Famous Scientists ! page 1 of 4

1665 Robert Hooke using simple microscope he observes cork structure and calls the small structures “cells”. designs iris diaphram used in cameras. made drawings of lunar craters.

1673 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) first observed microbes with elementary (single lens) microscope he designed. described “wee beasties” thought to have better than 20/20 vision.

1796 Edward Jenner (English)

In England, he developed and used the first vaccine (crude) in recorded his- tory though he didn’t understand how it worked. the vaccine was against smallpox (right).

The practice originated in Turkey.

1838 Schleiden and Schwann (German)

The authored the Cell Theory which states ALL living thing made of cells.

Schwann also discovered Schwann cells.

Schwann cells wrap neural axons. ! page 2 of 4

1861-1880 Louis Pasteur (French)

Disproved the theory of “spontaneous generation” using a swan-necked flask (right).

Made vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

Considered the “Father of Microbiology”.

1867 Joseph Lister (English)

Developed techniques for aseptic sur- gery from writings of Semmilweiss. probably saved millions from dying from infections. grew the first pure culture of S. lactis.

1876 - 1883 Robert Koch (German) proved germs cause disease. Studied tuberculosis (right) and cholera. developed Koch’s Postulates.

Refined “pure culture” techniques.

1890 Emil VonBehring (German)

Discovers the first bacterial toxin from the diphtheria bacillus (right).

Develops an anti-toxin against the toxin that can be used for treatment of the disease.

Is awarded the first Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1901. ! page 3 of 4

1884 Ilya Mechnikov (Russian)

Watches starfish larvae “eat” microbes and discovers “phagocytosis”; later ob- serves white blood cells doing the same.

Proposes white blood cells are the central part of our immune systems.

Is awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1908.

1890 Paul Ehrlich (German)

Passes “immunity” from one animal to another using serum from infected survivors;

Proposes the “humoral Theory of Immunity”; develops treatment for syphilis.

Is awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1908.

1929 Alexander Fleming (English)

Discovers the first antibiotic, penicil- lin, from a mold growing on his plate.

Discovery Ushers in the “Age of antibiotics”.

Is awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 with Florey and Chain.

1928 Frederich Griffith (English)

Discovers the process of transformation in bacteria where genes can be trans- fered from dead bacteria to live ones. explains how bacteria acquire pathogenic traits. died in his lab during a London bombing. ! page 4 of 4

1953 James Watson & Frances Crick with an X-ray made by Rosalind Franklin, they decipher the structure of DNA, the chemical of all genes. this structure explains how genetic informa- tion is stored and copied.

Awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962.

1962 Gerald Edelman & Rodney Porter they decipher the structure of antibody molecules, the active proteins in serum that confer humoral immunity. protein make of 4 polypeptide chains.

Awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1972.

1973 Paul Berg (American)

He and his team develop methods for gene cloning and making recombi- nant DNA.

Opens door to Era of Molecular Biology.

Awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980.