Analyse, Manage – The integration is decisive Disaster Response, European Commission Dr. Stefan Zloczysti, Key-Account Manager, MSA Auer and Dr. Peter Civil Emergency Planning - NATO’s role and contribution Ladstätter, Sales Manager, ESRI Deutschland Ambassador Maurits Jochems, Deputy Assistant Secretary Networked Security through the use of innovative technologies General, NATO Dr. Markus Hellenthal, CEO, THALES Deutschland The international dimension of civil protection – Germanys A common approach: the national Civil Protection-Architecture Exam - contribution within an international civil protection mechanism ples from Operations Dr. August Hanning, State Secretary of the Interior, Federal Chairmans: Volker Strotmann, Head of Unit Operation, THW Ministry of the Interior, Berlin Ralph Tiesler, Vice President, BBK Visibility in Operations – One threat turned off Speakers: Claudia Wiechmann, 3M Albrecht Broemme, President, Federal Agency for Technical Relief Panel Sessions I – V Colonel (GS) Dieter Bohnert, Head of Unit CiMiC, Bundeswehr Joint Technological Innovations for Civil Protection Support Command Research for optimised Security – an international Challenge Wilfried Gräfling, Head of Berlin Fire Brigade Thomas Rachel, Parliamentarian State Secretary, Federal Joachim Müller, German Red Cross Ministry of Education and Research, Berlin Dieter Wehe, Head of the Police NRW Chances and Challenges of new technologies for Civil Protection SoKNOS – How does IT-Research improve Civil Protection? Ralf Kaschow, Business Development Manager, 3M Wilfried Gräfling, Head of Berlin Fire Brigade Theses debate Dr. Thomas Ziegert, Head of Project SoKNOS Technological Innovations in the field of Civil Protection Panel Sessions VI – IX Chairman: Hans-Joachim Fuchtel, Parliamentarian State Secretary, Parallel Session A (in the PLENUM) President of the “THW Bundesvereinigung e.V.” FORUM OF THE FEDERAL MINISTERS OF THE INTERIOR Introduction: Dr. Wolf-Dieter Lukas, Head of Unit 5 Forum of the Federal Ministers of the Interior Current topics of Civil „Key Technologies – Research and Innovation“, Federal Ministry of Protection Education and Research, Berlin Chairman: R. Uwe Proll, Editor in Chief, Behörden Spiegel Speakers: Speakers: Joachim Herrmann, Minister of the Interior of Bayern Albrecht Broemme, President, Federal Agency for Technical Relief Dr. Manfred Schmidt, Head of Unit Crisis Management, Federal Tjen-Khoen Liem, DG Enterprise, European Commission Ministry of the Interior, Berlin Dr. Gerhard Steinhorst, Member of the Board, German Weather Uwe Schünemann, Minister of the Interior, Niedersachsen Service Dr. Ingo Wolf, Minister of the Interior of NRW Christoph Unger, President, Federal Office of Civil Protection Parallel Session B (in the PARKSAAL) and Disaster Assistance INTERNATIONAL MODERNISATION CONCEPTS National Fire-Fighters in the European Context How China enhances the national Civil-Protection-Structure Dr. Ralf Ackermann, Vice President, German Fire Services Getu Zhuoli, Division Director,China Earthquake Administration Association (DFV) Dr. Jürgen Steiger, German Association for technological Cooperation Extreme-weather-analytics and climatic projection − How to realize (GTZ), Deputy Head of GTZ China the technological challenge Panels 2009 Dr. Gerhard Steinhorst, Member of the Board, German Weather Panel I: Information Technology in Civil Protection Service Options for Education and Operation Stategic Preparedness for Authorities in the case of Pandemic Panel II: Volontary commitments for Civil Protection Strategic Preparedness for Pandemic – Crisis Management and A Model for Europe? Emergency-Planning Panel III: International Fire-fighter-Cooperation Thomas Lembeck, Deputy Head of Essen Fire Brigade Training – Practices – Operations Provisioning and Procurement for the Emergency case: How can Panel V: 115 – the Number for Disaster Management calls authorities prepare themselves for Pandemics? Panel VI: Communication Technologies in Operation Prof. Dr. Rainer Koch, Institute for Fire and Rescue Technologies, PMR: Where do we stand today? City of Dortmund and Armand Schulz, University of Paderborn Panel VII: Research and Technology Panel VIII: Protection of critical infrastructures Panel IX: Equipment for Units in Operations Panel X: Cross border training and simulation in Disaster Management

33 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

Exhibitors and the spirit of innovation During the 6 th European Congress on Civil Protection and Disaster Management, 27 exhibitors exposed the newest technologies and innovations. Politicians, experts of administration and industries were successfully brought together for presentations and discussion.

3M Germany constantly develops new, innovative products Pro DV is an IT-professional with lots of experience how pro - which have become a symbol for protection and security. The cesses and branches work. In the center of coaching, develop - annual spending for research and business development ment and client services stand open and interoperational easily stands a million Euros. This secures leading positions in applications that help build support in the decision-ma king the important global markets. 3M offers solutions for special process. Those systems are applied in the public admi nis tra - requirements: pandemic prevention, breathing- and ear tion, energy supply and the financial economy. The goal is to protection systems, communication solutions, protection gear, strengthen the branch of safety and security. Another part of etc. Reliability, easy use and efficiency are the requirements Pro DV business is consulting. With regard to efficient use of for materials used in disaster management operations resources, a strong relationship with a client and ideal working processes are combined able to offer modern solutions for a CAE as the world’s leading provider of simulation technology successful business. and related services offers training solutions for civil and military clients all over the world. Thereby they provide a SoKNOS is searching for a project to promote security success - global network of training camps and branches with more than fully for public administrations and organizations in general. 6.500 employees. Simulations are frequently used in all levels The question is evaluated on the one hand with regard to the of training including of pilots, aeronautical staff as well the result of a huge disaster, but also in everyday scenarios. The management in the operational leadership. With the help of project is supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and the simulations, actual operations are prepared. The technolo - Research and managed by SAP AG. SoKNOS looks for an gies help to develop operation systems, risk and danger approach to a solution to guarantee a fast, secure and long- analyses and emergency planning. To support the manage - term ability to act. Therefore, they enhance the efficiency of ment, CAE initiates intersections between simulation systems decision-making processes in the creation of operation leaders and management information systems. and crisis committees.

The Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Inc. is Thales is a world-leading technology company for aeronautic situated in Redlands, California. ESRI is the most successful navigation, astronautics, defense and security. The composi - global company association in the field of geographical infor - tion of the company is unique. With 25.000 engineers and mation systems (GIS), active in more 90 countries worldwide. researches, Thales is able to design, produce and install new The GIS-technique of ESRI has nowadays more than a million systems, including the aim at a high standards of security. users in administrations, companies, universities and associa - They are present worldwide with many branches and coopera - tions. The modes of application range from easy accessible tion with their local clients, always searching for individual internet information systems to complex special programs in solutions. Thales Germany is one of the biggest branches, with simulation. ESRI Inc. is substituted by ESRI Germany, which 5700 employees and its HQ near Stuttgart. was established in 1979 close to Munich (Kranzberg). They are the exclusive distributer of the products on the German Pauline Seewald, Congress Manager, Behörden Spiegel market.

34 Next European Congress on Civil Protection and Disaster Management: 8/9 September 2010, Bonn THE EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

NATO’s new Strategic Concept should be more than a “Shopping List” by Brigadier General (ret.) Dr. Klaus Wittmann, Berlin

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the most successful alliance in history, is based on the Washington Treaty of 1949, Dr. Klaus Wittmann a remarkably short and focused document, expressing NATO’s Dr. Klaus Wittmann, Brigadier General (ret.) was value-based goals of freedom, peace and security, and estab - born in Lübecki in 1946. lishing in its articles 4, 5 and 10 transatlantic consultation, In 2008 he ended a 42 year career in the GER mutual assistance against armed attack and openness for new, Bundeswehr service that included troop com - like-minded members. mand, academic phases (university studies in history and political science as well as a year at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, An outdated Strategic Concept London), political-military work in the German The Treaty’s concretisation has, during the Cold War, been the Ministry of Defence and at NATO Headquarters, military strategy issued by the Military Committee (MC) in the and positions in higher military education. His last assignment was MC 14 series and, after the end of the East-West conflict, the Director of Academic Planning and Policy at the NATO Defence College, “Strategic Concepts” of 1991 and 1999. Thus, the present one Rome). He was closely involved in the creation of NATO’s 1991 and 1999 Strategic Concepts. His latest publication is “Towards a new Strategic is ten years old and was formulated before “9/11“, the Concept for NATO” (NATO Defence College, Forum Paper 10, September Afghanistan mission, the largest round of enlargement, the 2009). extension of Partnerships, the deterioration of the relationship with Russia, the European Union’s progress in security and defence policy, and the evolution of an ever more diffuse security landscape. Such an outdated document no longer cult, but also that the cleavage dating from the Iraq crisis is provides valid strategic guidance. not fully repaired and that the Alliance appears to some extent However, for years there was great reluctance to set about a split between regional groupings with different security experi - revision of the Concept, to “open Pandora’s Box”. A “divisive ences and interests: those advocating a global orientation process” was feared, which bears the question, though, (US, UK, partly Canada); others emphasizing cooperative whether Allies are not so divided on many subjects that a security and NATO’s regional character (“old Europe”, but far “uniting effort” is required in order to recreate unity, recommit from being united); several new members who, particularly and reengage Allies, regain trust in the world and recapture after the Georgian war, insist on the priority of article 5 and public interest and support. At the Strasbourg/Kehl 60th- collective defence; and the Southern Allies focusing on the anniversary Summit in April 2009, the tasking for the develop - dangers in the Mediterranean region. ment of a new Strategic Concept was at last agreed by NATO Heads of State and Government. On numerous themes important for NATO’s policy and strategy in the future, considerable disunity prevails and potentially This calls for an impetus in political will and for a thorough centrifugal forces loom. But if the debate produces fresh debate, in the public and among governments, about a num - clarity on security policy within member countries, more ber of critical themes. When this author two years ago pro - honesty about divergent views and interests, and eventually posed 12 such themes in a German national newspaper, Lothar greater unity and cohesion, then the process could be as Rühl, a nestor of German strategic thinking, growled that important as the product. Expectations should not be too high “many themes are not yet a concept”. That is granted, but the that a Strategic Concept could create a lacking consensus, nor right questions must be asked, and much conceptual and should it gloss over the cracks. But in its preparation the diplomatic homework has to be done before pen should be important subject areas need to be candidly debated in a truly put to paper in drafting. strategic dialogue - with the aim to narrow down differences. The new Secretary General has launched the procedure in an Disunity and problems “inclusive and participatory approach” and an “interactive It must be acknowledged that not only, with the disappear - process with the broader public”. This will be good for wide - ance of the unifying, monolithic threat by the Soviet-led spread discussion, but might complicate finding consent Warsaw Pact, forging joint decisions has become more diffi - among governments.

35 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

Heads of States and Governments at the opening ceremony of the 60 th NATO Summit in Kehl/Strasbourg Photo: NATO

Themes for the strategic dialogue the relatively new paradigm of “human security” and of the The purpose and role of NATO need to be redefined, with a UN-proclaimed “responsibility to protect” must also be dis - resolution of the “schism” between collective defence empha - cussed. Furthermore, though not in possession of the answers, sis and expeditionary orientation, and a convincing explana - solutions and instruments, NATO must also debate long-term tion is needed of NATO’s now three main roles: protection of trends such as the concurrence of globalisation and fragmen - its members, further stabilisation of Europe and its periphery, tation (“failing states”), the cumulative effects of climate and peace missions “out of area”. (These correspond to the change, demographic shifts, the rise of new great powers, ”three phases” in NATO’s history, but the previous task is not resource competition, and religious radicalism, and think wholly replaced, rather the new one is added.) about how to contribute to preventive stablilisation.

Transatlantic unity Rethink „defence“ Transatlantic unity is to be re-established, overcoming the In that context, the role of military power as one tool of policy temptation of “coalitions of the willing” and the view that “the requires some conceptual debate, where not least the princi - mission defines the coalition”. The cooperation with the Euro - ple of deterrence and today’s meaning of “defence” need to pean Union and its security and defence policy (ESDP) has to be rethought. This leads to the discussion of nuclear policy be brought to function, and the creation of NATO’s new Strate - and strategy, which cannot be avoided as it was 10 years ago, gic Concept should be harmonised with the further deve lop - of anti-proliferation measures, missile defence and the impor - ment of the EU Security Strategy. Moreover, the rela tion ship tance of space. with Russia needs a new basis requiring a mutual learning process. Comprehensive Approach The discussion of broad cooperation includes the “Compre - New security challenges hensive Approach”, NATO’s cooperation with the UN and other Today’s and tomorrow’s security challenges call for an innova - International Organisations (IOs) as well as with Non-govern - tive approach and the awareness that the military is but one mental Organisations (NGOs). Reflection about multinationali - element of any solution. What threats the Alliance is facing, ty and about private military companies belongs into this and how dangers and potentialities can turn into threats must context. Soul-searching is necessary with regard to principles be part of the examination. and lessons to be heeded in peace missions and operations. Regarding new security challenges, realistic analysis and The new Strategic Concept should not focus on Afghanistan, conclusions are required concerning WMD proliferation, terro - but certainly reflect the learning process there, and express rism, organised crime, maritime security and piracy, energy greater modesty with regard to realistic goals and criteria for security, cyber security as well as the relationships of climate, “success” in distant countries with particular history, tradi - demography, food and water with security. The implications of tions, societal structures, values and beliefs. The debate

36 POLITICS and POLICIES

should also produce clear statements on what NATO (once provide all the answers, but it should reflect new-found con - jestingly compared to a Swiss army knife with all functions sensus on the salient topics. Essentially, it will have to answer extended) is not competent for. convincingly what NATO is good for (purpose and identity), how it is authorized to fulfill its tasks (legitimacy), and finally Partnership what is does and how it works (efficiency). Partnerships and NATO enlargement are another large field for the strategic dialogue with the potential for quite diverging And it should establish a mechanism for much denser, funda - views which must be candidly addressed. In arms control and mental consultation as well as for more thorough analysis and confidence-building NATO should raise its profile. Further - evaluation of the trends, dangers and opportunities in the more, its activities in education and training, security sector evolving global situation, transcending event- and crisis-dri - reform (SSR) and demobilisation, disarmament and re-integra - ven, near-sighted superficial debates. For this the Alliance tion (DDR), as well as in civil emergency, disaster relief and should create an analysis and assessment capacity in NATO Science for Peace have acquired such an importance that they Headquarters, whose findings would help to inform Council should figure in the Strategic Concept, hopefully with the side- consultations on a much broader array of topics than to date. effect that they be better coordinated with national bilateral activities. The outcome must be cooperative security strategies Will the new Strategic Concept be a forward-oriented docu - Transformation ment, providing genuine strategic guidance? Experience shows NATO’s transformation with regard to the military concerns the that a wholly innovative process is only possible in a truly balance between homeland protection and defence vs. the revolutionary situation as in 1990/91. Normally theory follows expeditionary orientation, including guidance on the required reality, concepts come after the events. Thus the 1999 Strate - military capabilities. This should include a critical look at the gic Concept mainly was a codification of Alliance policy as it “Transformation” activities and the over-complication of this had developed in the preceding period. concept. This not least refers to their exclusive focus on the military side, whereas NATO requires also political and internal Still, a “clean sheet” approach is desirable, although not transformation − concerning the decision-making process, the everything should be thrown overboard. There are elements of bureaucratic structures as well as the need for common fund - change and of continuity. For instance, the “fundamental ing and for pooling of resources. security tasks” of the present Concept should remain valid, which are security, consultation, deterrence and defence, crisis Geographical areas of interest management and partnership. Beyond the “functional” areas and topics, the Alliance should dedicate part of the strategic dialogue and, possibly, also The new Strategic Concept will have to reach three “audien - some statements in the new Strategic Concept, to the main ces“: the governments of NATO member states, whom it regions of the world in which NATO has interests, e.g. the should remind of their (hopefully) re-established consensus, Western Balkans, the broader Middle East, the Maghreb, South solidarity, resolve and commitment; the NATO defence plan - Asia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, East Asia, Africa, and the High ners and military, who require clear guidance; and the public North. of NATO’s members as well as of the world, who should be helped to understand NATO’s role, functions and competences Communication – and its character as a force for good. Finally, the need for public support must be addressed, requir - The initiative to develop a new Strategic Concept is an oppor - ing public diplomacy and strategic communication, but also tunity for NATO to come to terms with internal strategic disuni - efforts of the member states to make their own peoples ty and often doubtful political will, to redefine its purpose and understand the requirements of security. Even more important missions (excluding what it is not competent for), to advertise is credibility in that NATO’s members honour words with its “brand” in order to improve the organization’s image, to deeds, match decisions with resources. regain public support and to proclaim a strategy of “Coopera - tive Security”. Beyond a list of topics That could be the outcome: a strategy of “Cooperative Securi - This long inventory of subjects should not itself be misunder - ty” – cooperation among Allies and Partner states, coopera - stood as a “shopping list”. But all these topics must figure in tion among the “interlocking institutions”, cooperation within the strategic dialogue, and consensus on the “smaller” sub - the Comprehensive Approach, cooperation with Russia and jects may flow from enhanced unity in the “big” ones. Then cooperation in the arms control field – an offer to the world in priorities must be identified. The Strategic Concept will not a truly comprehensive approach to security in the 21 st century.

37 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

The US Needs a Strong Europe – The transatlantic relationship is irreplaceable. by Professor Dr. Sven Biscop, Director of the Security & Global Governance Programme at Egmont – Royal Institute for International Relations, Brussels

“The transatlantic relationship is irreplaceable” are the words found in the 2003 European Security Strategy. Their sincerity Dr. Sven Biscop is unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, Prof. Dr. Sven Biscop was born in 1976. Europe has relied almost solely on the United States to pro - He completed his degree in political sciences/pub - lic administration at Ghent University (Belgium) by vide security on the continent. During the Cold War, American winning the best thesis award for his work on Euro- troops insulated Europe from the Soviet Threat. In the 1990s, pean security and defence policy. the US stepped in when the EU failed to act in Kosovo. This He is Director of the Security & Global Governance decade, the scenario has changed. Terrorist attacks in 2001 Programme at Egmont – the Royal Institute for left the US feeling vulnerable and vengeful. European NATO International Relations, the think tank associated with Belgian Foreign Affairs, which he joined in allies showed their support by invoking Article 5, but support 2002. He is a Visiting Professor for European security at College of dwindled when former President George W. Bush neglected to Europe in Bruges, at the Ghent University. He also has been a visiting give NATO a primary role in the war in Afghanistan. The war in professor at Renmin University in Beijing and Carleton University in Iraq worsened relations, with key European allies publicly Ottawa. condemning the invasion. He is editor in chief of Egmont’s journal “Studia Diplomatica” and he has published “The European Security Strategy – A Global Agenda for Positive Power” (Ashgate, 2005) and “The EU and the European Security Now is the time for renewed US-EU cooperation Strategy – Forging a Global Europe” (Routledge, 2008, co-edited with Jan Over the past nine years, there have been disputes over the Joel Andersson) validity of the Iraq war, disagreements over how to deal with nuclear proliferation in Iran, and diverging priorities on inter - national affairs. While the US focuses on the Middle East, EU members have occupied themselves with Eastern enlarge - just one state. Nuclear proliferation in Iran threatens all Euro - ment, the Georgia crisis, and energy negotiations with Russia. pean allies equally. Energy dependence or shortages in Ger - Despite, or perhaps because of these disparities, the US needs many have great implications for France as well. Cyberspace Europe’s support now more than ever. European leaders con - knows no national borders. cerned with recovery from the financial crisis, implementation of the Lisbon Treaty, and the accession of candidate states, let The integrated nature of today’s world, especially amongst EU alone domestic matters, may find this notion unappealing. member states, means that most problems are common However, now is also the right time for Europe to increase its problems, and common problems demand common solutions. cooperation with and support for the United States. Following Finally, these threats are unpredictable and sometimes unfore - are five main reasons why now is the ideal time for Europe to seeable. While long-term actions such as poverty reduction, answer America’s call to action. development programmes, and binding international laws can seek to prevent such threats, there is no foolproof formula. The new global security environment States must be prepared to respond with speed and unity. The first reason is that we find ourselves living in a new securi - Collaboration with the United States is thus unavoidable. It ty environment. Gone is threat of traditional warfare, but in its would be of great detriment to both European allies and the place several new threats have arisen. United States to not devote their full energies into cooperating Nuclear proliferation, failed states, terrorism, biological and on these matters. chemical weapons, energy dependence, and cyber threats have emerged as new threats to protect ourselves against. US foreign policy goals need EU support These threats have a few similar traits. The second major reason is that the US is overstretched and First of all, diplomatic talks and negotiations can do much to entangled in difficult conflicts in the Middle East. The wars in dissuade many of these threats. Military force is not automati - Afghanistan and Iraq have proved much more challenging and cally the first step, or even a useful step at all. Secondly, these deadly than initially expected. Realistically, a successful end to threats are cross-border, inter-regional, and never confined to either war is not yet in sight. Nevertheless, the US gives

38 POLITICS and POLICIES

importance to and continues to engage in other issues, such world affairs. Though it is unlikely that previous administra - as the Middle East Peace Process, closing the prison in Guan - tions would have snubbed offers of more troops and commit - tanamo Bay, and seeking to halt nuclear proliferation in Iran. ments from Europe, a genuine attitude of cooperation from the President Barack Obama has repeatedly expressed his inten - American side was not always evident. tion to continue to engage in these and other important issues on the international scene, as well as attending to pressing Barack Obama has already changed the attitude domestic concerns. He has confirmed what should have of partnership already been clear to European leaders – the US will need Former President Bush’s National Security Strategies (NNS help. It cannot engage itself in all these matters and seek 2002 & NNS 2006) did not give the reader the impression that peaceful solutions without active and strong support and multilateral action and approval was a priority. Cooperation engagement from the EU. Europe will then also have to con - was described as other states working with the US, rather than tribute to the strategic debate, notably on Afghanistan. states working together. Europeans understandably felt that in order for them to increase commitment, the Americans would Imminent new security strategies have to adjust their attitude. The third reason that the timing is right, is that within the next year we can, or should, expect new strategic documents from In his nine months in power so far, current President Obama the EU, the US, and NATO. In April, NATO allies commissioned has embodied this shift in attitude. Respectful of his Allies and a new Strategic Concept. Obama’s administration is expected the values of diplomacy, Barack Obama is perhaps the most to publish his first National Security Strategy (NNS) by the end widely respected American President that Europe has ever of this year. The EU needs a strategic paper on military securi - seen. European leaders have not been shy about expressing ty, elaborating on its European Security Strategy. The anticipa - the renewed sense of hope they felt with his election, feelings tion of these strategic documents means that across Europe that are evidently still present, if one considers the quick and the United States, policy makers, scholars, and experts praise Obama received for most recently winning the Nobel will be thinking about the same issues and how to best ap - Peace Prize. proach them. The US and Europe would do well to make the most of this common point of reflection and collaborate on a common strategy, which gives it a unique opportunity to influence NATO’s Strategic Concept, which most appropriately would contain the common points between Obama’s NSS and Documentation European strategy. Protocol on Permanent Structured Cooperation Permanent Structured Cooperation established by Article 28a of the Treaty on Calls for a stronger and more united EU military force have European been heard for decades. The fourth reason, that they should The permanent structured cooperation referred to in Article finally be taken seriously, emerges because a new structure 28a(6) of the Treaty on European Union shall be open to any will soon be in place to facilitate this. With Ireland’s recent Member State which undertakes, from the date of entry into force approval of the Lisbon Treaty, it appears as though the Treaty of the Treaty of Lisbon, to: will finally come into force within the next few months. An (a) proceed more intensively to develop its defence capacities important feature of this Treaty is Permanent Structured through the development of its national contributions and Cooperation. This mechanism allows willing member states to participation, where appropriate, in multinational forces, in the bind each other to great military commitments, without being main European equipment programmes, and in the activity of the hindered by neutral and non-aligned states who have no Agency in the field of defence capabilities development, research, acquisition and armaments (European Defence Agency), and interest in boosting their military strength. If used to its full potential, this mechanism could create a quasi-coalition of the (b) have the capacity to supply by 2010 at the latest, either at willing. It will undoubtedly be viewed in a more positive light, national level or as a component of multinational force groups, as the ‘permanent’ designation implies that this coalition will targeted combat units for the missions planned, structured at a be defined by member-states who are willing to commit. tactical level as a battle group, with support elements including transport and logistics, capable of carrying out the tasks referred to in Article 28b of the Treaty on European Union, within a period The new US administration of 5 to 30 days, in particular in response to requests from the The fifth and final reason that now is the right time for Europe United Nations Organisation, and which can be sustained for an to be stronger for the United States, is that the new adminis - initial period of 30 days and be extended up to at least 120 days. tration presents a new American outlook and perspective on

39

SECURITY

The EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy by Gilles de Kerchove, Head of EU Counter-Terrorism Unit, Brussels

The dilemma for all policy makers on Counter - Terrorism is that success is invisible, and failure all too visible. Even things Gilles de Kerchove that look like success, such as the capture of terrorists, are Born in Brussels in 1956, Mr. de Kerchove studied actually to some extent failures: either failures to protect law at the Catholic University of Louvain and ourselves against attacks, or at least failures to stop people subsequently Yale Law School. From 1989 to 1995, becoming terrorists. Achieving success is all the more difficult he was Chef de cabinet to Belgian Ministers of Justice. From 1999 to 2000, Mr. de Kerchove was because the policy impetus is at its greatest in the immediate Deputy Secretary of the Convention drafting the aftermath of a terrorist incident. The need to take visible Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. From action in response to a terrorist outrage can make possible 1995 to 2007, he was Director for Justice and Home measures which the on day before the attack had seemed Affairs at the EU Council Secretariat. politically impossible. However, these measures tend to Mr. de Kerchove has published a number of books on European law, and in addition to his current position as EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator, concentrate on things which will have an immediate visible holds professorships at the Catholic University of Louvain, the Free effect. University of Brussels, and the University Faculty Saint Louis. The biggest success of the EU so far against terrorism has been to construct a comprehensive strategy. This means that we can maintain a constant campaign, even when the issue is not in the headlines. and countering radicalisation, and how to disengage radi - calised individuals from violent movements. The lead responsibility within the EU on the fight against We have worked hard to develop proactive communication to terrorism remains very much with the Member States. Howev - counter radical messages, and to try to ensure that the lan - er, since 9/11, and in particular guage we use in communicating since the horrendous attacks in about terrorism does not inad - Madrid and London, there has “The biggest success of the EU so far vertently make the problem been a general realisation that worse. In this context the Euro - against terrorism has been to construct international terrorism poses a pean Commission has organised threat to the Union as a whole. a comprehensive strategy ” conferences with Euromed Countries which had never countries on the role of the thought of themselves as the media in preventing incitement. targets of terrorism have suddenly found themselves in the The Commission has also done much to stimulate and support front line. One of the most effective things which the EU has contacts between academic and policy experts to develop been able to do in practice has been a process of “peer group knowledge and expertise on the subject of radicalisation. review” in which best practice from those with the most experience has been shared across the Member States. Protect The second objective of the EU strategy is to protect citizens The Strategy and infrastructure and reduce our vulnerability to attack, The EU’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy covers four strands of including through improved security of borders, transport and work: Prevention, Protection, Pursuit and Response. critical infrastructure. This includes measures to improve the protection of borders Prevent and the security of transport, including security at European The first objective is to prevent people from turning to terror - ports and airports, in particular following the aborted attack ism by tackling the factors conducive to the spread of terror - on a transatlantic aircraft in the UK in 2006. We have also been ism. These can lead to radicalisation and recruitment, in looking at the identification and protection of critical infra - Europe and internationally. structure. The EU has adopted an action plan which includes a number of The creation of the European Explosive Ordinance Disposal initiatives on subjects like radicalisation in prisons, countering Network (EEODN) is a key achievement of the EU Action Plan violent radicalisation through the Internet, the training of on Enhancing the Security of Explosives, together with a imams, developing the capacities of local police in recognising Directive on the identification and traceability of explosives for

41 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

civil use. Further work is being done to develop databases to between associations of victims of terrorism and enhancing facilitate police work in this area, as well as on CBRN security. the representation of victims’ interests at the EU level. Military assets and capabilities have been identified which Pursue and investigate could support coordinated disaster response efforts, and pro - The third objective of the Counter-Terrorism Strategy is to cedures have been finalised for matching transport needs and pursue and investigate terrorists across our borders and available military owned or chartered transportation facilities globally, to impede planning and communications, to disrupt from Member States. Several initiatives have been taken to support networks, to cut off funding and access to attack improve consular protection of EU citizens in case of terrorist materials, and to bring terrorists to justice. attacks or natural disasters in third countries, and we hold The flagship success in this area is the European Arrest War - annual multinational exercises to test the readiness of Member rant, which is being more and more frequently employed as a States to assist each other in cases of man-made or natural tool against terrorism and other forms of major crime. One of disasters. the most high-profile cases was the rapid arrest and return from Italy to the UK of one of the suspects in the attempted The International Dimension bombings in London on 21 July 2005. Previously, the return of The global reach of terrorism means that it has to be tackled suspects from one Member State to another was a complex on a global scale. The EU has high-level political dialogues on issue, which took an average of nine months. That is now counter-terrorism with a number of major countries such as down to 43 days. We have taken a series of initiatives to com - the USA, Russia, India, Pakistan, Australia, Japan and Egypt, bat the financing of terrorism and are now working on a Euro - and an annual dialogue with the countries of the Gulf Coopera - pean Evidence Warrant and mutual recognition of confiscation tion Council to combat terrorist financing. In 2006, with strong orders. backing from the EU, the UN Counter-Terrorism Strategy was adopted by consensus in the UN General Assembly, showing A lesson learned from many major terrorist attacks is the need global support for the fight against terrorism. to further improve information exchange. The EU has adopted a number of measures to improve this such as the „Prüm“ The main financial instrument for direct support to other coun - decisions in 2008, which will facilitate the exchange of DNA, tries in their efforts to tackle counter-terrorism is the Instru - fingerprinting and vehicle data. Cooperation among security ment for Stability (IfS). This can provide short-term support in and intelligence agencies in support of policy making by the specific crisis situations, while the long-term IfS focuses EU has been enhanced through the modernisation and expan - mainly on trans-regional threats. Key priorities are to support sion of the EU Situation Centre, which provides frequent high- the implementation of UN counter-terrorism standards and to level assessments of the terrorist threat. promote regional measures addressing counter-terrorism in The EU’s own law enforcement bodies, Europol (see article South Asia, especially Pakistan and Afghanistan, the Sahel Europol page 44) and Eurojust, are each involved in ongoing region and in Yemen. Counter-terrorism capacity-building terrorism-related investigations in Europe, and transatlantic initiatives with Algeria, Indonesia and Morocco have brought cooperation has been enhanced by the stationing of US liaison together aid projects financed by Member States and the officers at Europol and Eurojust. The European Police College European Commission. The Commission supports a wide range (CEPOL) has initiated counter-terrorism training programmes of CT-related projects, notably in the fields of border protec - for senior police officials. tion and countering of terrorist financing, in regions ranging from the Balkans to South-East Asia. Respond The fourth objective of the EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy is to Through its military and civilian crisis management operations prepare ourselves, in the spirit of solidarity, to manage and under the ESDP, the EU contributes to improving the overall minimise the consequences of a terrorist attack, by improving security environment in a number of volatile areas around the capabilities to deal with the aftermath, the coordination of the world. The EUPOL missions in Afghanistan and Ramallah are response, and the needs of victims. particular examples of how we are helping to develop civilian The victims of terrorism need our sympathy and support. By policing capacity in areas where the absence of proper law confronting terrorists with the criminal reality of what terror - enforcement has contributed to conditions conducive to the ism really means, they are powerful advocates of counter-ter - spread of terrorism. By establishing good and responsive rorism. The European Commission has been active in hel ping governance, we can give people a real stake in achieving a victims of terrorism and their families, in particular by financ - better future without the political violence which has marred ing a network aimed at stimulating trans-national cooperation the past.

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THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

Anti-terrorism – the role of Europol in the international process by Robert Wainwright, Executive Director, Europol, London

European efforts to control terrorism have a relatively long history, but the modern era of EU policy in this area dates back Rob Wainwright to the 1970s. The Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism, and Inter - Rob Wainwright was born in 1967 in Carmarthen, national Violence group (TREVI) was formed in 1975 by Euro - Wales, UK. Having graduated in 1989 from the London School pean police officials to exchange information and provide of Economics, University of London with a BSc, he assistance on terrorism and related international crimes. joined the UK Civil Service where he held various Additional cooperation arrangements, such as the Police Wor - managerial functions. king Group on Terrorism and the Counter-Terrorist Group, were Between 2000 and 2003, Mr. Wainwright was the also established in the Brussels structures. The threat from ter - Head of the UK Liaison Bureau at Europol, and he ro rist networks and their ability to operate across international was also managing the Europol National Unit in London. In 2003, he was promoted to the position of Director Interna - borders has further developed since then, and demands an ef - tional of the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS), where he was fec tive response from law enforcement authorities and a high responsible for its international operations and for developing and level of co-operation and a permanently high level of vigi lance implementing the UK strategy against facilitated illegal immigration. within the intelligence and law enforcement communities. From 2006 onwards, he was Chief of the International Department of the UK Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA). He became Director of Europol in 2008. Europol and counter-terrorism Although terrorism was not part of Europol’s mandate until 1998, terrorism was among the international criminal problems that motivated the creation of the police organisation. The drafting of the Europol Convention in 1995 already mentioned “the urgent problems arising from terrorism, unlawful drug The First Response Network at Europol trafficking and other serious forms of international crime” in In 2006, the second CTTF was also disbanded and replaced by order to justify the need for enhanced police cooperation by the First Response Network as part of the Europol Prepared - means of information exchange between Europol and the ness Program (EPP). The network provides a platform for mem ber states. In 1997, a counter-terrorism preparatory group immediate response, to which every European Union Member was created to formulate Europol’s role in matters of counter- State has nominated participating counter-terrorism experts. terrorism. Subsequently, the EU Council of Ministers signed All of these experts have been trained on the Europol ICT the Amsterdam Treaty that approved an extension of Europol’s applications, thus ensuring a rapid deployment of the First mandate to specifically include counter-terrorism. Nowadays it Response Network at Europol. is an established, high-priority area of work for the organisa - tion. The Counter-Terrorism Unit of Europol The fight against terrorism remains a top priority for the The European Preparedness Programme (EPP) European Union. In order to combat the cross-border activities Although Europe suffered a number of major terrorist incidents of terrorist networks, Europol’s Counter-Terrorism Unit sup - since the 1970s, the events of 9/11 served as the most impor - ports law enforcement investigations by providing operational tant catalyst in the development of new counter-terrorism and strategic analysis and a range of other forms of opera - legislation in the EU and a higher prioritization of counter-ter - tional support. Furthermore, the Counter-Terrorism Unit rorist activities among Europe’s police organizations, includ - assists Member States in ensuring the security of major inter - ing Europol. Immediately following the attacks of 9/11, a Euro - national events by providing threat assessments and special - pol Operational Centre was created to provide a 24-hour ser - ist advice. vice for the exchange of information. A few months later, on The Counter Terrorism unit is also responsible for monitoring November 15, 2001, a specialised Counter-Terrorism Task For - the situation in relation to several forms of illicit trafficking, ce (CTTF) became fully operational at the Europol headquar - namely small arms and ammunition, explosives, as well as ters. After one and a half years, the CTTF was disbanded and weapons of mass destruction, also known as CBRN, and subsequently restored after the Madrid attacks in 2004. related precursors.

44 SECURITY

Terrorist attack on London 2005 Photo: Europol

“The form of terrorism we have been facing, since the atrocious attacks against New York and Washington on 9/11, is new. It is more fanatical, more lethal, more global than anything we have known so far. In our European Security Strategy, we have identified terrorism as one of the key strategic threats facing Europe. ”

Javier Solana*

The European Union Terrorism Situation and same applies to all the mentioned forms of illicit trafficking. Trend Report (TE-SAT) Europol has reacted to this evolving requirement and en - One of Europol’s most important functions is to monitor, and hanced its permanent counter-terrorism structure and capabili - report developments on, the threat from terrorism. Europol ties. Operational and strategic support is provided to Member analysis in this area is published annually in the TE-SAT and in State authorities through a common platform for the exchange other more specialised threat assessments. These reports of sensitive information and the development of best prac - provide law enforcement officials, policy makers and the tices. Acting as a key information broker in the EU and dedicat - general public with a informed understanding of the threat. ed operational support centre, Europol makes a major contri - bution to counter-terrorism activities in Europe. Outlook Terrorism will remain a major threat to Europe’s security for * speech by Javier Solana in Berlin from 7 October 2004 titled “Terrorism in the foreseeable future, and therefore all forms of terrorism and Europe: How does the Union of 25 respond to this phenomenon?”, Council extremism have to be taken into account and monitored. The document number S0266/04

45

INDUSTRIES

IT International and the economic crisis in Europe Interview with Barbara Wittmann, Sales Director Public Segment, Dell Germany, and Mike Migdal, Account Executive Defence & Security, Germany

The European: Mrs see clear signs of stabiliza - Wittmann, Dell is a company tion, but no economic boom, especially well known for its yet. At Dell, we have always notebooks, desktops, ser - been fully focused on prof - vers and storage products. itable growth. To further Which of these products is grow our business, we are your particular favourite and going to start a product who are your most important offen sive in the coming customers for the product weeks and months, keep our range as a whole? costs down and further increase the use of contract Dell: Our company is much manufactures. more than a mere hardware provider. As an IT solutions The European: Could you provider we are able to offer Barbara Wittmann, Sales Director Public Segment, Dell Germany give some figures? our customers the full range Photo: Behörden Spiegel of products and services Dell: Today, approximately they need to establish and 50% of our revenue comes run an efficient, standard-based IT infrastructure. Our product from outside the US. So while the US economy continues to portfolio includes desktops and mobile solutions, servers and have a significant impact on Dell’s overall performance, re - storage systems as well as software and professional services. gions like EMEA and Asia are of tremendous and growing Our customer base ranges from the consumer to small, medi - importance for our business. From an EMEA perspective, there um and large businesses, as well as public sector customers are in fact significant regional differences as far as the eco - and governments. To get even closer to our customers and to nomic situation is concerned. This is something we are obvi - serve them even better going forward by delivering fully tailor- ously taking into account, too. Apart from that, we also see made solutions, we re-structured our company back in Febru - differences in how the stimulus packages are being applied by ary 2009, removing the former regional individual countries. Generally, they have not organization, establishing a fully yet reached all the entities that are identify - customer-centred global structure. This ing projects to spend those budgets on. organisation enables us to accelerate innovation, increase responsiveness The European: How do things look in Europe and drive competitiveness. where you have a well-established footprint? How have you organised yourselves, and The European: The economic crisis this which is your most successful customer last year has dashed many hopes. Sales segment? have plummeted worldwide. There are differing opinions about Dell. To what Dell: At the beginning of 2009, we extent has Dell begun to bounce back? have dispensed with our regional Are there regional differences? structures. Today, we are organ - ized globally around major cus - Dell: After a long period of steep tomer segments – large enterprise, economic decline which has hit the IT public sector, small and medium industry especially hard, we seem to Multitouch-Tablet-PC for “Outdoor” use (Military, businesses as well as consumers to have reached the bottom now. So we Police and other use) Photo: DELL serve our customers with faster

47 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

nover, at least, the IT industry has faced the challenge of Green IT. How are you adapting your products to Green IT?

Dell: In fact, Green IT has been part of Dell’s mission and culture for several years now. Michael Dell himself made this one of the key priorities for our company nearly three years ago. At Dell, we are very committed to minimizing the envi - ronmental impact at each stage of the lifecycle, from product design to manufac - turing and operations to customer owner - ship and product recycling. We’re also Barbara Wittmann in discussion with Mr. Mike Migdal and Mr. Bühl. Photo: Behörden Spiegel making it a priority to drive ‘green’ into every aspect of our global business. We have taken very concrete steps to achieve innovation and greater responsiveness. In this structure, the our goals, ranging from the industry’s only free recycling public sector is one of the biggest segments globally. program for consumers, designing energy-efficient products, committing to carbon neutrality and most importantly engag - The European: That means there has been a fair degree of ing in a meaningful dialogue with customers. streamlining and Dell management now has direct influence on developments at the bottom end. Has it been worthwhile to The European: In that sense, you are certainly in tune with the shed whole layers of management? Surely individual regions times. But let me ask: to my considerable irritation, when I have specific needs. bought my Dell laptop two years ago, it came with a huge amount of packaging. When you took us through your positive Dell: Dell has traditionally had very flat hierarchies. By intro - points earlier, you didn’t in fact mention packaging and trans - ducing our new global structure, however, we successfully portation. removed unnecessary overlaps, enabling us to respond to specific customer circumstances very quickly. Today, decisions Dell: Things have moved on since then. Back in December can be made even faster and closer to our customers. As the 2008, Dell clearly committed to eliminating 20,000,000 lbs of head of our Public business in Germany, I have direct access to packaging by 2012 by shrinking packaging volume by 10%, Paul Bell, who is in charge of Dell Public worldwide. He is just increasing to 40% the amount of recycled content in packag - 2 hierarchy levels above me and he reports directly to Michael ing, and increasing to 75% the amount of materials in packag - Dell. That makes decision making very easy and extremely ing to be curbside recyclable. Today our packaging has been quick. cut down to a minimum, which makes for easier recycling, From a customer perspective, we see that customer needs and reduces transport costs, and so leads to even more energy expectations are usually very similar across the globe. If you savings. look to Asia or the US for example, our customers in the area of education in these regions are not very different from those The European: You have just said the key word: Energy. Talking in Europe, the only difference being that the size and distribu - about notebooks for example, it is pretty easy for your cus - tion of budgets vary by country. From our point of view, the tomers to get information on the average power consumption. key factor is to help solve the challenges of our customers in But what is the position with your larger customers? They – and the field of education. Every country wants to improve the I’m thinking particularly here of the public sector – have propri - quality of education and IT is often a key driver for efficient etary applications. How do you deal with their requirements and distribution of knowledge. Healthcare is another example expectations? where certain developments are picked up extremely fast in emerging markets. In those markets, you have to start working Dell: We provide our customers dedicated assessment servic - with new technologies fast. es to give them clarity on the energy consumption and the so- called carbon footprint e.g. of their facilities and data centers. The European: Moving on to another topic, perhaps we can We provide them with a thorough diagnosis and recommenda - consider the products themselves. Since CeBIT 2008 in Han - tions how to optimize their IT infrastructure to maximize

48 THE EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

efficiency and lower energy usage. So we work very closely with our customers to determine the most suitable design for them.

The European: May I please put my next question to Mr Migdal.

Mr Migdal, how do you view the reuse of raw materials. Is it worthwhile taking back the customers’ old appliances and can anything be recovered from them?

Mike Migdal: Absolutely yes. The recovery and re-use of old computers is a key component of our supply chain, and we offer to our commercial customers certified Asset Recovery Services which guarantee a secure, non-polluting way of disposing used IT equipment like desktops, notebooks, server and storage systems, etc. By using these services, our customers can make sure that their old computer systems – regardless of the manufacturer – are either resold or recycled properly and in an environmental - ly friendly way and natural resources are preserved.

Mrs Wittmann: I would like to add something else you should know. Throughout our entire supply chain we make absolutely sure that employee rights are being observed at any stage. We don’t accept things like child labour nor poor or hazardous labour conditions, and we clearly demand from all of our partners to meet our own high standards as well.

The European: Mr Migdal, I would like to turn now to the military and security fields. Dell is well placed in both.

Dell: That’s correct. In this segment we are very strongly posi - tioned and one of the biggest suppliers of IT solutions and suppliers in the field of defence.

The European: But Mr. Migdal, does that include NATO?

Dell: Yes, NATO too. Projects with them involve security-relat - ed projects, which I cannot talk about directly but I can de - scribe our capabilities in terms of a two-step approach. Dell has a global team for Defence. We are able to adapt our products and services to specific military situations. That ability has made us a preferred partner and also a key supplier to this community.

The European: Where from are you operating in NATO?

Dell: We have a regional team that supports NATO and oper - ates interactively with the host nation defence teams provid - ing worldwide reach. It is this international team that delivers comprehensive solutions to NATO forces in Afghanistan, for example, or anywhere else in the world.

49 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

ment is involved, it will be about 80 days before the Force deploys. That gives us the opportunity to step up with support. We can define the IT and adapt it, as necessary, to the specific processes being operated. Together with the user we define how much support we can and must provide in the IT processes. The end result in a so-called deployable data centre tailored to the force. It is then assembled and sent to a transfer point and from there it accompanies the force to their theatre of operations.

Latitude 2100 Notebooks for Schools Photo: DELL The European: And at some point the troops return home. How do you get everything back as efficient - ly as possible? The European: Do you have employees providing support in the field? Dell: From our point of view one question leads to another. How do I recover the IT or, if necessary, how do I deal with it in Dell: Yes we do. the area of operations? We have a lot of experience to call on.

The European: So NATO signs the necessary framework con - The European: The hand grenade solution? tracts with you. The individual Member States can then ‘order from the menu’ when they put together their contingents for Dell: If the customer doesn’t bring it back they are able to deployment. They can achieve standardisation relatively easily destroy it. We have an external unit that that allows them to that way. physically destroy the classified ‘red’ computer media but not the entire computer system. Dell: You can see it in that way period. The European: Mrs Wittmann, may I put one last question to you The European: It is important to be able to deploy quickly today about the EU without, I hope, going too far ...The EU must be the while keeping the logistics effort to a minimum. What the EU and only „authority“ in Europe that does not really have its own IT NATO need above all are mobile command posts and mobile resource. It will however have to acquire one. Do you see the EU computer centres that are well equipped, easy to assemble (con- as an emerging market? tainer solution), compatible and interoperable, and, on top of that, secure and easy to use. Dell: On that point let me say that in the event of such a posi - tive development we are also well prepared and positioned to Dell: That is exactly what NATO and EU contingents need in the counsel, support and equip the EU wherever necessary. We field. Let me clarify that as far as possible with all due regard keep an eye on the terrain and our philosophy of driving for confidentiality. standards as far forward as possible will give us an advantage when it comes to implementation. The European: It would interest my readership if you could describe what happens when a deployable computer centre is The European: Thank you for granting us this interview. The used by an EU nation or NATO member state in the field. European wishes you every success!

Dell: Our team not only gets the deployable computer centre *Barbara Wittmann has been the General Manager of Dell Halle GmbH in Halle ready, i.e. picks up the tools and actually puts it together, but (Saale) since August 2005. In addition to that, she serves as Sales Director also helps prepare the regiment, task force or EU battle group, Public Segment in Germany. Slavic studies at the Ludwig-Maximilian-University from a technology perspective, when the order to deploy has of Munich. 1994 Management Consultant at “The LEK Partnership” in Munich been issued. and London. 1997 University of Texas at Austin/USA, obtaining her master’s degree in Business Administration (MBA) in 1999. 1998 Ms. Wittmann joined Dell in Austin. 1999 Business Development Manager. 2000 Dell Germany, holding The European: How far ahead of operations is that usually? several management positions in Finance, Marketing and Sales. 2004 Manager for the Software & Peripherals business. Barbara Wittmann is married and has a son. She lives with her family in Halle Dell: Under normal circumstances, unless an ad hoc deploy - (Saale).

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THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

NATO Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) –

The Multi-National Solution for a Transformational Capability within NAT0 by Hartmut Bühl, Brussels*

Modern day events remind us that we face new threats in the 21 st Century that we did not expect. Hostilities occur where we do not expect them and against adversaries for whom we have On September, 15 NATO nations completed the signature not planned. And despite all our preparations, we are not able process of the Programme Memorandum of Understand - to always predict when these threats will blossom into crises. ing (PMoU) to participate in NATO’s Alliance Ground But we do now know this - The speed at which they develop Surveillance (NATO AGS) programme. into crises and the global implications of regional conflict With the signing of the PMoU, the NATO AGS Management demand a global awareness that enables nations to respond Organisation (NAGSMO) was officially formed, and the rapidly and that allows commanders to prepare and deploy NATO AGS Management Agency (NAGSMA) was authorized their forces on short notice. The fielding of capabilities that to procure the NATO AGS core capability. The RFP has will enhance the effectiveness of that response becomes already been released to Northrop Grumman, the prime critical. contractor, and contract award is expected in 2010. The AGS core capability will be supplemented by interopera - AGS – relevant for military and civil use ble national assets as part of a larger Intelligence, Surveil - NATO has long expressed the need for capabilities to support lance and Reconnaissance (ISR) system of systems. our forces engaged in out of area operations, principal among these being an airborne ground surveillance capability. The importance of this capability to NATO and to our forces as a NATO AGS has in some respects made a significant contribu - transformational event cannot be understated, and its rele - tion to NATO transformation. From the political perspective, a vance to both military and military-civilian operations has predominance of Alliance nations have agreed to pool both never been more apparent. their technologies and their resources toward acquiring this

Alliance Airborne Ground Surveillance in operations 2012 Photo: Northrop Grumman

52 DEFENCE and ARMED FORCES

“Situation Awarness is a key capability for operational success“ General (ret.) Harald Kujat answering questions of the The European

The European: General Kujat, you de - for operational success and it helps dicated a lot of time and energy to AGS. very much to protect our soldiers. This When you had been nominated Chair - capability will be available both for NA - man of the Military Committee in 2002, TO and EU missions. AGS as a US-Euro - one of the first actions was the launch pean project will immensely strength - of AGS, which was finally an issue at the en the transatlan tic link. Prague summit 1992, where heads of I thought it could also help improve Eu - state and government gave the green ropean defence technology through light to procure AGS as a NATO owned the development of a state of the art and ope rated system. What is your fee - radar system. Unfortunately this was ling when you hear that AGS is finally not achievable. launched? The European: The UK is operating its own system and will serve General (ret.) Kujat: Actually I initiated that project already as as a complement to NATO AGS. Can you imagine that the EU German CHOD. I was very concerned because of the lack of sit - could one day develop its own system operating for EU civil and uational awareness in operations and I asked Dr. Enders from military forces and - on the basis of the Berlin plus agreement- EADS and Mr. Crosby from Northrop Grumman whether their also for NATO as a complement to NATO AGS? companies could close that gap in a joint transatlantic endeav - our. Our aim was to reach an initial operational capability as General (ret.) Kujat: As I said, my original idea was that Europe early as 2008. Unfortunately AGS has been filibustered by would make a major technology contribution to this important some NATO nations for years. Afghanistan teaches us that this system. The European defence industry is definitely in a posi - was a terrible mistake. tion to co-operate with top US companies as well as produce defence equipment of the highest standards. The strategic and The European: What is the political and strategic value of AGS operational value of AGS cannot be overestimated. The chal - for NATO and EU? lenges of the future require, however, new and additional ca - pabilities, which we can only achieve together, military and in - General (ret.) Kujat: Situational awareness is a key capability dustry, Europe and US.

capa bility, which by most measures is the largest and most AGS – a model for transatlantic complex such acquisition the Alliance has ever undertaken. industrial cooperation Participating nations span the Atlantic Ocean, making this From the industrial perspective, NATO AGS provides a good truly a transatlantic pro gramme. Charter alliance members and model for transatlantic cooperation as well. The leading new member states alike are participating in the programme European and North American systems integrators are in - and are leveraging their individual national investments in volved in the programme, applying the lessons learned from leading-edge technologies to develop and field a capability current operational national systems. National industries from too expensive for all but a few nations to afford independent - all participating nations will have direct work in the pro - ly. Their ability to overcome individual national issues to gramme, and the participating national industries are leverag - realise agreement for the common good of the Alliance can be ing both their core competencies and their leading-edge truly transformational for NATO, as it provides a model for technologies to field this capability. future acquisitions. In return, national political leaders and command authorities will have a common ground situation Information dominance through AGS – assessment and reliable, irrefutable evidence of hostile intent protection for our soldiers in near real time to exercise the full range of diplomatic and But, from the military perspective, NATO AGS provides an even military responses required to resolve conflict at its earliest greater transformational effect for our forces. Without an stages and maintain the peace. organic, wide-area, high performance ground surveillance

53 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

GLOBAL HAWK HALE UAV Photo: Northrop Grumman

capability, the Alliance would not have the ability to carry out disaster relief, civilian convoy protection, search and rescue, the transformation that is possible with the unprecedented civilian infrastructure resource protection, and the war on information that AGS will provide. It adds the missing piece for drugs. And, since the AGS capability will be available to sup - information dominance – foreknowledge. This capability port the full range of NATO operations and will be available to provides “eyes in the sky” to force commanders and will be a support EU operations as well, AGS will provide a force multi - critical enabler for the NATO Response Force and a key build - plication effect on NATO and EU forces, allowing coalition ing block for the NATO Network Enabled Capability (NNEC). forces to be “tailored” or specifically modified to fit the mis - Until now, this wide area ground surveillance capability has sion. And the ability to provide an accurate ground situation only been fielded by a few nations, making their availability for picture to both NATO and national commanders adds the NATO operations limited. ability to protect our forces from harm, providing a confidence Even when nations could be relied on to support NATO with building measure in capitals that its national force contribu - their own limited ground surveillance capabilities during a tion can be kept safe. crisis, NATO still would not have day-to-day access to these assets in peacetime for civilian missions. For the first time, NATO and EU commanders can rely upon a NATO owned and Mechanisms in NATO

operated capability to provide timely detection of developing The AGS Capability Steering Committee (CSC) is responsible to threats requiring an international response. And force com - the Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD) for the manders will now be confident of having early and reliable Programme to acquire the AGS Core. The Alliance Ground Surveil - indications and warning of developing threats to peace, lance Support Staff (AGS3) supports the CSC, drawing upon the whether they are massing Taliban forces hiding among civil - NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency for contracting support as necessary. The AGS3 serves as the informational hub ians in the villages of Afghanistan or fast boats preparing to between the AGS nations, NATO bodies and industry. The AGS hijack oil tankers and freighters in the Gulf of Aden. Implementation Office (AGS IO) at SHAPE is responsible for ensuring the successful operational integration and employment AGS is a force multiplier par excellence of the NATO AGS Core Capability. The deployment of NATO forces in Afghanistan and EU battle groups in Bosnia serve to remind us of the variety of new missions the AGS system will be called upon to support – not To put into practice just traditional management of threats to political boundaries The realisation of the NATO AGS core is a realisation of a but also threats within a political boundary. These occur - commitment made by nations at the Prague Summit and rences will require the AGS core capability to contribute to a revalidated at Istanbul. But it is far more than that to our range of new missions, such as force protection, border sur - nations. It is also the realisation of a commitment made to our veillance, treaty verification, Provincial Reconstruction Team military forces and civilian populations to protect them when (PRT) support, maritime surveillance and counter-piracy and in harm’s way. the fight against terrorism, to name a few. These operations * The Author was from 2002 -2005 Co-Head of Marketing of the International also have humanitarian applications, and NATO AGS will also Consortium TIPS (Transatlantic Industrial Proposed Solution for AGS) and from be called upon to support missions such as humanitarian and 2005 -2007 Team Lead Communications of the Joint Venture AGS Industries

54 INSTITUTIONS and ASSOCIATIONS

The European Union Think Thank by Álvaro de Vasconcelos, Director of the European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), Paris

The EUISS is continually striving to improve the capacity of the European Union to deal in a coherent and consistent way with Álvaro de Vasconcelos global and regional challenges, and in particular with political Álvaro de Vasconcelos was born 1944 in Campan - and security issues arising in its neighbourhood ha-Porto Director of the EU Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) in Paris since May 2007. Prior to this, he was a cofounder of the Institute of Strate - Multilateralism in a multi-polar world gic and International Studies (IEEI) in Lisbon from We do this in support of the EU’s declared aim of achieving 1981 to 2007, where he launched several networks effective multilateralism, in which context the EU itself can act including the Euro-Latin American Forum and as a global player. This necessitates giving a clear multilateral EuroMeSCo. perspective to its bilateral relations with other major players in A columnist in the Portuguese and international press, he is an author notably in the areas of the EU’s Common Foreign the international system – what we now tend to call ‘multilat - and Security Policy (CFSP), Euro-Mediterranean relations and on the eralising multipolarity’ – while simultaneously contributing to theme of world order, such as Portugal: “A European Story, La PESC”: the reinforcement of regional integration and cooperation. Ouvrir l’Europe au Monde, “The European Union, Mercosul and the New This is why we privilege the concept of an open Europe, where World Order”, and “A European Strategy for the Mediterranean”. the international action of the Union reflects its founding values of international rule of law, human rights and associa - tion between states. The fact that it is seen as an ‘international public good’ places a heavy responsibility on the Union, tes - Europe’s periphery – crisis and turmoils ting its ability to lead the international community in facing The EUISS devotes particular attention to areas on the periph - the kind of world disorder that is causing such human suffer - ery of the EU where crises and turmoil counterpoint the desire ing from Sudan to Iraq and the wider Middle East. to forge a common destiny with Europe. The debate on how to achieve the goals of creating a democratic and prosperous Europe’s global neighbourhood Euro-Mediterranean community, set forth in Barcelona in 1995, The United States is the paramount global power and a key is back on the agenda with the Union for the Mediterranean strategic partner of the Union, vital to any project of effective and is a priority for the EUISS. Equally important is the impera - multilateralism. Thus the United States and Euro-American tive to keep Russia committed to continental cooperation for relations represent a strong strand of research within the peace and development while, at the same time, the Union EUISS. The annual European Union Washington Forum, held in should do its part to consolidate the democratic process in the Washington D.C. and organised in cooperation with the Euro - EU’s eastern neighbourhood, in line with the objective of the pean Commission and the European Presidency, deals with new Eastern Partnership. critical international issues on the European and American The Institute has also been trying to cater to the increasing agendas. worldwide ‘demand for Europe’ by opening is Visiting Fellows Equally, the study of relations with global players like China, programme to researchers from both the eastern and southern India or Brazil and regional powers like South Africa, all strate - neighbourhoods and other parts of the world. gic partners of the EU, is critical for our objective of effective multilateralism. The research activities that we conduct in this Breadth of analysis area are reflected in a number of publications on issues of The EUISS works to provide the Union with timely, forward- global governance. Europe’s relationship with the new emerg - looking analysis, covering both immediate priorities for EU ing powers is the major topic of important events held by the foreign, security and defence policy and the great challenges EUISS, such as its annual conference and its Forum in New of modern times. The latter range from Delhi. The annual conference takes place every autumn in • human rights to democracy, Paris and is opened by the High Representative for the CSFP: • development to peace, from proliferation to terrorism, since 2007 one of its primary themes has been how the EU can • energy to the environment, engage with new global players to achieve effective multilater - • rearmament and the fate of arms-control regimes alism. In autumn 2009, the Institute organised the first EU-In - to the link between security and justice. dia Forum on effective multilateralism in New Delhi. None of these are new, but since the end of the Cold War gave

55 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

way to an era of unfettered globalisation, such issues have policy options being generated both within its neighbours and become an integral part of international affairs. further afield. While developing its own European research As the EU’s growing global role broadens its policy interests, capacities, opening up to the world also means the EUISS and as it expands its outreach, the EUISS has an increasing works to systematically involve non-European researchers in role to play in contributing to forging a European security the full range of its activities. culture based on the Union’s founding fundamental values – To reinforce its presence in Brussels and interaction with the that of a distinctive political entity that has delegitimized European Institutions, the EUISS has opened a Brussels office power politics among its member states. based in the building of the Council of the European Union and In short, the EUISS is evolving in line with the spirit of consis - regularly organises meetings and book launches in Brussels. tency, coherence and ‘unity in action’ that are the main objec - In short, the EUISS’s objective is to think strategically, work tives of the reform that the Lisbon Treaty brings to CFSP and regionally and act globally. ESDP, and effectively acts as the Institute for Foreign and Security Studies of the European Union.

Publications Documentation All of the research work conducted at the EUISS, whether by its permanent research team or by Visiting Fellows or Associate Recent papers and reports: Researchers, is published in our different publications, which are also made available on our website. The Institute’s flag - Back from the cold? The EU and Belarus in 2009 ship publications are its series of Chaillot Papers. The Institute Chaillot Paper - n°119, November 2009 also publishes Occasional Papers, books, reports and policy Margarita M. Balmaceda, Sabine Fischer, Grzegorz Gromadzki, Andrei Liakhovich, Astrid Sahm, Vitali Silitski, Leonid Zlotnikov briefs, as well as a quarterly newsletter. edited by Sabine Fischer In 2009 two topics dominated our research activities: the new American administration and the way the EU should respond Risky business? The EU, China and dual-use technology to it, and the 10th anniversary of ESDP. The latter has given Occasional Paper - n°80, October 2009 rise to two publications. One, “What ambitions for European by May-Britt Stumbaum defence in 2020?”, published in July of this year, focuses on Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: the EU’s contribution the prospects and aspirations of ESDP over the next ten years. Occasional Paper - n°78, April 2009 The second, “European Security and Defence Policy: the first by Eva Gross ten years (1999-2009)” (forthcoming) consists of an overview and appraisal of ESDP in the last ten years. Both these publi - European perspectives on the new American foreign policy cations underline the importance of research in European agenda Report - n°4, January 2009 security policy, in particular with regard to identifying and Esra Bulut , Sabine Fischer, Giovanni Grevi, Daniel Keohane, Luis analysing the lessons learned from the different missions. Peral, Walter Posch, Jean Pascal Zanders Javier Solana stated in his preface to What ambitions for edited by Álvaro de Vasconcelos, Marcin Zaborowski European defence in 2020?, that ‘this book is therefore an important contribution to the strategic debate, looking ahead Books: The Obama Moment to where ESDP could and should be ten years from now. It November 2009 covers the range of key issues that we need to consider in edited by Álvaro de Vasconcelos, Marcin Zaborowski taking ESDP forward into its second decade – policy, analysis of challenges, strategy, partnerships, structures and capabili - What ambitions for European defence in 2020? ties.’ All of these topics were high on our agenda in 2009 and [2nd edition] October 2009 will remain so in 2010. Claude-France Arnould, Juha Auvinen, Henri Bentégeat, Nicole Gnesotto, Jolyon Howorth, Stephen Larrabee, Tomas Ries, Jacek Saryusz-Wolski, Stefano Silvestri, A network of networks Nuno Severiano Teixeira, Alexander Stubb, Europe places cooperation at the heart of its perceptions of Álvaro de Vasconcelos, Alexander Weis, Richard Wright global policy and since it has no monopoly on innovative edited by Álvaro de Vasconcelos thinking on world affairs, it is crucial that the EU’s institutions, Find more publications on the EUISS Homepage thinkers and planners become more aware of the debate and www.iss.europa.eu ideas being put forward in the wider world. It should be informed of the strategic visions, the security concerns and the

56 ESDP and NATO NEWS

European Union

European Commission General Council Report on the Integrated Maritime Policy Military Committee: Meeting of EU Chiefs for the EU of Defence

On 15 October, the European Commission presented a On 3 November, the EU Military Committee (EUMC) met at the Progress Report outlining the achievements of the EU’s Inte - level of Chiefs of Defence (ChoDs). Europe’s chiefs of defence grated Maritime Policy (IMP) over the past two years. The reviewed in Brussels all military operations under the EU flag report, which had been requested by the European Council of and witnessed the handover of power from outgoing EU 14 December 2007, also outlines the next phase of the IMP, military committee chair, French General Henri Bentégeat, to which should feature more structured stakeholder involve - Sweden’s Håkan Syrén. In a press conference after the meet - ment, strong integration of the IMP into other EU policies and ing, General Håkan Syrén underlined the importance of civil- into the EU institutions, and, most importantly, coordinated military cooperation given that there is often a need for con - responses to the challenges arising from climate change and flict prevention and stabilization. He said that the ESDP the economic crisis. A detailed policy document to develop process “progressed well during this first decade. Ten years is these six strategic orientations will be published during 2010. a fairly short time in this context. But and the EU has launched Furthermore the Commission presented concrete proposals on six military missions and over fifteen civil military missions, two major IMP issues – the integration across sectors and which is quite an impressive number.” countries of maritime surveillance and the international di - mension of Europe’s maritime policy. Former EUMC chairman calls for a civil-military EU-Headquarters European Council In an interview with Agence Europe published on 5 November, EU summit in Brussels on 29/30 October General Henri Bentégeat said that the creation of a permanent At their summit in Brussels on 29 and 30 October, the EU European military headquarters was not on the agenda any - heads of state and government took note of the preparatory more due to the fears this prospect produces in the United work in view of the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and States. endorsed the Presidency’s report on guidelines for the Euro - There was fear of further competition between NATO and EU, pean External Action Service (EEAS). They invited the future with duplication of the NATO headquarters SHAPE, said the High Representative to present a proposal for the organisation General. In his view, there could be something more accept - and functioning of the EEAS as soon as possible after the entry able that corresponds to a specific need that is characteristic into force of the Lisbon Treaty with a view to its adoption by of the European Union: a civil-military headquarters which the Council at the latest by the end of April 2010. In this con - could resolve the problem, that the Europeans still lack a text, the European Council also recognised the need, as under - “conduct” dimension. The General underlined that he was not lined in the European Security Strategy, for the European sure if the set up of such a headquarters would be possible Union to become more capable, more coherent and more but that he thinks it was something worth considering. strategic as a global actor, including in its relations with stra - tegic partners, in its neighbourhood and in conflict-affected Eurojust and Europol concludes areas. Furthermore the European Council endorsed the conclu - sions of the Council meeting of 27 October on Afgha nistan and new agreement Pakistan and welcomed the adoption of the plan for strength - On 1 October, at the informal meeting of Justice and Home ened EU action in the region. The heads of state and govern - Affairs Ministers in The Hague, Eurojust and Europol signed a ment also called for the enhancement of the operational new cooperation agreement. The objective of the new agree - capacities of Frontex as well as progress in its development. ment is to enhance the cooperation between Eurojust and The European Commission was invited to present proposals to Europol in fighting serious forms of international crime. The that end early in 2010, including the preparation of common Agreement governs modalities for closer and increased coop - operational procedures containing clear rules of engagement eration, as well as provisions for the exchange of general and for joint operations at sea, and increased operational coopera - personal data, in accordance with Eurojust’s and Europol’s tion between Frontex and countries of origin/transit. data protection rules.

57 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

European Defence Agency (EDA) Facilitating SMEs’ access to the 2009 EU-U.S. Summit Declaration 3 November 2009 (excerpts) defence market

On 9 October, the EDA Steering Board in National Armaments Directors formation approved “Guidelines for facilitating SMEs’ The EU and US leaders agreed: access to the defence market”. These non-binding Guidelines address a number of issues crucial for SMEs: access to infor - “(…) To strengthen our cyber security dialogue to identify mation, equal conditions for main- and subcontractors, mini - and prioritize areas where we can work together to help mum reaction time for smaller contracts, protection of SME- build a reliable, resilient, trustworthy digital infrastructure owned Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and fostering indus - for the future. trial cooperation with SMEs in R&D/R&T projects. The Guide - (…) lines are complementary to the Small Business Act for Europe, We welcome the joint statement adopted by our Justice the Code of Conduct on defence procurement and the Code of and Home Affairs Ministers on 28 October 2009, in which Best Practice in the Supply Chain. These documents are direct - we commit to enhancing our policy and operational ed towards facilitating SMEs’ access to the market and ensur - cooperation on Justice and Home Affairs matters. Our ing transparency and competition in the defence market. partnership will benefit our people and address our common challenges of maintaining security and individual UAS Air Traffic Insertion rights while facilitating travel, business and communica - tion. We face common threats from those who seek to During the ICAO civil/military global air traffic management commit acts of terrorism and transnational crime, includ - forum on 20 October, the European Commission and EDA ing the challenge of terrorist travel. stressed the good cooperation on the Unmanned Aerial Sys - (…) tems (UAS) subject and the need for an integrated civil/military - Will develop our working relationship on mobility and approach in Europe to reach full and seamless integration with security matters , including border, readmission and travel the manned aviation. EDA highlighted the major strategic document security policies. We welcome the signature of technology development in the Sense & Avoid area and, the working arrangement between the U.S. Department of specifically, its flagship project MIDCAS. The mission of MID - Homeland Security and the EU border security agency CAS is to demonstrate the “Unmanned Aircraft System Mid-air Frontex and we will work closely to implement it. Collision Avoidance Function” being compatible with UAS (…) operations in non-segregated airspace and acceptable to the - Agree to a joint declaration on non-proliferation and manned aviation community. The support to foster European disarmament highlighting the need to preserve and Standardisation of Mid-air Collision Avoidance for UAS is a strengthen the relevant multilateral measures and in central activity throughout the project. The international particular the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, expressing civil/military audience welcomed the strategic civil/military support for the entry into force of the Comprehensive Test approach of Europe in the domain of UAS Air Traffic Insertion Ban Treaty, and calling for the start of negotiations on the as well as the need for a common, transatlantic way ahead. Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty in January 2010. The state - ment reiterates the necessity for Iran and the DPRK to EU-US Relations fulfil their international nuclear obligations. (…) 2009 Summit in Washington - Renew our commitments in Afghanistan and the region On 3 November, EU and US leaders met in Washington DC. to initiatives that will increase the capacity of the Afghan Participants from the side of the Commission were the Presi - government to take responsibility for delivering better dent of the European Commission, Jose Manuel Barroso and security, stability and development for the Afghan people. Commissioner Benita Ferrero-Waldner. The EU Presidency was We welcome in this context the recently adopted Plan for represented by Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt and Strengthening EU Action in Afghanistan and Pakistan. We Foreign Minister Carl Bildt, assisted by High Representative look forward to working with the new Afghan administra - Javier Solana. Issues discussed at the summit included major tion and renewing efforts to promote good governance, global challenges such as the economic recovery, climate respect for human rights, gender equality and democratic change and development but also a range of foreign policy development. “ issues such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and the Middle East. The European and American leaders also adopted a Declara -

58 ESDP and NATO NEWS

tion on Non-Proliferation and Disarmament and agreed to Rauxel, Germany. He has more than enhance their policy and operational cooperation on Justice 30 years of professional, manage - and Home Affairs matters. Furthermore a new EU-US Energy ment experience in the IT sector. He Council has been created, which held its first meeting in the has gained experience in various margins of the Summit. sectors of society, including energy industry, insurance company engi - neering, aviation, de fence, and space Appointments: industry, before becoming President of BSI in 2003. Dr Udo Helmbrecht The EU Military Committee (EUMC) has Dr Helmbrecht clarifies his visions for Photo: Behörden Spiegel a new chairman the Agency as its new Executive On 4 November, High Representative Javier SOLANA welcomed Direc tor: “I will strive to help the General Håkan SYRÉN as the new Chairman of the EU Military Agen cy to work more closely, hand- Committee (EUMC) and handed over the chairmanship from in-hand, with the European Institutions, trustfully and actively General Henri Bentégeat. The new Chairman un derlined: “One together with the Member States and to promote cooperation of the things I’m hoping for is to be able to give the political between governments, businesses and NGOs to the benefit of level freedom of action with the military capabilities that the citizens in the European Union. (…). Ultimately, the economy of Member States have placed at the Europe is at stake if we do not manage security matters prop - EU’s disposal. Then I want to help erly and adequately. “ ensure that civil-military cooperation is developed. In addition, I’m going Change of command at HQ EUROCORPS to present clear proposals for Mem - ber States’ planning of their own On 25 September 2009, the Chiefs of defence forces based.” Defence from Eurocorps framework General Håkan Syrén – Chairman of nations handed over the command of the EU Military Committee Eurocorps from Spanish Lieutenant Håkan Syrén – new Chair General Håkan Syrén was born on 31 General Pedro Pitarch to German of the European Union January 1952 in Växjö, Sweden. He Lieutenant General Lothar Domröse, Mili tary Committee graduated in 1973 from the Swedish who had been Chief of Staff of ISAF in (EUMC) on EU military requirements Naval Academy as a Lieutenant in the Kabul, Afghanistan from January 2008 Photo: Mona Boholm, Coast Artillery. to January 2009 Försvarsdepartementet Career: 1973-79 Instructor and Pla - Lieutenant General Hans-Lothar Lieutenant General Hans-Lothar Domröse toon Commander. 1980 Student at Domröse was born in 1952 in Photo: EUROCORPS the Swedish War College, Stockholm. Hanover. He entered the Bundeswehr 1984 Staff Officer at Navy Staff, Stockholm. 1988 Student at in 1973. Studies of economic and the Naval War College, Newport, USA. 1989 teacher of Strate - organisational sciences. 1984 General gy, Swedish War College, Stockholm. 1990 Head of Planning Staff officer training. 1989 Security Policy adviser in the Feder - Department, Navy Staff, Stockholm. 1992 Commanding Officer al Chancellery. 1993 Planning Staff MOD, Bonn. 1986 Branch Marine Amphibious Battalion and Coast Artillery Regiment. chief, HQ SHAPE in Mons. 1998 Chief 1996 Head of Operations, Planning Department, Swedish of Staff at Military District Command Armed Forces Headquarters. 1999 Secretary to the Defence VII, Leipzig and 3rd KFOR operational Commission, Ministry of Defence. 1999 Chief of Joint Military contingen as Chief of Staff of Multina - Intelligence and Security, Swedish Armed Forces Headquar - tional Brigade South, Prizren/Kosovo. ters. 2004-09 Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed 2000 Commander of the Mechanised Forces. Infantry Brigade 41 in Torgelow. 2003 Head of the German team at CENT - COM in Tampa/Florida/USA during New Executive Director at ENISA operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2004 The EU’s ‘cyber security’ Agency ENISA (European Network and Deputy Chief of the Armed Forces Information Security Agency) has a new Executive Director as Staff, MOD Berlin. Afterwards, from 2006 until 2008 Command - of 16th October. Dr Helmbrecht, former President of the Ger - er of the Special Operations Division in Regensburg. 2008 man IT Security Agency (BSI), was born in 1955 in Castrop- Chief of Staff at HQ ISAF in Kabul / Afghanistan.

59 THE EUROPEAN – SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

NATO NATO’s new Strategic Concept discussed Some Allies sign declaration of intent for HIP at Luxembourg seminar helicopter initiative On 16 October , the first of four main seminars on NATO’s new In the margins of the Strategic Concept was held in Luxembourg. The aim of these NATO Defence Minis - seminars is to guide the development of NATO’s new Strategic ters meeting in Bra tis - Concept and work towards defining the Alliance’s fundamental la va on 23 October, security tasks. The event was hosted by Luxembourg’s Min - NATO Allies buried the istries of Defence and of Foreign Affairs and brought together French-UK Helicopter members of the Group of Experts on the new Strategic Con - initiative which was cept, appointed by the Secretary General, as well as govern - managed by the ment officials, military representatives and many other opinion European Defence leaders. On this first seminar, participants discussed the Agency (EDA). Nine (9) changing security environment, NATO’s core tasks, the Al - ministers signed a liance’s political role and its strategy in the 21st century. Dr declaration of intent Madeleine Albright, who chairs the Group of Experts, presided for their contribution Russian-sourced helicopters need refur- over the meeting. to a multi-national bishment and simulation installations for training. Photo: Archive CAE, Stolberg On 13 November, the Group of Experts held their second key helicopter initiative seminar with leading civilian and military experts in Brdo, with the aim to refur - Slovenia, to discuss NATO’s operations and the “comprehen - bish Russian-sourced sive approach”. In his welcoming remarks, NATO Secretary transport helicopters. The Declaration of Intent was signed by General Anders Fogh Rasmussen noted planning, the relation - the Czech Republic, Albania, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Slova - ship between security and development, and partnerships as kia, Spain, Turkey and the UK. key areas where improvement is needed. The HIP Helicopter Task Force, created in February 2009 and The next seminar will take place in Oslo in January. led by the Czech Republic, is responsible for the development of a multi-national transport helicopter programme for NATO. The idea is to help those countries that do not have the re - The group of Experts (“Wise men”) sources to deploy and run a transport helicopter operation on Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen appointed 12 their own. Over the past eight months the HIP Helicopter Task experts to lay the ground for NATO’s new Strategic Con - Force has been encouraging NATO Allies to provide resources cept. Dr. Madeleine Albright , former US Secretary of State, and expertise so that those Allies, including the Czech Repub - chairs the group with Mr. Jeroen van der Veer , former CEO lic and Hungary, who operate transport Helicopters such as the in Royal Dutch Shell, as vice-chair. Mi 8, Mi17 and CZR Mi 17/1, would have the assistance neces - sary to set up a multi-national deployable operation. Members of the Group: Membership in this initiative is open to any country willing to Ambassador Giancarlo Aragona (Italy) contribute with experience, know-how and/or capabilities. It is hoped that other Allies will join this cooperative programme. Ambassador Marie Gervais-Vidricaire (Canada) Up to now only Bulgaria besides the Czech Republic and The Rt Hon Geoff Hoon MP (United Kingdom) Hungary seems to be ready to contribute, offering some few Ambassador Ümit Pamir (Turkey) platforms. Ambassador Fernando Perpiñá-Robert Peyra (Spain) Ambassador Dr Hans-Friedrich von Ploetz (Germany) German New Foreign Minister at Mr. Bruno Racine (France) NATO Headquarters Ambassador Aivis Ronis (Latvia) On 3 November, Germany’s new Minister of Foreign Affairs, Professor Adam Daniel Rotfeld (Poland) Guido Westerwelle, met with Secretary General Anders Fogh Ambassador Yannis-Alexis Zepos (Greece) Rasmussen at NATO Headquarters where they discussed efforts in Afghanistan, NATO relations with Russia and pro -

60 THE EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE UNION

gress on the development MISCELLANEOUS of NATO’s new Strategic Procurement Concept and nuclear dis - South Africa cancels order for the A400M armament. Minister Westerwelle stated in a On 5 November South Africa announced that it had cancelled a press conference that he big contract for Airbus military planes in a new setback for the wanted Germany to be “a troubled A400M program. The contract for the A400M was country free of nuclear agreed five years ago. The director for programs at Airbus, weapons”. He added that Tom Williams, said at the group’s headquarters in Toulouse this issue “is a question that the cancellation was a “complete surprise.” “We are so The German Foreign Minister, Guido which concerns all allies” close to the first flight. I have a lot of confidence it will fly Westerwelle with the NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh at NATO HQ. and that any steps and before the end of the year.” . The South African Air Force was Photo: NATO any discussion “will take in dire need of a way to upgrade the aging Herculus C130S place in a multilateral planes, she underlined. framework.” ESRT NATO Headquarters hosts high-level On September 9th, the European Security Round Table (ESRT Ukraine consultations www.security-round-table.eu) in cooperation with the Konrad- On 16 November, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Ras - Adenauer-Stiftung organized its 4. Annual Conference 2009 on mussen chaired the seventh Informal High-Level NATO-Ukraine the “Integrated Approach − a more efficient EU Consultations with the participation of Defence Ministers and foreign, security and defence policy”. other senior officials from Ukraine and NATO countries, at The discussions on the Integrated NATO HQ in Brussels. Participants exchanged views on the Approach have brought up interesting ongoing transfor - insight regarding the necessity of a mation of Ukra - civil-military approach for tackling the ine’s national de - upcoming challenges. A particularly fence and secu rity interesting discussion was on potential structures and changes of the procurement rules for civilian ESDP missions practices, particu - and a proposal to hold bilateral military exercises in Bosnia- larly in the context Herzegovina, based on the experience of NATO's “Partnership of the current for Peace” programme. The ESRT will pick up these issues economic climate again next year. Centre to right: Valerii Ivashchenko (Acting and Ukraine’s first Defence Minister, Ukraine) with Ambassador Annual National Claudio Bisogniero (NATO Deputy Secretary Programme. General) Photo: NATO Earlier this year, Ukraine developed its first annual programme to outline the steps it plans to take to accelerate its Euro-Atlantic integra - tion. Secretary General Rasmussen noted the significant pro - gress achieved so far on defence reform, but stressed that, even faced with the current economic climate, Ukraine must persist with its goals of internal reform and alignment with Euro-Atlantic standards. In speaking at the opening of the meeting, Mr Rasmussen said “the national programme was an important step because it will help Ukraine to modernise, to the benefit of the Ukrainian people.” ESRT-Meeting at the devices of the Representation of Baden-Württem - He added that the Alliance will continue to support Ukraine berg in Brussel. Photo: COPURA along that journey.

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List of authors and articles published in former editions

Name: No: Page: Name: No: Page:

Baroness Taylor of Bolton ESDU No 2 19 Dr. Lutz, Reinhold ESDU No 1 53 ESDP − What we have achieved and next steps Galileo – on Giant Leap for Europe Bayer, Tomur ESDU No 1 27 Mahon, Tim Journalist ESDU No 2 27 The Role of Turkey for European Security Adequate forces and equipment for the right strategy Beer, Angelika MEP ESDU No 1 21 Dr. Margaras, Vasilis ESDU No 3 19 Interview: Is Energy a Factor of Instability for Europe ? Working together, thinking differently? The cooperation Brok, Elmar MEP ESDU No 3 12 amongst EU officials in ESDP missions The European Parliament’s real influence on the CFSP Masseret, Jean-Pierre ESDU No 1 12 Brook, John ESDU No 2 39 European Defence: Where do we go from here? Interview: A plea for organized cooperation between Merrit, Giles ESDU No 3 23 transatlantic industries for Security and Defence Burying the hatchet in the EU-NATO turf war Bruzek, Oliver ESDU No 1 51 Milososki, Antonio ESDU No 3 25 European Industry is ready to close EU’s Capability The role and contribution of Macedonia in Short falls − Example Transport Helicopters stabilizing the Balkans Budde, Hans-Otto ESDU No 2 47 Nash, Patrick ESDU No 1 59 Protection on Operations − EUFOR Chad/RCA – Progress and Ongoing Success The Army’s Protection Philosophy Ortega, Manuel Medina MEP ESDU No 1 25 Bühl, Hartmut ESDU No 2 21 Russia and the Defence of Europe EU-NATO Relations − grave deficiencies Eyes in the sky Pack, Doris MEP ESDU No 3 27 to protect forces What the European Union should do for the Cameron, Alastaire ESDU No 1 41 stability in the Balkans – the human factor Testing Times for European Crisis Management Piebalgs, Andris ESDU No 3 31 Chizhov, Vladimir ESDU No 1 23 A European energy policy for the 21st century Russia and the European Security Pirlet, André ESDU No 1 67 Dr. Enders, Thomas ESDU No 3 47 The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Interview: Airbus strives for open competition Pitarch, Pedro ESDU No 1 61 Favin Lévêque, Jacques, General (ret.) ESDU No 2 14 What Legitimacy for the EUROCORPS? The French and Europe united in diversity Raab, Christoph ESDU No 1 64 D. F. Froh, Richard ESDU No 1 57 The Politico- Military Organization of the European Union NATO Ballistic Missile Defence – a Capability for the Raab, Christoph ESDU No 3 55 Alliance and Protection for Europe The European Parliament’s role in the EU Gayet, François ESDU No 2 57 decision-making process The role of ASD in European Security and Defence Rebuffi, Luigi ESDU No 1 31 Dr. von Goetze, Clemens ESDU No 3 9 The European Organization for Security (EOS) – The future of ESDP – Ways to improve European Strategy ahead Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) Sediv y´, Jirí ESDU No 3 38 Gray, Andrew ESDU No 3 42 Improving NATO’s Expeditionary Capabilities Addressing helicopter shortage: EDA’s role Solana, Javier ESDU No 1 17 Guillou, Hérvé ESDU No 1 35 European Security and Climate Change Interview: A Natural Marriage – Conversation of the Civil Dr. Solaya, Milos ESDU No 3 29 and Military Security Market Russia in the Balkans – traditional influence Hammer, Andreas ESDU No 2 45 versus western interests A European Defence Market − from vision to reality Dr. Stehr, Michael ESDU No 2 29 Dr. Hellenthal, Markus ESDU No 2 23 ATALANTA − Europes first naval Anti-Piracy-Operation Maritime Safety and Security as a Central Piller of a as part of ESDP comprehensive Security Strategy Taylor, Adrian EUSG ESDU No 2 19 Herteman, Jean-Paul ESDU No 1 54 A European White Paper on Security and Defence Interview: A strong Base in Europe for Global Ambitions is not sufficient Höfer, Gerd MP ESDU No 2 17 Verheugen, Günter ESDU No 3 45 Towards a European Army Internal market for the EU’s defence and de Hoop Scheffer, Jaap ESDU No 1 7 security industries by 2012 NATO at 60 – Work ahead Voigt, Karsten ESDU No 2 8 Iturrioz, Elvira Cortajarena MP ESDU No 2 51 Interview: What Europe can expect from the new Forces Protection − the soldier of the future US-Administration Juraske, Ingo ESDU No 3 51 Walter, Robert MP ESDU No 1 39 The role of industries in the provision of Secure Realistic Structured Cooperation Procedures in the Information Infrastructures for NATO and the EU Field of Security and Defence Dr. Kõuts, Tarmo MP, Vice Admiral ESDU No 3 33 Walter, Robert MP ESDU No 3 14 Cyber defence – the Estonian experience The ESDA, the European Security and Defence Policy and how Europe can protect its societies (ESDP) and the Lisbon Treaty Kujat, Harald ESDU No 2 22 Weingarten, Bert ESDU No 3 35 NATO-Russia Relations: Press the Reset Button Cyberwar – NATO’s exposed flank Laitinen, Ilkka ESDU No 2 31 Dr. Paul Weissenberg ESDU No 1 37 Interview: Border Security: FRONTEX is operational The Role of the EU Security Research and steadily improving Weis, Alexander ESDU No 2 54 Lambsdorff, Alexander Graf MEP ESDU No 2 42 The European Defence Agency (EDA) The Defence Package: An important step towards Wenzler, Bernd ESDU No 2 49 a better ESDP Protecting our soldiers Dr. Lazarevski, Pande ESDU No 2 35 van de Winckel, Luc ESDU No 3 37 Security Network Innovation − Macedonian’s Can industries take the lead in filling the gap Contribution to the European Union between defence and governments’ security? Leakey, David, Lt. General ESDU No 3 16 Dr. von Wogau, Karl MEP ESDU No 1 9 EU Military Staff and ESDP – a work in progress The Role of the European Parliament for Security and Defence

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