Sixty Years of Mathematics *
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To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?
Portland State University PDXScholar Young Historians Conference Young Historians Conference 2016 Apr 28th, 9:00 AM - 10:15 AM To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology? Hayley A. LeBlanc Sunset High School Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y LeBlanc, Hayley A., "To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?" (2016). Young Historians Conference. 1. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2016/oralpres/1 This Event is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Young Historians Conference by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. To what extent did British advancements in cryptanalysis during World War 2 influence the development of computer technology? Hayley LeBlanc 1936 words 1 Table of Contents Section A: Plan of Investigation…………………………………………………………………..3 Section B: Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………....4 Section C: Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………6 Section D: Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..7 Section E: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………10 Section F: List of Sources………………………………………………………………………..11 Appendix A: Explanation of the Enigma Machine……………………………………….……...13 Appendix B: Glossary of Cryptology Terms.…………………………………………………....16 2 Section A: Plan of Investigation This investigation will focus on the advancements made in the field of computing by British codebreakers working on German ciphers during World War 2 (19391945). -
LMS – EPSRC Durham Symposium
LMS – EPSRC Durham Symposium Anthony Byrne Grants and Membership Administrator 12th July 2016, Durham The work of the LMS for mathematics The charitable aims of the Society: Funding the advancement of mathematical knowledge Encouraging mathematical research and collaboration ’, George Legendre Celebrating mathematical 30 Pieces achievements Publishing and disseminating mathematical knowledge Advancing and promoting mathematics The attendees of the Young Researchers in Mathematics Conference 2015, held at Oxford Historical Moments of the London Mathematical Society 1865 Foundation of LMS at University College London George Campbell De Morgan organised the first meeting, and his father, Augustus De Morgan became the 1st President 1865 First minute book list of the 27 original members 1866 LMS moves to Old Burlington House, Piccadilly J.J. Sylvester, 2nd President of the Society. 1866 Julius Plûcker Thomas Hirst Plûcker Collection of boxwood models of quartic surfaces given to Thomas Archer Hirst, Vice- President of LMS, and donated to the Society 1870 Move to Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street William Spottiswoode, President 1874 Donation of £1,000 from John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) Generous donation enabled the Society to publish volumes of the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. J.W. Strutt (Lord Rayleigh), LMS President 1876-78 1881 First women members Charlotte Angas Scott and Christine Ladd 1884 First De Morgan medal awarded to Arthur Cayley 1885 Sophie Bryant First woman to have a paper published in LMS Proceedings 1916 Return to Burlington House the home of LMS until 1998 1937 ACE ’s Automatic Turing LMS Proceedings, 1937 Computing Engine, published Alan Turing’s first paper 1950 On Computable Numbers 1947 Death of G.H. -
The Eagle 2005
CONTENTS Message from the Master .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... ..................... 5 Commemoration of Benefactors .. .............. ..... ..... ....... .. 10 Crimes and Punishments . ................................................ 17 'Gone to the Wars' .............................................. 21 The Ex-Service Generations ......................... ... ................... 27 Alexandrian Pilgrimage . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .................. 30 A Johnian Caricaturist Among Icebergs .............................. 36 'Leaves with Frost' . .. .. .. .. .. .. ................ .. 42 'Chicago Dusk' .. .. ........ ....... ......... .. 43 New Court ........ .......... ....................................... .. 44 A Hidden Treasure in the College Library ............... .. 45 Haiku & Tanka ... 51 and sent free ...... 54 by St John's College, Cambridge, The Matterhorn . The Eagle is published annually and other interested parties. Articles members of St John's College .... 55 of charge to The Eagle, 'Teasel with Frost' ........... should be addressed to: The Editor, to be considered for publication CB2 1 TP. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .... .. .. .. ... .. .. 56 St John's College, Cambridge, Trimmings Summertime in the Winter Mountains .. .. ... .. .. ... ... .... .. .. 62 St John's College Cambridge The Johnian Office ........... ..... .................... ........... ........... 68 CB2 1TP Book Reviews ........................... ..................................... 74 http:/ /www.joh.cam.ac.uk/ Obituaries -
Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine
5 Turing and the computer B. Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot The Turing machine In his first major publication, ‘On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem’ (1936), Turing introduced his abstract Turing machines.1 (Turing referred to these simply as ‘computing machines’— the American logician Alonzo Church dubbed them ‘Turing machines’.2) ‘On Computable Numbers’ pioneered the idea essential to the modern computer—the concept of controlling a computing machine’s operations by means of a program of coded instructions stored in the machine’s memory. This work had a profound influence on the development in the 1940s of the electronic stored-program digital computer—an influence often neglected or denied by historians of the computer. A Turing machine is an abstract conceptual model. It consists of a scanner and a limitless memory-tape. The tape is divided into squares, each of which may be blank or may bear a single symbol (‘0’or‘1’, for example, or some other symbol taken from a finite alphabet). The scanner moves back and forth through the memory, examining one square at a time (the ‘scanned square’). It reads the symbols on the tape and writes further symbols. The tape is both the memory and the vehicle for input and output. The tape may also contain a program of instructions. (Although the tape itself is limitless—Turing’s aim was to show that there are tasks that Turing machines cannot perform, even given unlimited working memory and unlimited time—any input inscribed on the tape must consist of a finite number of symbols.) A Turing machine has a small repertoire of basic operations: move left one square, move right one square, print, and change state. -
C 2010 KENDALL NICOLE MAURER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
c 2010 KENDALL NICOLE MAURER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED MINIMALLY SIMPLE GROUPS AND BURNSIDE’S THEOREM A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Kendall Nicole Maurer May, 2010 MINIMALLY SIMPLE GROUPS AND BURNSIDE’S THEOREM Kendall Nicole Maurer Thesis Approved: Accepted: Advisor Dean of the College Dr. James P. Cossey Dr. Chand K. Midha Faculty Reader Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Jeffrey Riedl Dr. George R. Newkome Faculty Reader Date Dr. Antonio Quesada Department Chair Dr. Joseph Wilder ii ABSTRACT William Burnside’s paqb theorem is a very important result in group theory, which states that any group G of order paqb is solvable. An interesting fact about this the- orem is that it was originally proven using techniques from character theory, another branch of algebra. In fact, it was about seventy years before a group-theoretic proof of Burnside’s theorem was developed through the work of Goldschmidt, Matsuyama, Bender, and other mathematicians. Their approach to proving the theorem was to show that, in essence, minimally simple groups of size paqb do not exist. Our purpose here is to use various techniques from the group-theoretic proof of Burnside’s theorem to establish and prove similar results about minimally simple groups G of arbitrary order. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my wonderful family and friends, especially my mother and father; my sisters, Michelle and Staci; and Grandma Mikey. You always inspire me and give so much of yourselves. -
Simply Turing
Simply Turing Simply Turing MICHAEL OLINICK SIMPLY CHARLY NEW YORK Copyright © 2020 by Michael Olinick Cover Illustration by José Ramos Cover Design by Scarlett Rugers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher at the address below. [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-943657-37-7 Brought to you by http://simplycharly.com Contents Praise for Simply Turing vii Other Great Lives x Series Editor's Foreword xi Preface xii Acknowledgements xv 1. Roots and Childhood 1 2. Sherborne and Christopher Morcom 7 3. Cambridge Days 15 4. Birth of the Computer 25 5. Princeton 38 6. Cryptology From Caesar to Turing 44 7. The Enigma Machine 68 8. War Years 85 9. London and the ACE 104 10. Manchester 119 11. Artificial Intelligence 123 12. Mathematical Biology 136 13. Regina vs Turing 146 14. Breaking The Enigma of Death 162 15. Turing’s Legacy 174 Sources 181 Suggested Reading 182 About the Author 185 A Word from the Publisher 186 Praise for Simply Turing “Simply Turing explores the nooks and crannies of Alan Turing’s multifarious life and interests, illuminating with skill and grace the complexities of Turing’s personality and the long-reaching implications of his work.” —Charles Petzold, author of The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing’s Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine “Michael Olinick has written a remarkably fresh, detailed study of Turing’s achievements and personal issues. -
The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War [ Changed 26Th November 1996 ]
The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War [ Changed 26th November 1996 ] Last year Sir Harry Hinsley kindly agreed to speak about Bletchley Park, where he worked during the Second World War. We are pleased to present a transcript of his talk. Sir Harry Hinsley is a distinguished historian who during the Second World War worked at Bletchley Park, where much of the allied forces code-breaking effort took place. We are pleased to include here a transcript of his talk, and would like to thank Susan Cheesman for typing the first draft and Keith Lockstone for adding Sir Harry's comments and amendments. Security Group Seminar Speaker: Sir Harry Hinsley Date: Tuesday 19th October 1993 Place: Babbage Lecture Theatre, Computer Laboratory Title: The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War Ross Anderson: It is a great pleasure to introduce today's speaker, Sir Harry Hinsley, who actually worked at Bletchley from 1939 to 1946 and then came back to Cambridge and became Professor of the History of International Relations and Master of St John's College. He is also the official historian of British Intelligence in World War II, and he is going to talk to us today about Ultra. Sir Harry: As you have heard I've been asked to talk about Ultra and I shall say something about both sides of it, namely about the cryptanalysis and then on the other hand about the use of the product - of course Ultra was the name given to the product. And I ought to begin by warning you, therefore, that I am not myself a mathematical or technical expert. -
Existentially Closed Groups, by Graham Higman and Elizabeth Scott
242 BOOK REVIEWS 7. R. Howe, On the role of the Heisenberg group in harmonic analysis, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 3 (1980), 254-845. 8. K. Nishiwada, Huygens' principle for a wave equation and the asymptotic behavior of solutions along geodesies, in Hyperbolic equations and related topics (S. Mizohata, éd.), Academic Press, 1986. 9. R. Seeley, Complex powers of an elliptic operator, Proc. Symp. Pure Appl. Math. 10(1976), 288-307. 10. I. E. Segal, Mathematical Cosmology and Extragalactic Astronomy, Aca demic Press, New York, 1976. BENT 0RSTED ODENSE UNIVERSITY BULLETIN (New Series) OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 23, Number 1, July 1990 ©1990 American Mathematical Society 0273-0979/90 $1.00+ $.25 per page Existentially closed groups, by Graham Higman and Elizabeth Scott. London Mathematical Society Monographs, New Series, vol. 3., Clarenden Press, Oxford, 1988, xiv + 156 pp., $49.95. ISBN 0-19-853543-0 SUMMARY This volume grew out of lectures given by Higman at Oxford in 1983 and 1984 as recorded and amended by Scott. It is not a comprehensive work on e.c. groups but rather contains an am ple selection of topics written at an easily accessible graduate level. Both algebraic and model-theoretic aspects of e.c. groups are high lighted. Thus, Chapter 2 gives two very diferent group-theoretic proofs that the normalizer of a finite characteristically simple sub group of an e.c. group G is a maximal subgroup of G, as well as related results, and has considrable technical interest. [For exten sions of one of these methods, see the reviewer's "A.c. -
Books in Brief Deaths Are Greatly Exaggerated
BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT Pennington argues that predictions of a coming antibiotics Armageddon leading to a substantial increase in infection-related Books in brief deaths are greatly exaggerated. On this point, I take a more cautious line. It is true that Prof: Alan Turing Decoded careful management and aseptic technique Dermot Turing ThE HISToRY PRESS (2015) can have an important role in husbanding a Computing pioneer Alan Turing has been justly and amply lauded, dwindling supply of drugs effective against not least in these pages (see Nature 515, 195–196 (2014) and nature. the most serious infections. However, Pen- com/turing). Now, a biography by his nephew, Dermot Turing, offers nington does not devote sufficient space to new sources and a refreshingly familial tone. We see the stubbornly the factors that have led the antibiotic-devel- original young Alan finding his way in maths and society; mentors opment pipeline to dry up in recent years. such as Max Newman, who kick-started Turing’s obsession with He almost trivializes the difficulties in iden- machines; the design of the electromechanical ‘bombe’ that helped tifying relevant natural products or chemical to crack the Enigma cipher; and a sensitive reappraisal of Turing’s constructs and developing them into usable suspected suicide. A measured portrait at ease with its subject. drugs, simply writing: “New antimicrobials will be very welcome. Getting them ready for rollout will be expensive and will take years.” The Cabaret of Plants: Botany and the Imagination And he skates over structural problems in the Richard Mabey PRoFILE (2015) pharmaceutical industry: we urge pharma to As a celebrant of the botanical, Richard Mabey has few peers. -
MATH FILE -Mathematical Reviews Online
Notices of the American Mathematical Society November 1984, Issue 237 Volume 31 , Number 7, Pages 737- 840 Providence, Rhode Island ·USA JSSN 0002-9920 Calendar of AMS Meetings THIS CALENDAR lists all meetings which have been approved by the Council prior to the date this issue of the Notices was sent to press. The summer and annual meetings are joint meetings of the Mathematical Association of America and the Ameri· can Mathematical Society. The meeting dates which fall rather far in the future are subject to change; this is particularly true of meetings to which no numbers have yet been assigned. Programs of the meetings will appear in the issues indicated below. First and second announcements of the meetings will have appeared in earlier issues. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS presented at a meeting of the Society are published in the journal Abstracts of papers presented to the American Mathematical Society in the issue corresponding to that of the Notices which contains the program of the meet ing. Abstracts should be submitted on special forms which are available in many departments of mathematics and from the o(fice of the Society in Providence. Abstracts of papers to be presented at the meeting must be received at the headquarters of the Society in Providence, Rhode Island, on or before the deadline given below for the meeting. Note that the deadline for ab· stracts submitted for consideration for presentation at special sessions is usually three weeks earlier than that specified below. For additional information consult the meeting announcement and the list of organizers of special sessions. -
De-Mythologising the Early History of Modern British Computing. David Anderson
Contested Histories: De-Mythologising the Early History of Modern British Computing. David Anderson To cite this version: David Anderson. Contested Histories: De-Mythologising the Early History of Modern British Com- puting.. IFIP WG 9.7 International Conference on History of Computing (HC) / Held as Part of World Computer Congress (WCC), Sep 2010, Brisbane, Australia. pp.58-67, 10.1007/978-3-642-15199-6_7. hal-01059593 HAL Id: hal-01059593 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01059593 Submitted on 1 Sep 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Contested Histories: De-Mythologising the Early History of Modern British Computing. David Anderson University of Portsmouth, “The Newmanry”, 36-40 Middle Street, Portsmouth, Hants, United Kindom, PO5 4BT Abstract A challenge is presented to the usual account of the development of the Manchester Baby which focuses on the contribution made to the project by the topologist M.H.A. (Max) Newman and other members of the Dept. of Mathematics. Based on an extensive re-examination of the primary source material, it is suggested that a very much more significant role was played by mathematicians than is allowed for in the dominant discourse. -
Profalanturing-Decoded-Biography
CONTENTS Title Introduction 1. Unreliable Ancestors 2. Dismal Childhoods 3. Direction of Travel 4. Kingsman 5. Machinery of Logic 6. Prof 7. Looking Glass War 8. Lousy Computer 9. Taking Shape 10. Machinery of Justice 11. Unseen Worlds Epilogue: Alan Turing Decoded Notes and Accreditations Copyright Blue Plaques in Hampton, Maida Vale, Manchester and Wilmslow. At Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing did the work for which he is best remembered, there is no plaque but a museum exhibition. INTRODUCTION ALAN TURING is now a household name, and in Britain he is a national hero. There are several biographies, a handful of documentaries, one Hollywood feature film, countless articles, plays, poems, statues and other tributes, and a blue plaque in almost every town where he lived or worked. One place which has no blue plaque is Bletchley Park, but there is an entire museum exhibition devoted to him there. We all have our personal image of Alan Turing, and it is easy to imagine him as a solitary, asocial genius who periodically presented the world with stunning new ideas, which sprang unaided and fully formed from his brain. The secrecy which surrounded the story of Bletchley Park after World War Two may in part be responsible for the commonly held view of Alan Turing. For many years the codebreakers were permitted only to discuss the goings-on there in general, anecdotal terms, without revealing any of the technicalities of their work. So the easiest things to discuss were the personalities, and this made good copy: eccentric boffins busted the Nazi machine.