Holderness: Land Drainage and the Evolution of a Landscape
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Durham E-Theses Holderness: land drainage and the evolution of a landscape Siddle, David J. How to cite: Siddle, David J. (1962) Holderness: land drainage and the evolution of a landscape, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9983/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk " H.QL,DER,NESS; LAND DRAINAGE AND THE EVOLUTION OF A LANDS GAP E." A Dissertation Presented for the Degree of Master of Letters by David J. Siddle B*A« University of Durham October 1962 C 0 N. T E N. T - S Page MAPS,PHOTOGRAPHS ,MD DIAGRAMS. I ABEREVIATIC2TS: v AGKNOViLBDGSMENTS VTI INTRODUCTION i SECTION; 1 - Control of the Landscape by the Water Surplus Chapter 1 The Physical Setting 2 {i) Introduction; Regional Subdivisions (ii) Topographical Evolution and the Lakes of Holderness. (iii) The Holderness Landscape before Colonisation Chapter 2. Early Drainage Work 1000 - 1760 14 (i) Earliest Activity 1000 - 1567 (ii) Mediaeval Lassitude 1400 - 1660 (iii) Growing Interest and! Minor Improvements 1660 - 1765. Chapter J. The Mediaeval Rural Economy and Water Surplus 55 (i) Introduction (ii) The Mediaeval Economy of Holderness (iii) Conclusion Chapter 4. Settlement and the Water- Surplus (t) Introduction (ii) Primary Colonisation. (iii) A Settlement and Relief Variation- (iv) * Secondary Colonisation (v) The Pattern of Settlement (vi) Water Town (vii) Conclusion r Page Chapter 5. Communications and the Water Surplus 79 (i) Inadequacy of land routes (ii) Water as a means of communication Chapter 6. The Mediaeval Landscape 1000 - 1760 88 SECTION: 2. Land Drainage and the Transformation of the Landscape A. The Drainage of Hblderness 17^4 - 186$ Chapter Arterial Drainage Work 1764 - I860 97 (i) Leglisation (ii) The Hull Valley (iii) South Hblderness Drainage Chapter 8. The Inclosure. Movement and Land Drainage 105 I70O - 18 JO Chapter 9. Field under Drainage 1847 -. (>5 108 (i) The Evolution of Under-Drainage (ii) The Invention of Tile Drainage (iii) under - Drainage in Holderness B. Land Drainage;- Agricultural Improvement and the Growth of Settlement* Chapter 10. Land Drainage in areas of day Lowland 117 Chapter 11. Historical Evidence of the Influence of Land 121 Drainage on Agricultural Improvement Chapter 12. Land Drainage and the Agricultural Census Beturns of the Nineteenth Century 125 (i) The Problems of Treatment (ii) Crops Chosen for Comparison (iii) Detailed Crop Analysis Chapter Land Drainage and Agricultural Practice (i) The Problems of Analysis (ii) Analysis of Areal Differences Chapter: 14. The: Growth of Settlement and Communications SECTION. J. Special Factors Influencing Land Drainage and the Evolution of the: Region Chapter 1J. Special Features of Climate and Topography (i) Climatic Variation (ii.) The Influence of Poor Drainage on Health (iii) Diversity of the Terrain and Difficulties of Drainage, Organisation Chapter l6» Socio-Economic Factors and the Evolving Drainage Pattern (i) Land Drainage and the Development of the South Holderness Siltlands (ii) Early Economic Evaluations (iii) The Growth, of Hull and The Siltland Ports Chapter 17* Land Drainage and the .Regional Setting (i) Holderness Open Drainage Pattern 1962 (ii) Settlement and Land Drainage " (iii) The Communications Pattern in " (iv) Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX MAPS, PHOTOGRAPHS, AND DIAGRAMS. M =: MAP. P = Photograph. D = Diagram. Fig. No. 1. Holderness Relief and Sub Regions, (m) 2. Gfcacial n Still » Lines (m) 5. Glacial and!. Post: Glacial Gravels, (m) 4. Post. Glacial Inundation. (m) 5>. Tha Leven - Hornsea Overflow, (p) 6. Lamination revealed by coaxal erosion, (p) 7. Natural Drainage. (m) 8. Catchment Areas.. (m) J. Drainage Flow Liness (m) 10. Drainage in 1567* (m) 11. Monastic cuts. (m) 12. Hull Valley Drainage in the Seventeenth Century, (m) 1% The Growth of Sunk Island. (m) 14. The Lands of Meaux Abbey. (m) 15. Carrland in Summer and Winter. (p) // Fig: No. 16. Domesday Plough Lands (m) 17. The Two Field Systems of East Yorkshire, (m) 18. Siltlands in the Thirteenth Century. (m) V). Domesday Population Density. (m) 20. Domesday Settlement Distribution. (m) 21. Mediaeval Land Values, (m) 22. Archaelogical Finds. (m) 25a. The. Barmston Lake Dwelling (p) 25b. Reconstruction of the Barmston Lake Dwelling The Pile Dwelling excavation near Pickering, (d) 24. The Barmston Outlet. (p) 2^a. Saxon Place Names, (m) b. Banish..Place,."Names, (m) 26a. Settlement and' the. 2^' Contour, (m) b. Settlement and the $0* " (m) 27a. Settlement and Land types, (m) b. Skipsea mere. (p) 28. Hornsea and Brigham - Lake and Marsh Settlements, (p) 29. Early Causeways and 11 Water " Towns, (m) 50. The Beverley Leven Causeway (p) 51. Monkdike and Banoston Dike. (p) 52. Drogo's Mound. (p) Fragmentation of Drainage Authority. (m) Holderness Drainage. Authority 1?8^. (m) ; Drainage Pattern in 18 (m) Land Drainage System 188^. Exaggerated Ridges and furrows; (Sproatley) (p) Holderness Parishes-. - (m) Graph of Crop Structure Deviations. (d) Areal differences in Holderness Wheat Cultivation (m) II w n II Oats " H » » n » Beans <£ Peas " n « «• " >« Turnips: " 11 II ii H II Fallow " " HI ii; ii ii Barley " 11 Land Drainage in 1?62 " (m) Questionaire Sample. (d) "Bottomland" and Buildings Constructed 1770 - 1827. (m) "Bottomland" and Road Improvements 177° ~ 1827 (m) Graph of Raininess. (d) ~~ Meetings of the: Commission of Sewers. 1&82 - 1786. (d) Rainfall and Underdrainage. (d) cont Hempholme Lock and Catchment Areas (m) Holderness Drainage. Improved Low Grounds, (m) Parishes Paying No Drainage Tax. (m) Burleigh Chart of the Humber 1580. (m) Keyingham Clough 1728. (d) "Water Towns" a) Tickton b) Sutton, (m) Withernwick Drainage: Award and Stream Diversions (m) Holdemess Open Drainage Pattern 1962. (m) Aike Beck, Bannston Drain and the River Hull, (p) Buildings and the 25* and 50' Contour lines 1962. (m) Communications' V)(>2. (m) A Bi B RiE T-IAIIO N S. A.A.A.G. Annals of the Association of American Geographers Ag. Hist. Rev. Agricultural History Review Bev. Ref.Lib. Beverley Reference Library C.S.R. Commission of Sewers;' Records CM^M. Chronica Monasterii de Melsa (» Rerum Brittanicum Medii Aevi Scriptores*' Vols.I.II.III) E.P.N.S. English Place Names Society E.R.P*R.O. East Riding Public Records'. Office Eng.Hist.Rev. English History Review E.Y.L.H.S'. East Yorkshire Local History Society Geog. Geography Hans:. Hansard H.C.R.L. Hull Central Reference Library I .B.C. Journal of the Institute of British Geographers Jn'l of B.A. Journal of the British Association for the Advancement of Science J.R.A.S. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society Lib;. B.M. Library of the British Museum M.H.A.S. Minutes, of thei Holderness Agricultural Society Met. Mag. Meteorological Magazine Proc.In.st. CEng, Proceedings': of the Institute of Civil Engineers P.R.O. Public Record Office (London) P.T.R.S. Philosophical Transactions; of the Royal Society Proc. Y.G.S. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society Q.JJJet.Soc. Quarterly Journal of the Metreorologic&L Society R.D.B. Registry of Deeds, Beverley S.G.M. Scottish Geographical Magazine Trans H.G.Soc. Transactdions of the Hull Geological Society V.C.H. Victoria County History of Yorkshire Y.A.J. Yorkshire Archaeological Society Journal Y.A.SjR.S. Yorkshire Archaeological Society Redbrd Series ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer is much indebted to the following : Messrs A.Harris,G. de BoeB and H« MacMahon of the University- of Hull, and Mr, H."Long of the University of Leeds for advice on specific points ; - to Mr. Maxwell oof the University of Sheffield for access to unpublished material ; to Miss June Sheppard for permission to use material from her thesis ; to Mr. Higson, the East Riding County Archivist, for valuable assistance in the sorting of early documents, and Canon A.E. Sarle for his guidance in using them j and to Mr. Gilbert of the Hull and East Yorkshire River Board, for the most recent materialo My thanks are also due to the many East Riding farmers and agric• ultural administrators, too numerous to mention for their practical assistance* Finally, my thanks to Professor W.B.Fisher, for his continuous help and guidance during the preparation of this work. I N T R 0 D U C T HON. r (i) mCXCLPPEDIC AND 1 LANDS CHAM" REGIONALISM When designing the: form of a monograph or disser• tation, the. regional geographer should follow two basic precepts; the presentation of work which has; a clear exposit• ions! shape, and the faithful analysis of an often complex set of spatial relationships. It has been found in the past a relatively easy matter to conform to one, but extremely difficult to fulfil both these requirements within a single academic excereise. Because there is;, to a large extent,- a dichotomy between both precepts, there has; often been an almost inevitable division within the field of regional geography. Tftose who follow the former tenet may be. called ' landschaft 1 regionalists;. those who' follow the latter, ' encyclopedic ' or 1 empirical 1 regionalists. The attempt has; rarely been made to discover a form of approach which steers a course between the Scylla of a catalogue of empirical facts and the ChaKybdis of an imposed " unity which is often not inherent in the regional unit.