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Before WWI 330-1453

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Before WWI 330-1453 1 ______________________________________________________________________________ Before WWI 330-1453: Byzantine empire.1 681-1018: First Bulgarian Kingdom.2 927-1389: Serbian Kingdom.3 1188-1393: Second Bulgarian Kingdom.4 1354-1922: Ottoman empire.5 6 1371: Turks defeats Serbs at the battle of Maritsa.7 1389: Turkish Sultans defeat Serbian nobility in Battle of Kosovo Polje as the Ottoman Empire expands. The defeat signals the beginning of the end of Serbia’s Medieval Empire.8 1400s: Serbia absorbed by the Ottoman Empire.9 1804-1813: First Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule.10 1815: Serbian Uprising secures limited autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.11 1815-1817: Second Serbian Uprising.12 1817: Serbia becomes an autonomous principality.13 1817-1835: Peaceful consolidation of political power of the increasingly autonomous Serbia.14 1821-1832: Greek War of Independence. Greek allies include the Russian Empire, Great Britain, and the Kingdom of France. Ottoman allies include their North African vassals, the eyalets of Egypt, Algeria, and Tripolitania, and the Beylik of Tunis.15 1829, 1830: Treaty of Adrianople, Hatt-i Sharif formally recognize right to hereditary rule by Serbian princes16 1830: London Protocol recognizes Greece as an independent, sovereign state.17 1832: London Conference and Treaty of Constantinople define the final borders of the new, independent Kingdom of Greece.18 1831-1832: Bosnian uprising against Ottoman rule. Despite several notable victories, Bosnian rebels are defeated near Sarajevo in 1832.19 2 ______________________________________________________________________________ October 1853- February 1856: Crimean War. Russian Empire lost to an alliance including the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, and Sardinia, in a war concerning the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land. Other causes of war included Russia’s frustration at France and Britain’s unwillingness to allow Russia to gain territory at Ottoman expense.20 21 1867: Croatia under Ottoman and Austria-Hungary rule.22 1876-1878: Serbian- Ottoman War. The Principality of Serbia and the Principality of Montenegro declare war on the Ottoman Empire on June 30, 1876.23 1876-1878: Montenegrin-Ottoman War.24 February 1877: Great Powers agree on a series of political reforms in Ottoman territories with majority Bulgarian population.25 1877-1878: Russo-Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro in a Russian attempt to gain territory lost in the Crimean War and liberate Balkan states from Ottoman rule. Russian victory contributed to Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro becoming independent.26 27 December 1877: Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire again.28 July 1878: Treaty of Berlin recognizes Serbia and Montenegro as independent states and approved Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet, which remained part of the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty liberates Bulgaria from Ottoman rule and recognizes it as a widely autonomous principality.29 1908: Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina on October 6, provoking a significant rise in tensions in the Balkans. Bulgaria declares independence on October 5.30 October 8, 1912: First Balkan War begins. Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia form the Balkan League and attacked the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan League emerges victorious.31 32 May 30, 1913: First Balkan War ends. Treaty of London defines new territorial adjustments, ceding vast amounts of Ottoman land to the Balkan League, the status of Albania and its borders remains ambiguous.33 June 16, 1913: Second Balkan War begins. Dissatisfied with its share of territory after the First Balkan War, Bulgaria attacks its former allies, Serbia 3 ______________________________________________________________________________ and Greece. Romania intervenes against Bulgaria due to former territorial disputes.34 August 10, 1913: Second Balkan War ends. Treaty of Bucharest concludes the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria has to cede some of the territory gained through the Treaty of London to Serbia, Greece, and Romania. Some estimates suggest that nearly 2.5 million people in the Balkans were shifted from their homes due to the two wars between 1912 and 1913. As a result of the wars and population exchanges, Serbia almost doubled in size and its population leapt from 2.9 million to 4.4 million.35 September 29, 1913: Treaty of Constantinople signed in the aftermath of the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria loses Edirne to the Ottoman Empire.36 1913, April 30–May 6: The First Albanian Crisis, including the Siege of Scutari, between Montenegro and Serbia against the Ottoman Empire; the first of several crises in which Serbia refused to give up Scutari. Albania becomes independent State.37 38 1913, September–October: The Second Albanian Crisis. Montenegro refuse to give up claim to the city of Scutari even though the Great Powers granted it to Albania. Britain and France pay the Montenegrin King to withdraw from Scutari but Serbia does not remove troops from the area despite saying they did. Austria-Hungary threatens unilateral military measures in order to regain control on the region. Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, the inspector general of armed forces, traveled to Bosnia as part of wartime maneuvers.39 June 8, 1914: Serbian and Yugoslavic partisan Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.40 1914 – 1918: World War I. As an outcome of WWI the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is formed and quickly regains control of Kosovo. As a minority, the Albanians are promised extensive minority rights treaties. The Albanians claim the guarantees are never implemented and that the Serbs engage in widespread massacres and repression in the 1920s. The Serbs accuse the Albanians of fomenting discontent in Kosovo.41 Works Cited 1 "Balkan Peninsula, 1900 A.D.–present." The Metropolitan Museum of Art, I.e. The Met Museum. Accessed June 14, 2018. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/eusb.html. 2 ibid. 3 Ć irković, Sima M. The Serbs. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ 4 "Balkan Peninsula, 1900 A.D.–present." The Metropolitan Museum of Art, I.e. The Met Museum. Accessed June 14, 2018. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/eusb.html. 5 ibid. 6 Erickson, Edward J. Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans: 1912-1913. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. 7 "Timeline: Balkans Conflict." ABC News. May 27, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2018. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-05-27/timeline-balkans-conflict/399616. 8 ibid. 9 "Balkan Peninsula, 1900 A.D.–present." The Metropolitan Museum of Art, I.e. The Met Museum. Accessed June 14, 2018. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/eusb.html. 10 "Timeline: Balkans Conflict." ABC News. May 27, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2018. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-05-27/timeline-balkans-conflict/399616. 11 ibid. 12 Ć irković, Sima M. The Serbs. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. 13 "Timeline: Balkans Conflict." ABC News. May 27, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2018. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-05-27/timeline-balkans-conflict/399616. 14 Ć irković, Sima M. The Serbs. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. 15 Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and beyond. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-CLIO, 2015. 16 Mitev, Plamen. Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699-1829. Berlin: Lit, 2010. 17 Hall, Richard C. The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge, 2000. 18 Woodhouse, C. M. The Story of Modern Greece. London: Faber and Faber, 1968. 19 Erickson, Edward J. Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans: 1912-1913. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. 20 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Crimean War." Encyclopædia Britannica. February 02, 2018. Accessed June 14, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/event/Crimean-War. 21 Erickson, Edward J. Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans: 1912-1913. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. 22 ibid. 23 "Timeline: Balkans Conflict." ABC News. May 27, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2018. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-05-27/timeline-balkans-conflict/399616. 24 ibid. 25 Erickson, Edward J. Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans: 1912-1913. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. 26 ibid. 27 Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and beyond. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-CLIO, 2015. 28 Ć irković, Sima M. The Serbs. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. 29 "Austria-Hungary Annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina." History.com. Accessed June 14, 2018. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/austria-hungary-annexes-bosnia-herzegovina. 30 ibid. 31 ibid. 32 Wilde, Robert. "The Build Up to War: The Events That Led to World War 1." ThoughtCo. February 23, 2018. Accessed June 14, 2018. https://www.thoughtco.com/world-war-1-timeline-pre-1914-1222102. 33 "A New Albanian Crisis." Mental Floss. June 14, 2018. Accessed June 14, 2018. http://mentalfloss.com/article/52743/world-war-i-centennial-new-albanian-crisis. 5 ______________________________________________________________________________ 34 Hall, Richard C. The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge, 2000. 35 ibid. 36 Anderson, Frank Maloy. Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1870-1914. Place of Publication Not Identified: Rarebooksclub Com, 2012. 37 "A New Albanian Crisis." Mental Floss. June 14, 2018. Accessed June 14, 2018. http://mentalfloss.com/article/52743/world-war-i-centennial-new-albanian-crisis. 38 Wilde, Robert. "The Build Up to War: The Events That Led to World War 1." ThoughtCo. February 23, 2018. Accessed June 14, 2018. https://www.thoughtco.com/world-war-1-timeline-pre-1914-1222102. 39 "A New Albanian Crisis." Mental Floss. June 14, 2018. Accessed June 14, 2018. http://mentalfloss.com/article/52743/world-war-i-centennial-new-albanian-crisis. 40 Ć irković, Sima M. The Serbs. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. 41 "A New Albanian Crisis." Mental Floss. June 14, 2018.
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