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The Hole in the Fence: Policing, Peril, and Possibility in the US-Mexico Border Zone

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The Hole in the Fence: Policing, Peril, and Possibility in the US-Mexico Border Zone The Hole in the Fence: Policing, Peril, and Possibility in the US-Mexico Border Zone, 1994-Present by Sophie Smith Graduate Program in Literature Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Rey Chow, Supervisor ___________________________ Michael Hardt ___________________________ Wahneema Lubiano ___________________________ Robyn Wiegman Dissertation submitted in partial FulFillment oF the requirements For the degree oF Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 ABSTRACT The Hole in the Fence: Policing, Peril, and Possibility in the US-Mexico Border Zone, 1994-Present by Sophie Smith Graduate Program in Literature Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Rey Chow, Supervisor ___________________________ Michael Hardt ___________________________ Wahneema Lubiano ___________________________ Robyn Wiegman An abstract oF a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor oF Philosophy in the Graduate School oF Duke University 2016 Copyright by Sophie Smith 2016 Abstract The Hole in the Fence examines the design and efFects oF the contemporary border security regime. Since 1994, the growth oF military-style policing in the lands between the US and Mexico has radically reshaped the path oF illicit transnational migration. Newly erected walls, surveillance technology, and the stationing oF an army oF Federal agents in the border territory do not serve to seal oFF the national boundary. Border security rather works by pushing undocumented migration traFFic away From urban areas and out into protracted journeys on foot through the southwest wilderness, heightening the risks associated with entering the US without papers. Those attempting the perilous wilderness crossing now routinely Find themselves without access to water, Food, or rescue; thousands of people without papers have since perished in the vast deserts and rugged brushlands oF the US southwest. In this border policing scenario, the US border security establishment does not act alone. From corporations to cartels, aid workers, militia men, and local residents, myriad social Forces now shape the contemporary border struggle on the ground. The Hole in the Fence draws on the political theory oF Michel Foucault and his interlocutors to argue that the US-Mexico border zone stands as a highly contemporary governing Form that is based less on sovereign territorial defense or totalitarian capture than on the multilateral regulation oF transnational circulation. Accounting For the conceptual contours oF the border scenario thus challenges many oF the assumptions iv that underwrite classical political theory. This dissertation offers a vision of contemporary political power that is set to work in open and vital landscapes, and not in fortressed prisons or deadened war zones. I articulate a mode of authorized violence that is indirect and erratic, not juridical or genocidal. I explore a world of surveillance technology that is scattered and dysfunctional, not smooth and all-seeing. I assess the participation oF human populations in progressive political intervention as being just as often driven by practical selF-interests as by an ethos oF selF-sacriFice. This study draws on a diverse archive oF on-the-ground policing tactics, policy papers, works oF mass culture, academic scholarship, and selF-authored media by rural residents to represent the contemporary border security environment. This pursuit is necessarily interdisciplinary, moving among historical, cultural, ethnographic, and theoretical forms of writing. Ultimately, The Hole in the Fence asserts that the southwest border zone is a critical conceptual map For the rationality oF political power in the context oF neoliberal transnationalism—a Formation that constantly engenders new modes oF persecution, struggle, subversion, and possibility. v Dedication for my parents, and all they have given me for the desert, and all its life vi Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv List oF Figures ............................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xi Introduction: The Hole in the Fence ........................................................................................... 1 I. The New Border History .................................................................................................... 5 II. The Repressive State Hypothesis .................................................................................... 9 III. Rule Without Exception ................................................................................................ 21 IV. Writing in the Ecotone: Field, Archive, Method ........................................................ 27 V. Uses oF Force: The Chapters ........................................................................................... 36 Chapter One: The Skin oF the Earth: Landscape, Substitution, Milieu ............................... 42 I. The Mold ............................................................................................................................ 47 II. The Sieve ........................................................................................................................... 62 III. The Detail ......................................................................................................................... 73 IV. The Desert ........................................................................................................................ 89 Chapter Two: Letting Die: Calculation, Abandonment, and other Humanitarian Violences .................................................................................................................................... 100 I. The Sword ........................................................................................................................ 116 II. The Norm ........................................................................................................................ 134 III. Rescue and Abandonment .......................................................................................... 158 Chapter Three: Dark Shimmers: Technology, Conspiracy, Totality ................................. 177 I. Project 28 .......................................................................................................................... 185 vii II. The Mask ......................................................................................................................... 201 III. The Apparatus .............................................................................................................. 224 IV. The Secrecy-EfFect ........................................................................................................ 240 Chapter Four: Just Us: Proximity, Hospitality, and the Politics oF SelF-Interest .............. 257 I. Friend or Foe? .................................................................................................................. 267 II. The Soul of Revolt .......................................................................................................... 290 III. Relays, Conduits, Proxies ............................................................................................ 310 IV. SelF-Interest and the Question of Strategy ................................................................ 329 Epilogue: Crisis Time, Comatose Border ............................................................................... 343 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................... 352 Biography ................................................................................................................................... 366 viii List of Figures Figure 1 ......................................................................................................................................... xv Figure 2: US-Mexico Border—Nogales, Arizona/Sonora ...................................................... 47 Figure 3: Sonoran Desert, Coronado National Forest ............................................................ 62 Figure 4: Migration Trail, Sonoran Desert ............................................................................... 73 Figure 5: Warning Sign, Northern Sonora, Mexico ................................................................ 89 Figure 6: Death Map (Humane Borders) ............................................................................... 103 Figure 7: Vietnam War Body Count, CBS News .................................................................. 110 Figure 8: Frontispiece to Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan (Abraham Bosse, 1596) .................. 116 Figure 9 ....................................................................................................................................... 134 Figure 10: Tucson Sector Border Patrol Deaths vs. Rescues ............................................... 156 Figure 11: Water Destroyed by Border Patrol in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona ............... 158 Figure 12: Border Patrol Rescue Beacon ...............................................................................
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