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Thèse 13.08.16 AU - DELÀ DU PHYSICALISME : LE RESSENTI DE CONSCIENCE. À la recherche d’une nécessaire articulation, attribuée aux corrélats neuronaux de la conscience, entre les processus neuronaux subséquents du cerveau et les ressentis subjectifs de conscience dans l’élaboration, au‐delà du physicalisme, d’une théorie néo‐dualiste de la conscience. 1 Dans les autres occupations, une fois qu’elles ont été menées à bien, avec peine, vient le fruit ; mais en philosophie, le plaisir va du même pas que la connaissance : car ce n’est après avoir appris que l’on jouit du fruit, mais apprendre et jouir vont ensemble. Épicure. Sentences Vaticanes, 27. 2 Tout être vivant est un fossile. Il porte en soi et jusque dans la structure microscopique de ses protéines, les traces sinon les stigmates de son ascendance. Jacques Monod, Le Hasard et la Nécessité. Et encore, Parménide dans son Poème, 4ème fragment, dit faisant allusion à l’espérance : «Mais vois pourtant comme les choses absentes, du fait de l’intellect imposent leur présence» puisque celui qui espère comme celui qui a la foi voit par la pensée les intelligibles et les futurs. Donc, si nous affirmons que quelque chose est juste et que quelque chose est beau, nous disons qu’il en est ainsi de cette chose, en vérité. Et pourtant nous ne voyons jamais par les yeux aucun de ces intelligibles et ne les appréhendons que par l’intellect . Clément d’Alexandrie ( Stromates, V, 15) 3 « L’homme est, à lui-même, le plus prodigieux objet de la nature car il ne peut concevoir ce que c’est que le corps et encore moins ce que c’est qu’esprit et moins qu’aucune chose comment un corps peut être uni avec un esprit. C’est là le comble de ses difficultés et cependant c’est son propre être ». Blaise Pascal.Fragments deTransition 4(Laf.199) 4 TABLE DES MATIÈRES. AU-DELÀ DU PHYSICALISME : LE RESSENTI DE CONSCIENCE…………………………….…….………..1 TABLE DES MATIÈRES………………………………………………………5 ABSTRACT EN FRANÇAIS……………………………………………… …13 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH …………………………………………………....15 SUMMARY OF THESIS : BEYOND THE PHYSICALISM………………16 RÉSUMÉ DE THÈSE: AU-DELÀ DU PHYSICALISME …………………33 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………...………53 § 1.COMMENT DÉFINIR LE PHYSICALISME 53 § 1a.Intérêt du dépassement du physicalisme 55 § 1b.Autres possibilités alternatives 57 §2. DIFFICULTÉS RENCONTRÉES DURANT LA THÈSE 58 §3. ÉLABORATION D’UNE THÉORIE DE LA CONSCIENCE 63 § 4. SUIVI DE LA THÈSE 70 5 CHAPITRE I. LES ÉTATS DE CONSCIENCE…………………………….73 §.I. DIVERSITÉS DES DÉFINITIONS DE LA CONSCIENCE 74 §1a.L’approche subjective de l’expérience consciente 81 §1b. L’approche neurobiologique de la conscience 86 §1c. Le physicalisme non réductionnisme 91 §1d. Comment rendre compte de ce ressenti de conscience 93 §.2. LES ÉTATS PSYCHOLOGIQUES DE LA CONSCIENCE 96 §.3.LES DIFFÉRENTS NIVEAUX DE CONSCIENCE 100 §3a. Conscience immédiate et conscience de soi 100 §3b. Articulation intériorité-extériorité 104 §3c. Dualisme corps/esprit de Descartes 109 §3d. Conscience de soi et conscience d’objet 117 §3e. Inclusion du monde dans la conscience 118 §3f. Bipolarité énigmatique de la vision chez Merleau-Ponty 127 CHAPITRE II. ONTOLOGIE DE L’OBJET………………………………132 §1. DÉFINITION DE L’OBJET ORDINAIRE 133 §2. EXISTENCE DES OBJETS ORDINAIRES 135 § 2.a. Coïncidence statue et morceau d’argile 136 § 2.b. Problème du vague 137 §.2.b.1. Argument de la surdétermination 137 §2.b.2. Paradoxe sorite 138 § 2.c.Paradoxe de l’émergence de la conscience 139 § 3. ACCIDENTS MATIÈRE-HASARD 140 §3a. Notions de hasard et de nécessité 140 §3b. Concilier hasard et nécessité 141 6 §4. RATIONNALITÉ DU POUVOIR CAUSAL DE LA CONSCIENCE 143 §5.REPRÉSENTATION MENTALE DE L’OBJET 145 §6. LE RÉALISME MENTAL 145 §6.a.Définition et généralités 145 §6.b. La sensation douloureuse 149 §7.CONSCIENCE ET ACTE SUBJECTIF RÉFLEXIF 152 III. NEUROBIOLOGIE DE LA CONSCIENCE …………………………..156 §1. TRANSCRIPTION NEUROBIOLOGIQUE DE LA CONSCIENCE 157 §2. LA CONSCIENCE CONSTRUCTIVISTE DU NEUROBIOLOGISTE 162 § 2a. Conscience primaire et d’ordre supérieur 162 § 2b. Temps et temporalité 165 §2c.Diversités des théories de la conscience 168 § 2c1 Le matérialisme radical éliminativiste 170 § 2c2. Le physicalisme réductionniste 171 1° ) La TSGN de G. Edelman 172 a) La sélection au cours du développement 173 b) La sélection à travers l’expérience 173 c) La cartographie de ré-entrée 174 2°) Le fonctionnalisme de D. Denett 180 §2c 3. L’émergentisme évolutionniste 181 § 2c4. Le physicalisme ontologique 182 § 3. THÉORIE PHYSICALISTE NON RÉDUCTIONNISTE DE LA CONSCIENCE 186 §3a. Ressenti subjectif et expérience consciente 186 §3b.Surdétermination mentale confrontée aux neurones miroirs 189 §3c.Art et réduction scientifique 191 7 CHAPITRE IV. ARTICULATION PSYCHO-PHYSIQUE DE LA CONSCIENCE……..…................................................................................... 192 § 1. ROLE DU CERVEAU DANS L’APPARITION DE LA CONSCIENCE 193 §1a. Analogie entre cerveau et ordinateur 194 § 1b. Chambre chinoise de Searle 195 § 1c. Incomplétude et remplissement 196 § 2. UNITE CORPS /ESPRIT 197 § 3. RESSENTI DU SUJET ET EXPERIENCE CONSCIENTE 198 § 4. L’INCONSCIENT CHEZ FREUD 202 § 5. CERVEAU ET EXPERIENCE CONSCIENTE 203 §5a. Argument du rêve chez Descartes 203 §5b. Argument du cerveau dans une cuve 205 §6. DEPASSEMENT DU PHYSICALISME ENVISAGE 210 §6a.Réflexions sur le physicalisme 210 §6b.Dépassement du physicalisme 214 CHAPITRE V. CERVEAU ET CONSCIENCE...........................................220 § 1. LE FONCTIONNEMENT DU CERVEAU 221 §1a. La plasticité du cerveau 221 §1b. Les neurones miroirs 223 §1c.Triage neuronal et neurones miroirs 225 §1d. Mise en mémoire d’un souvenir 226 §1e. Cerveau et vieillissement 227 §1f. Cerveau et mémoire 228 8 §2. CONSTRUCTION DE L’IMAGE MENTALE PAR LE CERVEAU 23I §2a. Image mentale 231 §2b. Propriété mentale 233 §2c. Physicalisme et argument causal 234 1°) Physicalisme 234 2°) Argument causal 235 §2d. Propriétés de l’état conscient 239 §2e.Dualisme universel/particulier 240 §2f. Troubles pathologiques de la conscience 245 §3.MATIERE ET ESPRIT 251 §3a. Nature de la matière et de l’esprit 251 §3.b Irréductibilité du mental sur le physique 254 §3.c. Conscience et survenance physique 260 § 3d. Survenance naturelle de la conscience 264 §3e. Corrélation cerveau / esprit 269 §3f. Évolution de l’homme moderne 271 CHAPITRE VI. LA CAUSALITE MENTALE………………..………......273 §1. QU’EST-CE QUE LA CAUSALITE MENTALE. 274 §2. EXISTENCE DES ETATS MENTAUX 275 §2a. Théorie de Denis Papineau 277 §2b. Le dualisme des propriétés 279 §3b. Le physicalisme des types et des occurrences 280 §3b1. Le physicalisme des types 280 §3b2. Le physicalisme des occurrences 280 §3b3. Effectivité de la causalité mentale 281 § 3. SURVENANCE DE LA CONSCIENCE ET ALTERITE 283 9 § 4. L’EMERGENCE 286 CHAPITRE VII . CONFUSIONS MENTALES ET MALADIES NEUROLOGIQUES ET PSYCHIATRIQUES……………………………..289 § 1. LA CENESTHESIE 290 § 2. CONCEPT SPECULAIRE DU CORPS. 291 § 3. LES ILLUSIONS PHYSIOLOGIQUES. 294 § 4. LES CONFUSIONS MENTALES. 296 §4a. Les hallucinations. 296 §4b. Symptômes de négligence. 298 §4c. L’anosognosie. 299 §4c.1. Anosognosie et hémiplégie gauche. 300 §4c.2. Anosognosie et maladie d’Alzeihmer. 302 §5. LES MALADIES NEUROLOGIQUES ET PSYCHIATRIQUES. 304 §1a. L’épilepsie temporo-pariétale. 311 §1b. Le mutisme akinétique. 312 CHAPITRE VIII. CONSCIENCE et MECANIQUE QUANTIQUE……...315 § 1. POSTULATS DE LA MECANIQUE QUANTIQUE. 316 §1a. Phénomène d’intrication et de principe de délocalité. 316 §1b. Unité matière/esprit. 318 § 2. THEORIE D’EVERETT. 320 § 3. PHYSIQUE QUANTIQUE ET EXPERIENCE CONSCIENTE. 323 § 4. MECANIQUE QUANTIQUE ET ETATS PATHOLOGIQUES 326 DE LA CONSCIENCE. 10 CHAPITRE IX. CONSCIENCE et INTELLIGENCE ANIMALE............330 §1. NAISSANCE DE LA CONSCIENCE 331 § 2. INTELLIGENCE ET CONSCIENCE DANS L’EVOLUTION DES ESPECES 334 § 3. CONSCIENCE DU PRESENT ET MEMOIRE CHEZ L’ANIMAL 337 CHAPITRE X. L’ÉVOLUTION DE LA CONSCIENCE CHEZ L’HOMME………………………………………………………….. 341 §1. LA DECISION, UN REVELATEUR DE LA CONSCIENCE 342 §2.CONSCIENCE ET DESIR 344 §3.CONSCIENCE ET AVENIR DE L’HOMME 345 §4. METAPHYSIQUE ET CONSCIENCE 346 §5. L’HOMME CYBORG ET LES NOUVELLES TECHNOLOGIES 349 CHAPITRE XI . IDENTITÉ ET PERSONNE…………………………….352 §1. IDENTITE CORPORELLE ET IDENTITE PERSONNELLE 353 §1a.Définitions 353 §1b. Identité et survie 354 §2. THEORIE CORPORELLE ET DE L’IDENTITE PERSONNELLE…………………355 §3. IDENTITES NUMERIQUE ET SUBSTANTIELLE 357 CHAPITREXII. LATHÉORIE DUALISTE………………………………362 §1. AU-DELA DU PHYSICALISME 363 11 §2. DU DUALISME DES SUBSTANCES DE DESCARTES AU NEO-DUALISME MODERNE 363 §3. APPROCHE PHILOSOPHIQUE ET MÉTAPHYSIQUE DU NEO-DUALISME 365 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................384 ANNEXE 1. Traduction de Dean Zimmerman…… 396 ANNEXE 2. La visualité du langage……………………………………… ..426 GLOSSAIRE………………………………………………………….………435 BIBLIOGRAPHIE……………………………………………………………442 INDEX NOMINUM…………………………………………………………..451 Les figures12.4 : page 176, 12.3 : page 175, 5.6 : page 334, présentes dans la thèse, sont tirées respectivement des pages 175, 171 et 70 du livre, La Biologie de la Conscience, de Gerald Edelman, Éditions Odile Jacob, 1992. 12 ABSTRACT. Le physicalisme explique scientifiquement le problème de la conscience et peut se définir comme étant le problème résiduel de toutes les tentatives de réduction. Le physicalisme, dès lors, doit-il être toujours considéré comme la position métaphysique dominante et comme la méthodologie incontournable de toute théorie de la conscience ? Les tenants d’un physicalisme matérialiste radical réfutent
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