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Proquest Dissertations Roosevelt Red Ware and the organization of ceramic production in the Silver Creek Drainage Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Stinson, Susan Lynne, 1971- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 18:14:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278580 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, while others may be fi-om any type of computer printer. The qualiQr of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margms, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing m this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Compai^ 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Aibor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 ROOSEVELT RED WARE AND THE ORGANIZATION OF CERAMIC PRODUCTION IN THE SILVER CREEK DRAINAGE by Susan Lynne Stinson A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 9 6 UMI Number: 1383579 UMI Microform 1383579 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: hsaroara J . Mxiis DATE Assistant Professor of Anthropology 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the guidance of my advisor, Barbara J. Mills, and committee members David J. Killick and J. Jefferson Reid. I received valuable collaboration and Tonto Basin ceramic samples from the Center for Desert Archaeology. I would specifically like to thank Mark Elson, Jeff Clark, Jim Vint, Beth Miksa, and Jim Heidke. Also, I am grateful to Linda Newman and Carmelita Angeles for their tireless help in the collection of sand samples during the summer of 1995. Finally, I must extend a special thanks to both of my parents and to Scott Van Keuren for their endless hours of academic and emotional support. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 6 LIST OF TABLES 7 ABSTRACT 8 1. CERAMIC PRODUCTION, MIGRATION, AND THE SILVER CREEK AREA 9 2. A MODEL OF ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AND MIGRATION 14 An Economic Model of Integration Following Migration 15 Archaeological Implications 23 3. THE STUDY OF CERAMIC PRODUCTION 28 Ceramic Production and Migration into the Silver Creek Area 31 Ceramic Production in the Silver Creek Area: Research Questions 3 3 4. SILVER CREEK DRAINAGE: THE STUDY AREA AND ITS GEOLOGY 3 6 The Sample Database 36 Silver Creek Drainage: Sites Along the Mogollon Rim 42 Silver Creek Drainage: The Snowflake Area 47 South of the Mogollon Rim: The Grasshopper Region .48 Central Arizona: The Tonto Basin 50 The Silver Creek Drainage: Raw Sand Sample 51 5. METHODS OF PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 54 Petrography in the American Southwest 56 Methods of Petrographic Analysis for the Silver Creek Project 57 Ceramic Samples 58 6. INTERPRETATION OF COMPOSITIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL DATA 67 Locus of Production 68 Raw Sand Sample Analysis 74 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Technology of Pinto Polychrome Production 81 7. PINTO POLYCHROME AND MIGRATION INTO THE SILVER CREEK DRAINAGE 85 The Implications of Pinto Polychrome Technology in the Silver Creek Drainage 86 The Organization of Ceramic Production and the Migration Process 90 APPENDIX 1. GRAIN TYPES IN SAND AND SHERD POINT COUNTS ..96 APPENDIX 2. RAW SAND SAMPLE COMPOSITION 97 APPENDIX 3. RAW SAND SAMPLE TEXTURE 99 APPENDIX 4. CERAMIC POINT COUNT COMPOSITIONAL DATA 101 APPENDIX 5. CERAMIC POINT COUNT TEXTURAL DATA 112 WORKS CITED 117 6 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1, Map of the Silver Creek Drainage 10 FIGURE 2, Geologic Map of the Silver Creek Drainage 45 FIGURE 3, Roundness/Sphericity Scale 64 FIGURE 4, Mean Ceramic Ware Compositions by Site 69 FIGURE 5, Ceramic Ware Compositions for Bailey Ruin 71 FIGURE 6, Composition of Pinto Polychrome by Site 72 FIGURE 7, Sand Assemblage Composition by Wash 76 FIGURE 8, Textural Characteristics of Quartz 79 FIGURE 9, Technological Comparison of Pinto Polychrome ..84 7 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1, Ceramic Samples by Type and Site 40 TABLE 2, Raw Sand Sample Locations 52 TABLE 3, Ceramic Wares by Code Number 67 TABLE 4, Mean Quartz Grain Size by Wash 77 TABLE 5, Quartz Textural Data From Ceramics 80 TABLE 6, Summary of Migration Scenarios 92 8 ABSTRACT Along the Mogollon Rim of east-central Arizona changes in the technology of ceramic production, including the appearance of Roosevelt Red Ware, have been attributed to migrating Kayenta-Tusayan populations during the late Pueblo III period. This study compares the technology and mineralogical composition of Pinto Polychrome from the Silver Creek drainage to other wares commonly found in this area and to samples of Pinto Polychrome from sites south of the Mogollon Rim. The petrographic analysis of ceramic samples and the microscopic analysis of raw sands indicate that Pinto Polychrome was locally produced in the Silver Creek drainage, is technologically distinct yet related to Showlow Black-on-red, and is closely tied to the Kayenta-Tusayan tradition of using ceramic plates. Finally, an economic model of integration is used as a framework for assessing the impact of Kayenta-Tusayan migrants in the Silver Creek drainage and their possible connection to the production of Pinto Polychrome. 9 CHAPTER 1 CERAMIC PRODUCTION, MIGRATION, AND THE SILVER CREEK AREA In the American Southwest, during the late and early 14"^'' centuries, there appears to have been a high degree of population movement and spatial reorganization throughout the Colorado Plateau, including the Mogollon Rim area of east-central Arizona. Many of these changes have been attributed to the abandonment of large portions of the San Juan drainage and the Kayenta-Tusayan area as drought conditions became quite severe (Adler 1994; Crown 1994; Dean et al. 1994; Fish et al. 1994; Gumerman and Dean 1994; Haury 1958; Reid 1989). This movement was probsibly the result of several factors, including increasing population pressure, unfavorable environmental conditions, and a need to maintain the sociocultural system already in place {Dean 1996). It has been suggested that people moving into the Mogollon Rim area at this time were migrants from the Kayenta-Tusayan region (Carlson 1970; Crown 1994; Haury 1958). The impact of these migrations to the Silver Creek drainage (see Figure 1) of the Mogollon Rim area has Flake Ruin Tayloi Co(l(wikvood With Fourmilp Ruin • ^ ShumwAy Ruin Pinedale Pinmble Kuin B Poneiv Hill Show low • Sile • Hough's Cieal Kiva Show Low Ruin • Modem Town Mogoiion Rim Kilometers Figure 1 Location or Major Sites Discussed Within the Silver Creek Archaeological Research Project Study Area important implications for community reorganization during the late Pueblo Ill/early Pueblo IV period from A.D. 1275- 1325. Large, aggregated sites replaced small, relatively dispersed settlements in the 12"'' and 13"'' centuries, and it has been suggested that these changes required new socially or ritually integrative mechanisms (Adams 1991; Crown 1994; Graves 1982). A demographic shift of this kind would have also triggered economic change within the agricultural system and any associated income-producing activities. One of these activities, craft production, has often been cited as a common source of supplemental income in households that farm on marginal land or are experiencing hardship {Arnold 1975; Foster 1965; Mohr Chavez 1992; Nash 1961). In the American Southwest the manufacture and distribution of ceramics may be one way of compensating for agricultural underproduction (Stark et al. 1995; Wilson and Blinman 1995; Zedeno 1995). Therefore, it is important to explore variation in the organization of pottery production that may be indicative of change in the larger economic system.
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